This document summarizes a study investigating the removal of mercury (Hg) from aqueous solutions using mixed mineral sorbents under sulfidic-anoxic conditions. Batch experiments examined the effects of pH, solid concentration, and residence time on Hg sorption by single minerals (kaolinite, montmorillonite, goethite) and their mixtures. Results showed Hg sorption increased linearly with pH up to pH 4 for all systems. Increasing solid concentration did not consistently increase Hg sorption. Extending residence time generally did not increase Hg removal except for kaolinite, montmorillonite. Mineral mixing was found to attenuate Hg sorption compared to theoretical predictions. The behavior is attributed to surface chemistry changes
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Deconttamination of a solution of chromiumIV by marine algae (ulva-lactuca)AM Publications
Wastewater contaminated by heavy metals remains today one of the major problems to solve in industrialized
countries. Various conventional methods are used to remove heavy metals from the existent wastewater. They are based
on chemical precipitation phenomena, ion exchanges, and adsorption or bio-sorption.
The treatment by plants (phytopurification) is a natural treatment for a variety of aquatic or semi aquatic organized and
structured artificially to maximize their holding capacity for various pollution parameters. Many studies aim to increase
the removal of heavy metals by plants to clean up wastewater. In this study we are interested in the ability of the algae
"ulva-lactuca" to eliminate the chromium (Cr) from a previously prepared solution and the factors that may influence
the absorption [1,2,3].
The parameters studied were pH, mass, contact time between polluted water and algae (biomass and its impact on the
bio-sorption also other physico-chemical parameters).The results show the bio-sorption percentage R% = 84 % is
observed at pH = 5 and m = 4g amount of living biomass, and the elimination percentage of Cr is equal to 96% at pH =
5, m = 1g and C0 = 38.32 mg / l and the amount adsorbed can reach 1.81 mg / g for crushed algae. These results are
consistent with those obtained with the Langmuir model.
KINETICS, EQUILIBRIUM AND THERMODYNAMICS STUDIES ON BIOSORPTION OF HEAVY META...Drm Kapoor
Batch studies were conducted to assess biosorption potential of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus dead biomass, operated under various pH (5, 6 and 7), temperature (20, 30 and 40ºC) and initial metal concentration (300, 600 and 900ppm) conditions. The maximum sorption by A. flavus being a better adsorbent showed to be 257mg/g for Cr (III) at 40C leading to 85.6% biosorption. Metal uptake was preeminent at pH 6 and decreased at pH 7. Results revealed amplifying uptake in biosorption with the increase in temperature and initial metal concentration. Kinetics and equilibrium studies were carried out in which pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption isotherm best represented the biosorption with regression coefficient values > 0.982 respectively. The calculated thermodynamic parameters (∆G, ∆H and ∆S) showed that the biosorption of each of the metal ions on A. flavus was spontaneous, feasible and endothermic. A. flavus was efficient for removal of toxic metals.
The problem of environmental pollution is more expressed and more present by the development of the industry and the growth of the human population. Pollution of natural and wastewater is most often due to the release of heavy metals into watercourses. The greatest challenge for researchers is choosing the right biomass from a large number of low-cost biomaterials, and availability and price are very important selection factors. Microbial biomass, forestry waste and agroindustrial complexes are most frequently examined, as well as various macromolecules of natural origin. In this paper, barley straw that arises as agricultural waste product in barley production in Bosnia and Herzegovina, was used as a biosorbent. In the experimental part, physical and chemical characterization of barley straw was performed, after which the efficiency of removing Cd(II) and Ni(II) from aqueous solutions, using barley straw, and the influence of process parameters (pH value of aqueous solution, biosorbent size, interaction of metal ions) on the biosorption capacity were tested. It can be concluded that barley straw has good adsoption characteristics for the use as a low-cost natural sorbent for the removal of heavy metals from water.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Deconttamination of a solution of chromiumIV by marine algae (ulva-lactuca)AM Publications
Wastewater contaminated by heavy metals remains today one of the major problems to solve in industrialized
countries. Various conventional methods are used to remove heavy metals from the existent wastewater. They are based
on chemical precipitation phenomena, ion exchanges, and adsorption or bio-sorption.
The treatment by plants (phytopurification) is a natural treatment for a variety of aquatic or semi aquatic organized and
structured artificially to maximize their holding capacity for various pollution parameters. Many studies aim to increase
the removal of heavy metals by plants to clean up wastewater. In this study we are interested in the ability of the algae
"ulva-lactuca" to eliminate the chromium (Cr) from a previously prepared solution and the factors that may influence
the absorption [1,2,3].
The parameters studied were pH, mass, contact time between polluted water and algae (biomass and its impact on the
bio-sorption also other physico-chemical parameters).The results show the bio-sorption percentage R% = 84 % is
observed at pH = 5 and m = 4g amount of living biomass, and the elimination percentage of Cr is equal to 96% at pH =
5, m = 1g and C0 = 38.32 mg / l and the amount adsorbed can reach 1.81 mg / g for crushed algae. These results are
consistent with those obtained with the Langmuir model.
KINETICS, EQUILIBRIUM AND THERMODYNAMICS STUDIES ON BIOSORPTION OF HEAVY META...Drm Kapoor
Batch studies were conducted to assess biosorption potential of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus dead biomass, operated under various pH (5, 6 and 7), temperature (20, 30 and 40ºC) and initial metal concentration (300, 600 and 900ppm) conditions. The maximum sorption by A. flavus being a better adsorbent showed to be 257mg/g for Cr (III) at 40C leading to 85.6% biosorption. Metal uptake was preeminent at pH 6 and decreased at pH 7. Results revealed amplifying uptake in biosorption with the increase in temperature and initial metal concentration. Kinetics and equilibrium studies were carried out in which pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption isotherm best represented the biosorption with regression coefficient values > 0.982 respectively. The calculated thermodynamic parameters (∆G, ∆H and ∆S) showed that the biosorption of each of the metal ions on A. flavus was spontaneous, feasible and endothermic. A. flavus was efficient for removal of toxic metals.
The problem of environmental pollution is more expressed and more present by the development of the industry and the growth of the human population. Pollution of natural and wastewater is most often due to the release of heavy metals into watercourses. The greatest challenge for researchers is choosing the right biomass from a large number of low-cost biomaterials, and availability and price are very important selection factors. Microbial biomass, forestry waste and agroindustrial complexes are most frequently examined, as well as various macromolecules of natural origin. In this paper, barley straw that arises as agricultural waste product in barley production in Bosnia and Herzegovina, was used as a biosorbent. In the experimental part, physical and chemical characterization of barley straw was performed, after which the efficiency of removing Cd(II) and Ni(II) from aqueous solutions, using barley straw, and the influence of process parameters (pH value of aqueous solution, biosorbent size, interaction of metal ions) on the biosorption capacity were tested. It can be concluded that barley straw has good adsoption characteristics for the use as a low-cost natural sorbent for the removal of heavy metals from water.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Efficiency of Carbonate Precipitation and Removal of Copper and Nickel Ions f...AnuragSingh1049
The effect of pH and initial concentration on the removal of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions from their monocomponent and two-component aqueous solutions using Na2CO3 as a chemical precipitation agent was investigated in this paper. Monocomponent aqueous solutions of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions with their initial concentrations of 50 and 500 mg/L and two-component aqueous solution with initial concentration of 500 mg/L were prepared. The precipitation was carried out by batch method at room temperature by stirring the solution at 300 rpm for 5 minutes, resulting in the formation of precipitates. The resulting precipitate was separated by filtration from the solution. The experiment proved that Na2CO3 is a good agent for removing Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions from their monocomponent water solutions of 50 and 500 mg/L concentration and two-component water solution with initial concentration of each metal 500 mg/L. The percentage of Cu(II) removal was higher at lower pH values compared to Ni(II) removal.
METALLO - BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AS POTENTIAL NOVEL ANTICANCER THERAPYijac123
Mono and bi-organometallic complexes of Cu(II), Ni(II), Mn(II), Zn(II) and Ag(I) complexes with
oxaloamide ligand has much potential as therapeutic and diagnostic agents. The ligand allows the
thermodynamic and kinetic reactivity of the metal ion to be controlled and also provide a scaffold for
functionalization. Specific examples involving the design of metal complexes as anticancer agents are
discussed. These complexes have been synthesized and characterized by (1H-NMR, mass, IR, UV-VIS,
ESR) spectra, magnetic moments and conductance measurements, elemental and thermal analyses. Molar
conductances in DMF solution indicates that, the complexes are non-electrolytes. The ESR spectra of solid
Cu(II) complexes (2-5) show an axial type indicating a d(X2-y2) ground state with a significant covalent
bond character. However, Mn(II) complex(9), shows an isotropic type indicating an octahedral geometry.
