Neoclassicism was an artistic and architectural movement in the late 18th and early 19th centuries that drew inspiration from classical antiquity, especially Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman art and culture. The Neoclassical style was born in Rome in the mid-18th century but gained popularity across Europe. Key aspects of Neoclassicism included a preference for simple, noble forms inspired by Greek and Roman art, as advocated by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann. Neoclassicism was especially prominent in architecture, sculpture, painting and decorative arts during this period.

1. NEOCLASSIC PERIOD
Children’s Literature

2. Contents
•1Overview
•2Painting and printmaking
•3Sculpture
•4Architecture and the decorative arts
•5Neoclassical gardens
•6Neoclassicism and fashion
•7Later "Neoclassicisms"
7.1In music
7.2Architecture in Russia and the Soviet Union
7.3Architecture in the 21st century

3. Antonio Canova's Psyche
Revived by Love's Kiss Henry Fuseli, The artist moved to despair at
the grandeur of antique fragments, 1778–79

4. Neoclassicism
Greek νέος nèos, "new"
Latin classicus, "of the highest rank“
decorative
visual arts
 literature
theatre
 music
 architecture

5.  draw inspiration from the "classical" art and culture of Ancient
Greece or Ancient Rome.
Neoclassicism was born in Rome in the mid-18th century
but its popularity spread all over Europe,
The main Neoclassical movement coincided
with the 18th-century Age of Enlightenment, and continued into the early
19th century
 laterally competing with Romanticism. In architecture, the style
continued throughout the 19th, 20th and up to the 21st century.

6. Johann Joachim Winckelmann, often called "the father
of archaeology"
The writings of Johann Joachim
Winckelmann were important in shaping this
movement in both architecture and the visual
arts.
His books Thoughts on the Imitation of
Greek Works in Painting and
Sculpture (1750) and Geschichte der Kunst
des Alterthums ("History of Ancient Art",
1764 define periods within Winckelmann
believed that art should aim at "noble
simplicity and calm grandeur",
and praised the idealism of Greek art, in
which he said we find "not only nature at its
most beautiful but also something beyond
nature, namely certain ideal forms of its
beauty,

7. Anton Raphael Mengs, Judgement of Paris, c. 1757,
bought by Catherine the Great from the studio
Neoclassicism was strongest
in architecture, sculpture and
the decorative arts, where classical
models in the same medium were
relatively numerous and accessible;
examples from ancient painting that
demonstrated the qualities that
Winckelmann's writing found in
sculpture were and are lacking.
Winckelmann was involved in the
dissemination of knowledge of the
first large Roman paintings to be
discovered.

8. Painting and printmaking
Print of a drawing by John Flaxmanof a scene
in Homer's Iliad, 1795
It is hard to recapture the radical
and exciting nature of early
Neoclassical painting for
contemporary audiences
Winckelmann described as "the
greatest artist of his own, and
perhaps of later times".
The drawings, subsequently turned
into prints, of John Flaxman used
very simple line

9. Jacques-Louis David, Oath of the Horatii, 1784

10. The work of other artists,
Neoclassical style, and form
part of the history of both
movements.

11. Fantasy depiction of the Appian
Way; etching by Giovanni Battista Piranesi,
1756
Angelica Kauffman, Venus Induces Helen to Fall
in Love with Paris, 1790

12. Asmus Jacob Carstens,
Night and Her Children,
Sleep and Death, 1794
Black chalk on paper
745 x 985 cm
Ingres' version of Neoclassicism, Oedipus and the Sphinx,
1808

13. Sculpture
Hebe by Canova (1800–05)
in the appropriately Neoclassical surroundings
of the Hermitage Museum
Actual Greek sculpture of the
"classical period" beginning in about
500 BC were then very few;
the most highly regarded works were
mostly Roman copies.
The leading Neoclassical sculptors
enjoyed huge reputations in their own
day

14. Resting Faun, 1770, Johan Tobias Sergel
Voltaire by Jean-Antoine Houdon, 1778, one of
several different versions.

15. Monument
to Copernicus by Thorwaldsen, War
saw
Le triomphe de 1810, Jean-Pierre Cortot, from
the Arc de triomphe

16. Hercules and the horses of Diomedes, Johann Gottfried
Schadow, study for the Brandenberg Gate triumphal arch
Diskobolos preparing to throw, Mathieu
Kessels, Chatsworth House

17. One of the "character heads" of Franz
Xaver Messerschmidt
Nydia, Randolph Rogers, 1859

18. Architecture and the decorative arts
Neoclassical architecture
Adam style, interior of Home House in
London
designed by Robert Adam in 1777
Saint Louis church in La Roche-sur-
Yon 1812/1830

19. Neoclassicism first gained influence in England and
France
designed by an Italian architect with a team of
Italian stuccadori: only the isolated oval medallions
like cameos and the bas-relief overdoors hint of
Neoclassicism; the furnishings are fully Italian
Rococo.

