This document summarizes a study that analyzed the kinship of 10 corn populations in Tidore Islands, North Mollucas Province, Indonesia through morphological characteristics. The study observed 49 morphological traits in the 10 populations and recorded their presence or absence. It found that the populations shared some traits but varied in 42 of the traits. A similarity index analysis grouped the populations into two major clusters based on their similarities and differences in morphological characteristics. The population from Tadupi, Lola, and Koli villages had the highest similarity at 87.21%, nearly matching. The population from Yehu village had the lowest similarity, at 61.17%.
Evaluation of Genetic Variability and Genetic Advance to Qualitative and Quan...iosrjce
In order to obtain superior varieties of bean that contain high antioxidant content and high yield, a
crossbred between local parent varieties (Mantili, Gilik Ijo and Gogo Kuning) by the introduction varieties
(Purple Queen and Cherooke Sun). Evaluation and selection are the main activities that must be done after
obtaining high variability initial population. Objectives of the research were to evaluate genetic variability and
genetic advance, as well as to select the expected lines of purple pod common beans and high yield in F3 and
F4 populations. From the previous research, 42 expected lines have been selected that based on pedigree
selection method, and result of the evaluation showed that 42 lines, which were tested in F3 population, have
high genetic variability on qualitative characters (growth type, pod color, pod shape, and the pod texture),
therefore, further selection is required to obtain the homogenous lines qualitatively. Results of the selection on
F3 population showed 13 expected lines and after being tested, they showed variability of growth type, pod
color, pod shape, and texture of the pod, despite uniform lines have been found qualitatively. On qualitatively
uniform lines, a selection may be done in order to obtain high yield lines. On characters of numbers of pod and
weight of pod per plant, they had moderate variability, high expected genetic advance and heritability, so that
selection on those characters can still be done. Results of the selection on F4 population showed some
qualitatively homogenous expected lines and they can be used as further breeding materials, such as PQGK1.1 and PQGI 169.1.
Diversity of sorghum (sorghum bicolor l. moench) germplasm from tanzaniaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated 98 sorghum genotypes from Tanzania for morphological diversity. The genotypes showed significant phenotypic variation for traits like days to flowering, plant height, panicle length, grain yield, and 1000 seed weight. Accession MCSR T29 was the earliest to flower at 64 days while MCSR T80 was the latest at 86 days. MCSR T71 had the highest yield of 114.6 g/panicle and MCSR T10 had the lowest at 10.3 g/panicle. Most genotypes had brown grains but MCSR T90 had the heaviest 1000 seeds at 55.2 g. The study found diversity among the Tanzanian sorghum
Genetic analysis of superior doubles haploids rice lines derivated from anthe...Muh Syafii
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the genetic diversity and agronomic characteristics of 18 double haploid rice lines developed through anther culture, compared to two control varieties. Key findings include:
1) The lines showed diversity in traits like plant height, yield, flowering time and grain quality. The highest yielding line KP44223 produced 4.5 tons/ha.
2) Traits like plant height, flowering time, harvest time, panicle length, empty grains, 1000 grain weight and yield had high heritability, indicating they can be effectively selected.
3) Analysis found genetic variability was high for traits like empty grains and yield, but low to moderate for others.
4
Productivity of cassava sweet potato intercropping system as influenced by va...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the productivity of a cassava-sweet potato intercropping system using different lengths of cassava cuttings in Makurdi, Nigeria over two growing seasons. Cassava cuttings of 20cm, 30cm, and 40cm lengths were intercropped with sweet potato. The highest yields for both crops were obtained when cassava cuttings were 30cm long, with land equivalent ratios of 2.15, indicating 53.5% higher land use efficiency than sole cropping. Intercropping cassava cuttings of 30cm length resulted in the greatest vegetative growth and highest yields for both crops, making it the most suitable combination for intercropping cassava and sweet potato.
Phenotypic variability and racial classification of landraces of sorghum (Sor...Innspub Net
A morpho-botanical analysis of 76 sorghum accessions collected from the department of Donga, the northwestern
part of Benin was carried out. An agro-morphological assessment of accessions was conducted based on 15
descriptors (10 quantitative traits and 5 qualitative traits). The experiment was laid at alpha lattice design with three repetitions. Four races (guinea, durra, caudatum and bicolor) were identified with high proportion of accessions of guinea race (86.84%) and low proportion of other races such as durra (5.26%), caudatum (2.63 %) and bicolor (1.32%). Kafir race was missed from the collection. The analysis of agro-morphological characters of accessions showed a significant phenotypic variability of sorghum local varieties kept and managed by farmers in Donga. The principal component analysis (PCA) performed on quantitative traits showed three axes accounted for nearly 70% of the total variation. The first axis represents plant height, diameter of third internodes, leaf length and leaf width of the third internodes; the second axis accounts for length of peduncle while the third one stands for the weight of 1,000 grains. On the basis of the quantitative and qualitative traits studied, ascending hierarchical classification according to Ward aggregation criteria differentiated four groups structured around key variables such as morpho-physiological characteristics of grains (color, size, degree of bitterness) and race. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Evaluation of viable selection criteria at the seedling stage in corn genotyp...Innspub Net
Drought is the only factor which causes a more drastic effect on crop plant. Corn is a drought-sensitive crop their yield is influenced at every single phase of growth and development by limited water availability. Corn. A total of 90 accessions were screened and evaluated at different water levels 100% (T1), 40% (T2) and 30% (T3) of field capacity (FC). Evaluation of corn genotypes was done against six seedling parameters (root length, shoot length, fresh root weight, fresh shoot weight, dry root weight and dry shoot weight). The analysis of variance indicated that all the traits under all water levels revealed significantly and the principal component analysis depicted diverse results for different treatments. The results showed that the genotypes Lala Musa, Akbar, Sahiwal-2002, Sultan, Pearl, 15005,15077,14972,15110 under 100% FC level performed well and genotypes 14933,15023,14968,15055, 15005, MMRI yellow, Lala Musa, Pearl, Akbar, Akhgoti, 15067 and Sultan under 40% FC and the genotypes Desi Fsd, 15075, Lala Musa, 14930, 14976, 15132, 15048, Sultan and 15005 performed best in 30% FC. Some corn genotypes Akhgoti, Lala Musa, Sultan, and 15005 performed better under all three water levels. The information on seedling parameters is best suited to screen viable genotypes for baseline information for on-ward corn breeding and research programs on water stress tolerance.
This document describes the construction of a genetic linkage map for cotton using an interspecific cross between Gossypium barbadense (Giza 45) and Gossypium hirsutum (Tamcot Luxor). Molecular markers including ESTs, EST-SSRs, SSRs, and AFLPs were used to genotype an F2 mapping population of 60 individuals. A total of 210 markers were mapped to 26 linkage groups spanning 3503.8 cM. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for traits related to earliness, yield, and fiber quality were identified. The map covers approximately 75.2% of the cotton genome and will aid in cotton improvement through marker-assisted selection.
Evaluation of Genetic Variability and Genetic Advance to Qualitative and Quan...iosrjce
In order to obtain superior varieties of bean that contain high antioxidant content and high yield, a
crossbred between local parent varieties (Mantili, Gilik Ijo and Gogo Kuning) by the introduction varieties
(Purple Queen and Cherooke Sun). Evaluation and selection are the main activities that must be done after
obtaining high variability initial population. Objectives of the research were to evaluate genetic variability and
genetic advance, as well as to select the expected lines of purple pod common beans and high yield in F3 and
F4 populations. From the previous research, 42 expected lines have been selected that based on pedigree
selection method, and result of the evaluation showed that 42 lines, which were tested in F3 population, have
high genetic variability on qualitative characters (growth type, pod color, pod shape, and the pod texture),
therefore, further selection is required to obtain the homogenous lines qualitatively. Results of the selection on
F3 population showed 13 expected lines and after being tested, they showed variability of growth type, pod
color, pod shape, and texture of the pod, despite uniform lines have been found qualitatively. On qualitatively
uniform lines, a selection may be done in order to obtain high yield lines. On characters of numbers of pod and
weight of pod per plant, they had moderate variability, high expected genetic advance and heritability, so that
selection on those characters can still be done. Results of the selection on F4 population showed some
qualitatively homogenous expected lines and they can be used as further breeding materials, such as PQGK1.1 and PQGI 169.1.
