This document summarizes a study on the vibration analysis of hybrid laminated composites. Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) were combined with basalt fiber to form hybrid composites with 7 different stacking sequences. Tensile and vibration tests were conducted. The results showed that a hybrid composite with an outer layer of CFRP (H1) had higher tensile strength and modulus than other sequences. For vibration, a sequence with inner CFRP layers (H5) had the lowest natural frequency and highest damping ratio, indicating it could better reduce vibrations. In general, natural frequency decreased and damping increased with less CFRP and more basalt fiber. The study demonstrated hybrid composites can be designed to optimize vibration
Thermal conductivity Characterization of Bamboo fiber reinforced in Epoxy ResinIOSR Journals
Over a past few decades composites, plastics, ceramics have been the dominant engineering material. The areas of applications of composites materials have grown rapidly and have even found new markets. The current challenge is to make the durable in tough conditions to replace other materials and also to make them cost effective .This has resulted in development of many new techniques currently being used in the industry. While the use of composites it is clear choice in many applications but the selection of material will depend on the factor such as working life, lifetime requirement, complexity of product shape produced, saving the term cost. The availability of natural fiber is abundances and also they are very inexpensive when compared to other advanced manmade fibers. The primary advantage of natural fibers are low density, low cost, biodegradability, acceptable specific properties, less wear during extracting as well as manufacturing composites and wide varieties of natural fibers are locally available. The main focus of this investigation is to determine the thermal conductivity of bamboo fiber reinforced in epoxy resin composites. The test samples were prepared as per ASTM standards using simple hand-layup technique at different fiber weight fractions (10%, 20%30%, 40%50%, 60%). Thermal conductivity (K) of the composites material were determined experimentally and is validated by the results obtained by rule of mixture, E-S model and also by finite element modeling
Abstract In the last decades the composites have been widely used in the construction, automobile and aerospace industries. Among them,
Natural fiber composites are emerging as low cost, lightweight and superior alternatives to synthetic fiber composites. This study
related to the development of bio-degradable composites using Epoxy resin and Sisal/Jute fibers. The fibers are chemically
treated at different percentages of NaOH i.e.,3%, 6% and 9%. Tensile and flexural strength of the composites were determined
using UTM. The natural frequencies of the cantilever composite beam were determined analytically using Euler’s theory and
numerically using Ansys 15.0. From the results, the results agree close to each other.
Keywords: Sisal Fiber, Jute Fiber, Alkali Treatment, Modal Analysis.
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Thermal conductivity Characterization of Bamboo fiber reinforced in Epoxy ResinIOSR Journals
Over a past few decades composites, plastics, ceramics have been the dominant engineering material. The areas of applications of composites materials have grown rapidly and have even found new markets. The current challenge is to make the durable in tough conditions to replace other materials and also to make them cost effective .This has resulted in development of many new techniques currently being used in the industry. While the use of composites it is clear choice in many applications but the selection of material will depend on the factor such as working life, lifetime requirement, complexity of product shape produced, saving the term cost. The availability of natural fiber is abundances and also they are very inexpensive when compared to other advanced manmade fibers. The primary advantage of natural fibers are low density, low cost, biodegradability, acceptable specific properties, less wear during extracting as well as manufacturing composites and wide varieties of natural fibers are locally available. The main focus of this investigation is to determine the thermal conductivity of bamboo fiber reinforced in epoxy resin composites. The test samples were prepared as per ASTM standards using simple hand-layup technique at different fiber weight fractions (10%, 20%30%, 40%50%, 60%). Thermal conductivity (K) of the composites material were determined experimentally and is validated by the results obtained by rule of mixture, E-S model and also by finite element modeling
Abstract In the last decades the composites have been widely used in the construction, automobile and aerospace industries. Among them,
Natural fiber composites are emerging as low cost, lightweight and superior alternatives to synthetic fiber composites. This study
related to the development of bio-degradable composites using Epoxy resin and Sisal/Jute fibers. The fibers are chemically
treated at different percentages of NaOH i.e.,3%, 6% and 9%. Tensile and flexural strength of the composites were determined
using UTM. The natural frequencies of the cantilever composite beam were determined analytically using Euler’s theory and
numerically using Ansys 15.0. From the results, the results agree close to each other.
Keywords: Sisal Fiber, Jute Fiber, Alkali Treatment, Modal Analysis.
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
This paper present the state-of-the-art literature review and explore the research guidelines
on natural fibres polymeric composites. Due to the environmental issues, cost reduction and high
performance of engineering applications, the demand of natural fibre is increasing day by day.
Reinforcement with natural fiber in composites has recently gained attention due to low cost, easy
availability, low density, acceptable specific properties, ease of separation, enhanced energy
recovery, bio-degradability and recyclable in nature. To safeguard the environment, efforts are being
made for recycling different wastes and utilise them in value added applications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Influence of Carbon & Glass Fiber Reinforcements on Flexural Strength of Epox...IJERA Editor
Hybrid composite materials are more attracted by the engineers because of their properties like stiffness and high specific strength which leads to the potential application in the area of aerospace, marine and automobile sectors. In the present investigation, the flexural strength and flexural modulus of carbon and glass fibers reinforced epoxy hybrid composites were studied. The vacuum bagging technique was adopted for the fabrication of polymer hybrid composite materials. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus of the hybrid composites were determined as per ASTM standards. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus were improved as the fiber reinforcement contents increased in the epoxy matrix material.
