Detailed description about bacteria cell structure and various cell organelles present in the bacterial cell has been presented in well described manner
Detailed description about bacteria cell structure and various cell organelles present in the bacterial cell has been presented in well described manner
The lecture is a simple one describing the various methods that could be applied in small microbiology laboratories where the automated systems are lacking.
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Living material is organized in unit and microorganism were living form of microscopical size and usually unicellular in structure originally classification is unsatisfied.
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bacteria- lecture 3.pptx microbiology and Immunologyosmanolow
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EubacteriaDefinitionBacteria are prokaryotic single-celled or BetseyCalderon89
Eubacteria
Definition
Bacteria are prokaryotic single-celled or colonial microorganisms
Characteristics of Bacteria
Lack Green Pigment Chlorophyll
Reproduce by Transverse Fission
Morphology
Bacteria display a wide diversity of shapes and sizes.
Size
0.5 µm diameter
Length 0.5 µm - 80 µm
Bacterial cells are about one-tenth the size of eukaryotic cells and are typically 0.5–5.0 micrometers in length. However, a few species are visible to the unaided eye—for example, Thiomargarita namibiensis is up to half a millimeter long] and Epulopiscium fishelsoni reaches 0.7 mm.] Among the smallest bacteria are members of the genus Mycoplasma, which measure only 0.3 micrometers, as small as the largest viruses.] Some bacteria may be even smaller, but these ultramicrobacteria are not well-studied.
Shape
Spherical – coccus
Rod-shaped - bacillus
Vibrio - Comma shaped
Spiral-shaped -spirillum
Spherical bacteria are known as cocci (singular coccus, Rod-shaped bacteria are called bacilli. Some bacteria, called vibrio, are shaped like slightly curved rods or comma-shaped; others can be spiral-shaped, called spirilla, or tightly coiled, called spirochaetes. A small number of other unusual shapes have been described, such as star-shaped bacteria.
Arrangements of Bacterial Cells
Bacteria are unicellular or colonial
Colonial – cells remain together after division
Colony type – depends on plane of cleavage and planes of successive cleavage.
Bacillus – can only divide in one plane, at right angles to the long axis of the cell.
Streptobacillus
Diplobacillus – remain in pairs following division. after 4 chain fragments
Spirillum- (spiral) divides in one plane
2 types:
Strepto spirillum
Diplo spirillum
Spherical (coccus) can initially divide in any plane. Great variation in colony types.
Streptococcus
Cells divide simultaneously
Diplococcus
If after 4 unit, chain fragments into chains of 2 organisms each – diplococcus
Tetrad Gaffkya
Cells divide at right angles to the preceding division
Sarcina – 3 planes of division. Successive planes are at right angles
Sarcina colonies are cuboidal. All dimensions are the same.
Staphylococcus – irregular cluster of spherical cells. Cells divide in any plane. No pattern
Coccus organism –the type of colony is a species characteristic. It can be used to identify an organism. The colony type is often indicated by the generic name. This is not true of bacillus or spirillum. The colony type can be varied by environment or temperature.
Many bacterial species exist simply as single cells; others associate in characteristic patterns: Neisseria forms diploids (pairs), streptococci form chains, and staphylococci group together in "bunch of grapes" clusters. Bacteria can also group to form larger multicellular structures, such as the elongated filaments of Actinobacteria species, the aggregates of Myxobacteria species, and the complex hyphae of Streptomyces species. These multicellular structures are often only seen in cert ...
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1. Bacterial Structure
Almugadam B Saad
Lecturer of medical microbiology Full name
Babiker Saad Almugadam Yousif
Faculty of medical laboratory sciences
University of El Imam El Mahadi
Kosti-Sudan
MSc University of Khartoum
BSc University of El Imam El Mahadi
Babiker Saad Almugadam Yousif
2. Bacterial Structure
learning objectives:
- Components of bacteriaStructure - Components of bacteria
- Function of each component
- Demonstration of different
structure
Structure
4. Components of bacterial cell
- Classify to :
A- Essential components :
Cell wall , Cell membrane
Include : Ribosome's , Nucloid
Meosome , Periplasm
B- Non Essential components :
Capsule , pili
Include : Flagella , Endopore
Plasmid , Granule
Glycocalyx
- Appendix (External structure ) : Term relate to Flagella ,
Capsule , pili .
5. Cell wall
-Polymer of peptidoglycan(also called murein , mucopeptide ,
glycopeptide glycosaminpeptides) and other components
which include:
polyscharides + teichoic acid in Gram+ve
protein plus
lipid+lipoprotein+lipopolysacharides in Gram-ve
-Murein : reponsible of shape and strength of cell .This layer-Murein : reponsible of shape and strength of cell .This layer
thick in Gram+ and thiner in Gram-ve.
-Teichoic acid : either glycerol or ribitol teichoic acid.reponsible
of binding with cations as magnesium.
-Lipopolysacharides: consist of lipid A and polyscharides
reponsible of somaticO Ag and endotoxin.
-Cell wall deficient bacteria include Mycoplasma and L form
bacteria .
6. L-Form bacteria:
- Definition : Bacteria their murein has been eliminated or
modified and get spheroplast in case of
Gram-ve and protoplast in case of Gram+ve
which divide and give L-form bacteria.