Diversity of sorghum (sorghum bicolor l. moench) germplasm from tanzaniaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated 98 sorghum genotypes from Tanzania for morphological diversity. The genotypes showed significant phenotypic variation for traits like days to flowering, plant height, panicle length, grain yield, and 1000 seed weight. Accession MCSR T29 was the earliest to flower at 64 days while MCSR T80 was the latest at 86 days. MCSR T71 had the highest yield of 114.6 g/panicle and MCSR T10 had the lowest at 10.3 g/panicle. Most genotypes had brown grains but MCSR T90 had the heaviest 1000 seeds at 55.2 g. The study found diversity among the Tanzanian sorghum
Genetic analysis of superior doubles haploids rice lines derivated from anthe...Muh Syafii
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the genetic diversity and agronomic characteristics of 18 double haploid rice lines developed through anther culture, compared to two control varieties. Key findings include:
1) The lines showed diversity in traits like plant height, yield, flowering time and grain quality. The highest yielding line KP44223 produced 4.5 tons/ha.
2) Traits like plant height, flowering time, harvest time, panicle length, empty grains, 1000 grain weight and yield had high heritability, indicating they can be effectively selected.
3) Analysis found genetic variability was high for traits like empty grains and yield, but low to moderate for others.
4
Productivity of cassava sweet potato intercropping system as influenced by va...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the productivity of a cassava-sweet potato intercropping system using different lengths of cassava cuttings in Makurdi, Nigeria over two growing seasons. Cassava cuttings of 20cm, 30cm, and 40cm lengths were intercropped with sweet potato. The highest yields for both crops were obtained when cassava cuttings were 30cm long, with land equivalent ratios of 2.15, indicating 53.5% higher land use efficiency than sole cropping. Intercropping cassava cuttings of 30cm length resulted in the greatest vegetative growth and highest yields for both crops, making it the most suitable combination for intercropping cassava and sweet potato.
Phenotypic variability and racial classification of landraces of sorghum (Sor...Innspub Net
A morpho-botanical analysis of 76 sorghum accessions collected from the department of Donga, the northwestern
part of Benin was carried out. An agro-morphological assessment of accessions was conducted based on 15
descriptors (10 quantitative traits and 5 qualitative traits). The experiment was laid at alpha lattice design with three repetitions. Four races (guinea, durra, caudatum and bicolor) were identified with high proportion of accessions of guinea race (86.84%) and low proportion of other races such as durra (5.26%), caudatum (2.63 %) and bicolor (1.32%). Kafir race was missed from the collection. The analysis of agro-morphological characters of accessions showed a significant phenotypic variability of sorghum local varieties kept and managed by farmers in Donga. The principal component analysis (PCA) performed on quantitative traits showed three axes accounted for nearly 70% of the total variation. The first axis represents plant height, diameter of third internodes, leaf length and leaf width of the third internodes; the second axis accounts for length of peduncle while the third one stands for the weight of 1,000 grains. On the basis of the quantitative and qualitative traits studied, ascending hierarchical classification according to Ward aggregation criteria differentiated four groups structured around key variables such as morpho-physiological characteristics of grains (color, size, degree of bitterness) and race. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Evaluation of viable selection criteria at the seedling stage in corn genotyp...Innspub Net
Drought is the only factor which causes a more drastic effect on crop plant. Corn is a drought-sensitive crop their yield is influenced at every single phase of growth and development by limited water availability. Corn. A total of 90 accessions were screened and evaluated at different water levels 100% (T1), 40% (T2) and 30% (T3) of field capacity (FC). Evaluation of corn genotypes was done against six seedling parameters (root length, shoot length, fresh root weight, fresh shoot weight, dry root weight and dry shoot weight). The analysis of variance indicated that all the traits under all water levels revealed significantly and the principal component analysis depicted diverse results for different treatments. The results showed that the genotypes Lala Musa, Akbar, Sahiwal-2002, Sultan, Pearl, 15005,15077,14972,15110 under 100% FC level performed well and genotypes 14933,15023,14968,15055, 15005, MMRI yellow, Lala Musa, Pearl, Akbar, Akhgoti, 15067 and Sultan under 40% FC and the genotypes Desi Fsd, 15075, Lala Musa, 14930, 14976, 15132, 15048, Sultan and 15005 performed best in 30% FC. Some corn genotypes Akhgoti, Lala Musa, Sultan, and 15005 performed better under all three water levels. The information on seedling parameters is best suited to screen viable genotypes for baseline information for on-ward corn breeding and research programs on water stress tolerance.
This document describes the construction of a genetic linkage map for cotton using an interspecific cross between Gossypium barbadense (Giza 45) and Gossypium hirsutum (Tamcot Luxor). Molecular markers including ESTs, EST-SSRs, SSRs, and AFLPs were used to genotype an F2 mapping population of 60 individuals. A total of 210 markers were mapped to 26 linkage groups spanning 3503.8 cM. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for traits related to earliness, yield, and fiber quality were identified. The map covers approximately 75.2% of the cotton genome and will aid in cotton improvement through marker-assisted selection.
This study examined 79 dry crania (55 male and 24 female) from southern Nigeria to determine the incidence and dimensions of single and double hypoglossal canals, and whether these dimensions differ between sexes. Measurements were taken of the internal and external diameters of the hypoglossal canals. The results showed significant differences in all dimensions between males and females. Bilateral single hypoglossal canals were most prevalent. In conclusion, the size of the hypoglossal canal is sex-specific, with significant differences found between males and females in this population.
Evaluation of genetic diversity in pea (Pisum sativum) based on morpho-agrono...Shoaib Ur Rehman
This study evaluated genetic diversity in 128 pea accessions based on 4 qualitative traits (flower color, testa color, cotyledon color, pod shape) and 11 quantitative traits (plant height, total pod number, pods per plant, total pod weight, pod weight per plant, average pod length, width, thickness, seed weight, seed weight per plant, seed index). Principal component analysis revealed that the first two principal components accounted for 55% of the variation. Traits like average pod thickness, length and width were positively correlated with weight per pod. Cotyledon color was negatively correlated with other yield traits. The study identified diverse groups of accessions that could be used as parents in breeding programs to generate transgressive seg
Morphological Characterization and Proximate Analysis of Three Edible Mushroo...Premier Publishers
The study examined the morphological and proximate compositions of three edible mushrooms including Termitomyces clypeatus R. Heim, Lentinus squarrosulus Mont. and Lentinus tigrinus (Bull.) Fr. in Plateau and Kogi States, Nigeria. The collection of the fruiting bodies was done at random during the rainy season (July to September). The fruiting bodies of the macrofungi at the point of collection were photographed on site and the important morphological features were recorded before collection and packaging. The moisture content, protein content, total carbohydrate, ash content, crude fiber and crude fat compositions of the edible mushrooms were determined. T. clypeatus mushroom had a significantly (p≤0.05) higher moisture content (91.67%) and lower crude protein content (2.5%), compared to L. tigrinus and L. squarrosulus. T. clypeatus mushroom had a significantly (p≤0.05) lower crude fiber (2.10%) and crude fat (2.27%) contents, compared to the significantly higher (p≤0.05) crude fiber and crude fat compositions of L. tigrinus and L. squarrosulus. The ash content and carbohydrate content of the mushrooms species ranged from 0.90% to 20.33% and 6.88% to 26.18% respectively. Based on the high nutritional value of the three edible mushrooms assessed, it can thus be inferred that the mushrooms are valuable diet assets.