Experimental Determination of Mechanical and Vibration Properties of Epoxy ba...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The organic polymer composites filled with inorganic fillers became an important area of research and development in recent years due to their applications in various fields. The aim of the present work was to fabricate and evaluate the mechanical performance of epoxy polymer composites filled with 30% weight percentage of carbon fiber and 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% of Silicon Carbide. The samples were prepared by hand layup technique as this method was easy to fabricate and having low tooling cost and results in the good surface finishand then composites weretested by using UTM and ATALON FFT analyzer. The DEWESOFT software was used to obtain the frequency response functions of the samples. The variations in properties with respect to change in weight of silicon carbide were obtained and represented by graphs. The composite with 30% of carbon fiber and 8% of Sic have shown improved performance in terms of flexural strength, tensile strength, tensile modulus and higher natural frequency indicating high stiffness value.
Chemical modifications of natural fibres for composite applicationsketki chavan
This is a seminar presentation on the prevalent chemical treatments and modification techniques carried out on natural fibres to make them useful as reinforcement materials in composites.
Resilient Characteristics of Stone Matrix Asphalt MixesIDES Editor
Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) is a gap graded mix,
characterized by high coarse aggregates, high asphalt contents
and polymer or fiber additives as stabilizers. In comparison to
dense graded mixtures SMA has higher proportion of coarse
aggregate, lower proportion of middle size aggregate and
higher proportion of mineral filler. It resists permanent
deformation and has the potential for long term performance
and durability. In the present study, an attempt has been made
to study the resilient properties of mixtures of stone matrix
asphalt made with two types of conventional binders namely
bitumen 80/100 and 60/70, with 0.3% by weight of a non –
conventional natural fiber, namely coconut fiber. The mixes
are subjected to both static and repeated load indirect tensile
strength tests. It is observed that the natural fibres have
propounding effect on the resilient properties of the mixes.
Here the composite material was fabricated using sugarcane bagasse, jute fibre & with glass fibre as a hybrid material and the mechanical properties of this material was studied.
Effect of Nanoparticles on E-Glass Fiber Epoxy Resin CompositesIJMER
In the present work fabrication of composite material(E-Glass Fiber Epoxy Resin +
NANO CaCO3) was carried out and their tensile properties viz tensile strength, tensile
strain(%),young's modulus, energy at maximum load and brihnall hardness number were found.
Specimens of E-Glass Fiber Epoxy Resin) hybrid composites are prepared with four different
compositions of nano-calcium carbonate (CaCO3), viz., 0,3,5 and 7%.Each specimen consisting of
40%GF. The specimens are prepared by hand lay up method.. Tests are conducted on these specimens
to determine the tensile strength, tensile strain, young's modulus energy at maximum load and
hardness number at room temperature using universal testing machine and Brihnell hardness testing
machine. The influence of the nano-CaCO3 content on the mechanical properties tensile of hybrid
composites was studied. It is found that the reinforcing and toughening effects of the E-Glass epoxy
hybrid composites are increased by adding nano-CaCO3.The tensile strength, tensile strain, young’s
modulus and energy at max load of these composites increased nonlinearly with the addition of the
nano-CaCO3
Mechanical Behaviour ofAl2014 Reinforced with Boron Carbide and Short Basalt ...IJERA Editor
The present study was aimed at evaluating the effect of short Basalt Fiber and B4Con hardness and impact
strength of Al 2014 Composites. These AMCs with individual and multiple reinforcement (hybrid MMCs) are
finding increased applications in aerospace, automobile, space, underwater and transportation applications. An
effort is made to enhance the Hardness and Impact properties of AMCs by reinforcing Al2014 matrix with
Varying Proportion of Short basalt fiber and Boron carbide by stir casting method. Aluminum alloy matrix
varying proportions of boron carbide particulates and Short Basalt fibers were fabricated. The microstructure,
hardness and impact strength properties of the fabricated AMCs were analyzed. The optical microstructure study
revealed the homogeneous dispersion of B4C particles and Short Basalt fiber in the matrix. Based on the results
obtained from the Hardness and Impact of the metal matrix composites it is observed that, the hardness and
impact strength increases with increase in the amount of reinforcement‘s.
Mechanical Properties Of Sisal And Pineapple Fiber Hybrid Composites Reinforc...IJMER
In this study, Work has been carried out to investigated tensile , bending and impact
properties of hybrid composite of material constitutes sisal fiber and less discovered pineapple fiber.
These composites are adhered using epoxy resin cosists HY951 resin and LY551 hardener suitably
mixed in appropriate volume. Hybrid composites were prepared using sisal/pineapple fibers of 100/0,
70/30, 50/50, 30/70, and 0/100 Weight fraction ratios, while overall fiber weight fraction was fixed as
20gram. Here for preparing samples Hand lay up method is used , specimens are prepared , fibers are
arrenged in unidirectional manner and tests are carried out , which shows tensile and bending
strengths. The tensile & compressive test was applied on specimens of 300×50 & thickness varring
from 4-6 mm in dimensions but in different proportions of sisal and pineapple by weight. The test
result shows , the composite made by 50/50 fibers weight fraction of sisal & pineapple fiber has been
shown best impact strenght 47.2 N/mm2 as compare to other constitutes of sisal & pine fibers.this
constitute have good tensile & bending strength & their density is also less than sisal fibers. These
composites can be used in various purposes because of its unique features of recycleability, waste
utilization, environment friendly, bio-degradibility, good strength and a good alternative to plastics.
