This document discusses the genus Mycobacterium, detailing its classification, important species, and pathogenic characteristics, as well as lab diagnosis and treatment options for infections such as tuberculosis and leprosy. It covers the properties of mycobacteria, including their acid-fastness, slow growth, and the need for enriched media for culturing. The document also describes the various species of mycobacteria, their associated diseases, and the methods used for laboratory identification and treatment protocols.

1. Genus mycobacterium
Almugadam B Saad
Lecturer of medical microbiology
Faculty of medical laboratory sciences
Full name
Babiker Saad Almugadam Yousif
University of El Imam El Mahadi
Kosti-Sudan
MSc University of Khartoum
BSc University of El Imam El Mahadi

2. Genus mycobacterium
1-Important properties , M.Important
With the end of this topic , You should
know the following:
Learning
objectives
species , Pathogenesis , Lab diagnosis
,and drugs of choice
2-How to differentiate between the
species

3. Scientific classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Actinobacteria
Order: Actinomycetales
Suborder: Corynebacterineae
Family: Mycobacteriaceae
Genus: Mycobacterium
Most common isolate Medical Important Species
1.M.tuberculosis (Koch bacillus) , 2.M.africanum , 3.M.bovis , 4.M.leprae ,
5.M.ulcerans , 6. M.paratuberculosis, 7.M.kansaaaii , 8.M.molmoense ,
9.M.xenopi , 10.M.marinum (M.bainei), 11.M.fortuitum , 12.M.chelonei

4. They are acid-fast bacilli (AFB), aerobic,
non-motile , non-capsulated , non
sporeform , Gram+ve but fail to stain
with Gram stain only stain with acid fast
stain .Growth is generally slow. They do
General Characters of
mycobacterium
stain .Growth is generally slow. They do
not grow on ordinary media , require
enriched media with egg albumin.
as Löwenstein-Jensen’s medium
Acid-fast bacilli : resist decolorization
with acid alcohol due to presence of
large amount of fatty acid (mycolic acid)
in cell wall constitute about 60%. R.Koch

5. Classification of mycobacterium
A. Base on pathogenesis: classify into 2 groups
Obligate pathogenic species
Opportunistic pathogenic species
B. Base on rate of growth: classify into 2 groups
Rapid grower : colony visible with in 5 day
Slow grower : colony visible with in weeks , upto 12 weeksSlow grower : colony visible with in weeks , upto 12 weeks
C. Base on disease which cause : classify into 2 groups
1.M.Tuberculosis complex (MTC) : cause Tuberculosis
2.Other group : cause different diseases and has take several collective
names Include Atypical , Tuberculoid , anonymous , non tuberculosis ,
mycobacterium other than tuberculosis bacilli (MOTT).
M.Leprae not fit in either group and consider separatedly.

6. M.avium complex : cause pulmonary
infection in HIV and localized infection
in children. It include M.avium ,M.intra-
cellular , M.scrofulaceum.
M.avium intracellular =(MAI)
Runyon classification for atypical
mycobacterium: classify it into 4 groups
Group 1 (Photochromogen)
Group 2 (Soctochromogen: )
Group 3 (Nonchromogen)
D. Base on production of pigment :
Soctochromogen: In dark and light
Photochromogen: When expose to light
Non chromogen: not produce pigment
Rebecca lancefield
Pigment: Some species of mycobacte-
rium produce cartenoid pigment
(yellow or yellow to orange) when
culture incubate in dark place or
expose to light .
Group 3 (Nonchromogen)
Group 4 (Rapid grower)

7. Pathogenesis
M.tuberculosis complex
-Are group of species include M.tuberculosis ,M.africanum,
M.bovis , and M.microti.
-Diseases : All cause tuberculosis except M.microti
-Tuberculosis: either
1.Pulmonary TB : affect lung1.Pulmonary TB : affect lung
2.Extra pulmonary TB: include
Millay TB,Gasterointestinal TB,
Gentourinary TB , Tuberculosis
meningitis , elt………….
M.Tuberculosis variants ????