20. Château de Malmaison, 1800,
room for the Empress Joséphine
on the cusp between Directoire style and Empire
style
From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural
examples

21. Gold egg-cup, Paris 1762-63, in the goût
Grec (Greek style) Empire style table

22. Wedgwood vase in the style of Greek red-
figure pottery, 1815
Empire style sauce boat, Sèvres
porcelain, 1809–10

23. Neoclassical gardens
In England
Augustan literature had a direct
parallel with the Augustan style of
landscape design.

24. Neoclassicism and fashion
Revolutionary socialite Thérésa Tallien
In fashion
Neoclassicism influenced the much
greater simplicity of women's dresses,
the long-lasting fashion for white
from well before the French Revolution
Very light and loose dresses,
usually white and often with shockingly
bare arms
rose sheer from the ankle to just below
the bodice
where there was a strongly emphasized
thin hem or tie round the body

25. Francis Russell, 5th Duke of Bedford in a Bedford
Crop
Neoclassical fashion for men was
far more problematic
and never really took off other
than for hair
where it played an important role
in the shorter styles that finally
despatched the use of wigs
then white hair-powder for
younger men

26. James Dawkins and Robert Wood Discovering
the Ruins of Palmyra, by Gavin Hamilton (1758)
Madame Raymond de Verninac by Jacques-
Louis David, with clothes and chair
in Directoire style. "Year 7", that is 1798-99.

27. Portrait of Madame Récamier, David, 1800
Elizabeth Alexeievna, Empress of Russia
and no political radical, in 1802

28. Later "Neoclassicisms"
The West building (1941)
National Gallery of Art in Washington
East Building (1978) and the United States Capitol
visible behind and to the left
Neoclassicism was one expression of the American
Renaissance movement, ca. 1890–1917
In music
Neoclassicism in music is a 20th-century
in this case it is the classical music of the late 18th and
early 19th century that is being revived
It was ultimately a response to German Modernism in the
first part of the 20th century.
It was an anti-progress, anti-industrial and anti-innovative
musical style.
This was inspired by composers claiming that mankind is
inherently "diatonic" and "tonal
Composers started to look back to historical musical
influences.

29. Architecture in Russia and the Soviet Union
Ostankino Palace, designed by Francesco
Camporesi and completed in 1798, in Moscow,
Russia
In 1905–1914 Russian architecture passed
through a brief but influential period
of Neoclassical revival
the trend began with recreation of Empire
style of alexandrineperiod and quickly
expanded into a variety of neo-
Renaissance, palladian and modernized
They were led by architects born in the
1870s, who reached creative peak before
World War I,

30. Arkhangelskoye estate.
Neoclassicism was an easy choice for the
USSR since it did not rely on modern
construction technologies (steel
frame or reinforced concrete)
and could be reproduced in
traditional masonry.
Thus the designs of Zholtovsky, Fomin and
other old masters were easily replicated in
remote towns under strict material rationing.
Improvement of construction technology
after World War II permitted Stalinist
architects to venture into skyscraper
construction

31. Architecture in the 21st century
New Classical Architecture
Schermerhorn Symphony Center, 2006

32. After a lull during the period of modern architectural dominance
(roughly post-World War II until the mid-1980s)
Neoclassicism has seen something of a resurgence.
As of the first decade of the 21st century, contemporary Neoclassical
architecture is usually classed under the umbrella term of New Classical
Architecture.
In the United States, various contemporary public buildings are built in
Neoclassical style,
with the 2006 Schermerhorn Symphony Center in Nashville being an
example.
In Britain, a number of architects are active in the Neoclassical style.
Examples of their work include two university libraries: Quinlan Terry's
Maitland Robinson Library at Downing College and Robert Adam
Architects' Sackler Library.

33. WEB REFERENCES:
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/neoclassical-
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http://www.ruthnestvold.com/Augustan.htm
http://www.crossref-it.info/articles/398/An-introduction-to-
Augustan-literature
http://neoenglishsystem.blogspot.com/2010/12/restoration-
period-1660-1700.html
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-age-of-
johnson.htm#didyouknowout
http://neoenglishsystem.blogspot.com/2010/12/age-of-
johnson-1744-1784.html
http://wwnorton.com/college/english/nael9/section/volC/ove
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