Fabrication and Mechanical Charecterization of Cnt NanocompositesIOSR Journals
The effects of Amine, Epoxide functionalization of multi-wall carbon nanotubes on properties of CNT/epoxy nanocomposites are investigated in this work. Adding CNTs to the matrix is expected to improve the stiffness, toughness, interlaminar shear strength of and many other properties of composites. Functionalization with different amino and epoxide groups of multi-walled carbon nanotubes was achieved and nanotube-reinforced epoxy nanocomposites were prepared by mixing amino, epoxide-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes with epoxy resin. The reinforcement mechanism of amino-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes in epoxy resin was discussed. Interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), Three point bending test and Re-bound hardness tests were used to investigate the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites and functionalization groupings are investigated by Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR). Then the results of amine, epoxide group are compared with No-CNT nanocomposite. The results showed that different percentage of amino, epoxide -functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes would have different effects on the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites. The amine functionalizes CNT composites are giving good results compare to another samples
Tensile and Flexural Properties of Sisal/Jute Hybrid Natural Fiber CompositesIJMER
During the last two decades using natural fiber as reinforcement in polymers has increased
drastically. The present research work has been carried out to make use of sisal/jute natural fibers. The
aim of this paper is to describe the development and characterization of new set of hybrid natural fiber
composites. It is made by reinforcing sisal/ jute fibers with epoxy resin in matrix by using hand layup
technique. The natural fibers were extracted by retting and combing process manually. Hybrid
composites were prepared using sisal/jute fibers of 0/40, 10/30, 20/20, 30/10, 40/0 weight fraction ratios
while overall fiber weight fraction was fixed as 0.4 weight fraction. The tensile and flexural properties
were carried out using hybrid composite samples. The results indicated that addition of sisal fiber in
jute/epoxy composites up to 50% weight fraction results increasing the mechanical properties
Study on Effect of Thickness and Fibre Orientation on a Tensile and Flexural ...IJERA Editor
This project presents the study of tensile, flexural & moisture absorption properties of composites made from S-glass, Carbon and E-glass fibre. The specimens are prepared using hand lay-up techniques as per ASTM standard for different thickness 2mm and 3mm and fibre orientation of 30º, 45º and 60º, where an attempt is made to study the properties of composite materials by composing the different materials together to obtain the desired properties by increasing the thickness and fibre orientation. By the variation of thickness tensile strength of hybrid composite is observed for each thickness and is compared with the finite element analysis results. The test ready specimens were subjected to tensile and flexural loads on UTM. This research indicates that tensile strength is mainly dependent on the fiber orientation & thickness of laminated polymer composites. The moisture absorption increases with the fibre, filler content and duration of immersion in water.
This paper present the state-of-the-art literature review and explore the research guidelines
on natural fibres polymeric composites. Due to the environmental issues, cost reduction and high
performance of engineering applications, the demand of natural fibre is increasing day by day.
Reinforcement with natural fiber in composites has recently gained attention due to low cost, easy
availability, low density, acceptable specific properties, ease of separation, enhanced energy
recovery, bio-degradability and recyclable in nature. To safeguard the environment, efforts are being
made for recycling different wastes and utilise them in value added applications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Influence of Carbon & Glass Fiber Reinforcements on Flexural Strength of Epox...IJERA Editor
Hybrid composite materials are more attracted by the engineers because of their properties like stiffness and high specific strength which leads to the potential application in the area of aerospace, marine and automobile sectors. In the present investigation, the flexural strength and flexural modulus of carbon and glass fibers reinforced epoxy hybrid composites were studied. The vacuum bagging technique was adopted for the fabrication of polymer hybrid composite materials. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus of the hybrid composites were determined as per ASTM standards. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus were improved as the fiber reinforcement contents increased in the epoxy matrix material.
Experimental Determination of Mechanical and Vibration Properties of Epoxy ba...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The organic polymer composites filled with inorganic fillers became an important area of research and development in recent years due to their applications in various fields. The aim of the present work was to fabricate and evaluate the mechanical performance of epoxy polymer composites filled with 30% weight percentage of carbon fiber and 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% of Silicon Carbide. The samples were prepared by hand layup technique as this method was easy to fabricate and having low tooling cost and results in the good surface finishand then composites weretested by using UTM and ATALON FFT analyzer. The DEWESOFT software was used to obtain the frequency response functions of the samples. The variations in properties with respect to change in weight of silicon carbide were obtained and represented by graphs. The composite with 30% of carbon fiber and 8% of Sic have shown improved performance in terms of flexural strength, tensile strength, tensile modulus and higher natural frequency indicating high stiffness value.
Chemical modifications of natural fibres for composite applicationsketki chavan
This is a seminar presentation on the prevalent chemical treatments and modification techniques carried out on natural fibres to make them useful as reinforcement materials in composites.
