1. The document discusses concepts related to evolution including variation, adaptation, sexual and asexual reproduction, and different theoretical approaches to evolution. 2. Key terms related to evolution are defined including camouflage, extinction, inheritance, mimicry, natural selection, and niche. 3. The timeline of life on Earth is reviewed starting with the formation of the Milky Way galaxy and Earth 4.6 billion years ago and leading to present day.

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2. Objectives
1.- To understand the concepts of variation, evolution, and
adaptation, including several examples of how they are related.
2.- To differenciate sexual and asexual reproduction, and their
effect on evolutionary processes.
3.- Analyze Evo Devo cases.
4.- To identify the different theoretical approaches that led to
the idea of survival of the fittest.
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3. Vocabulary (Homework)
Camouflage
Extinction
Inheritance
Mimicry
Natural selection
Niche
Sexual and non sexual
reproduction
You must google up only unknown definitions. 3

4. Introduction
How old is the Earth?
R/ According to the Bible: About 6.000 years-old.
According to science?
R/ About 4,6 billion years-old.
More info? Visit http://godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_the_earth.html
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5. 18 billion years in 6 minutes
Complete the timeline:
14 BYA 4,6 BYA …..…… …..…… 5 BY from now
Milky way Earth’s Life Plants Now Death
Formation birth appears grow of Sun
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fdPKlrdUC0w (6min)

6. Definition
Evolution = Gradual change
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7. Definition
Evolution = Gradual change
Draw a map of Gondwana with some important fossils.
Analyze the map, and give your opinion in your own words. 6

8. What caused the invention of sex on earth?
Before sex, there were only non-sexually-reproducting
organisms. Can you imagine what was the world like then?
- More CO2
- Little amounts of O2
- Photosynthetic bacteria
- More than 3.000 million
years with single-celled
life forms (Very slow
evolution).
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9. Members of the same species are not all exactly the same.
Differences between individuals from the same species are
called variation.
Variation
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10. Questions
Make a list of three kinds of variation between dogs.
1.-
2.-
3.-
Suggest why scientists say that they belong to the same species.
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11. Variation
There are two kinds of variation within a species (continuous
and discontinuous). The environment can affect the variation in
a species.
Handout: Frequency diagrams
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13. What kind of variation does this chart display?
Exercise 1
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14. Exercise 2
How about this one?
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15. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck believed that organisms evolved by
passing acquired characteristics to their offspring.
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16. August Weissmann cut off the tails of 901 mice to disprove the
theory of heredity of an acquired characteristic.
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17. Charles Darwin studied variation in birds at the Galapagos
islands.
Learn more about Darwin’s life on
https://www.biography.com/people/charles-darwin-9266433
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18. What is evolution?
- Full definition:
- Main “ingredients”:
- How is DNA linked to evolution?
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhHOjC4oxh8

19. Watch this video about
Darwin’s fantastic voyage.
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Darwin’s voyage full movie.
Part 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1hoDaxVIVPE
Part 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qG_PsHFHGDQ
Part 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jACHjo_zwKU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sOcQiljuTdg

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21. Darwin came to the conclusion that species evolved from a
common ancestor.
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23. Variation, Inheritance and Evolution
1.- What causes variation?
2.- What are genes? How many kinds of genes exist?
3.- % of ≠ between humans, and chimps = ……
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1m_m18UaxUs

24. What is adaptation?
Over time, organisms with successful adaptations survive more
than other organisms. Their offspring inherit these adaptations.
Adaptations can be structural, functional or behavioral.
Types of adaptations
Structural Functional Behavioral
Complete the chart with at least one more example (Structural / Functional / Behavioral adaptations). 23

25. Selective breeding
By choosing among the offspring of domesticated
animals, which ones would be used for reproduction,
people have been able to alter some characteristics for
their own benefit.
Optional workshop: Evolution research project
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Soccer field timeline workshop

26. Selective breeding
It helps us make:
Better beef – Selecting for the best texture.
Better wool/leather - The finest leather or wool
Better milk – Choosing cows that milk the most
Better hens – Bigger eggs
Better wheat – Growing disease resistant wheat
Better flowers – The biggest and most colourful ones
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28. Find the error…
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=skFQ3H6bbc8

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31. Next class:
Quiz about evolution, variation and adaptations.
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32. Convergence or divergence?
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33. Evo Devo (Evolutionary Development)
It compares the developmental processes of
organisms to infer their ancestral
relationships.
Starting with E. Haeckel, who stated:
“Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”
Meaning that mammal embryos look like
their ancestors as they grow (True or False?).
Embrio Race, Species
Development
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34. Drosophila
melanogaster
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38. Bithorax mutation in Drosophila m.
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39. Cyclopic sheeps
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41. Dot patterns in butterfly wings
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42. Hox genes in the formation
of vertebrae
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43. Evo Devo
How do you imagine the song “Despacito” sung by an
evolutionary biologist?
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydqReeTV_vk

44. Evolution is a branching process.
The point where two
branches split is the
common ancestor of
two species.
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45. Taxonomy is the science of classifying of living things.
A dichotomous key is a tool that allows users to identify
organisms in a systematic way.
Let’s practice with bugs…
The dichotomous key.
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46. Dichotomous keys always offer two choices for each step, each of
which describes key characteristics of an organism.
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47. Fossils.
They tell us about how life has developed over time.
Finding fossils is difficult because so many factors are
required to preserve remains.
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52. Because life decomposes fully, there are many gaps in
the fossil record.
New discoveries are found every year, and the gaps fill in
quickly, giving us a clearer picture of how life has
changed over time.
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53. An evolutionary timeline.
- The Earth is about 4,6 BY-old (billion years).
- Life appeared over 3 BY ago.
- Eukaryotic Ȼ appeared about 2 BY ago.
- Smaller prokaryotic Ȼ took residence inside larger Ȼ to
become mitochondria or chloroplasts.
- Multi Ȼ organisms appeared 1 BY ago.
- Larger animals and plants have been evolving during
the past 500 MY.
(Make it a graphic)
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55. A long, interesting URL
An interactive timeline that shows every single
event from big bang until now.
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Learn
more:
http://www.chronozoom.com/#/t00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000/t48fbb8a8-7c5d-49c3-
83e1-98939ae2ae67/td4809be4-3cf9-4ddd-9703-3ca24e4d3a26@x=0&y=8.826833205477507e-
17&w=1.032258064516129&h=2.5079717736725984

56. What caused the Cambrian explosion?
- Write down three hypotheses that could explain the massive
extinction event that lead to this age.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qNtQwUO9ff8 (12 min.)

57. New species.
A new species forms when a group of individuals
remains isolated long enough to develop new
traits.
We know something is a new species when it is
unable to breed with the species it originally
came from.
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58. How evolution works (Recap)
(Watch out for the “porn” scene)
- Name the four main conditions.
- What is an ecological niche?
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hOfRN0KihOU