A new species of porcupine, Coendou speratus, has been discovered in the Atlantic forest of northeastern Brazil. C. speratus is smaller than the similar species C. prehensilis and C. nycthemera. It has tricolored dorsal quills with brownish red tips, unlike the bicolored quills of C. nycthemera. Molecular and morphological analyses distinguish C. speratus as a unique species within the genus Coendou. The discovery adds to knowledge of the biodiversity of the important but threatened Atlantic forest ecosystem.
tomato fruit show wide phenotypic diversity but fruit developmental gene show...Kamal Tyagi
- Researchers analyzed 127 tomato accessions from 20 countries and found extensive diversity in fruit traits, clustering them into 9 classes based on traits like soluble solids, carotenoids, ripening index, weight, and shape.
- They screened 10 genes involved in plant development for SNPs using EcoTILLING and found 36 non-synonymous and 18 synonymous changes, identifying 28 haplotypes. However, genetic diversity in the fruit development genes was low compared to the wide phenotypic diversity observed.
- While fruit shape was found to be a complex trait influenced by multiple factors, 100% variance between round and flat fruits was explained by one discriminant function. The study indicates potential to further exploit the morphological and genetic diversity in the
Heterosis Studies for Agro-morphological and Fiber Quality Traits in Cotton (...Premier Publishers
The present investigation was undertaken to estimate the extent of heterosis for yield, yield related and fiber quality traits designed among 16 parents, 2 testers, 32 hybrids and 4 standard checks developed through line x tester method during 2017 cropping season using 6x9 alpha lattice design. The analysis of variance indicated substantial variability among the experimental material for most yield and fiber quality traits. Mid parent, better parent and standard heterosis estimated in the range between -24.2 to 63.99%, -28.13 to 56.12% and -27.7 to 64.95% for lint yield, respectively. The magnitude of mid and better parent ranged from -24.67 to 55.01% and -25.56 to 50.66% for seed cotton yield, respectively. Moreover, hybrids L9 x T2, L10 x T1, L16 x T1 and L10 x T2 hybrids showed positive and significant standard heterosis of 64.95%, 64.79%, 63.20% and 52.55% over best check variety for lint yield, respectively. A minimum for hybrids L3 x T2, L13 x T2 and L3 x T2 while maximum for hybrids L9 x T2, L9 x T2 and L10 x T1 displayed positive and significant mid and better parent heterosis for seed cotton yield, respectively.
Analysis of some Capparis L. accessions from Turkey based on IRAP and seed pr...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that analyzed genetic diversity in 15 accessions of Capparis from 10 locations in Turkey using two marker systems: inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphism (IRAP) and seed protein electrophoresis. High levels of polymorphism were detected with both marker types. IRAP revealed 93% polymorphism while seed protein electrophoresis revealed 55.5% polymorphism. The markers clearly delineated between species C. spinosa and C. ovata and showed segregation related to infraspecific status and eco-geographical distribution. A significant correlation was found between IRAP and seed protein profiles, indicating the combination of genomic and proteomic markers can be useful for determining genetic diversity and identifying germpl
Genetic differentiation of Ethiopian and Nigerian village chickenILRI
1. The study examined genetic differentiation between village chicken populations in Ethiopia and Nigeria using genome-wide genotyping data from 52 samples across 14 populations.
2. Principal component and genetic relationship analyses separated Ethiopian and Nigerian chickens, with Ethiopian chickens showing more genetic variation. Some individuals occupied an intermediate position.
3. Incomplete genetic differentiation was observed between countries despite large geographical distances, possibly reflecting a common ancestry or recent commercial introgression. Higher variation within Ethiopian populations supports observed differentiation within countries.
This study aims to determine the genetic components like Vg(Variance of genotype), Vp ( Variance of phenotype), GCV (Genotypic co-efficient of variation), PCV (Phenotypic coefficient of variation), Hb (Heritability) and GA% (Genetic advance in percentage of means) in F2 generation of the cross Nagina x Bushbeef-steak for predicting quantitative traits. Data was collected on P1, P2 F1 and F2 generation for various yield components and were analyzed. Analyzed data showed relatively high difference between, GCV, Vp and PCV for the traits: Flowers/cluster, Fruits/cluster and Fruit weight and relatively low difference was noted for Vg, GCV and Vp, PCV values in the traits: Fruit diameter, Fruit length and fruits/plant. Highest value of GCV (79.90%) and PCV (92.79%) were noted in the trait: yield/plant and the lowest values of GCV (14.68%) and PCV (16.78%) were noted for fruit-length. Highest value (84.08%) of broad sense heritability %(Hb%) was noted in fruit diameter and the lowest value of heritability(27.58) was noted for the trait fruits/cluster. Moderate value of heritability (74.13%) along with low value (15.22) of GA% was noted for yield/plant.
African Oryza species represent a significant source of genetic diversity for rice. However, they remain undercollected and undercharacterized. The region contains eight rice species representing six of the ten known rice genomes. While genetic resources of these species are conserved in various global gene banks, they remain underrepresented in collections and underutilized. Increased collection, characterization using high throughput sequencing, and conservation of African Oryza species is needed to maximize benefits from this genetic diversity and enhance rice improvement.
Influence of foliar fertilizing on stomata parameters in maize leaf (Zea mays...Innspub Net
In this research, the effects of foliar fertilizer Megegreen on stomata parameters of maize leaf (ZP 677) were studied. The experiment was performed on the experimental fields of the Institute of Agriculture, in Skopje, R. of Macedonia, during the 2008 and 2009. The foliar fertilizer was applied four times during the growing period in different concentrations of 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9% solution. Stomata density and size were measured on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surface from randomly selected plants from each replication in stage of silking. Stomata counts were made on the impressions from microscopic fields using the colodium method. Analyses of variance indicated that the application of foliar fertilizer has significant influence on stomata features on corn leaves. Results from research, show higher stomata density on adaxial (176,19-182,32 stomata /mm2) and abaxial surface (289,12-293,12 stomata/mm2) at variants 3 and 4. Variant 3 has the highest stomata length on adaxial surface (59,75 μm), without significant difference and the highest average length on the abaxial surface (63,00 μm), which is significantly different from the control variant. With the highest average width on adaxial leaf surface was variant 4 with 11,56 μm and on the abaxial surface was variant 2, with 13,49 μm. A positive significant correlation was observed between stomata number on the adaxial and abaxial surface of leaf (R2= 0,856**). Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes at B...Premier Publishers
Field experiment was conducted to assess the extent of genetic diversity in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes to identify superior genotypes for further improvement program. A total of forty-nine sesame genotypes were evaluated at Bako and Uke during 2018 cropping season. Data were recorded and analyzed by SAS software. The combined analysis showed significant differences among the genotypes for all traits. Cluster analysis grouped 49 sesame genotypes into four clusters. The highest inter-cluster distance occurred between clusters three and four while the lowest was between clusters one and two. Principal components analysis showed that about 76.1% of the total variations among sesame genotypes were contributed by the first four PCs with eigen values greater than unity. Estimation of phenotypic diversity based on qualitative traits showed seed color and flower color were the highest divergent traits followed by stem color and leaf color. Generally, the result of the study showed existence of significant genetic variability among tested genotypes. Therefore, simple selection of promising genotypes and crossing of highly divergent group to produce best heterotic offspring could be recommended from the present study.