Resilient Characteristics of Stone Matrix Asphalt MixesIDES Editor
Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) is a gap graded mix,
characterized by high coarse aggregates, high asphalt contents
and polymer or fiber additives as stabilizers. In comparison to
dense graded mixtures SMA has higher proportion of coarse
aggregate, lower proportion of middle size aggregate and
higher proportion of mineral filler. It resists permanent
deformation and has the potential for long term performance
and durability. In the present study, an attempt has been made
to study the resilient properties of mixtures of stone matrix
asphalt made with two types of conventional binders namely
bitumen 80/100 and 60/70, with 0.3% by weight of a non –
conventional natural fiber, namely coconut fiber. The mixes
are subjected to both static and repeated load indirect tensile
strength tests. It is observed that the natural fibres have
propounding effect on the resilient properties of the mixes.
Here the composite material was fabricated using sugarcane bagasse, jute fibre & with glass fibre as a hybrid material and the mechanical properties of this material was studied.
Effect of Nanoparticles on E-Glass Fiber Epoxy Resin CompositesIJMER
In the present work fabrication of composite material(E-Glass Fiber Epoxy Resin +
NANO CaCO3) was carried out and their tensile properties viz tensile strength, tensile
strain(%),young's modulus, energy at maximum load and brihnall hardness number were found.
Specimens of E-Glass Fiber Epoxy Resin) hybrid composites are prepared with four different
compositions of nano-calcium carbonate (CaCO3), viz., 0,3,5 and 7%.Each specimen consisting of
40%GF. The specimens are prepared by hand lay up method.. Tests are conducted on these specimens
to determine the tensile strength, tensile strain, young's modulus energy at maximum load and
hardness number at room temperature using universal testing machine and Brihnell hardness testing
machine. The influence of the nano-CaCO3 content on the mechanical properties tensile of hybrid
composites was studied. It is found that the reinforcing and toughening effects of the E-Glass epoxy
hybrid composites are increased by adding nano-CaCO3.The tensile strength, tensile strain, young’s
modulus and energy at max load of these composites increased nonlinearly with the addition of the
nano-CaCO3
Mechanical Behaviour ofAl2014 Reinforced with Boron Carbide and Short Basalt ...IJERA Editor
The present study was aimed at evaluating the effect of short Basalt Fiber and B4Con hardness and impact
strength of Al 2014 Composites. These AMCs with individual and multiple reinforcement (hybrid MMCs) are
finding increased applications in aerospace, automobile, space, underwater and transportation applications. An
effort is made to enhance the Hardness and Impact properties of AMCs by reinforcing Al2014 matrix with
Varying Proportion of Short basalt fiber and Boron carbide by stir casting method. Aluminum alloy matrix
varying proportions of boron carbide particulates and Short Basalt fibers were fabricated. The microstructure,
hardness and impact strength properties of the fabricated AMCs were analyzed. The optical microstructure study
revealed the homogeneous dispersion of B4C particles and Short Basalt fiber in the matrix. Based on the results
obtained from the Hardness and Impact of the metal matrix composites it is observed that, the hardness and
impact strength increases with increase in the amount of reinforcement‘s.
Mechanical Properties Of Sisal And Pineapple Fiber Hybrid Composites Reinforc...IJMER
In this study, Work has been carried out to investigated tensile , bending and impact
properties of hybrid composite of material constitutes sisal fiber and less discovered pineapple fiber.
These composites are adhered using epoxy resin cosists HY951 resin and LY551 hardener suitably
mixed in appropriate volume. Hybrid composites were prepared using sisal/pineapple fibers of 100/0,
70/30, 50/50, 30/70, and 0/100 Weight fraction ratios, while overall fiber weight fraction was fixed as
20gram. Here for preparing samples Hand lay up method is used , specimens are prepared , fibers are
arrenged in unidirectional manner and tests are carried out , which shows tensile and bending
strengths. The tensile & compressive test was applied on specimens of 300×50 & thickness varring
from 4-6 mm in dimensions but in different proportions of sisal and pineapple by weight. The test
result shows , the composite made by 50/50 fibers weight fraction of sisal & pineapple fiber has been
shown best impact strenght 47.2 N/mm2 as compare to other constitutes of sisal & pine fibers.this
constitute have good tensile & bending strength & their density is also less than sisal fibers. These
composites can be used in various purposes because of its unique features of recycleability, waste
utilization, environment friendly, bio-degradibility, good strength and a good alternative to plastics.
