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The document discusses stream ciphers and block ciphers. A stream cipher encrypts plaintext digits one at a time using a keystream, while a block cipher treats a block of plaintext as a whole and produces an encrypted ciphertext block of the same length. It then discusses the Feistel cipher, which executes simple ciphers in sequence to produce stronger encryption. In a Feistel cipher, the plaintext is split into halves, one half is encrypted using a subkey, and the results are XOR'd and the halves swapped in each round except the last.
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Information Security Cryptography ( L03- Old Cryptography Algorithms )
This document discusses old encryption algorithms from the classical method of cryptography, including replacement algorithms, the Caesar cipher, Vigenere cipher, Atbash cipher, and Affine cipher. It also describes the Jefferson cylinder, one of the strongest encryption devices of the time which was nearly unbreakable without stealing the entire device.
Cipher techniques
The document provides an overview of cipher techniques including:
- Classical techniques like transposition ciphers, substitution ciphers including the Caesar and Playfair ciphers, and polyalphabetic ciphers like the Vigenere cipher.
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This document provides an overview of cryptographic techniques, including:
- Basic terminology related to cryptography like plaintext, ciphertext, encryption, decryption, etc.
- Conventional encryption principles like the use of algorithms and secret keys.
- Characteristics of cryptographic techniques like symmetric vs asymmetric encryption.
- Classical symmetric encryption algorithms like the Caesar cipher, monoalphabetic cipher, Playfair cipher, polyalphabetic ciphers like the Vigenère cipher, and transposition ciphers.
- Principles of modern block ciphers like DES, including the use of Feistel networks, confusion and diffusion properties, and encryption/decryption processes.
Ch02...1
The document summarizes classical encryption techniques, including:
- Symmetric encryption uses a shared key between sender and receiver for encryption/decryption.
- Early techniques included the Caesar cipher (shifting letters), monoalphabetic cipher (mapping each letter to another), and Playfair cipher (encrypting letter pairs).
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basic encryption and decryption
1. Encryption involves encoding messages so their meaning is obscured, while decryption is the reverse process of decoding encrypted messages.
2. Classical encryption techniques include symmetric key encryption where senders and receivers share a common key, and asymmetric key encryption which uses public and private key pairs.
3. Symmetric ciphers like the Caesar cipher and Vigenere cipher use substitution or transposition of letters to encrypt messages, while transposition ciphers rearrange letters in the message. Modern algorithms like Triple DES and Blowfish are also summarized.
Transposition Chiper (Grid)
Transposition ciphers rearrange symbols in a plaintext message to produce ciphertext without disguising the symbols. They aim to widely spread information from the message across the ciphertext to break patterns. Three types of transposition ciphers are described: route ciphers reorder symbols along different routes; rail fence ciphers layer plaintext in diagonal lines like a rail fence; and columnar transposition ciphers write plaintext in rows and read ciphertext out by columns ordered by a keyword-generated key. An example of columnar transposition is provided.
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This document presents an overview of cryptography including its definition, history, basic terms, classifications, techniques, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. Cryptography is defined as the art and science of achieving security by encoding messages. The earliest evidence of cryptography dates back 4000 years to ancient Egypt. Techniques covered include symmetric and asymmetric encryption, transposition ciphers, substitution ciphers, block ciphers, stream ciphers, hashing, and steganography. Advantages of cryptography include confidentiality, authentication, data integrity, and non-repudiation, while disadvantages include reduced accessibility and inability to ensure high availability. Cryptography has applications in defense, e-commerce, business transactions, internet payments, user identification, and data security.
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- Classical symmetric encryption algorithms like the Caesar cipher, monoalphabetic cipher, Playfair cipher, polyalphabetic ciphers like the Vigenère cipher, and transposition ciphers.
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- Early techniques included the Caesar cipher (shifting letters), monoalphabetic cipher (mapping each letter to another), and Playfair cipher (encrypting letter pairs).
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2. Classical encryption techniques include symmetric key encryption where senders and receivers share a common key, and asymmetric key encryption which uses public and private key pairs.