Barley is one of the most important traditional crops in Ethiopia which is a major center of genetic diversity for barley along with other crop plants species. Two hundred seven accessions and 18 released varieties were laid down in 15*15 simple lattice design and planted in 2008 main cropping season (June to Nov) at Kokate. The objective of the study was to conduct the morphological characterization and to determine the nature and degree of variability in morpho- agronomic traits of landrace of barley in southern Ethiopia collections. The proportion of genotypes in kernel row number were 26.6, 15.3, 16.6, 41.5 and 0.4% for two rowed with lateral floret, two rowed deficient, irregular, six rowed with awns on lateral floret and branched heads, respectively. Genotypes with white kernel color (57.5%) and amber (normal) lemma color (50%) were dominant. The highest diversity indices pooled over the characters within zones/ special woredas were recorded for accessions sampled from Dawro (H’= 0.75 ± 0.05) followed by Sheka (H’=0.74 ± 0.07), Gamgofa (H’ =0.70 ± 0.05) and Keffa (H’= 0.70 ± 0.08). These zones can be used for in situ conservation for barley landraces as representatives of southern Ethiopian high lands. The barley genotypes were clustered into five distinct groups of various sizes based on 8 qualitative traits. The estimates of diversity index (H’) for each trait in each of the three altitudinal class has shown that polymorphism was common in varying degrees for most traits, implying the existence of a wide range of variation in the materials.
When breeding diploid potatoes, tetraploid progeny can result from the union of 2n eggs and 2n pollen in 2x-2x crosses. Thirty-three crosses were made to examine tetraploid progeny frequency in 2x-2x crosses. All crosses were between S. tuberosum dihaploids and diploid self-compatible donors, M6 and DRH S6-10-4P17. Using chloroplast counting for ploidy determination, the frequency of tetraploid progeny was as high as 45% in one of the 33 crosses. Based upon single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping, the tetraploid progeny were attributed to bilateral sexual polyploidization (BSP), which is caused by the union of 2n egg and 2n pollen. Dihaploids were identified that produce lower frequencies of 2n eggs. The results of this study suggest that S. tuberosum dihaploids with a high frequency of 2n eggs should be avoided in 2x - 2x crosses for diploid breeding programs.
Genetic Variability for yield in Maize (Zea mays l.) inbred linesFekaduKorsa
This document summarizes an MSc thesis that studied genetic variability in maize inbred lines in central Ethiopia. 25 maize inbred lines were evaluated in a 5x5 triple lattice design trial. A number of agronomic traits were measured including days to tasseling/silking, plant/ear height, leaf characteristics, tassel/ear traits, yield components and grain yield. Analysis of variance showed significant genetic variability for most traits. Estimates of variance components, phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation, heritability and genetic advance were also calculated to understand the genetic potential of the lines for selection and breeding. The study provides useful information on the nature and extent of genetic diversity present in the maize in
Clinicopathological changes induced by heat stress, their resolution by miner...IOSR Journals
This study evaluated genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Monech). Significant differences were found among genotypes for most traits studied. High genetic and phenotypic coefficient of variation was observed for traits like number of branches and disease resistance. Heritability was high for traits like number of branches, fruit length, and days to maturity, indicating less environmental influence. Number of branches and days to maturity showed high heritability and genetic advance, suggesting these traits can be improved through selection. Traits with high genetic variation, heritability and advance can be selected for to develop new okra varieties with improved yield and disease resistance.
The document reviews several studies on eggplant/aubergine variability, heritability, genetic diversity, and performance. One study identified high heritability and genetic advance for fruit and shoot borer infestation, branches, and yield in four interspecific crosses. Another found genetic variation among Ralstonia solanacearum strains isolated from eggplants in the Philippines. A third noted high phenotypic and genotypic variation for traits like fruit length and weight, indicating potential for selection-based improvement.
This study assessed genetic diversity in 23 horse gram accessions. Significant differences were found among accessions for all studied characters, indicating genetic variation. Accessions were grouped into 7 clusters by D2 statistics. Cluster I had 11 genotypes, while clusters III-VII each had 1 genotype. Test weight (8.7%) and seed yield per plant (5.5%) contributed most to divergence. Seedling dry weight (50.99%) contributed most to genetic divergence among seed quality parameters. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between cluster V and VII genotypes, indicating they have the most divergence and should be used as parents for hybridization to obtain better offspring.
This document summarizes a study examining the geographic distribution of cytotypes (ploidy levels) in the grass Andropogon gerardii across North America. The study analyzed 352 individuals from 32 populations using flow cytometry to estimate ploidy. It found the two main cytotypes were hexaploid (6x) and enneaploid (9x). Enneaploids were more common in southern regions with reduced summer precipitation and greater temperature variation, while hexaploids dominated in northern areas. Nearly half of populations contained both cytotypes. The results suggest cytotype distribution is nonrandom and associated with environmental variables, and mixed-ploidy populations may be maintained by recurrent polyploid formation
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This study examined 79 dry crania (55 male and 24 female) from southern Nigeria to determine the incidence and dimensions of single and double hypoglossal canals, and whether these dimensions differ between sexes. Measurements were taken of the internal and external diameters of the hypoglossal canals. The results showed significant differences in all dimensions between males and females. Bilateral single hypoglossal canals were most prevalent. In conclusion, the size of the hypoglossal canal is sex-specific, with significant differences found between males and females in this population.
Evaluation of genetic diversity in pea (Pisum sativum) based on morpho-agrono...Shoaib Ur Rehman
This study evaluated genetic diversity in 128 pea accessions based on 4 qualitative traits (flower color, testa color, cotyledon color, pod shape) and 11 quantitative traits (plant height, total pod number, pods per plant, total pod weight, pod weight per plant, average pod length, width, thickness, seed weight, seed weight per plant, seed index). Principal component analysis revealed that the first two principal components accounted for 55% of the variation. Traits like average pod thickness, length and width were positively correlated with weight per pod. Cotyledon color was negatively correlated with other yield traits. The study identified diverse groups of accessions that could be used as parents in breeding programs to generate transgressive seg
Morphological Characterization and Proximate Analysis of Three Edible Mushroo...Premier Publishers
The study examined the morphological and proximate compositions of three edible mushrooms including Termitomyces clypeatus R. Heim, Lentinus squarrosulus Mont. and Lentinus tigrinus (Bull.) Fr. in Plateau and Kogi States, Nigeria. The collection of the fruiting bodies was done at random during the rainy season (July to September). The fruiting bodies of the macrofungi at the point of collection were photographed on site and the important morphological features were recorded before collection and packaging. The moisture content, protein content, total carbohydrate, ash content, crude fiber and crude fat compositions of the edible mushrooms were determined. T. clypeatus mushroom had a significantly (p≤0.05) higher moisture content (91.67%) and lower crude protein content (2.5%), compared to L. tigrinus and L. squarrosulus. T. clypeatus mushroom had a significantly (p≤0.05) lower crude fiber (2.10%) and crude fat (2.27%) contents, compared to the significantly higher (p≤0.05) crude fiber and crude fat compositions of L. tigrinus and L. squarrosulus. The ash content and carbohydrate content of the mushrooms species ranged from 0.90% to 20.33% and 6.88% to 26.18% respectively. Based on the high nutritional value of the three edible mushrooms assessed, it can thus be inferred that the mushrooms are valuable diet assets.
A new species of porcupine, Coendou speratus, has been discovered in the Atlantic forest of northeastern Brazil. C. speratus is smaller than the similar species C. prehensilis and C. nycthemera. It has tricolored dorsal quills with brownish red tips, unlike the bicolored quills of C. nycthemera. Molecular and morphological analyses distinguish C. speratus as a unique species within the genus Coendou. The discovery adds to knowledge of the biodiversity of the important but threatened Atlantic forest ecosystem.
tomato fruit show wide phenotypic diversity but fruit developmental gene show...Kamal Tyagi
- Researchers analyzed 127 tomato accessions from 20 countries and found extensive diversity in fruit traits, clustering them into 9 classes based on traits like soluble solids, carotenoids, ripening index, weight, and shape.