Fabrication and Mechanical Charecterization of Cnt NanocompositesIOSR Journals
The effects of Amine, Epoxide functionalization of multi-wall carbon nanotubes on properties of CNT/epoxy nanocomposites are investigated in this work. Adding CNTs to the matrix is expected to improve the stiffness, toughness, interlaminar shear strength of and many other properties of composites. Functionalization with different amino and epoxide groups of multi-walled carbon nanotubes was achieved and nanotube-reinforced epoxy nanocomposites were prepared by mixing amino, epoxide-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes with epoxy resin. The reinforcement mechanism of amino-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes in epoxy resin was discussed. Interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), Three point bending test and Re-bound hardness tests were used to investigate the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites and functionalization groupings are investigated by Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR). Then the results of amine, epoxide group are compared with No-CNT nanocomposite. The results showed that different percentage of amino, epoxide -functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes would have different effects on the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites. The amine functionalizes CNT composites are giving good results compare to another samples
Tensile and Flexural Properties of Sisal/Jute Hybrid Natural Fiber CompositesIJMER
During the last two decades using natural fiber as reinforcement in polymers has increased
drastically. The present research work has been carried out to make use of sisal/jute natural fibers. The
aim of this paper is to describe the development and characterization of new set of hybrid natural fiber
composites. It is made by reinforcing sisal/ jute fibers with epoxy resin in matrix by using hand layup
technique. The natural fibers were extracted by retting and combing process manually. Hybrid
composites were prepared using sisal/jute fibers of 0/40, 10/30, 20/20, 30/10, 40/0 weight fraction ratios
while overall fiber weight fraction was fixed as 0.4 weight fraction. The tensile and flexural properties
were carried out using hybrid composite samples. The results indicated that addition of sisal fiber in
jute/epoxy composites up to 50% weight fraction results increasing the mechanical properties
Study on Effect of Thickness and Fibre Orientation on a Tensile and Flexural ...IJERA Editor
This project presents the study of tensile, flexural & moisture absorption properties of composites made from S-glass, Carbon and E-glass fibre. The specimens are prepared using hand lay-up techniques as per ASTM standard for different thickness 2mm and 3mm and fibre orientation of 30º, 45º and 60º, where an attempt is made to study the properties of composite materials by composing the different materials together to obtain the desired properties by increasing the thickness and fibre orientation. By the variation of thickness tensile strength of hybrid composite is observed for each thickness and is compared with the finite element analysis results. The test ready specimens were subjected to tensile and flexural loads on UTM. This research indicates that tensile strength is mainly dependent on the fiber orientation & thickness of laminated polymer composites. The moisture absorption increases with the fibre, filler content and duration of immersion in water.
Composites are engineered materials made from two or more constituents with different physical or chemical
properties, which remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. A fiber is a material, which is made into
a long filament with diameter generally in the order of 10 microns. The aspect ratio of length to diameter can be
ranging from thousands to infinity in continuous fibers. Increasing worldwide environmental awareness is
encouraging scientific research into the development of cheaper, more environmentally friendly and more
sustainable construction and packing materials. For environment concern on synthetic fiber (such as glass, carbon,
ceramic gibers etc) natural fibers (such as flax, hemp, jute, kenai) etc are widely used. Industrial hemp fiber is one
of the strongest of the natural fibers available and possesses benefits such as low cost and low production energy
requirements. The primary objective of this research is to fabricate the natural fiber composites with suitable
processing/manufacturing methods and to examine the mechanical properties when subjected to Tension, Bending
and to compare & contrast the results with the available literature. In this research work, hemp fiber reinforced
Epoxy matrix composites have been developed by hand layup method with varying process parameters, such as
coupling agent(with and without compatibilizers) and different fiber percentages (10%,20% and 30% by weight).
The developed composites were then characterized by tensile test and flexural testing. Results show that the tensile
strength and flexural properties increases with the increase in fiber percentage. However after a certain percentage
the tensile strength decreases again. Compared to untreated hemp fiber, no significant changes in the tensile strength
have been observed for treated hemp fiber reinforcement. The flexural strength / modulus of the composite were
higher compared to pure epoxy for all filler/fiber loadings.
Effect of Temperature on Wear Rate of Si-Epoxy- Eglass Polymer composite Mate...IDES Editor
With the increase use of polymer composites in
erosive work environment, it has become extremely important
to investigate their erosion characteristics. The hybrid
composite consisting of a Epoxy resin reinforced with Eglass
fiber and Si particles was developed. The effect of temperature
on wear rate applied to Si – Epoxy – Eglass polymer composite
has been studied. It has been found that the wear rate increases
as the temperature of carrier media (air) is increased.
Temperature of carrier media is one of the significant factor
influencing the erosion wear. The results were compared with
the plain epoxy composite material. Micrographs of eroded
surface are also presented to study the wear rate and Wear
behavior of composite.
Study of the effects of carbon and glass fibre reinforcement and other filler...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the present study, composite materials required for elevated temperature applications were fabricated using vacuum bagging technique. Epoxy Resin (ER-VP401) was used as the matrix and Glass fibre was used as reinforcement. SiC, Al2O3 and others were used as fillers to bring in elevated temperature resistance. These composites were subjected to mechanical tests like Tensile, Hardness and Impact test. Tribological tests like two body abrasion and Pin on disc (POD) were carried out. Tensile strength, hardness and impact energy were improved with increase in fillers content. Wear resistance also improved with increase in percentage of fillers substantially. SEM micrographs are used to explain the mechanism of the material strengthening at elevated temperatures. Keywords: Epoxy resin, Glass Fiber (GF), Al2O3, SiC, Elevated Temperature Resistance.
A comparative study on the influence of MWCNT, GO, and Al(OH)3 gel matrix mo...Adib Bin Rashid
The main objective of this paper was to identify the influence of different filler materials on the properties of hybrid composites. The hybrid composites were fabricated using randomly oriented glass fiber mats, needle punched jute fiber mats, and epoxy resin as the matrix material. Three different kinds of filler materials were studied: Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs), Graphene Oxide (GO), and Aluminum Hydroxide (AlOH)
nanoparticles. The secondary reinforcements were dispersed in the epoxy matrix through ultrasonication. The
composites were made by conventional hand lay-up followed by applying high pressure and temperature under a hydraulic press to effectively cure and minimize voids within the final composite. These were compared with the
properties of the unmodified composite containing no filler. The influence on mechanical properties was evaluated through tensile, flexural, and impact tests. Failure modes of the fractured tensile specimen were observed
through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis was done to observe
the changes in the chemical structure upon the addition of secondary reinforcements. Lastly, water absorption
behavior and flame retardancy were observed as well. The results showed that MWCNT resulted in the composite
exhibiting superior properties and GO, on the contrary, led to the deterioration of the properties. This could be
because an optimum concentration of MWCNT was used, whereas this was not the case for GO filler. The addition
of MWCNT resulted in a more substantial but brittle composite, while AlOH enhanced the ductility of the
composite by compromising the overall strength. Hence, it can be concluded that MWCNT resulted in the formation of composites with the most desired properties.