3. Symmetric ciphers like the Caesar cipher and Vigenere cipher use substitution or transposition of letters to encrypt messages, while transposition ciphers rearrange letters in the message. Modern algorithms like Triple DES and Blowfish are also summarized.
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- The Data Encryption Standard (DES) which encrypts data in 64-bit blocks using a 56-bit key and 16 rounds of processing.
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- Public key encryption techniques that use asymmetric keys allowing encryption and decryption with different keys.
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- Substitution and transposition ciphers such as Caesar cipher, Playfair cipher and Vigenère cipher. Frequency analysis and other cryptanalysis techniques are also discussed.
- The Data Encryption Standard (DES) which encrypts data in 64-bit blocks using a 56-bit key and 16 rounds of processing.
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Introduction to Cryptography
If you are implementing a secure environment and you do not implement encryption you
will not have a secure environment. You can implement routers, firewalls, intrusion
detection, virus protection, policies and procedures, but if there is no encryption you will
not have a secure environment.
Encryption is fundamental to a secure information environment. Passing data around a
system and over the network in a clear text form is very insecure. Systems and
communication lines can be monitored by unscrupulous individuals who make valuable
information vulnerable to viewing or modification. Encryption in a secure information
infrastructure is implemented at various levels in the architecture and in various
components. This is consistent with the idea of security in depth. Encryption technologies
are included as part of many products; applications, operating systems, network devices.
How (and if) the encryption technology is used is dependent on the organization and its
users.
Cryptography is the science of disguising messages. Disguising a readable message is
called encryption. Translating the disguised message back to a readable form is called
decryption.
Encryption has been used for centuries to disguise messages from adversaries. The
Romans used encryption in their military operations to protect sensitive messages. The
Germans during World War 2 used the enigma machine to encrypt messages about
military secrets so the allies would not be aware of strategy and tactics.
Nowadays in addition to protecting government secrets there are many uses for
encryption technology in commercial applications. The need to protect medical, financial
records or company trade secrets are a few of the areas that encryption is used.
Terminology
Cryptography is a field loaded with terminology, acronyms and concepts. Many of the
concepts are rooted in mathematics and computer science. Following are some common
terms you should become familiar with for understanding encryption.
Cryptosystem – A cryptosystem encrypts and decrypts messages allowing only
people (or processes) that possess the correct keys to read the messages.
Cryptography – The science of designing, developing and using cryptosystems.
Cryptanalysis – The science of breaking a cryptosystem, so that the content of
messages is no longer hidden.
Cryptology – The study of cryptography and cryptanalysis.
Cipher – another term used to describe an encryption or decryption algorithm.
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Encryption algorithms fall into two broad categories; symmetric and asymmetric
encryption. Let’s first look at the components that make up a symmetric encryption
system or symmetric crypt.
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This is the lecture material that was provided.
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The History of Cryptography
It must be that as soon as a culture has reached a certain level, probably measured largely by its literacy, cryptography appears spontaneously--as its parents, language, and writing probably also did. The multiple human needs and desires that demand privacy among two or more people in the midst of social life must inevitably lead to cryptology wherever men thrive and wherever they write (Kahn, 1996, p. 84).
Kahn, D.
The codebreakers: The comprehensive history of secret communication from ancient times to the internet
. New York, NY: Scribner.
Cryptography:
Cryptography is a discipline that embodies principles and methods for the transformation of data to hide its meaning, establish its authenticity; and prevent its undetected modification, repudiation, and unauthorized use. Cryptography is an old art. We know that the ancient Egyptians were using cryptographic techniques in 1900 B.C. The oldest known example is on the tomb of the Egyptian nobleman Khnumhotep II. For more of this history, you might find a tour of the National Security Agency's National Cryptologic Museum interesting, but this is not required for this class. The National Cryptologic Museum tour can be accessed at the following link:
National Cryptologic Museum
Forms of cryptography:
There are two basic forms of cryptography:
secret-key cryptography
and
public-key cryptography
. These forms of cryptography are different because they use
cryptographic keys
in different ways.