Cytotoxic evolution IC50 of the ligand and its complexes have been carried out. Cu(II) Complexes show
enhanced activity in comparison to the parent ligand or standard drug. Copper is enriched in various
human cancer tissues and is a co-factor essential for tumor angiogenesis processes. However, the use of
copper binding ligand to target tumor, copper could provide a novel strategy for cancer selective
treatment.
A dual functional colorimetric and fluorescence chemosensor based on benzo[f]fluorescein dye derivatives for copper ions and pH; kinetics and thermodynamic study
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions by Modified Activated Carbon f...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
REMOVAL OF IRON FROM WATER USING HYDROGEN PEROXIDEAhmed Hasham
The presence of iron is probably the most common water problem facing by consumers. So, the aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide to remove iron (Fe2+) from water. Water with high content of Fe2+ (20 ppm of iron II) was prepared in the laboratory using Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O), then treated with 0, 0.1, 1, 3, 5, 10 and 20 ppm of hydrogen peroxide as the final concentration in the solution for contact time 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60-minute. Results showed that the average of removal ratio of Fe2+ was 85%-96% at the normal pH range of drinking water. The recommended dose of hydrogen peroxide was 0.1 ppm as a final concentration for 20-minute contact time. The study proved that hydrogen peroxide successfully used for Iron II removal and consider as economic and eco-friendly solution.
Comparative Sorption of Diatomic Oxyanions onto HDTMA-Br Modified Kaolinite Clayresearchinventy
The adsorption isotherms and kinetic models were tested on the comparative sorption of oxyanions onto hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA-Br) surfactant modified kaolinite clay also known as organo-kaolinite clay. The percentage removal of sulphate ion sorption was 40.42% and 78.13% onto MMC and BMC respectively, while chromate ion sorption was 26.72% and 58.62% onto MMC and BMC respectively. Thus, sulphate ion sorption shows better removal compared to chromate ion sorption of 33.60% and 24.97% onto MMC and BMC respectively. Langmuir and Frumkin isotherm models best described the adsorptive mechanism, hence the validity of the Langmuir-type separation factor RL (0<rl><1) was highly favourable and acceptable while the Frumkin isotherm gave the best regression correlation R2 although sulphate ion sorption responded better than the chromate ion sorption. The initial adsorption rate ‘α’ and the extent of surface coverage ‘β’ was higher on sulphate ion sorption compared to chromate ion sorption. In general the models tested predicts exothermic and chemisorption processes.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Efficiency of Carbonate Precipitation and Removal of Copper and Nickel Ions f...AnuragSingh1049
The effect of pH and initial concentration on the removal of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions from their monocomponent and two-component aqueous solutions using Na2CO3 as a chemical precipitation agent was investigated in this paper. Monocomponent aqueous solutions of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions with their initial concentrations of 50 and 500 mg/L and two-component aqueous solution with initial concentration of 500 mg/L were prepared. The precipitation was carried out by batch method at room temperature by stirring the solution at 300 rpm for 5 minutes, resulting in the formation of precipitates. The resulting precipitate was separated by filtration from the solution. The experiment proved that Na2CO3 is a good agent for removing Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions from their monocomponent water solutions of 50 and 500 mg/L concentration and two-component water solution with initial concentration of each metal 500 mg/L. The percentage of Cu(II) removal was higher at lower pH values compared to Ni(II) removal.
METALLO - BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AS POTENTIAL NOVEL ANTICANCER THERAPYijac123
Mono and bi-organometallic complexes of Cu(II), Ni(II), Mn(II), Zn(II) and Ag(I) complexes with
oxaloamide ligand has much potential as therapeutic and diagnostic agents. The ligand allows the
thermodynamic and kinetic reactivity of the metal ion to be controlled and also provide a scaffold for
functionalization. Specific examples involving the design of metal complexes as anticancer agents are
discussed. These complexes have been synthesized and characterized by (1H-NMR, mass, IR, UV-VIS,
ESR) spectra, magnetic moments and conductance measurements, elemental and thermal analyses. Molar
conductances in DMF solution indicates that, the complexes are non-electrolytes. The ESR spectra of solid
Cu(II) complexes (2-5) show an axial type indicating a d(X2-y2) ground state with a significant covalent
bond character. However, Mn(II) complex(9), shows an isotropic type indicating an octahedral geometry.
Cytotoxic evolution IC50 of the ligand and its complexes have been carried out. Cu(II) Complexes show
enhanced activity in comparison to the parent ligand or standard drug. Copper is enriched in various
human cancer tissues and is a co-factor essential for tumor angiogenesis processes. However, the use of
copper binding ligand to target tumor, copper could provide a novel strategy for cancer selective
treatment.
A dual functional colorimetric and fluorescence chemosensor based on benzo[f]fluorescein dye derivatives for copper ions and pH; kinetics and thermodynamic study
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions by Modified Activated Carbon f...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
REMOVAL OF IRON FROM WATER USING HYDROGEN PEROXIDEAhmed Hasham
The presence of iron is probably the most common water problem facing by consumers. So, the aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide to remove iron (Fe2+) from water. Water with high content of Fe2+ (20 ppm of iron II) was prepared in the laboratory using Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O), then treated with 0, 0.1, 1, 3, 5, 10 and 20 ppm of hydrogen peroxide as the final concentration in the solution for contact time 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60-minute. Results showed that the average of removal ratio of Fe2+ was 85%-96% at the normal pH range of drinking water. The recommended dose of hydrogen peroxide was 0.1 ppm as a final concentration for 20-minute contact time. The study proved that hydrogen peroxide successfully used for Iron II removal and consider as economic and eco-friendly solution.
Comparative Sorption of Diatomic Oxyanions onto HDTMA-Br Modified Kaolinite Clayresearchinventy
The adsorption isotherms and kinetic models were tested on the comparative sorption of oxyanions onto hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA-Br) surfactant modified kaolinite clay also known as organo-kaolinite clay. The percentage removal of sulphate ion sorption was 40.42% and 78.13% onto MMC and BMC respectively, while chromate ion sorption was 26.72% and 58.62% onto MMC and BMC respectively. Thus, sulphate ion sorption shows better removal compared to chromate ion sorption of 33.60% and 24.97% onto MMC and BMC respectively. Langmuir and Frumkin isotherm models best described the adsorptive mechanism, hence the validity of the Langmuir-type separation factor RL (0<rl><1) was highly favourable and acceptable while the Frumkin isotherm gave the best regression correlation R2 although sulphate ion sorption responded better than the chromate ion sorption. The initial adsorption rate ‘α’ and the extent of surface coverage ‘β’ was higher on sulphate ion sorption compared to chromate ion sorption. In general the models tested predicts exothermic and chemisorption processes.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Analysis of Near-Far Problem using Power Control Technique for GNSS based App...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF KAOLINITE COATED WITH CU-OXIDE AND ITS EFFE...Premier Publishers
In this paper, the effect of copper oxide coated kaolinite on mercury (II) removal based on initial metal concentration, particle concentration, and prolonged residence time have been investigated. Experimental methods involved batch mode techniques at ambient temperature. The content was analysed for Hg(II) adsorbed, using standard laboratory procedures. Here, using empirical models derived from Freundlich isotherm, adsorption capacity increased from 300 to 400 mg/kg over the range of initial metal concentration investigated. The complex behavior of existing reactive sites and the generation of new active sites accounted for these changes in adsorption capacity. Increase in particle concentration led to decrease in adsorption. This was over the range of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 gL-1 solid concentration. Higher Cp reduced the specific surface area for adsorption. Hg(II) ions removal increased with increase in residence time. The most efficient ratio of Cu-Oxide coated kaolinite was at 0.002kgL-1 at 40mgL-1 mercury concentration. Values of between 600 to 900 mg/kg for Cu-Oxide coated kaolinite was higher when compared with the uncoated kaolinite. As ageing was increased, hydroxylation probably increased thus leading to the formation of new reactive sites.