Role of Natural and Synthetic Fillers on Erosive Wear Behavior of Basalt -Epo...IJRES Journal
An investigation was made to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of bio-based jatropha oil cake (JOC), Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and Clay on the erosive wear behavior of Basalt-epoxy (BE) hybrid composites. A Vacuum-Assisted Resin Infusion (VARI) technique was employed to obtain a filled and unfilled B-E composites. The effect of different impact velocities (20 and 40 m/s) and angle of impingement from 300 to 900 on the performance of the wear resistance of the composites were measured. The results of erosive wear losses, angle of impingement, and impact velocity and erosion rate of 3% of TiO2 and JOC filled and unfilled B-E composites are analyzed and discussed. The worn surface features of unfilled and filled B-E composites were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON WEAR BEHAVIOUR OF SIC FILLED HYBRID COMPOSITES USING TA...IAEME Publication
The popularity of composite materials usage is increasing due to its superior strengthcharacters racing the traditional materials in strength to weight ratio. The developments of new
materials are on the anvil and are growing day by day. In this work, two-body abrasive wear testwith different loads and abrading distances were performed at room temperature by using a pin ona disk apparatus to determine the surface hardness strengthof SiC filled Glass fiber reinforced
with epoxy resin hybrid composites. The results showed that the wear volume increased withincreasing abrading distance and the specific wear rate decreased with increasing abradingdistance and increased with load for SiC particle filled Hybrid composites. Among the filled Hybridcomposites tested, composites with 10% SiC by weightshowed a better tribological behavior result.Also, a taguchi’s experimental design approach to make a parametric analysis of wear behavior of10% SiCG-J-E, 10%SiCG-S-E and 10% SiCG-R-E.hybrid composites werestudied. The systematicexperimentation leads to identificationofsignificantprocessparameters and material variablesthat predominantly influence the specific wear rate.
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
Microscopic examination of urine samples collected from geriatric dogs revealed increased numbers of erythrocytes, leucocytes, epithelial cells and pus cells along with casts, bacteria, spermatozoa and crystals of various shapes. Among the different crystals, triple phosphate or struvite were predominant, followed by calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium oxalate monohydrate and ammonium urate or biurate. The struvite crystals were, coffin-lid shape and while calcium oxalate dihydrate were octahedron or envelope and monohydrate crystals demonstrated “picket fence” and “dumbbell” and “hemp seed” appearance. Brown or yellow-brown spherical bodies with irregular borders with thorn-apple appearance were shown by ammonium urate or biurate crystals. SEM aspects of magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals revealed perpendicular columnar strata, few with scattered hexa or octa-hedral coffin-lid shaped crystals and calcium phosphate crystals were like cracked eggshells. Presence of wavy phases with sundry areas (uric acid), picket fence (calcium oxalate monohydrate) and typical envelope (calcium oxalate dehydrate) were electron microscopic appearance of various crystals.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
2. Study on Vibration Analysis of Hybrid Laminated Composites
Lakshmi and Seetha Rama Rao 036
METHODOLOGY
Composite Fabrication
Amongst the various fabrication techniques, vacuum-
assisted resin transfer molding process is chosen to
fabricate the hybrid laminated composites for this project.
Vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) is a
composite assembly technique in which a polymer resin is
injected into a mold containing woven fabrics with different
stacking as reinforcement of composite. It was performed
in vacuum by utilizing the differential pressure between the
atmosphere and a vacuum, and followed by heat
hardening. VARTM is regarded as the most cost-effective
manufacturing method.
Figure 1: Schematic illustration of vacuum assisted resin
transfer molding. Bozkurt et.al (2018).
The composite fabrics were stacked on a mold and
covered by a vacuum bagging film. Then, the epoxy resin
was injected into the mold by using a vacuum pump at low
injected pressure. Afterwards, the curing process of
composites was done in an oven. This was performed by
preheating the oven to a constant temperature of 650C
before placing the laminate.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Başturk et al. (2014) investigated the nonlinear dynamic
response of a hybrid laminated composite plate composed
of basalt, Kevlar/epoxy and E glass/epoxy under the blast
load with damping effects. The Galerkin Method is used to
obtain the nonlinear differential equations in the time
domain, and those equations are solved by finite
difference method. The vibration frequency increases with
increasing the damping ratio and in contrast, the deflection
amplitude decreases. The deflection amplitude and the
vibration frequencies increase while increasing the peak
pressure value.
Beulah et al. (2015) analyzed vibration analysis of hybrid
composite wing. The materials used for aircraft wings are
hybrid composite aluminum alloys and specifically the
composite materials preferred are carbon fibre and aramid
fibre. Further, static analysis is done on the wing by
applying air pressure for two materials aluminium - carbon
fibre and aluminium - aramid fibre.