- They screened 10 genes involved in plant development for SNPs using EcoTILLING and found 36 non-synonymous and 18 synonymous changes, identifying 28 haplotypes. However, genetic diversity in the fruit development genes was low compared to the wide phenotypic diversity observed.
- While fruit shape was found to be a complex trait influenced by multiple factors, 100% variance between round and flat fruits was explained by one discriminant function. The study indicates potential to further exploit the morphological and genetic diversity in the
Heterosis Studies for Agro-morphological and Fiber Quality Traits in Cotton (...Premier Publishers
The present investigation was undertaken to estimate the extent of heterosis for yield, yield related and fiber quality traits designed among 16 parents, 2 testers, 32 hybrids and 4 standard checks developed through line x tester method during 2017 cropping season using 6x9 alpha lattice design. The analysis of variance indicated substantial variability among the experimental material for most yield and fiber quality traits. Mid parent, better parent and standard heterosis estimated in the range between -24.2 to 63.99%, -28.13 to 56.12% and -27.7 to 64.95% for lint yield, respectively. The magnitude of mid and better parent ranged from -24.67 to 55.01% and -25.56 to 50.66% for seed cotton yield, respectively. Moreover, hybrids L9 x T2, L10 x T1, L16 x T1 and L10 x T2 hybrids showed positive and significant standard heterosis of 64.95%, 64.79%, 63.20% and 52.55% over best check variety for lint yield, respectively. A minimum for hybrids L3 x T2, L13 x T2 and L3 x T2 while maximum for hybrids L9 x T2, L9 x T2 and L10 x T1 displayed positive and significant mid and better parent heterosis for seed cotton yield, respectively.
Analysis of some Capparis L. accessions from Turkey based on IRAP and seed pr...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that analyzed genetic diversity in 15 accessions of Capparis from 10 locations in Turkey using two marker systems: inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphism (IRAP) and seed protein electrophoresis. High levels of polymorphism were detected with both marker types. IRAP revealed 93% polymorphism while seed protein electrophoresis revealed 55.5% polymorphism. The markers clearly delineated between species C. spinosa and C. ovata and showed segregation related to infraspecific status and eco-geographical distribution. A significant correlation was found between IRAP and seed protein profiles, indicating the combination of genomic and proteomic markers can be useful for determining genetic diversity and identifying germpl
Genetic differentiation of Ethiopian and Nigerian village chickenILRI
1. The study examined genetic differentiation between village chicken populations in Ethiopia and Nigeria using genome-wide genotyping data from 52 samples across 14 populations.
2. Principal component and genetic relationship analyses separated Ethiopian and Nigerian chickens, with Ethiopian chickens showing more genetic variation. Some individuals occupied an intermediate position.
3. Incomplete genetic differentiation was observed between countries despite large geographical distances, possibly reflecting a common ancestry or recent commercial introgression. Higher variation within Ethiopian populations supports observed differentiation within countries.
This study aims to determine the genetic components like Vg(Variance of genotype), Vp ( Variance of phenotype), GCV (Genotypic co-efficient of variation), PCV (Phenotypic coefficient of variation), Hb (Heritability) and GA% (Genetic advance in percentage of means) in F2 generation of the cross Nagina x Bushbeef-steak for predicting quantitative traits. Data was collected on P1, P2 F1 and F2 generation for various yield components and were analyzed. Analyzed data showed relatively high difference between, GCV, Vp and PCV for the traits: Flowers/cluster, Fruits/cluster and Fruit weight and relatively low difference was noted for Vg, GCV and Vp, PCV values in the traits: Fruit diameter, Fruit length and fruits/plant. Highest value of GCV (79.90%) and PCV (92.79%) were noted in the trait: yield/plant and the lowest values of GCV (14.68%) and PCV (16.78%) were noted for fruit-length. Highest value (84.08%) of broad sense heritability %(Hb%) was noted in fruit diameter and the lowest value of heritability(27.58) was noted for the trait fruits/cluster. Moderate value of heritability (74.13%) along with low value (15.22) of GA% was noted for yield/plant.
African Oryza species represent a significant source of genetic diversity for rice. However, they remain undercollected and undercharacterized. The region contains eight rice species representing six of the ten known rice genomes. While genetic resources of these species are conserved in various global gene banks, they remain underrepresented in collections and underutilized. Increased collection, characterization using high throughput sequencing, and conservation of African Oryza species is needed to maximize benefits from this genetic diversity and enhance rice improvement.
Influence of foliar fertilizing on stomata parameters in maize leaf (Zea mays...Innspub Net
In this research, the effects of foliar fertilizer Megegreen on stomata parameters of maize leaf (ZP 677) were studied. The experiment was performed on the experimental fields of the Institute of Agriculture, in Skopje, R. of Macedonia, during the 2008 and 2009. The foliar fertilizer was applied four times during the growing period in different concentrations of 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9% solution. Stomata density and size were measured on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surface from randomly selected plants from each replication in stage of silking. Stomata counts were made on the impressions from microscopic fields using the colodium method. Analyses of variance indicated that the application of foliar fertilizer has significant influence on stomata features on corn leaves. Results from research, show higher stomata density on adaxial (176,19-182,32 stomata /mm2) and abaxial surface (289,12-293,12 stomata/mm2) at variants 3 and 4. Variant 3 has the highest stomata length on adaxial surface (59,75 μm), without significant difference and the highest average length on the abaxial surface (63,00 μm), which is significantly different from the control variant. With the highest average width on adaxial leaf surface was variant 4 with 11,56 μm and on the abaxial surface was variant 2, with 13,49 μm. A positive significant correlation was observed between stomata number on the adaxial and abaxial surface of leaf (R2= 0,856**). Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes at B...Premier Publishers
Field experiment was conducted to assess the extent of genetic diversity in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes to identify superior genotypes for further improvement program. A total of forty-nine sesame genotypes were evaluated at Bako and Uke during 2018 cropping season. Data were recorded and analyzed by SAS software. The combined analysis showed significant differences among the genotypes for all traits. Cluster analysis grouped 49 sesame genotypes into four clusters. The highest inter-cluster distance occurred between clusters three and four while the lowest was between clusters one and two. Principal components analysis showed that about 76.1% of the total variations among sesame genotypes were contributed by the first four PCs with eigen values greater than unity. Estimation of phenotypic diversity based on qualitative traits showed seed color and flower color were the highest divergent traits followed by stem color and leaf color. Generally, the result of the study showed existence of significant genetic variability among tested genotypes. Therefore, simple selection of promising genotypes and crossing of highly divergent group to produce best heterotic offspring could be recommended from the present study.
Barley is one of the most important traditional crops in Ethiopia which is a major center of genetic diversity for barley along with other crop plants species. Two hundred seven accessions and 18 released varieties were laid down in 15*15 simple lattice design and planted in 2008 main cropping season (June to Nov) at Kokate. The objective of the study was to conduct the morphological characterization and to determine the nature and degree of variability in morpho- agronomic traits of landrace of barley in southern Ethiopia collections. The proportion of genotypes in kernel row number were 26.6, 15.3, 16.6, 41.5 and 0.4% for two rowed with lateral floret, two rowed deficient, irregular, six rowed with awns on lateral floret and branched heads, respectively. Genotypes with white kernel color (57.5%) and amber (normal) lemma color (50%) were dominant. The highest diversity indices pooled over the characters within zones/ special woredas were recorded for accessions sampled from Dawro (H’= 0.75 ± 0.05) followed by Sheka (H’=0.74 ± 0.07), Gamgofa (H’ =0.70 ± 0.05) and Keffa (H’= 0.70 ± 0.08). These zones can be used for in situ conservation for barley landraces as representatives of southern Ethiopian high lands. The barley genotypes were clustered into five distinct groups of various sizes based on 8 qualitative traits. The estimates of diversity index (H’) for each trait in each of the three altitudinal class has shown that polymorphism was common in varying degrees for most traits, implying the existence of a wide range of variation in the materials.
