This document discusses the evolution of computer generations from first to sixth generation. It provides details on the key characteristics and technologies of each generation. The first generation used vacuum tubes and was very large, unreliable, and costly. The second generation used transistors, making computers smaller and more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits, making computers even faster, smaller, and cheaper. The fourth generation used VLSI circuits and saw the rise of personal computers. The fifth generation uses artificial intelligence and parallel processing. Each new generation has led to more powerful, affordable and accessible computers that have transformed technology and society. Future trends include quantum computing, the internet of things, and continued artificial intelligence advancement.

1. Name:– Koushik Dutta
Stream:– Biotechnology
Semester:– 1st sem
Paper Name:– Computer Fundamental
Roll:- 03

2. COMPUTER
GENERATION

3. Introduction of computer
Generations
• Computer generation refers to the
evolution and advancement of
computers over computers over time
• Each generation is characterized by
significant improvements in speed,
power, size, and functionality
• The development of computer
generations has revolutionized
technology and impacted various
industries

4. History of Computer Generation
Computer generation has its roots
in early computer science and
mathematics, with pioneers like Ivan
Sutherland and David Evans
developing some of the earliest
computer graphics software in the
1960s. The field has since grown
exponentially, thanks to
advancements in hardware and
software technologies

5. Generation
of
Computers
First
Generation
Third
Generation
Fourth
Generation
Fifth
Generation
Second
Generation

6. First Generation (1942-1955)
The computers of first generation used
vacuum tubes as the basic components for
memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing
Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a
lot of heat and the installations used to fuse
frequently. Therefore, they were very expensive
and only large organizations were able to afford
it.
In this generation, mainly batch processing
operating system was used. Punch cards, paper
tape, and magnetic tape was used as input and
output devices. The computers in this generation
used machine code as the programming
language.
Vacuum tubes

7. First Generation Characteristics & representative
systems
• Bulky in size
• Highly unreliable
• Limited commercial use
• Commercial production difficult and
costly
Some computers of this generation:-
ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC I, IBM
701
1ST Gen computer

8. Second Generation (1955-1964)
In this generation, transistors were used that
were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact
in size, more reliable and faster than the first
generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this
generation, magnetic cores were used as the
primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic
disks as secondary storage devices.
In this generation, assembly language and high-
level programming languages like FORTRAN,
COBOL were used. The computers used batch
processing and multiprogramming operating
system.
Transistors

9. Second Generation
Characteristics &
representative systems
• Faster and smaller than
1st gen
• More reliable and easier
to program than
previous generation
systems
• Commercial production
was still difficult and
costly
Some computers of this
generation:-
Honeywell 400, IBM
2nd gen computer

10. Third Generation (1964-1975)
The computers of third generation
used Integrated Circuits(ICs) in place of
transistors. A single IC has many transistors,
resistors, and capacitors along with the
associated circuitry.
The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This
development made computers smaller in size,
reliable, and efficient. In this generation
remote processing, time-sharing,
multiprogramming operating system were
used. High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO
IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68
etc.) were used during this generation.
Integrated Circuits

11. Third Generation Characteristics & representative
systems
• Faster and smaller than 2nd gen
• More reliable and cheaper to
produce commercially
• Easier to use
• Scientific, commercial and
interactive on-line applications
Some computers of this
generation:-
IBM 360/370, PDP-8, PDP-11,
CDC 6600
3RD gen computer

12. Fourth Generation (1975-1989)
Computers of fourth generation used
Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI)
circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000
transistors and other circuit elements
with their associated circuits on a single
chip made it possible to have
microcomputers of fourth generation.
Fourth generation computers became
more powerful, compact, reliable, and
affordable. As a result, it gave rise to
Personal Computer (PC) revolution. In
this generation, time sharing, real time
networks, distributed operating system
were used. All the high-level languages
like C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in
VLSI

13. Fourth Generation Characteristics & representative
systems
• Small and affordable more than
3rd gen
• Reliable and easy to use Pcs
• More powerful and reliable
mainframe systems
• General purpose machines
• Easier to produce commercially
Some computers of this
generation:-
IBM PC, Apple II, VAX 9000, TRS-
80, CRAY-1, CRAY-2,CRAY-X/MP
4th gen computer

14. Fifth Generation (1989-Present)
Fifth-generation computers were introduced
after the fourth-generation computers were
invented. Fifth-generation computers, also
known as modern computers, are still in the
development stage and are based on artificial
intelligence. In 1982, Japan was invented the
FGCS (Fifth Generation Computer System).
Computers of this generation are based on
microelectronic technology with high computing
power and parallel processing.
This is the most recent and technologically
advanced computer generation. Modern high-
level languages such as Python, R, C#, Java, and
others are used as input methods. These are
incredibly dependable and use the Ultra Large
Scale Integration (ULSI) technology. War. Parallel
processing hardware and artificial intelligence
Artificial Intelligence

15. Fifth Generation Characteristics & representative
systems
• Portable computers
• More powerful, cheaper and easier to use
desktop machines
• Very powerful mainframes
• Very high uptime due to hot-pluggable
components
• General purpose machines
• Easier to produce commercially
Some computers of this generation:-
IBM Notebooks, Pentium PCs, SUN Workstations,
IBM SP/2, SGI Origin 2000, Param 10000
5th gen computer

16. Sixth Generation (Emerging)
• Anticipated developments in quantum
computing and nanotechnology
• Potential for exponentially increased
computational power and problem-
solving capabilities
• Continued expansion of the Internet of
Things and smart devices

17. Impact of Computer Generation
• Every computer generation have
revolutionized various industries, such
as healthcare, education, and
entertainment.
• Computers have become integral to
daily life, enabling efficient
communication and access to
information.
• Advancements in computer
generations have fueled technological
innovation and economic growth.

18. Security challenges
Computer crimes that exist in the
present society are :-
Hacking, Cyber theft, Software
piracy and Computer viruses
But new generation computers are
able to protect their softwares,
files, data and money. Ethical
considerations around AI and
automation need to be addressed to
ensure responsible development and
use.

19. Future trends of Computer Generation
The field of computer
generation continues to evolve
with trends like real-time ray
tracing, augmented and virtual
reality, machine learning for
content generation, and the use
of CG in fields like architecture
and healthcare
AI MAKES EVERYTHING
EASY

20. conclusion
The evolution of computer generations has
been marked by a steady progression toward
smaller, faster, and more powerful machines,
accompanied by significant advancements in
software, user interfaces, and connectivity. These
technological advancements have had a profound
impact on virtually every aspect of modern life,
from business and education to entertainment and
communication. It's important to note that the
field of computer technology continues to evolve,
and new generations are likely to emerge as we
push the boundaries of what is possible in
computing.

21. Acknowledgement
I would like to thank my teacher Subhrajit Chakraborty Who give me the
opportunity to work on this presentation I got to learn a lot this
presentation about “ generation of computer ”. I would also like to thank
your principal Dr. Sudipa basu Chakravarty.
At last, I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to my parents because
without their help this presentation would not have been successful. Finally, I
would like to thank my friends who have been with me all the time.
Yours sincerely,
Koushik Dutta
Roll no. – 03
Biotechnology 1st sem

22. Thank you