Isotherm Modeling and Thermodynamic Study of the Adsorption of Toxic Metal by...CrimsonpublishersEAES
Isotherm Modeling and Thermodynamic Study of the Adsorption of Toxic Metal by the Apricot Stone by Moussa Abbas*, Tounsia Aksil and Mohamed Trari in Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF KAOLINITE COATED WITH CU-OXIDE AND ITS EFFE...Premier Publishers
In this paper, a novel copper oxide coated kaolinite was prepared as an adsorbent of Hg(II) ions from aqueous media. The materials used for this study were synthesized, characterised and the product tested for mercury ion removal using standard laboratory procedures. Reactivity and removal kinetic models derived from Freundlich isotherm were used to investigate contact time and pH effects on the coefficient of protonation and rate of mass transfer of Hg(II) ions to the reactive sites, Proton coefficient of 0.89 indicated a decrease in proton consumption function when compared with uncoated kaolinite. At the 12th h reaction time, a maximum adsorption capacity of 85% was achieved. Mass transfer rates of 0.9359h-1 and 0.0748h-1 for the first and second reaction phases indicated a reduction when compared with uncoated kaolinite. These changes may be ascribed to masking of reaction sites and exposed surface area of the Cu-Oxide coated kaolinite.
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Removal of Cu(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption Onto Activated Ca...IJERA Editor
This paper studied the ability of using local activated carbon (LAC) derived from olive waste cakes as an
adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution by batch operation. Various operating parameters
such as solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal ions concentration, and equilibrium contact time have been
studied. The results indicated that the adsorption of Cu(II) increased with the increasing pH, and the optimum
solution pH for the adsorption of Cu(II) was found to be 5. The adsorption process increases with increasing
dosage of LAC, also the amount of Cu(II) removed changes with Cu(II) initial concentration and contact time.
Adsorption was rapid and occurred within 25 min. for Cu(II) concentration range from 60 to 120 mg/l
isothermally at 30±1 oC. Maximum adsorption occurs at Cu(II) initial concentration lesser than 100 mg/l by
using adsorbent dosage (1.2 g/l). The equilibrium adsorption data for Cu(II) were fitted well with the Langmuir
and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity of LAC was found to be 106.383
mg/g. So, the results indicated the suitability use of the activated carbon derived from olive waste cakes (LAC)
as low cost and natural material for reliable removal of Cu(II) from water and wastewater effluents.
DOI 10.1002tqem.21536R E S E A R C H A R T I C L EExDustiBuckner14
DOI: 10.1002/tqem.21536
R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E
Experimental investigation of adsorption capacity of anthill
in the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution
Adeyinka Sikiru Yusuff Idowu Iyabo Olateju
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engi-
neering, College of Engineering, Afe Babalola
University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
Correspondence
Adeyinka Sikiru Yusuff, Department of Chemical
and Petroleum Engineering, College of Engineer-
ing, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti P.M.B.
5454, Nigeria.
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
In the present work, the adsorption capacity of anthill was investigated as a low-cost adsorbent
to remove the heavy metal ions, lead (II) ion (Pb2+), and zinc (II) ion (Zn2+) from an aqueous solu-
tion. The equilibrium adsorption isotherms of the heavy metal ions were investigated under batch
process. For the study we examined the effect of the solution's pH and the initial cations con-
centrations on the adsorption process under a fixed contact time and temperature. The anthill
sample was characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF),
and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. From the SEM analysis, structural change in the
adsorbent was a result of heavy metals adsorption. Based on the XRF analysis, the main compo-
sition of the anthill sample was silica (SiO2 ), alumina (Al2 O3 ), and zirconia (ZrO2 ). The change in
the peaks of the spectra before and after adsorption indicated that there was active participation
of surface functional groups during the adsorption process. The experimental data obtained were
analyzed using 2- and 3-parameter isotherm models. The isotherm data fitted very well to the 3-
parameter Radke–Prausnitz model. It was noted that Pb2+ and Zn2+ can be effectively removed
from aqueous solution using anthill as an adsorbent.
K E Y W O R D S
adsorption, anthill, characterization, equilibrium isotherm, heavy metal
1 I N T R O D U C T I O N
Indiscriminate disposal of wastewater containing heavy metals has
received considerable attention in recent years, primarily due to the
fact that their presence in waste stream can be readily adsorbed by
aquatic organisms and make them directly enter the human food chain,
thus posing a serious health risk to consumers (Lin, MacLean, & Zeng,
2000). Because of the ability of heavy metals to accumulate in living
tissues and because they cause damage to these tissues over time,
heavy metals are classified as carcinogens. For example, exposure to
lead ions can cause anemia, kidney damage, and even untimely death
(Mohammed-Ridha, Ahmed, & Raoof, 2017), while zinc ions at elevated
concentration result in pancreas damage, osteoporosis, and even death
(Wahi, Ngaini, & Jok, 2009). Water or wastewater containing heavy
metals requires effective treatment techniques that can completely
remove these toxic metals (Yusuff, 2017).
A number of treatment techniques for the removal of heavy
me ...
GREEN SOLUTIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT TREATMENT: THE ROLE OF AQUATIC MOSSESindexPub
n the present study, the performance of the aquatic moss Fontinalis antipyretica for removing cadmium and lead from simulated wastewaters has been evaluated. Five kinetic models were fitted to the experimental data and compared. Previously, the effect of parameters such as the initial solution pH, contact time, and initial metal ion concentration on biosorption was investigated using a sorbent dose of 2 g l-1. The initial pH of the solution was found to have an optimum value in the range of 4.0-6.0. The equilibrium sorption capacity of cadmium and lead by Fontinalis antipyretica increased with the initial metal concentration.
Removal of lead (II) and copper (II) ions from aqueous solution by baobab (Ad...IOSR Journals
High concentration of heavy metals in the environment can be detrimental to a variety of living species. The purpose of this research was to explore the use of baobab (Adsononsia digitata) fruit shells in the removal of lead(II) and copper(II) ions from aqueous solutions. Batch experiments were conducted to determine the effect of varying adsorption parameters on the removal of aqueous lead and copper ions. The adsorption of Pb(II) was found to be maximum at pH 5.5 using adsorbent dose of 0.7 g. The adsorption of Cu(II) was found to be optimum at pH 6 using adsorbent dosage of 0.9 g. The adsorption data conformed to Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms. However the Temkin isotherm showed the best fitting model with highest R2 values for both lead and copper (0.9977 and 0.9967) respectively. Baobab fruit shells can be used as a cost effective adsorbent for the removal of lead(II) and copper(II) ions from aqueous solutions in the treatment of industrial effluent.
Experimental Investigation of a Household Refrigerator Using Evaporative-Cool...inventy
The objective of this paper was to investigate experimentally the effect of Evaporative-cooled condenser in a household refrigerator. The experiment was done using HCF134a as the refrigerant. The performance of the household refrigerator with air-cooled and Evaporative-cooled condenser was compared for different load conditions. The results indicate that the refrigerator performance had improved when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser on all load conditions. Evaporativecooled condenser reduced the energy consumption when compared with the air-cooled condenser. There was also an enhancement in coefficient of performance (COP) when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser. The Evaporative cooled heat exchanger was designed and the system was modified by retrofitting it, instead of the conventional air-cooled condenser by making drop wise condensation using water and forced circulation over the condenser. From the experimental analysis it is observed that the COP of evaporative cooled system increased by 13.44% compared to that of air cooled system. So the overall efficiency and refrigerating effect is increased. In minimum constructional, maintenance and running cost, the system is much useful for domestic purpose. This study also revealed that combining a evaporative cooled system along with conventional water cooled system under the condition that the defrost water obtained from the freezer is used for drop wise condensation over condenser and water cooled condensation of the condenser at the bottom using remaining defrost water would reduce the power consumption, work done and hence further increase in refrigerating effect of the system. The study has shown that such a system is technically feasible and economically viable
Copper Strip Corrossion Test in Various Aviation Fuelsinventy
This research work takes in to account of corrosiveness test on various aviation fuels in the state of Telengana (India). The purpose of this experiment is to determine the corrosiveness test of fuels. This determination will be accomplished by using copper strip corrosion test by using the copper strip experiment we can determine the corrosive property of the fuel and hence the efficiency of fuel. The research covers the importance of knowing the corrosive property of different petroleum fuels including aviation turbine fuel.