When breeding diploid potatoes, tetraploid progeny can result from the union of 2n eggs and 2n pollen in 2x-2x crosses. Thirty-three crosses were made to examine tetraploid progeny frequency in 2x-2x crosses. All crosses were between S. tuberosum dihaploids and diploid self-compatible donors, M6 and DRH S6-10-4P17. Using chloroplast counting for ploidy determination, the frequency of tetraploid progeny was as high as 45% in one of the 33 crosses. Based upon single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping, the tetraploid progeny were attributed to bilateral sexual polyploidization (BSP), which is caused by the union of 2n egg and 2n pollen. Dihaploids were identified that produce lower frequencies of 2n eggs. The results of this study suggest that S. tuberosum dihaploids with a high frequency of 2n eggs should be avoided in 2x - 2x crosses for diploid breeding programs.
Genetic Variability for yield in Maize (Zea mays l.) inbred linesFekaduKorsa
This document summarizes an MSc thesis that studied genetic variability in maize inbred lines in central Ethiopia. 25 maize inbred lines were evaluated in a 5x5 triple lattice design trial. A number of agronomic traits were measured including days to tasseling/silking, plant/ear height, leaf characteristics, tassel/ear traits, yield components and grain yield. Analysis of variance showed significant genetic variability for most traits. Estimates of variance components, phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation, heritability and genetic advance were also calculated to understand the genetic potential of the lines for selection and breeding. The study provides useful information on the nature and extent of genetic diversity present in the maize in
Clinicopathological changes induced by heat stress, their resolution by miner...IOSR Journals
This study evaluated genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Monech). Significant differences were found among genotypes for most traits studied. High genetic and phenotypic coefficient of variation was observed for traits like number of branches and disease resistance. Heritability was high for traits like number of branches, fruit length, and days to maturity, indicating less environmental influence. Number of branches and days to maturity showed high heritability and genetic advance, suggesting these traits can be improved through selection. Traits with high genetic variation, heritability and advance can be selected for to develop new okra varieties with improved yield and disease resistance.
The document reviews several studies on eggplant/aubergine variability, heritability, genetic diversity, and performance. One study identified high heritability and genetic advance for fruit and shoot borer infestation, branches, and yield in four interspecific crosses. Another found genetic variation among Ralstonia solanacearum strains isolated from eggplants in the Philippines. A third noted high phenotypic and genotypic variation for traits like fruit length and weight, indicating potential for selection-based improvement.
This study assessed genetic diversity in 23 horse gram accessions. Significant differences were found among accessions for all studied characters, indicating genetic variation. Accessions were grouped into 7 clusters by D2 statistics. Cluster I had 11 genotypes, while clusters III-VII each had 1 genotype. Test weight (8.7%) and seed yield per plant (5.5%) contributed most to divergence. Seedling dry weight (50.99%) contributed most to genetic divergence among seed quality parameters. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between cluster V and VII genotypes, indicating they have the most divergence and should be used as parents for hybridization to obtain better offspring.
This document summarizes a study examining the geographic distribution of cytotypes (ploidy levels) in the grass Andropogon gerardii across North America. The study analyzed 352 individuals from 32 populations using flow cytometry to estimate ploidy. It found the two main cytotypes were hexaploid (6x) and enneaploid (9x). Enneaploids were more common in southern regions with reduced summer precipitation and greater temperature variation, while hexaploids dominated in northern areas. Nearly half of populations contained both cytotypes. The results suggest cytotype distribution is nonrandom and associated with environmental variables, and mixed-ploidy populations may be maintained by recurrent polyploid formation
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This study examined the effects of applying compost made from Trichoderma viride APT01 mud cake (compost APT) on apple production in Bumiaji Batu, Indonesia. Apple production in the region had been decreasing due to soil degradation. The study involved applying 10kg and 20kg of compost APT per tree and comparing fruit number and weight to controls with no compost or Bokashi compost. Results showed applying 10kg and 20kg of compost APT increased fruit number by 58.57-67.14% and fruit weight by 74.51-135.91% compared to controls after 3-4 months. The compost application improved soil fertility and availability of nutrients like
This document summarizes the design analysis and testing of an external gear pump developed to deliver 24.55 liters per minute of hydraulic oil. The gears and housing were designed based on available gear design standards and theories to meet the desired flow rate. Testing showed the pump achieved a maximum flow rate of 20 liters per minute with a volumetric efficiency of 81.47%. Flow rate decreased with increasing pressure at a rate of -0.344 liters per meter. The pump was fabricated locally from 0.4% carbon hot-rolled steel.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed
This document summarizes a study investigating the removal of mercury (Hg) from aqueous solutions using mixed mineral sorbents under sulfidic-anoxic conditions. Batch experiments examined the effects of pH, solid concentration, and residence time on Hg sorption by single minerals (kaolinite, montmorillonite, goethite) and their mixtures. Results showed Hg sorption increased linearly with pH up to pH 4 for all systems. Increasing solid concentration did not consistently increase Hg sorption. Extending residence time generally did not increase Hg removal except for kaolinite, montmorillonite. Mineral mixing was found to attenuate Hg sorption compared to theoretical predictions. The behavior is attributed to surface chemistry changes
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
This document describes a novel zero-voltage-switching PWM full bridge converter with reduced distortions. The proposed converter introduces a reset winding in series with the resonant inductance to make the clamping diode current decay rapidly. This reduces conduction losses and allows the clamping diodes to naturally turn off without reverse recovery. The operation principle is analyzed over 8 stages and key waveforms are shown. Experimental results from a 1 kW prototype confirm reduced distortions in the output voltage. In conclusion, the proposed converter provides a simple and effective way to eliminate reverse recovery of clamping diodes compared to traditional full bridge converters.
Analysis of Near-Far Problem using Power Control Technique for GNSS based App...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
This document summarizes an approach for face recognition using local and global features with Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). Local features like eyes, nose, and mouth are extracted from face images and DCT is applied to both the local features and the entire face image (global feature). Recognition rates are calculated and compared for local vs global features. When local and global features are combined, DCT gives a relatively high recognition rate while minimizing the false acceptance rate compared to using only global features. Face normalization is also performed to reduce variations from lighting, orientation, and other factors.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Genetic Variability and Morphological Diversity among Open-Pollinated Maize (...Premier Publishers
A study to characterize and determine the magnitude of genetic variation among 60 open-pollinated maize varieties was conducted at two contrasting locations in Sierra Leone during the 2015 wet cropping season. Results revealed that traits such as grain moisture content, anthesis-silking interval, plant and ear heights, number of ears harvested, field weight and grain yield showed moderate to high values of the components of genetic variation while days to 50% anthesis and silking revealed low values of the components of genetic variation. The first two PCA axes explained 54% of the total variation, of which the first principal component (PC1) accounted for 35% and PC2 contributed 19% of the total variation. The cluster diagram grouped the genotypes into seven main clusters and results suggest that crosses involving clusters I and V with any other clusters would produce segregants with low grain yields while the crosses between clusters IV, VI and VII would be expected to manifest higher heterosis and could result in segregants with higher grain yields. There was significant genetic variability observed among the genotypes evaluated thereby suggest the scope to bring about traits improvement of genotypes through direct selection and hybridization.