Secret-key cryptography:
Secret key cryptography is the original form of cryptography. Let us deal with text at this point, and think of text as a string of characters. An understandable string of characters is called a
plaintext
. If we have a plaintext and we want to hide its meaning, there are basically two things we can do: We can rearrange the letters in the plaintext, or we can substitute the letters in the plaintext with other letters. These are the two forms of
secret writing
. They are called
transposition
and
substitution
methods, respectively. The text that results from encryption, which is the application of cryptography, is called the
ciphertext
.
Type of Cryptography
Plaintext
Method
Ciphertext
Transposition
cryptography
rea.
Symmetric and asymmetric key cryptography
The document discusses symmetric and asymmetric key cryptography. It begins with an introduction to cryptography and its objectives of confidentiality, integrity, authentication and non-repudiation. It then explains the differences between symmetric and asymmetric cryptosystems. Symmetric cryptosystems involve a shared key between sender and receiver, while asymmetric cryptosystems use public and private key pairs. Examples of traditional symmetric ciphers like simple substitution and transposition ciphers are provided. The document also outlines the RSA algorithm as an example of asymmetric cryptography and discusses some limitations of both symmetric and asymmetric approaches.
Network Security and Cryptography
Overview of Symmetric Ciphers,Stream ciphers
The life cycle and management of keys,Classical encryption standards,Basic terminology,Symmetric cipher model,
Unconditional& computational security,
steganography and cryptography
Secret key cryptography
This document summarizes classical encryption techniques such as secret key cryptography, stream ciphers, block ciphers, substitution techniques like the Caesar cipher and Playfair cipher, polyalphabetic ciphers like the Vigenère cipher, and the theoretically unbreakable one-time pad cipher. It explains the basic components and workings of these classical encryption schemes.
is 2.pptx
Substitution Cipher is an encryption technique that replaces individual characters in a plaintext with different characters to create ciphertext
Secured algorithm for gsm encryption & decryption
This document describes Tharindu Weerasinghe's MSc research project on developing a hybrid cipher by combining a block cipher and a stream cipher. It summarizes the background on block ciphers like DES and stream ciphers like RC4. It then describes the researcher's algorithm that first encrypts plaintext using 3DES (a block cipher) and then RC4 (a stream cipher), and decrypts in the reverse order. The document discusses the benefits of combining ciphers and addresses some vulnerabilities of using block and stream ciphers individually. It also mentions the researcher implemented the algorithm in Java and measured encryption/decryption times.
Enhancing security of caesar cipher using different
Abstract Cryptography is an art and science of converting original message into non readable form. There are two techniques for converting data into no readable form:1)Transposition technique 2)Substitution technique. Caesar cipher is an example of substitution method. As Caesar cipher has various limitations so this talk will present a perspective on combination of techniques substitution and transposition. In this paper I have focused on the well known classical techniques the aim was to induce some strength to these classical encryption for that purpose I blended classical encryption with the some more techniques. my proposed method showed that it is better in terms of providing more security to any given text message. In our experiments I took Caesaer Ciphers as representatives of Classical Techniques. To make it more secure I have used some techniques like I have used multiple level Row Transposition Ciphers, encryption with same key at each level and encryption with different key at each level. Keywords— substitution, transposition, cryptography, Caesar cipher
cns 2marks
This document contains definitions and explanations of various cryptographic concepts and techniques:
- It defines traffic analysis attacks, rail fence transposition, block ciphers vs stream ciphers, cryptanalysis vs brute force attacks, unconditionally secure vs computationally secure ciphers, the Caesar cipher, monoalphabetic ciphers, Playfair ciphers, one-time pads, transposition ciphers, steganography, and Feistel ciphers.
- It also explains concepts like diffusion vs confusion, the purpose of S-boxes in DES, the avalanche effect, monoalphabetic vs polyalphabetic ciphers, and criteria for evaluating AES candidates.
Unit 2
Block ciphers like DES encrypt data in blocks and use a symmetric key known to both the sender and receiver. The AES block cipher is commonly used today. It operates on 128-bit blocks and supports key sizes of 128, 192, or 256 bits. The AES algorithm consists of repeated rounds of substitutions, shifts, and XOR operations with a expanded key schedule. It was designed to improve upon DES by having stronger cryptography and being more computationally efficient.