Additional Conservation Laws for Two-Velocity Hydrodynamics Equations with th...inventy
A series of the differential identities connecting velocities, pressure and body force in the twovelocity hydrodynamics equations with equilibrium of pressure phases in reversible hydrodynamic approximation is obtaned.
Comparative Study of the Quality of Life, Quality of Work Life and Organisati...inventy
People’s lives are increasingly centred on work; they spend at least one-third of their time within the organisations that employ them. Investigating the factors that interfere with employees’ well-being and the organisational environment is becoming an increasing concern in organisations. This article identifies the criteria of the quality of life (QoL), quality of working life (QWL) and organisational climate instruments to point out their similarities. For bibliographic construction and data research, articles were sought in national and international journals, books and dissertations/articles in SciELO, Science Direct, Medline and Pub Med databases. The results show direct relationships amongst QoL, QWL and organisational climate instruments. The relationship between QoL and QWL instruments is based on fair compensation, social interaction, organisational communication, working conditions and functional capacity. QWL and organisational climate instruments are related through social interaction and interfaces. QoL and organisational climate instruments are related based on social interaction, organisational communication, and work conditions.
A Study of Automated Decision Making Systemsinventy
The decision making process of many operations are dependent on analysing very large data sets, previous decisions and their results. The information generated from the large data sets are used as an input for making decisions. Since the decisions to be taken in day to day operations are expanding, the time taken for manual decision making is also expanding. In order to reduce the time, cost and to increase the efficiency and accuracy, which are the most important things for customer satisfaction, many organisations are adopting the automated decision making systems. This paper is about the technologies used for automated decision making systems and the areas in which automated decisions systems works more efficiently and accurately.
Crystallization of L-Glutamic Acid: Mechanism of Heterogeneous β -Form Nuclea...inventy
The mechanism of heterogeneous nucleation of β-form L-glutamic acid was deeply investigated in cooling crystallization. The present study found that the β-form crystals were epitaxially grown on the α-form crystals and they were preferably crystallized on the (011) and (001) surfaces instead of the (111) surfaces of α- form crystals. This result was explained via the molecular simulation. The molecular simulation indicated that the different surfaces of α-form crystals provided different functional groups, resulting in different sites for the heterogeneous nucleation of β-form crystals. Here, the functional group were COO- , C=O and O-H on the (011) and (001) surfaces of α-form crystals, respectively, while it was the NH3 + on the (111) surfaces of α-form crystals. As such, the degree of lattice matching (E) between the β-form crystals and the various surfaces of α- form crystal was distinguished, where the degree of lattice matching (E) between the β-form crystals and the (011), (001) and (111) surfaces of α-form crystal were estimated as 5.30, 5.25 and 2.39, respectively, implying that the (011) and (001) surfaces of α-form crystal were more favorable to generate the heterogeneous nucleation of β-form crystals than the (111) surfaces of α-form crystal
Evaluation of Damage by the Reliability of the Traction Test on Polymer Test ...inventy
In recent decades, polymers have undergone a remarkable historical development and their use has been greatly imposed by gradually dethroning most of the secular materials. These polymer materials have always distinguished themselves by their simple shaping and inexpensive price, their versatility, lightness, and chemical stability but despite their massive use in everyday life as well as in advanced technologies. Generally, these materials still not understood which requires a thorough knowledge of their chemical, physical, rheological and mechanical properties. This paper, we study the mechanical behavior of an amorphous polymer: Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene “ABS” by means of uniaxial tensile testing on pierced test pieces with different notch lengths ranging between 1 to 14mm.The proposed approach consists in analyzing the evolution of the global geometry of the obtained strain curves by taking into account the zones and characteristic points of these curves as well as the effect of the damage on the mechanical behavior of the polymer ABS, in order to visualize the evolution of the damage by a static model
Application of Kennelly’model of Running Performances to Elite Endurance Runn...inventy
: The model of Kennelly between distance (Dlim) and exhaustion time (tlim) has been applied to the individual performances of 19 elite endurance runners (World-record holders and Olympic winners) from P. Nurmi (1920-1924) to M. Farah (2012) whose individual best performances on several different distances are known. Kennelly’s model (Dlim = k tlim ) can describe the individual performances of elite runners with a high accuracy (errors lower than 2 %). There is a linear relationship between parameters k and exponents of the elite runners and the extreme values correspond to S. Coe (k = 15.8; = 0.851) and E. Zatopek (k = 6.57; = 0.984). Exponent can be considered as a dimensionless index of aerobic endurance which is close to 1 in the best endurance runners. If it is assumed than maximal aerobic speed can be maintained 7 min in elite endurance runners, exponent is equal to the normalized critical speed (critical speed/maximal aerobic speed) computed from exhaustion times equal to 3 and 12.5 min in these runners.
Development and Application of a Failure Monitoring System by Using the Vibra...inventy
In this project, a failure monitoring system is developed by using the vibration and location information of balises in railway signaling. A lot of field equipment in railway are loosening and broken in time period so that they need maintenance due to the vibrations that occur due to high speed trains traffic and railway vehicles impact. Among the field equipment, balises have very important role of communication in terms of transmitting information to trains. In this scope, it is aimed to make maintenance works more efficient, have no delayed trains, detect previously failure location and intervene in failure timely, by detecting and controlling balise cases such as loosening, out of place and the data consistency error that happens because of balise physical state. In this project, the communication is provided with I2C, Modbus RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) and RS485 standards by using Arduino Uno cards and MPU6050 IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) sensors in laboratory. Each used sensors are in slave mode and computer interface designed with C# is in master mode. Fault situations in the system are checked instant by the interface. (it is assumed to mount the IMU sensor and the Arduino circuit on the balise) it is seen that the interface responds to the sensor movements instant and the system works well in the end of test processes.
The Management of Protected Areas in Serengeti Ecosystem: A Case Study of Iko...inventy
The study assessed the management of protected areas in Serengeti ecosystem using the case of IGGRs. Specifically, the study aimed at identifying the strategies used for natural resources management; examining the impacts of those strategies; examining the hindrances of the identified strategies; and lastly, examining the methods for scaling up the performance of strategies used for natural resources in the study area. The study involved two villages among 31 villages bordering IGGRs where in each village; at least 5% of the households were sampled. Both Primary data and secondary data were collected and analyzed both manually and computer by using SPSS software. The study revealed that, study population ranked IGGRs performance on protection of natural resources, especially on conserving wildlife for future generation and in reducing poaching to be good(53.3%). In addition, the relationship with IGGRs was said to be considerable good (46.7%). In the aspect of reducing poaching, the findings show that poaching has been reduced by 96.2% from 2009 to 2012. Furthermore, 81.4% of respondents said they use different strategies to control loss of natural resources which in turn has considerably improved the relationship between protected areas and the surrounding communities in some of the aspects. Despite of above successes, the study findings has revealed a number of challenges that hinders the full attainment of conservation objectives. Among the challenges are loss of life and properties (86.4%), shortage of water for livestock (68.9%) since water sources such as Grumeti and Rubana rivers are within protected area while the adjacent local communities do not have a free access to those water sources. Other challenges especially on the IGGRs management include insufficient fund base, working facilities and inadequate staffs. Based on the above findings, the study concluded that the strategies used for natural resources management of protected areas in Serengeti ecosystem is fairly sustainable and need functional participatory approaches of local people and other stakeholders in order to bring about a collaborative natural resources management network in the ecosystem. Furthermore, based on the findings above, equity in benefit sharing accrued from natural resource management in protected areas, more financial support to IGGRs and local community, the use of non-lethal deterrents for crop protection, integration of croplivestock production systems, adoption of land use plans as a solution to land conflicts, strengthens of community based conservation (CBC), adoption of modern information technology such as geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing are recommended.
Size distribution and biometric relationships of little tunny Euthynnus allet...inventy
This study is taken from data of commercial fishing of the little tunny, Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque, 1810) caught in the Algerian coast, sampled between november 2011 and april 2016. Data were collected in order to determine size distributions of the population and biometric relationships of species including the size - weight relationships. A total of 601 fish ranged from 30.9 and 103 cm fork length (FL) were observed. The size distribution of Euthynnus alletteratus shows multiple modal values witch the most important cohort corresponds to the age class 2 (42-46 cm). The value of the allometric coefficient (b) of the FL/TW relationship is lower than 3, indicating a negative allometric growth.