Out Crossing, Heterozygosis and Inbreeding with Environments Interaction in R...paperpublications3
Abstract:The progenies of five sorghum heterozygous populations’ cycles were tested under main and off-season on two different environments irrigated and rainfall conditions for their outcrossing, heterozygosity and inbreeding coefficient using SSR markers,the marker combinations were optimized according to their fragment size. Multi-locus outcrossing rate (tm) and average single-locus (ts) outcrossing rates were estimated using the MLTR software, and TFPGA computer program. The outcrossing rate effected directly by the temperature and relative humidity (RH) during the initial flowering period, which the low temperature with high RH under main season is revealed positive increased in outcrossing than off-season. Progenies outcrossing rate revealed same trend with main population outcrossing and the same trend was observed heterozygosity with decreased in inbreeding coefficient. Higher levels in outcrossing rate and heterozygosity was detected under rainfall environment in two based population progenies, but in three advanced population cycles the outcrossing rate was higher under irrigated than rainfed environment. Inbreeding coefficient revealed negative relation with outcrossing rate and heterozygosity in different population’s progenies.
Keyword:environment, recurrent selection, outcrossing, sorghum, progenies.
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance of Kabuli Chickpea (Cic...Premier Publishers
The present study was carried out to assess the extent of genetic variability among yield and yield related traits in selected kabuli chickpea genotypes. Forty-nine kabuli chickpea genotypes were studied for thirteen traits at Debre Zeit and Akaki using 7x7 simple lattice design in 2018 cropping season. Combined analysis of variance revealed that there was a significant difference among genotypes for all traits studied, indicating the presence of considerable amount of variability among genotypes. High Phenotypic coefficients of variation and moderate genotypic coefficients of variation value were shown for number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant, respectively, indicating the possibility of genetic improvement in selection of these traits. High broad sense heritability coupled with high genetic advance were obtained for hundred-seed weight (91.88 and 23.81), number of pods per plant (68.07 and 28.13), number of secondary branches (80.92 and 27.80), number of seeds per plant (67.86 and 31.840), grain yield (62.33 and 24.42) and harvest index (75.70 and 28.17), respectively. This indicates that these characters could be improved easily through selection.
Genetic characterization of morphological and yield traits in ten genotypes of Celosia argentea L. was evaluated
at the Research Farm of the Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The experiment was laid out
in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The results of analysis of variance carried out on
early morphological characters of C. argentea L. at 3, 4, and 5weeks after sowing showed significant
(p<0.05 /><0.01) effects except for number of leaves per plant and leaf width at 3 and 5 weeks after sowing,
respectively. The replicates in blocks produced varying observable effects on the genotypes while genotype x
replicate showed significant variation on morpho-agronomic and yield traits except number of days to flowering
at 50 days and fruit length at maturity. Also, from the result of the mean separation, it is shown that
NG/MAY/09/015 performed the best for plant height at flowering, leaf length at flowering, leaf width at
flowering, and root biomass. NG/SA/07/213 produced the highest mean values of number of flowers per plant,
leaf biomass and pod weight at maturity. The highest values of number of primary branches and fruit length at
maturity (FLM) were observed for NG/TO/MAY/09/015, while NG/AO/MAY/09/015 had the highest for pod
weight at maturity. The result of principal component axis also showed that Prin 1 accounted for highest Eigen
Vector of 38.62% from the total variation. NG/MAY/09/015 (R2) genotype produced the highest Eigen Vector
of 6.705 from Prin 1. The correlation result showed that plant height had a significant positive association with
seed weight at maturity, pod weight at maturity, number of primary branches and fruit length at maturity, while
similar association existed between leaf biomass, number of primary branches and pod weight at maturity, as
well as between plant height at flowering and pod weight at maturity. Again, the number of primary branches is
also positive and significantly correlated with plant height, root biomass and leaf length. Furthermore, the
results of dendrogram and minimum spanning tree revealed variations in genetic relatedness and distance,
respectively, which exist among the population of the C. argentea L.
Out Crossing, Heterozygosis and Inbreeding with Environments Interaction in R...paperpublications3
Abstract:The progenies of five sorghum heterozygous populations’ cycles were tested under main and off-season on two different environments irrigated and rainfall conditions for their outcrossing, heterozygosity and inbreeding coefficient using SSR markers,the marker combinations were optimized according to their fragment size. Multi-locus outcrossing rate (tm) and average single-locus (ts) outcrossing rates were estimated using the MLTR software, and TFPGA computer program. The outcrossing rate effected directly by the temperature and relative humidity (RH) during the initial flowering period, which the low temperature with high RH under main season is revealed positive increased in outcrossing than off-season. Progenies outcrossing rate revealed same trend with main population outcrossing and the same trend was observed heterozygosity with decreased in inbreeding coefficient. Higher levels in outcrossing rate and heterozygosity was detected under rainfall environment in two based population progenies, but in three advanced population cycles the outcrossing rate was higher under irrigated than rainfed environment. Inbreeding coefficient revealed negative relation with outcrossing rate and heterozygosity in different population’s progenies.
Comparative genomics involves comparing the genetic material and genome sequences of different species to understand evolution, gene function, and disease. For cereals like wheat, rice, maize, and barley, comparative genomics has revealed conserved gene order and colinearity between species, helping to map genes. While rice has a small genome and was fully sequenced first, studies compare features across cereal genomes of different sizes to understand genome structure and evolution in grasses. Comparative genomics is improving our ability to predict gene function and location in related species.
Study of Genotypic and Phenotypic Correlation among 20 Accessions of Nigerian...IOSRJAVS
Morphological techniques were used to evaluate the diversity in 20 cowpea accessions collected from some parts of Nigeria for two years (2007 and 2008) at Ibadan, South Western Nigeria. Correlation analysis was employed to show the relationships among the traits. Similarly, genotypic and phenotypic variances, genotypic coefficients of variation, heritability and expected genetic advance were estimated for the twelve traits in cowpea for each season. This study shows that for cowpea yield improvement, number of main branches, pod numbers, pods per plant, pods per peduncle and seeds per pod should be part of the selection criteria.
Genetic Variability, Heritability And Genetic Advance For Vegetable Yield And...Premier Publishers
The present study was carried out to estimate the genetic variability for vegetable yield and yield-related traits among Ethiopian kale accessions. The experiment was carried out using 7x7 simple lattice design at Debre zeit Agricultural Research Center during 2017 main cropping season. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences (p<0.01) among accessions for all traits except days to second leaf picking. High genotypic coefficient of variation and phenotypic coefficient of variation were estimated for the number of leaves per plant, fresh leaf weight, dry leaf matter content, fresh biomass and leaf yield. High broad sense heritability coupled with high Genetic advance as the percent of mean were obtained for the number of leaves per plant, fresh leaf weight, dry leaf matter content, leaf width, leaf petiole length, leaf petiole thickness, fresh biomass and leaf yield. It can be concluded that variation generated for these traits is mainly due to genetic and moderate role of environmental factors and these were the most important for selection criteria in developing high yielding Ethiopian kale accession. In general, the present study revealed the presence of variability among accession for most studied traits.
Genetic Variability and Multivariate Analysis in Indigenous and Exotic Sesame...Premier Publishers
The productivity of sesame in Ethiopia is below the world average due to lack of high yielding improved varieties. Understanding of genetic variability of characters becomes essential. Therefore, this study was conducted to estimate the
extent of genetic variation among yield and 19 yield components. One hundred sesame genotypes were evaluated in 10x10 triple lattice design at Werer during 2017 and 2018. The combined analysis of variance showed that the genotypes differed significantly. Higher phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were observed for shattering resistance, whereas plant height, number of capsules per plant, harvest index and seed yield showed medium values. High heritability coupled with moderate to high genetic advance were observed for shattering resistance, plant height, capsule per plant, harvest
index and seed yield. The present study revealed that to increase sesame seed yield, the genotypes should possess a
greater number of capsules, shattering resistance and high harvest index, which known to be important yield contributing
characters and selection based on these characters would be most effective. The D2 analysis exhibited the group of
genotypes into seven clusters. Assessment of sesame genetic resources with molecular markers assisted breeding should be
considered in the future.