- Origin of L-form : Form as result of
1- Spontaneous : as Bacteroides
2- Growth in presence of cell inhibitor
3- Destruction of cell wall by Ab and complement
4- Deprivation of natureal requirement for cell wall4- Deprivation of natureal requirement for cell wall
synthesis
- classification of L-form according to reversion :
1-Stable : reverse to grow as bacteria when the cause is
removed
2- Unstable : grow as L-form bacteria when the cause is
removed
- Colonies of L-form :
A- On solid media : Has fried egg appearance
B- On liquid media : Grow in form of clump
7. - Maintaince of L-form: Require special media ,as soft agar
media
- causes of bacteria cell lysis :
1- Bacteriacidal drugs 2- Bacteriophages
3- Serum component 4- Autolysis
5- Osmatic , when its hypotonic 6- Enzyme digestion
7- Physical agent 8- Chemical agent
9- Deprivation of nutrient necessary for cell wall synthesis
8. Periplasmic membrane
- Space between cytoplasmic membrane and outer
membrane in Gram-ve , contain hydrolytic enzymes and
B-lactmase .
Cytoplasmic membrane
-Also known as cell membrane . Its lipoprotein , compose of
lipid(30%) and protein (70%) , not contain lecithin or sterol
(expect mycoplasma has sterol).(expect mycoplasma has sterol).
-Function :
1- Selective permability 2- Act as osmatic barier
3-Passive and active transport
4- Contain cytochrome enzyme , tricarboxylic cycle , and set
of polymerized enzymes require for cell wall and
extracellular structure
5- Site of biosynthesis of cell wall , DNA , and membrane
lipid
9. Mesosome
- Is folded to word cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
- Compose of 80% water. also contain protein , nucleic acid ,
lipid , small amount of salts. No organelles (mitochondria or
Golgi apparatus)
NucleusNucleus
- Also named nucleiod. Lack nuclear membrane and nuclei.
Contain single circular chromosome.
Plasmid
- Extrachromosomal circular DNA , replicate independent of
bacterial chromosome , virulence factor , carry gene for
antibiotics resistant . Transmissible
Can be Non transmissible
10. Flagella
- Fibril structure , bacteria can machinery or chemically
deflagellate but it can again generate it.
A- External part : that form of
- Consist of two part : soluble protein called flagellin
B- Basal (internal) : which anchoring
inside the membrane
- Function of flagella :- Function of flagella :
1-Movement 2-Virulence factor 3-Atigenic
A- True movement
Type of movement : B- Convection current movement
C- Brownian movement
- Arrangement of flagella : according to mode of insertion
1- Monotrichous
A- Polar flagella : 2- Amphitrichous
3- Lofotrichous (Polar multitrichous)
B- Peritrichous (Lateral) : arise aslight distance away from pole
11. - Demonstration of flagella :
1-Microscopy : by EM , or dark field , or Light microscopy
using special stain (leifson stain and Ryus
stain)
2-Serology : by antisera
12. Fimbriae and Pili
- Haire like projections , Compose of protein called pilin ,
receptor for some viruses , produce when bacteria grow in fluid
media(Fibril phase). Adhere to different type of tissue as RBCs
leading to hemoagglutination phenomina that use to detect it .
- Classification:
A- according to function :
1- Common pili (Adhesion) 2- Sex pili (F pili)
B- according to adherence properties :B- according to adherence properties :
1- Type 1 2- Type 2
3- Type 3 4- Type 4
- Function :
1- Attachment and Adhesion 2- Virulence factor
3- Transfer of gene from one bacteria to another during
conjugation (Sex pili) .
- Demonstration :
1-Microscopy : by EM 2- Serology : hemoagglutination test
13. Capsule
- Found in natural specimen , It gelatinous layer cover cell wall
- Compose mainly of water and the remainder is polymer of
polysacharide except B.anthracis (polymer of polypeptides)
and S.pyogen (hylouronic acid).
Homopolymer
- Polyscharides polymer two types:
Heteroplymer
- Classify to :- Classify to :
1- Macro capsule (20um or more) 2- Micro capsule
- Function :
1- Virulence factor 2- Antigenic (K Ag) 3- Antiphagocytic
- Demonstration :
1- Microscopy : by EM or phase contrast , or by Light
microscope using capsule stain (best India ink stain)
2- Serology : by quelling reaction or latex agglutination
test using specific antisera
14. Slime layer
-It colloid material secreted by capsulated and noncapsulated
bacteria. In capsulated bacteria , Its identical and typical
antigencity to capsule.Also called loose slime or free slime.
-When form in fluid media it disappear , because it soluble in
water . While in sold media , it form a round colonies which
become mucoid.
15. Spore (endospore):
-Its resistant structure , Formed by process of sporulation
when the condition unfavurable for vegetative growth. Spore
forming bacteria produce endospore.
-Spore shape:
1.Oval
2.Round
3.Elongated3.Elongated
-Spore position :
1.Central
2.Subterminal(Lateral)
3.Terminal
-Spore consist of ?
-Character which acquired by spore ?
-An example of spore forming bacteria : Bacillus species and
Clostridia species
16. -Endospore demonstration :
endospore not seen indirect specimen(seen in culture).appear
as unstained area in gram stain , dark blue with toluidine stain ,
and as refractile body under phase contrast microscope in wet
unstained film . Can be detect by light microscope
by using of Malachite green method or modified ziehl nelsonby using of Malachite green method or modified ziehl nelson
method.
17. Inclusion Granule
- Found in cytoplasm , present when bacteria grow in rich environment and
absent in case of starvation .
- Types according to their constituents :
1.Volutin granules 2.Lipid granules
3.Sulphur granules 4.Polysaccharides granules
18. 1.Volutin granules :
-Made up of polymetaphosphate , RNA , and protein.Produce
C.diphteriae and G.vaginalis.
-Also called metachromatic granules , and babes ernst granules
-Demonstration:
Appear as opaque in electron microscope. Stain metachromaticallyAppear as opaque in electron microscope. Stain metachromatically
red purple with methylene blue or toulidine blue .
Can be clearly demonstrate by special stain (Albert stain or Niesser
stain )
Albert stain
Bacteria stain green
Granules stain blue-black