Removal of Chromium (VI) From Aqueous Solutions Using Discarded Solanum Tuber...inventy
Industrial polluting effluents containing heavy metals are of serious environmental concern in India. Chromium is frequently used in industries like electroplating, metal finishing, cooling towers, dyes, paints, anodizing and leather tanning and is found as traces in effluents finding their way to natural water bodies causing hazardous toxicity to the health of humans, animals and aquatic lives directly or indirectly. Many methods for the removal of Chromium such as chemical reduction, precipitation, ion exchange, electrochemical reduction, evaporation, reverse osmosis and adsorption using activated carbon etc. have been reported but all being expensive and complicated to operate. Experimental practices reveal that adsorption by agricultural and horticultural wastes are quite simple, inexpensive and efficient method. Agra is famous for Potato farming, a lot of discarded potato waste from cold storages is thrown along road side drains causing solid waste generated which either creates solid waste disposal problem or otherwise it finds way to Yamuna river resulting high BOD and posing a serious threat to the aquatic environment. For developing countries like India adsorption studies using discarded potato (Solanum tuberosum) waste from cold storages (DPWC) a solid waste as low cost adsorbent for Chromium removal was dual beneficial i.e., an ideal solution to these solid wastes disposal problem of Agra and removal of Chromium from tannery effluents and thereby saving aquatic life from Chromium contamination in Yamuna river. Keeping this in view batch experiments were designed to study the feasibility of discarded potato waste from cold storages to remove chromium (VI) from the aqueous solutions. During the study various affecting parameters, such as pH, adsorbent does, initial concentration, temperature, contact time, adsorbent grain size and start up agitation speed were optimized as 5.0, 10-20 g/l, 50 mg/l, 250C, 135 minutes, average size and 80 rpm respectively on chromium removal efficiency. Various Isotherms such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin also fitted suitably and various corresponding constants determined from these Isotherms favor and support the adsorption. Thermodynamic constants ∆G, ∆H and ∆S were found to be 0.267 KJ/mole, 0.288 KJ/mole and 0.0013 KJ/mole respectively.
Effect of Various External and Internal Factors on the Carrier Mobility in n-...inventy
The effect of various external (temperature, electric field, light) and intracrystalline (doping, initial resistivity) factors on the mobility of carriers in layered n-InSe semiconductor experimentally have been investigated. Scientific explanations of the results are proposed
Transient flow analysis for horizontal axial upper-wind turbineinventy
This study is to carry out a transient flow field analysis on the condition that the wind turbine is working to generate turbine, the wind turbine operating conditions change over time, Purpose of this study is try to find out the rule from the wind turbine changing over time . In transient analysis, the wind velocity on inlet boundary and rotation speed in the rotor field will change over time, and an analytical process is provided that can be used for future reference. At present, the wind turbine model is designed on the concept of upwind horizontal axis type. The computer engineering software GH Bladed is used to obtain the relationship between the rotor velocity and the wind turbine. Then the ANSYS engineering software is used to calculate the stress and strain distribution in the blades over time. From the analytical result, the relationship between the stress distribution in the blades and the rotor velocity is got to be used as a reference for future wind turbine structural optimization.
Choice of Numerical Integration Method for Wind Time History Analysis of Tall...inventy
Wind tunnel tests are being performed routinely around the world for designing tall buildings but the advent of powerful computational tools will make time-history analysis for wind more common in near future. As the duration of wind storms ranges from tens of minutes to hours while earthquake durations are typically less than a three to four minutes, the choice of a time step size (Δt) for wind studies needs to be much larger both to reduce the computational time and to save disk space. As the error in any numerical solution of the equation of motion is dependent on step size (Δt), careful investigations on the choice of numerical integration methods for wind analyses are necessary. From a wide variety of integration methods available, it was decided to investigate three methods that seem appropriate for 3D-time history analysis of tall buildings for wind. These are modal time history analysis, the Hilber-Hughes-Taylor (HHT) method or α-method with α=- 0.1, and the Newmark method with β=0.25 and γ=0.5 ( i.e., trapezoidal rule). SAP2000, a common structural analysis software tool, and a 64-story structure are used to conduct all the analyses in this paper. A boundary layer wind tunnel (BLWT) pressure time history measured at 120 locations around the building envelope of a similar structure is used for the analyses. Analyses performed with both the HHT and Newmark-method considering P-delta effects show that second order effects have a considerable impact on both displacement and acceleration response. This result shows that it is necessary to account P-delta effect for wind analysis of tall buildings. As the direct integration time history analysis required very large computation times and very large computer physical memory for a wind duration of hours, a modal analysis with reduced stiffness is considered as a good alternative. For that purpose, a non-linear static analysis of the structure with a load combination of 1.0D + 1.0L is performed in SAP2000 and the reduced stiffness of the structure after the analysis is used to conduct an eigenvalue analysis to extract the mode shapes and frequencies of this structure. Then the first 20- modes are used to perform a modal time history analysis for wind load. The result shows that the responses from modal analysis with “20-mode (reduced stiffness)” are comparable with that from the P-Δ analyses of Newmark-method
Impacts of Demand Side Management on System Reliability Evaluationinventy
Electricity demand in Saudi Arabia is steadily increasing as electrical loads grows at a rate of about 7% per year, this represents a high rate by all standards, and largely due to population growth, as well as due to government subsidies which may lead to prices much lower than actual production cost. This growth represents a challenge that requires Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) to invest huge amounts of money every year, for the construction of additional generation capacity along with the reinforcement of transmission network to meet the consumption growth.Also the demand varies frequently throughout the day, causing a waste of a large part of the energy. SEC believes the optimum solution lies in altering the load shape in order to have a better balance between customer’s consumption and SEC’s generation, This paper describes the method for improving the power system reliability by shifting the portion of peak load to off-peak periods This load management scheme can be achieved by lifting the generation during off peak periods and utilizing the stored energy during peak periods. A hybrid set up involving solar and wind energy along with batteries can also be used to store energy and utilize it during peak periods.
Reliability Evaluation of Riyadh System Incorporating Renewable Generationinventy
In this paper, the experience of Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) in analyzing the generation adequacy for Year 2013 is presented. This analysis is conducted by calculating several reliability indices for Riyadh system hourly load during all four seasonal periods. The reliability indices are gauged against the international utility practice. SEC also plans to introduce renewable energy into the network in order to secure the environmental standards and reduce fuel costs of conventional generation. Thus, the reliability improvement due to different integration levels of Solar and Wind generating sources has also been investigated. The capacity value provided by these variable renewable energy sources (VERs) to reliably meet the system load has been calculated using effective load carrying capability (ELCC) technique with a loss of load expectancy metric.
The effect of reduced pressure acetylene plasma treatment on physical charact...inventy
The capacitors are increasingly being used as energy storage devicesin various power systems. The scientists of the world are tryingto maximize the electrical capacity of the supercapacitors. To achieve this purpose, numerous method sare used: the surface activation of electrodes, the surface etching using the electronbeam, the electrode etching with variousgasplasma, etc. The purpose of this work is toresearch how the properties of carbon electrodes depend on the plasma parameters at whichtheywere formed. The largest surface area ofcarbonelectrodeof47.25m2 /gis obtainedat 15 ofAr/C2H2gasratio. Meanwhile, theSEMimages show that the disruption of structures with low bond energies and the formation of new onesare taking place when the carbon electrodes are etched at acetylene plasma and placed on carbon electrode. The measurements of capacitance showthat capacitors with affectedelectrodes have about10-15% highercapacity than those not treated with acetyleneplasma.
Experimental Investigation of Mini Cooler cum Freezerinventy
In general cases the refrigerator could be converted into an air conditioner by attaching a fan. Thus a cooler as well as freezer is obtained in a single set up. The freezer can be converted to an air conditioner when the outside air is allowed to flow beside the cooling coil and is forced outside by an exhaust fan. In this case a mini scale cooler cum freezer using R134a as refrigerant was fabricated and tested In our mini project work we had designed, fabricated and experimentally analysed a mini cooler cum freezer. From the observations and calculations, the results of mini cooler cum freezer are obtained and are compared.