Biswal et al. (2016) investigated hydrothermal effects on
free vibration of woven fiber glass/epoxy laminated
composite cylindrical shallow shells. A number of
experiments are conducted for cylindrical shell panels with
different curvature ratios and lamination sequence under
different boundary conditions subjected to uniform change
of temperature and moisture concentrations for
comparison with FEM results. It is observed that the
natural frequencies of free vibration of laminated
composite shells reduce with increase in uniform
temperature and moisture concentration due to reduction
of the stiffness and increases with decreasing the
curvature ratios.
Bozkurt et al. (2018) observed that vibration and damping
properties of carbon fiber with epoxy composites are
significantly affected by hybridization with basalt fiber. The
increase of basalt fiber content in carbon fiber/epoxy
composite increase in damping ratio and decrease in
natural frequency
Chandrashekhar et al. (2010) performed nonlinear
vibration analysis using a C0 assumed strain interpolated
finite element plate model based on Reddy’s third order
theory. Monte Carlo Simulation with Latin Hypercube
Sampling technique is used to obtain the variance of linear
and nonlinear natural frequencies of the plate due to
randomness in its material properties. It is found that the
nonlinear frequencies show increasing non-Gaussian
probability density function with increasing amplitude of
vibration and show dual peaks at high amplitude ratios.
This chaotic nature of the dispersion of nonlinear
eigenvalues is also revealed in eigenvalue sensitivity
analysis.
Faroughi et al. (2018) developed an ISO-geometric
approach based on higher order smooth Non-Uniform
Rational B-Splines (NURBS) basis functions for the stress,
vibration and stability analysis of laminated composites.
Lightweight material such as FRP has been extensively
used in aeronautical, naval, and automotive applications;
however, the disadvantage of this system is that FRPs are
vulnerable to impact damage. To overcome these
drawbacks, a different combination of materials has been
used (aluminum and FRP). Besides, when a composite
material is subjected to high temperature or corrosive
environment, it affects the mechanical and corrosive
properties. One way to enhance the material quality, when
exposing to such an environment, is to laminate both the
surfaces of the composite material, with a layer of metallic
material.
Kumar et al. (2014) examined the free vibration
characteristics of short sisal fiber (SFPC) and short
banana fiber (BFPC) polyester composites with fiber
lengths are 3mm, 4mm, and 5mmand the weight
percentages are 30, 40 and 50. The maximum increase in
natural frequency was found in 4mm/50 wt% of BFPC and
for SFPC at 5mm/50 wt%.
3. Study on Vibration Analysis of Hybrid Laminated Composites
World J. Mech. Engin. 037
Kumar et al. (2018) investigated the comparative structural
vibration analysis of machinery and GFRP with Al7075.
The data is processed in MATLAB using ARDUINO
relayed to computer to convert the data to frequency
spectra using Fast-Fourier transforms (FFT). Vibrational
properties of two lathes are compared at different
conditions and quantified the vibration results using Fast
Fourier Transforms (FFT) algorithm. In addition to which,
the vibration signatures of a composite are studied and
analyzed the vibration signature to identify the faults in
industrial equipment.
Mishra et al. (2015) presented an experimental
investigation of the natural frequency of woven fiber
composite Plate. The effect of different boundary
conditions (BCs) including free–free, cantilever, simply
supported, and fully clamped was presented and
compared with results of previous studies in literature
wherever available.
Mohanty et al. (2012) studied a finite element model for a
composite plate with delamination of a woven fiber glass
with epoxy. The frequencies of vibration decrease with
increase of the delamination area in woven fiber composite
plates.
Nayak et al. (2013) conducted experimental and numerical
investigation on parametric study of vibration and buckling
characteristics of woven fiber Glass-Carbon/epoxy hybrid
composite panels. For hybrids with 25% laminate layers of
carbon fibre and the rest 75% glass fibre, the minimum
frequency is observed in case of (G-C-G-G)s sequence
and for hybrids with 50% carbon fibre laminates, the
minimum frequency is observed for (C-G-C-G)2
sequence. The effectiveness of hybridization increases if
materials with high values of young’s modulus form the
outermost layer. The buckling loads of hybrid laminates
with same mass and small amount of fibre with high
stiffness are higher than those corresponding to
homogeneous laminates. Pure carbon fiber plates
possess higher strength in buckling and vibration
compared to hybrid plates.
Panda et al. (2015) determined the free vibration
characteristics of woven fiber glass/epoxy delaminated
doubly curved composite panels in a thermal environment
based on the finite element approach. First-order shear
deformation theory is chosen for a composite shell model
with provision of mid-plane strip delamination at different
locations. The natural frequencies of free vibration of
woven fiber composite shells decrease with an increase in
temperature and delamination area due to reduction of
stiffness for all laminates.
Prasad et al. (2018) reported experimental and numerical
results on the vibration of woven fiber metal laminated
plates at different boundary conditions. A finite element
(FE)-based formulation used for the plate under the first-
order Reissner-Mindlin theory, fibers and metals of
different material properties in alternate layers.
Rajesh et al. (2016) investigated banana and sisal fiber
randomly oriented reinforced polymer composite for
natural frequency and damping factor. Chemical treatment
increases the modulus of the material and increases the
stiffness of the composite.
Rajesh et al. (2016) reported on dynamic mechanical
analysis and free vibration behavior of intra-ply woven
natural fiber hybrid polymer composite. Warp jute fiber and
weft banana fiber (WJWB) and both warp and weft banana
and jute fiber (WAWBJ) intra-ply hybrid composites have
better dynamic mechanical behavior as relatively stronger
fiber is oriented along the loading direction. Warp and weft
banana and jute fiber intra-ply hybrid composite has low
natural frequencies while huckaback woven and warp
banana fiber and weft jute fiber composites have high
modal damping factors.