8. -Diseases : Skin ulcer (Buruli ulcer)
M.ulcerans
M.paratuberculosis
-Diseases : Cause crohns disease
M.Kansaaaii
-Diseases : Cause Tuberculosis like disease
M.molmoenseM.molmoense
-Diseases : Cause pulmonary infection , and cervical adenitis
M.Xenopi
-Diseases : Cause pulmonary infection
M.Marinum
-Diseases : cause skin infection called fish tank granuloma
(swimming pool granuloma)

9. M.fortuitum
-Diseases : cause skin infection and pulmonary infection
M.chelonei
-Diseases : Cause pulmonary infection , Skin infection
M.leprae
-Weak AFB , not grow on artificial media
-Diseases : Cause leprosy (Hansens disease )
which may complicate with disgiguring.
leprosyleprosy
-Chronic disease affect skin and peripheral
nerves , either tuberculoid leprosy (localized
form , affect skin , affect partially immune
patient ) or lepromatous leprosy (generalized
form , affect non immune patient).
Leprosy classify into 5 clinical form base on
CMI response (TT , BT , BB , BL , LL).
other classification of leprosy ????

10. Lab diagnosis
-Specimen: depend on site and
type of infection (eg: sputum in case
of TB , urine in case of renal TB ).
Sputum collection : in sterile contai-
ner , early morning , instruct patient
to cough deeply ?? .
Urine collection : in sterile contai
ner , collect consecutive earlyner , collect consecutive early
morning urine during 3 days.
Sample preservation ???
-Microscopy : stain either with
A.Carbolfuchsin stain : 2types
1.Hot method (ZN stain): standard
2.Cold method (Kinyoum method)
B.Fluroscense stain
Note: M.leprae identification base
mainly on microscopy.
ZN stain with methylene blue as counter
stain :
AFB stain red and back ground blue

11. - Isolation: All work under biosafety cabinet level 3
Require enrich selective media (some opportunistic pathogen as m.chelonei
and m.fortuitum able to grow in non enrich media as nutrient agar.
Commonly use enrich media is LJ media .
Other used media is middle brooks( 7 H10 agar , 7H11 agar , 7H9 broth)media
Kirchner or Dubos media are use as enrichment media.
Others media???
Culture characters which use in identification are growth rate (rapid or slow)
,pigment production , time of incubation , temperature of incubation(25 or 37
or 45 ) ,and colony morphology.
colony morphology: mycobacterium spp produce either eugonic(rough ,buff ,colony morphology: mycobacterium spp produce either eugonic(rough ,buff ,
tough)or dysgonic (small , smooth)colonies.
M.leprae not grow on artificial media , it cultivate in footpad of mice or
armadillo.
Armadillo

12. -Identification: Base on
-Culture feature -Growth in media with 10ug/ml thiacetazone
-Niacin test -Growth in media with 500ug/ml p-nitrobenzoic acid
-Arylsulphatase test -Tween 800 hydrolysis test -Pigment production test
-Luciferase assay -Nitrate reduction test -Tests for CMI
PN
B
TCZ Ary Tween
80
Pigment Nitrate Growth
rate
Temperature of growth
25 32 36 44
M.TB complex - Most
-ve - - N +/- S - + + -
M.ulcerans - + - - N - S - + - -
M.kansaaaii + - + + P + S + + + -
Baird barker agar
M.kansaaaii + - + + P + S + + + -
M.molmoense + + - + N - S + + + +
M.xenopi + + + - N/d - S - - + +
M.marinum + + + + P - S + + +/- -
M.fortuitum + + + - N + R + + + -
M.chelonei + + + - N - R + + + -
M.simiae + + + - P - S + + + -
MAI + + v - N/d - S + + + +/-

13. -Tests for CMI :
A.Tuberculin test (Mantoux test /PPD test):
Use to detect presence or absence of previous
immune reaction against M.tuberculosis . Done
HOME WORK
Principles and methods of tests use to identify mycobacterium species
immune reaction against M.tuberculosis . Done
by intradermal injection of mycobacterial Ag
in form of tuberculin or purified protein derivat-
ive (PPD) , after 3 days inspect for sign of DHR
(induration)which measure in mm.
10mm or more indicate positive
in developing 5-9mm mean doutful
countries Less than 5mm indicate negative
B.Lepromin test :
For diagnosis of leprosy , Same PPD test except
it use lepromin Ag
Tuberculin test
Tuberculin test

14. Treatment
- Tuberculosis treated with multi drug therapy (MDT) include streptomycin ,
isonicotinc acid hydrazid , rifampicin , and paranitro-saliacylic acid.
-Leprosy Tuberculosis treated with MDT include Dapsone and rifampicin
(plus clofazimine in case of lepromatous leprosy .
Prevention
-BCG (bacillus calmette and guerin) vaccine is attenuated bovine strain
potent against M.tuberculosis by enhancing CMI , also give some
protection against M.ulcerans and M.leprae.
.
protection against M.ulcerans and M.leprae.