Growth and Magnetic properties of MnGeP2 thin filmsinventy
We have successfully grown MnGeP2 thin films on GaAs (100) substrate. A ferromagnetic transition near 320 K has been observed by temperature dependent magnetization and resistance measurements. Field dependent magnetization experiments have shown that the coercive fields at 5, 250, and 300 K are 3870, 1380 and 155 Oe, respectively. Magnetoresistance and Hall measurements have displayed that hole conduction is dominant in MnGeP2. PACS: 75.50.Pp, 75.70.-i, 85.70.-w, 73.50.-h
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
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GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
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2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
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1. Research Inventy: International Journal Of Engineering And Science
Vol.4, Issue 4 (April 2014), PP 10-19
Issn (e): 2278-4721, Issn (p):2319-6483, www.researchinventy.com
10
Mercury Removal from Aqueous Solution Using Mixed Mineral
Systems Injected with Zinc Sulfide in Sulfidic- Anoxic Conditions
II. The role of solution composition and Ageing
D.E. Egirani1
, J.E. Andrews2
, A.R. Baker2
1
Faculty of Science, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Nigeria
2
School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
E-mail : eenonidavidson@yahoo.com
Abstract : This study investigates Hg(II) removal onto binary mixed mineral sorbents from simulated mercury
contaminated water, in zinc sulfide related sulfidic-anoxic condition. The sorbents used were zinc sulfide,
kaolinite, montmorillonite, goethite, and their mixtures. Batch mode studies at room temperature demonstrate a
linear increase in mercury sorption with increase in pH up to pH 4, gradually flattening for the rest of pH
investigated. Increase in Cp-particle concentration does not reveal a corresponding increase in sorption of
mercury. Except for zinc sulfide, kaolinite and montmorillonite, increase in residence time could not lead to a
corresponding increase in mercury removal. The complex behavior of mineral-mercury interaction under
sulfidic-anoxic condition may be attributed to increased hydroxylation of the mineral surface and the presence
of thiol (≡S-H) and hydroxyl (≡Me-OH) functional groups and reactive sites on surface of metal sulfides.
Keywords: mercury, mixed mineral systems, particle concentration, residence time, sulfidic-anoxic, zinc
sulfide.
I. INTRODUCTION
Mercury is well known as a toxic element in its most common forms, that is, elemental mercury,
inorganic mercury, and methyl mercury [1]
. Much attention has been given to the toxic effects of elemental
mercury because of its presence in dental amalgams and to methyl mercury because of its ubiquity and tendency
to bio concentrate in fish [2]
. The health of top predators, e.g. birds, fish, seals, and man, is thereby threatened [3-
4]
. Three forms of non-biodegradable mercury contaminant namely elemental mercury (Hg0), oxidized mercury
(Hg2+
) and particulate-bound mercury (HgP) exist. Due to the great harm it does to the environment and human
health, mercury pollution is considered as the top of the list of environmental pollutants by the World Health
Organization [5]
. The oxidized form of mercury is transformed into its toxic methylated species, transferred and
bioamplified as monomethyl mercury (MMHg) in the aquatic food chains [6-15]
,
The major sources of Hg emission worldwide come from coal combustion and Au amalgamation [16-18]
.
Alluvial Au mining activities, using elemental Hg for Au–Hg amalgamation constitute biogeochemical reactors
where dissolved organic matter (OM), SO4 and Fe oxides favor bacterial activity [19]
. The release of mercury
into bodies of water is increasing, and non-admissible level of greater than 1µg/L is found in surface and
groundwater [20]
. Mercury is carcinogenic and its poisoning results in severe chronic disease or death [21]
. In
addition, elemental mercury exhibits high volatility and bioaccumulation in the environment and neurological
health impact [22-23]
. Specifically, methyl mercury induced by microbial bio methylation of mercuric ions (Hg2+
)
can accumulate in the body and can cause brain damage and other chronic diseases [24-25]
. Hence, testing the
removal of Hg2+
from aqueous solution in the laboratory as a way of mimicking its removal from water bodies
remains a current and relevant research topic. The removal of dissolved mercury species can be hampered by the
absence of reliable sorbents and solution chemistry. For Hg0 removal in liquid phase, the key point is to convert
Hg0 to Hg2+
rapidly, the latter being easily dissolved in water as reported in literature [26-30]
.
Solution pH controls (a) the solubilities of mercury species; (b) hydrolysis behavior of mercury ions; and (c)
surface charge of clays and hydroxides. pH variability is known to affect the charge density on sorbents due to
deprotonation of active sites [31-32]
. Application of sulfides in water treatment is largely dependent on understanding of
fundamental studies into metal supplied precipitation and sorption mechanism on sulfide. [3-34]
.. In addition, understanding of
groundwater chemistry in a chemically reducing environment is focused on mechanisms of the reactivity and removal
kinetics of sorbent-sorbate interactions [35-36]
.There are some advantages to supplied, including the lower solubility of metal
sulphide precipitates, potential for selective metal removal and fast reaction rates, better settling properties and potential for
re-use of sulphide precipitates by smelting [37-43]
.
2. Mercury Removal from Aqueous Solution Using…
11
As in companion paper I, spectroscopic studies have confirmed thiol (≡S-H) and hydroxyl (≡Me-OH)
functional groups on surface of metal sulfides. [44-46]
. These amphoteric reactive units are thought to undergo
independent protonation and deprotonation reactions to produce reactive sites for sorption [47-48]
. Under acidic
conditions, thiol groups are believed to play an important role in the reactivity of sulfides both in initial removal
and subsequent surface reactions [49]
.
Sorbate sorption may decrease as particle concentration increases (outer sphere complexation) or not be
significantly affected as particle concentration increases (inner sphere complexation) [50]
. Mercury uptake is
associated with surface area availability and number of surface-active groups. Also, Increase in adsorption as
particle concentration increases (promotive particle concentration effects) for organic and inorganic substances
sorbed on colloidal clay and oxide particles still remains an area of research interest in conventional surface
complexation theory [51-54]
. Prolonging the residence time of solid mineral phase in the absence of a sorbate
could results in much mineral surface reorganization. This is due to the fact that high and new reactive sites are
formed. Mercury sorption by porous sorbents is known to exhibit variable behavior over time [55-57]
1.1. Theoretical models and isotherms
To addresses the suitability of mixed mineral suspensions of clay and (hydr)oxides for Hg(II) removal,
a theory derived from Freundlich isotherm model is designed to explain the predicted behavior of mineral-
arsenite interactions as influenced by extraneous factors of pH, solid concentration and residence time or ageing
[58]
.
Detailed system characterization and an empirical model involving the distribution coefficient (Kd) as
used in previous paper [49] Egirani et al 2013, % sorption used in calculating Hg(II) sorbed is provided in
Equation 1 [59-62]
,
% Hg(II) sorbed =
%100
)(
i
C
e
C
i
C ( 1)
where
i
C and
e
C are the initial and equilibrium Hg(II) concentrations in mg/L.
Distribution coefficient used in calculating Hg(II) sorbed was derived from the Freundlich model Equation 2,
N
KdCS (2)
where S is the sorbed concentration (µg/kg), Kd is the distribution coefficient, C is the equilibrium
concentration (µg/g), and N = 1 is a chemical-specific coefficient derived from the slope of the plot. The
empirical model as provided [49] Egirani et al 2013, to address the mineral-Hg interactions is given in
Equation 3 and 4:
Hg(II) sorbed difference = Hg(II) sorbed- Hg(II) sorbedtotal (3)
Hg(II) sorbedtotal =
n
n
SSS )
21
(
(4)
where Hg sorbedtotal is the theoretical sorption for a 1:1 mixed mineral suspension, S1 is the Hg(II) sorbed on
first single mineral suspension, and S2 is the Hg(II) sorbed on second single mineral suspension, Sn is the Hg(II)
sorbed on n number of mineral suspensions and n is the number of mineral suspensions.
The simple empirical model used for the partitioning of a sorbed mercury contaminant between single
mineral phases and mixed mineral phases is based on the assumptions that the following could account for
differences between single and mixed mineral sorption:
3. Mercury Removal from Aqueous Solution Using…
12
a. secondary mineral phase developed during sorbate-sorbent interaction .
b. components of minerals in the mixed mineral suspension acted as chemisorbed species and not as
individual networks.
c. there exist differential masses of mixed and single mineral phases.