Somireddy et al. (2014) presented an application of the
mesh free natural neighbor Galerkin method for the static
and vibration analysis of plates and laminates. The
consistency and convergence of solutions for deflection
and stresses have been studied by varying order of Gauss
quadrature and the number of nodes. It has been observed
that good convergence of results is obtained with increase
in the quadrature points and nodes.
Vas et al. (2017) studied on design and analysis of metal
composite hybrid wheel rim. In order to improve the ride
comfort of an automobile by enhancing the vibrations of
wheel, designed an aluminium-composite hybrid wheel,
subsequently model analysis test carried out to evaluate
its performance. The equivalent deformation in terms of
the 1 node of the hybrid and aluminium wheel 0.120 m
(150 Hz) and 0.120 (151 Hz) respectively in hybrid wheel
the natural frequencies are reduced by 1% when
compared to aluminium. This study is expected to provide
substantial information and data for the design of
advanced metal-composite hybrid wheel with low natural
frequencies and increasing the ride comfort of car, and this
technique can be applied to multitude of machine
components to enhance various mechanical performance
values of metal structure.
Wang et al. (2010) studied free vibration analysis of thin
plates. In the HRK approximation both the deflectional and
rotational degrees of freedom at a generic field point are
considered to construct the approximation of the primary
deflection variable by simultaneously imposing the
reproducing or consistency conditions on the deflection
and rotations.
Zhou et al. (2005) proposed a reproducing kernel particle
method (RKPM) is used to analyze the natural frequencies
of Euler– Bernoulli beams as well as Kirchhoff plates to
predict the forced vibration responses of buried pipelines
due to longitudinal travelling waves. Two different
approaches, Lagrange multipliers as well as
transformation method, are employed to enforce essential
boundary conditions.
4. Study on Vibration Analysis of Hybrid Laminated Composites
Lakshmi and Seetha Rama Rao 038
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Combination of carbon and basalt fabric layers are used to
fabricate hybrid laminated composite and varying the
stacking sequence of fabric layers. 7 different samples are
fabricated and tested to evaluate the tensile properties and
vibration analysis. The 7 different sample stacking
sequences are shown in the figure below.
Figure 2: Stacking sequences of carbon (C) and basalt (B)
fabric layers. Bozkurt et.al (2018).
Tensile Test
The tensile test is conducted by using Universal Testing
Machine and the samples were cut as per the ASTM: D638
standard.
Figure 3: Stress-strain curves of hybrid and non-hybrid
laminates. Bozkurt et.al (2018).
Comparison is carried out and observed that the tensile
strength for pure carbon composite has the highest value
and with decreasing carbon content the maximum tensile
strength decreases. The tensile strength and modulus of
elasticity for hybrid laminate H1 composite have relatively
high compared with remaining hybrid laminates. The
maximum tensile stresses were exerted in the outmost
layers. Therefore, in the hybrid composite H1, carbon
fabrics in the outmost layers bear most of the applied load
and this led to higher tensile strength and modulus.
Figure 4: Tensile modulus of hybrid laminated composite
Vibration Analysis
The vibration test is conducted by using modal analysis
technique with FFT analyzer. It is observed that the natural
frequency for pure carbon composite has the highest value
and with decreasing carbon content the maximum natural
frequency decreases. Hybrid H5 laminate composite
having the minimum natural frequency compared with
other composites. The hybrid laminates with carbon
fabrics at the innermost layers showed higher natural
frequency compared with the carbon fabrics at the
outermost layer.
Figure 5: Frequency response curves of hybrid and non-
hybrid laminates. Bozkurt et.al (2018).
Figure 6: Effect of natural frequency of hybrid laminated
composites.
Damping ratio of all laminates were calculated from
frequency response function curve by using half-power
band width method.
Figure 7: Frequency response curve. Senthil et.al (2014).
5. Study on Vibration Analysis of Hybrid Laminated Composites
World J. Mech. Engin. 039
Damping ratio is higher for pure basalt fiber and it
decreases with decreasing basalt fiber content. Hybrid
laminated H5 composite having maximum damping ratio.
The reason for the increase in damping is the lower
stiffness of basalt fiber composites compared to carbon
fiber composites. In addition, the increase in volume
fractions of matrix, which has the primary constituent
governing the viscoelastic behavior of laminates and the
possible voids or pores could be the other sources of
increase in damping ratio.
Figure 8: Damping ratio of hybrid laminated composites
CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, the hybridization of basalt to carbon gives the
results discussed below.
1. The tensile properties of carbon-basalt/epoxy hybrid
composites strongly depended on the stacking
sequence of carbon and basalt fabric. The hybrid
laminates with carbon fabrics at the outermost layers
showed higher tensile strength and modulus compared
with the carbon fabrics at the innermost layer.
2. Increasing the basalt fiber content in composite the
natural frequency decreases. The hybrid laminates with
carbon fabrics at innermost layers showed lower
frequencies compared with the carbon fabrics at the
outermost layers.
3. Increasing the stiffness of basalt fiber lead to decreases
the damping. And the increase in volume fraction of
matrix and voids or pores damping decreases.
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