Network Security UNIT-II
This document discusses stream ciphers and block ciphers. It provides examples of stream ciphers like the Auto keyed Vigenère cipher and Vernam cipher. It explains that in a stream cipher, each plaintext digit is encrypted individually with the corresponding digit from a pseudorandom key stream. The document also discusses block ciphers, noting that they treat blocks of plaintext as a whole and produce cipher text blocks of equal length. It provides details on the DES algorithm, including its use of Feistel networks and substitution-permutation networks.
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Bakiya
- 1. By Name:S.Bakiyalakshmi Class: II Msc Computer Science Batch:2017-2019 Incharge Staff:Ms. M.Florence Dayana
- 2. STREAM CIPHER A stream cipher is a symmetric key cipher where plaintext digits are combined with a pseudorandom cipher digit stream (keystream) In a stream cipher each plain text is encrypted one at a time with the corresponding digit of the key stream, to give a digit of the cipher text stream. An alternative name is a state cipher, as the encryption of each digit is dependent on the current state. In practice, a digit is typically a bit and the combining operation an exclusive -or (XOR).
- 4. BLOCK CIPHER A block of plaintext is treated as a wholeand used to producea ciphertext block of equal length Typicallya block size of 64 or 128 bits is used As with astream cipher, the two usersshare a symmetric encryption key
- 7. A block cipheroperateson a plaintext block of n bits toproduce a ciphertext blockof n bits. Thereare 2n possible different plaintext blocks and, for the encryption to be reversible (i.e., for decryption to be possible), each must produce a unique ciphertext block. Such a transformation is called reversible, or nonsingular.
- 8. Encryption and Decryption Tables for Substitution Cipher
- 9. THE FEISTAL CIPHER Feistel cipher is theexecution of twoor moresimple ciphers in sequence in such a way that the final result or product is cryptographically stronger than any of the componentciphers. Feistel ciphers are a special class of iterated block cipherswhere theciphertext is calculated from the plaintext by repeated application of the same transformation or roundfunction.
- 10. In a Feistel cipher, the text being encrypted is split into two halves. The round function f is applied to one half using a subkey and theoutputof f is exclusive ORed with other half. The two halves are then swapped. Eachround follows the same pattern except forthe last round there is no swap A nice feature of a feistel cipher is that encryption and decryption are structurally identical, though thesubkeys used during encryption at each round are taken in reverse order duringdecryption
- 11. DIFFUSION AND CONFUSION Diffusion: Diffusion means that if we change a character of the plaintext, then several characters of the ciphertext should change, and similarly, if we change a characterof theciphertext, then several characters of the plaintext shouldchange diffusion refers to dissipating(unwanted) thestatistical structureof plaintextover bulk of ciphertext.
- 12. Confusion: Confusion means that each binary digit (bit) of the ciphertextshould depend on several partsof the key, obscuring the connections between thetwo. Confusion means that each character of the ciphertextshould depend on several partsof the key.
- 13. DESIGN FEATURES IN FISTEL CIPHER eBlock size Larger block sizes mean greater security but reduced encryption/decryption speed for a givenalgorithm Keysize Larger keysize meansgreatersecurity but maydecreaseencryption/decryption speeds Number of rounds Theessenceof the Feistel cipher is thata singleround offers inadequatesecurity but that multipleroundsoffer increasing security. A typical size is 16 rounds. Subkey generationalgorithm Greatercomplexity in thisalgorithmshould lead togreaterdifficultyof cryptanalysis eatures
- 14. DESIGN FEATURES IN FISTEL CIPHER Round function F Greater complexity generally means greater resistance to cryptanalysis Fast softwareencryption/decryption In many cases, encrypting is embedded in applications or utility functions in such a way as to make impossible a hardware implementation; accordingly, the speed of execution of the algorithm becomes a concernsoftware Ease of Analysis If thealgorithmcan be conciselyand clearly explained, it is easierto analyze that algorithm for cryptanalytic vulnerabilities and thereforedevelopa higher level of assuranceas to its strength
- 15. FEISTAL EXAMPLE