The difference between the actual sorption and the theoretical sorption was used to clarify the effects of
mineral mixing on Hg(II) sorption. Mineral mixing is said to:
(a) enhance Hg(II) removal where the difference is positive;
(b) depresses or attenuate Hg(II) removal where the difference is negative; and
(c) have no effect on Hg(II) removal where no differences exist between Hg(II) sorbed and theoretical
Hg(II) sorption.
Currently available technologies for the treatment of mercury-polluted aqueous solutions include
precipitation, membrane filtration, ion exchange, electrodeposition, adsorption and coagulation [63-64]
. Other
researches focused on the removal of Hg(II) from water by sorption processes are provided [65-67]
. However, the
use of mixed mineral systems of clays and hydroxides as suitable sorbents in mercury removal is lacking in
literature. Therefore, this paper addresses the sorption relationship between simulated mercury contaminated
water and mixed mineral phases of kaolinite/montmorillonite, kaolinite/goethite and montmorillonite/goethite
injected with zinc sulfide in sulfidic-anoxic condition. This is based on different solution composition such as
pH, solid concentration and residence time (ageing).
1.2 Preparation of sulfidic-anoxic zinc sulfide suspension
Sulfidic-anoxic conditions are characterized by depletion of dissolved oxygen. These conditions will
occur if the rate of oxidation is greater than the supply of dissolved oxygen. In sulfidic-anoxic environment,
hydrogen sulfide occurs as a product of sulfate and sulfide reduction [68]
. In this study, 1% acidified zinc sulfide
sulfidic-anoxic suspension was prepared using deoxygenated deionized water. Purified nitrogen gas was
bubbled through the zinc sulfide suspension continuously for 24 hours. The content, securely sealed was stored
in airtight containers in the anaerobic chamber in dark environment before use. The formation of hydrogen
sulfide was prototypically characterized by a “rotten egg” odor.
1.3 System characterization
All solutions were prepared using de-aerated and deionized water. This water was prepared by
bubbling purified nitrogen gas through deionized water for at least 24 hours. Deionized water was obtained from
a Millipore Milli-Q system (18 M_). Then the water was purged overnight in an anaerobic chamber containing a
mixture of 5% hydrogen and 95% nitrogen gases. Clays and iron sulfide used in this study provided by the
Richard Baker Harrison Company and Acros Organics Ltd and goethite provided by Iconofile Company Inc.
were nitrogen flushed and stored in airtight containers in the anaerobic chamber before use to avoid oxidation.
Arsenic(III) stock solution was purchased from Merck. The AAS standard solution of 1000 mg/l Arsenic(III)
was prepared by transferring the contents of a Titrisol ampule with As2O3 in H2O (Merck, Germany) into a
volumetric flask, which was filled up to the mark and stored at 20±2o
C according to the instructions by Merck.
The working solutions of different concentrations were prepared by diluting the stock solution immediately
before starting the batch studies.
For sorbent characterization as provided in paper I, the (a) Coulter laser method was used to determine
the particle sizes; (b) % colloid was estimated from the particle size distribution curves; (c) equilibrium pH of
the untreated mineral suspensions was determined using the Model 3340 Jenway ion meter; (d) the standard
volumetric Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) method was used to determine the surface areas[69-70]
, (f)
spectral analysis was performed using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and x-ray
diffraction to identify the mineral sorbent [49, 71-72]
II. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
2.1. Sorption experiments
Batch mode experiments in this study were conducted using 1% single mineral suspensions of
kaolinite, montmorillonite and goethite and 1:1 mixed mineral systems of kaolinite/montmorillonite,
kaolinite/goethite and montmorillonite/goethite. The mixed mineral systems were used to elucidate the
differences in sorption behaviour between the single and mixed mineral phases. Characterization of sorbents
used in this study included (a) particle size; (b) pH and (c) specific surface area (SSA) and details provided
elsewhere in paper 1 [49, 59]
.
4. Mercury Removal from Aqueous Solution Using…
13
For batch mode pH investigation, 1% sulfidic-anoxic suspension of zinc sulfide was added to 1%
single and 1:1 mixed mineral suspensions made up to 50 ml containing 1% (by mass) mineral suspension were
reacted with solution containing 10 ppm of mercury at zero electrolyte background. Treated mineral suspension
was adjusted to the required pH (ranging from pH 4 to 8) using 0.1 M HNO3 and 0.1 M NaOH. The treated
suspensions were equilibrated for 24 h and pH measured using a Model 3340 Jenway ion meter.
For batch mode solid or particle concentration investigation, 1% sulfidic-anoxic suspension of zinc
sulfide was added to single and 1:1 mixed mineral suspensions were made up to 50 ml containing solid
concentrations (g/L) of 2 , 4, 6, 8 and 10 were reacted with solution containing10 ppm of mercury at zero
electrolyte background. The treated suspensions were adjusted to pH 4 and equilibrated for 24 h.
Batch mode ageing investigations was carried out from 24 to 720 h. 1% sulfidic-anoxic suspension of
zinc sulfide was added to single and 1:1 aged mixed mineral suspensions containing 1% (by mass were reacted
with solution containing 10 ppm of Hg(II) at zero electrolyte background. The treated suspensions, adjusted to
pH 4 with no added electrolyte, were equilibrated for 24 h.
Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) provided by Iconofile Company Inc. was employed as the source of Hg(II).
.A standard solution containing variable concentrations of Hg(II) in ppm was prepared by dissolving HgCl2
(Merck) in distilled water. In all experimental studies conducted in triplicates, samples were stored in the dark
at room temperature (23±3 ◦C) not exceeding 24 h before analysis [51]
. Supernatant was filtered through a
cellulose acetate filter (pore size 0.2µm) and analyzed for Hg(II) using a Hitachi Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer (HG-AAS).
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Mineral systems and pH effects on Hg(II) removal
In previous study, in the absence of zinc sulfide sulfidic-anoxic condition [49]
, Hg(II) demonstrated a
linear sorption increase with increasing pH for single mineral system of kaolinite, montmorillonite and mixed
mineral systems of kaolinite-montmorillonite and Goethite-Kaolinite. In the present study under sulfidic –anoxic
condition, all mineral systems demonstrated a linear increase with increasing pH up to pH 4, gradually flattening
for the rest of pH investigated. Cross-over pH exists between zinc sulfide and montmorillonnite and between
goethite and goethite-montmorillonite. At this cross-over points sorption capacity for these mineral systems are
the same as shown in Fig.1. Differences between the actual and predicted sorption capacity are all in the
negative territory for all mixed mineral systems, indicating that mineral mixing attenuated sorption for these
mineral systems as shown in Fig 2. This variability in sorption may be attributed to increased deprotonation of
reactive sites as pH was increased. However, sorption pattern appeared to be controlled by outer sphere
complexation, inner sphere complexation and intra-particle diffusion for Hg(II) sorbed on these mineral
systems.
4 5 6 7 880
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
Mercurysorbed(%)
Initial pH
a. ZnS
b. K
c. M
d. G
e. KM
f. KG
g. GM
Figure 1: Plots of mercury sorbed versus pH for (Zinc sulfide., (b) kaolinite., (c) montmorillonite., (d) goethite., (e)
kaolinite/montmorillonite., (f) kaolinite/goethite., (g) goethite/montmorillonite., sulfidic-anoxic mineral systems.
5. Mercury Removal from Aqueous Solution Using…
14
4 5 6 7 8-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
ActualandtheoreticalMercurysorbeddifferences(%)
Initial pH
a. KM
b. KG
c. GM
Figure 2: Plots of actual and theoretical mercury sorbed differences versus pH for (a) kaolinite/montmorillonite., (b)
kaolinite/goethite., (c) goethite/montmorillonite., zinc sulfide sulfidic-anoxic mineral systems.
3.2. Mineral systems and Cp effects on Hg(II) removal
Previous study in the absence of zinc sulfide[49]
revealed a linear decrease of Hg(II) sorbed on
kaolinite/goethite, kaolinite-montmorillonite goethite-montmorillonite and montmorillonite as Cp increased over
the range of Cp )investigated. In the presence of zinc sulfide under sulfidic-anoxic condition, all mineral
systems demonstrate a near flat sorption as Cp increases indicating that increase in Cp has no significant effect
on the sorption of Hg(II removal. This phenomenon is neither non-promotive nor promotive Cp effect. Zinc
sulfide demonstrate a sinusoidal behavior, decreasing up to 0.004g/L in Hg(II) sorption, then increasing up to
0.008g/L as shown in Fig.3. The behavior of zinc sulfide may be attributed to the presence of thiol (≡S-H) and
hydroxyl (≡Me-OH) functional groups and reactive sites on surface of metal sulfides. Mineral surface coatings
of only a few atomic layers thickness are sufficient to influence sorption rates and behaviour [73]
.
In previous study [49]
, Hg(II) sorbed difference (i.e., Hg(II) sorption obtained by experiments) and
theoretical Hg(II) sorption (i.e., the predicted mercury sorption obtained from the average summation of Hg(II)
sorbed on the single mineral suspensions used in the mixing experiments) exhibited positive sorption differences
for kaolinite/goethite over the Cp range investigated. This meant that mineral mixing decreased (Hg(II) sorption
for kaolinite/goethite. In the present study under sulfidic condition differences between actual and theoretical
sorption of mercury as Cp increases was complex. Kaolinite-goethite is on the positive territory with decreasing
sorption as Cp increases as shown in Fig 4. Kaolinite-montmorillonite and goethite-montmorillonite are on the
negative territory as Cp increase. This means that in the former, mineral mixing enhance sorption, attenuating
sorption in the latter [74]
,
0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Kd(L/Kg)
Particle concentration-Cp (Kg/L)
a. ZnS
b. K
c. M
d. G
e. KM
f. KG
g. GM
Figure 3: Plots of Hg(II) sorbed versus particle concentration-Cp for (a) ZnS sulfide, (b) kaolinite, (c) montmorillonite,
(d) goethite, (e) kaolinite/montmorillonite, (e) (f) kaolinite/goethite, (g) goethite/montmorillonite, sulfidic-anoxic mineral
systems.
6. Mercury Removal from Aqueous Solution Using…
15
0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
ActualandtheoreticalKddifferences(L/Kg)
Particle concentration-Cp (Kg/L)
a. KM
b. KG
c. GM
Fig. 4: Plots of actual and theoretical Kd differences versus particle concentration for Hg(II) sorbed on (a)
kaolinite/montmorillonite, (b) kaolinite/goethite, (c) goethite/montmorillonite, zinc sulfide sulfidic-anoxic mineral systems
3.3.. Mineral systems and ageing effects on Hg (II) removal
In previous study in the absence of zinc sulfide[49] [Egirani et al 2913] , all single and mixed mineral systems
exhibited a near linear decrease in Hg(II) sorption over the range of residence time investigated. This was in the order
goethite>goethite-kaolinite>montmorillonite>goethite-montmorillonite>kaolite-montmorillonite>kaolinite-
Goethite/montmorillonite. In this study under sulfidic-anoxic condition, zinc sulfide, kaolinite and montmorillonite exhibit
increase in Kd over the range of residence time investigated. Mercury removal by zinc sulfide exhibits a linear relationship.
All other mineral systems exhibit a near flat sorption characteristic indicating that increase in residence time could not
significantly change sorption characteristic as shown in Fig 5.
In previous investigation without zinc sulfide [49]
differences in actual and theoretical sorption exhibited a linear
increase all in the negative territory for kaolinite-montmorillonite and goethite-montmorillonite. This may suggest a decrease
in Hg(II) removal due to mineral mixing for these two mixed mineral systems. In this study under sulfidic-anoxic condition,
differences between actual and predicted Kd started at zero point (i.e. no difference at the start of ageing , becoming positive
for goethite-montmorillonite and decreasing into the negative territory for the rest of the mixed mineral systems. This
suggests that Hg(II) sorption for the former is enhanced by mineral mixing and is attenuated in the latter case. It also
implies that mercury sorption by these mineral systems is not strictly a surface phenomenon [50]
. Hg(II) step-wise sorption
probably indicated reaction phases attributed to outer sphere, inner sphere complexation and intra-particle diffusion as
reported elsewhere [49]
.
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
Kd(L/Kg)
Residence Time -Ageing (Hours)
a. ZnS
b. K
c. M
d. G
e. KM
f. KG
g. GM
Fig. 5: Plots of Kd versus ageing for (a) Zinc sulfide, (b) kaolinite, (c) montmorillonite, (d) goethite, (e)
kaolinite/montmorillonite, , (f) kaolinite/goethite, (g) goethite/montmorillonite., sulfidic-anoxic mineral systems
7. Mercury Removal from Aqueous Solution Using…
16
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
-20000
-10000
0
10000
20000
30000
ActualandtheoreticalKddifferences(L/Kg)
Residence Time-Ageing (Hours)
a. KM
b. KG
c. GM
Figure 6: Plot of actual and theoretical Kd differences vs. ageing for Hg(II) sorbed on (a) kaolinite/montmorillonite, (b)
kaolinite/goethite, (c) goethite/montmorillonite, zinc sulfide sulfidic-anoxic mineral systems
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Sorptioncapacity(µg/kg)
Initial mercury concentration (µg/L)
a. ZnS
b. K
c. M
d. G
e. KM
f. KG
g. GM
Figure 3: Plots of sorption capacity versus initial ion concentration for (a) Zinc sulfide., (b) kaolinite., (c) montmorillonite.,
(d) goethite., (e) kaolinite/montmorillonite., (f) kaolinite/goethite., (g) goethite/montmorillonite., sulfidic-anoxic mineral
systems.
3.4..Mineral systems and Initial mercury concentration effects on Hg (II) removal
In previous study using activated carbon [75]
, mercury removal increased with increase in initial metal
concentration at the onset of investigation, flattening out as initial metal concentration was increased. In this
study under sulfidic-anoxic condition, mercury removal increased with increase in initial metal concentration
over the range of concentration investigated. This may be attributed to the low range of initial metal
concentration used in this study and the presence of thiol (≡S-H) and hydroxyl (≡Me-OH) functional groups and
reactive sites on surface of metal sulfides.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
All mineral systems demonstrated a linear increase with increasing pH up to pH 4, gradually flattening
for the rest of pH investigated. Cross-over pH exists between zinc sulfide and montmorillonnite and between
goethite and goethite-montmorillonite. At these cross-over points sorption capacity for these mineral systems
are the same (Fig.1) Differences between the actual and predicted sorption capacity are all in the negative
territory for all mixed mineral systems, indicating that mineral mixing attenuated sorption for these mineral
systems. This variability in sorption may be attributed to increased deprotonation of reactive sites as pH was
increased. Sorption pattern appeared to be controlled by outer sphere complexation, inner sphere complexation
and intra-particle diffusion for Hg(II) sorption some of the mineral phases.
8. Mercury Removal from Aqueous Solution Using…
17
All mineral systems demonstrate a near flat sorption as Cp increases indicating that increase in Cp has
no significant effect on the sorption of mercury. This phenomenon is neither non-promotive nor promotive Cp
effect. differences between actual and theoretical sorption of mercury as Cp increases was complex. Kaolinite-
goethite is on the positive territory with decreasing sorption as Cp increases. The behavior of zinc sulfide may
be attributed to the presence of thiol (≡S-H) and hydroxyl (≡Me-OH) functional groups and reactive sites on
surface of metal sulfides. Mineral surface coatings of only a few atomic layers thickness are sufficient to
influence sorption rates and behavior.
Zinc sulfide, kaolinite and montmorillonite exhibit increase in Kd over the range of residence time investigated.
Mercury removal by zinc sulfide exhibits a linear relationship. All other mineral systems exhibit a near flat sorption
characteristic indicating that increase in residence time could not significantly change sorption characteristic.. differences
between actual and predicted Kd started at zero point (i.e. no difference at the start of ageing , becoming positive for
goethite-montmorillonite and decreasing into the negative territory for the rest of the mixed mineral systems. This suggests
that Hg(II) sorption for the former is enhanced by mineral mixing and is attenuated in the latter case. It also implies that
mercury sorption by these mineral systems is not strictly a surface phenomenon The variable and complex behavior of
mineral systems over the range of residence time investigated may be attributed to increased hydroxylation of the mineral
surface resulting in the formation of new reactive sites.
Mercury removal increased with increase in initial metal concentration over the range of concentration
investigated. This may be attributed to the presence of thiol (≡S-H) and hydroxyl (≡Me-OH) functional groups and reactive
sites on surface of metal sulfides.
REFERENCES
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