Agromorphological Diversity Among Popcorn (Zea Mays. Everta) Landraces Grown ...Sandra Long
This document summarizes research on the agromorphological diversity of 39 popcorn landraces from Zambia. Fifteen traits were evaluated over two growing seasons. Significant variability was found among landraces for traits like days to anthesis, days to silking, anthesis-silking interval, 100 seed weight, ear height and plant height. Principal component analysis identified these traits as most important for diversity. Genetic distance was low on average but some landraces like ZMP 1932 showed higher differentiation. Cluster analysis grouped landraces into seven clusters based mainly on traits like anthesis-silking interval and seed weight. Overall, ZMP 1932 and ZMP 1902 displayed relatively high genetic diversity and could be used in
Investigation of Correlation Coefficient for Forage and Grain Yield with Rela...Premier Publishers
Oat (Avena sativa L.) is a staple worldwide in both human and animal nutrition. It is mainly grown for livestock, depending on its grain and forage yield in Turkey. This study was based on defining correlation coefficients of some oat genotypes (nine lines and three cultivars) in Konya, Turkey, among fodder and grain yields, and their components. The experimental design of this study was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The correlations were analyzed after harvesting at milk to dough period. The findings illustrated that there was a significant positive correlation between green fodder yield and leaf weights in ten stems, and grain yield and the number of panicles stems per square meter. The highest negative correlations was found between green fodder yield and the number of panicles stems per square meter, and grain yield and 50% flowering periods in addition to green fodder yield. This research suggests that the number of panicles stems per square meter and dry fodder yield would be selection criteria for grain yield. The number of leaves per stem, the number of nodes, and plant height would also be considered for green fodder yield by oat breeders in their program in Anatolia.
This document provides details about a proposed study on genetic variability and diversity in okra. The study will analyze 30 okra genotypes to determine genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation and path coefficients between yield and other traits. It will also assess genetic divergence among genotypes. The study aims to identify diverse parents for hybridization and develop superior genotypes. It will be conducted in 2021 at the Research Farm of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India using a randomized block design. Observations will be recorded for 12 traits related to plant growth, flowering, fruit characteristics and yield.
The document summarizes research on the process of domestication in plants. It discusses how domestication began around 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent region and led to the development of agriculture. Key traits selected for during domestication included larger fruit and seed sizes, loss of natural seed dispersal and shattering, and reduced branching, known as the domestication syndrome. The document then focuses on genes related to domestication syndrome that have been identified in tomato, including those related to fruit shape and size. It also discusses genes responsible for preventing seed shattering, finding many of the same genes have been conserved across different domesticated cereal crops.
This document summarizes a study on the indigenous knowledge of traditional fermented enset product preparation and utilization in Gedeo Zone, Ethiopia. It describes the major steps in enset processing including selection of mature plants, surface fermentation preparation, pulverization, decortication, and bulla extraction. It notes that 49.24% of respondents were male and 50.56% female, mostly from the Gedeo ethnic group. Common enset clones used were identified based on fast fermentation, quality, medicinal properties, drought resistance and yield. The document concludes that understanding these traditional practices and documenting the indigenous knowledge is important.
Heritabiliy studies in some sweet sorghum (sorghum bicolor. l. moench) genotypesAlexander Decker
This study estimated heritability in 30 genotypes of sweet sorghum. It found high heritability (>69%) for 8 traits including plant height, number of nodes, number of leaves, grain yield, and sugar content, indicating these traits are strongly influenced by genotype. Moderate heritability (55.9%) was observed for 1000 grain weight. Low heritability (1.5%) was observed for head weight. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were also calculated, with sugar content, grain yield, and plant height showing high GCV (>22%), indicating good potential to respond to selection.
Population dynamics of ground dwelling spider genera among mustard cropInnspub Net
The present study was designed to record the distribution of ground dwelling spider genera among mustard crop at Okara district. Sampling was made from Brassica compestris crop through pitfall traps. Equal number of traps were placed in three rows e.g. along the boundary, middle of the field and centre of the field. Each trap was filled with mixture solution of alcohol and glycerin (70:30%) along with few drops of kerosene oil. After 5 days interval sample traps was collected and spider specimens were washed with distilled water and permanently stored in labeled glass vials, and brought into the Pest Control Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Thereafter, each spider specimen was identified according to the taxonomic material and internet source. Identified data was analyzed statistically to quantify their spatial distribution. Maximum spatial distribution of spider population was documented in middle transect than boundary and centre of the mustard crop. It was also observed that temperature, humidity and prey availability were the major factors that effecting the spider population. Population variations were recorded during the months of February, March and April in 2015, due to rise of temperature, decrease of humidity and availability of prey. Conclusively, spiders have some correlation with suitable local conditions or habitat. More over, spiders are cost effective, functionally significant and play important role in regulating decomposer population. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/jbes/population-dynamics-of-ground-dwelling-spider-genera-among-mustard-crop/
Genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, genetic advance as percen...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on the genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, and character associations of 49 Ethiopian mustard landraces. The study found significant genetic variability among the accessions for all traits measured. Traits like seed yield, oil yield, and plant height showed high genotypic and phenotypic variation, indicating potential for selection. Heritability was highest for thousand seed weight, days to flowering, stand percent, and oil quality traits. Positive correlations were found between seed yield and traits like oil content, oil yield, plant height and seed yield per plant. Primary branches and oil yield showed direct positive effects on seed yield per plot. Seed yield, oil content, oil yield and primary branches were determined to be
Examining the spatial distribution pattern and optimum sample size for monito...AI Publications
The white mango scale insect, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is one of the most destructive pests of mango trees in Egypt. The main objective of the present work is to estimate the spatial distribution pattern and minimum sample size for monitoring populations of A. tubercularis on six different cultivars of mango through the two successive years of 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 at Esna district, Luxor Governorate, Egypt. Data on the indices of distribution and Taylor’s and Iwao’s regression analyses indicate significant aggregation behaviour during each year in all the tested cultivars of mango trees, that may be caused by environmental heterogeneity. The regression models of Taylor’s power law (b) and Iwao’s patchiness (β) were both significantly >1, indicating that A. tubercularis had an aggregation distribution with a negative binomial distribution during each year in all the tested mango cultivars. The Iwao regression coefficients were used to determine the optimum sample size required to estimate populations at three fixed precision levels. The optimum size decreased with increased density in all levels of precision (5, 10 and 15%) in all tested mango cultivars. These can be deployed to develop a sampling plan to estimate the population density accurately. Results suggesting that the optimum sample size was flexible and the precision levels of 5 and 10% were suitable for ecological or insect behavioral studies of A. tubercularis where a higher level of precision is required, whereas, for pest management programs, a 15% level would be acceptable. Furthermore, the distribution, different mango cultivars, and sampling protocol presented here could be used as a tool for future research on pest management methods for this pest.
Knowledge of the magnitude of genetic variability, heritability and genetic gains in selection of desirable characters could assist the plant breeder in ascertaining criteria to be used for the breeding programmes. Ten open pollinated maize varieties were evaluated at the Teaching and Research farm, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, during 2005 and 2006 cropping seasons to estimate genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance of grain yield and its component characters. The effect of genotype and genotype by year interaction were significant for ear weight and grain yield, while the effect of year was highly significant (P< 0.01) for all the characters. High magnitude of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variations as well as high heritability along with high genetic advance recorded for grain yield, number of grains ear-1, ear weight, plant and ear heights provides evidence that these parameters were under the control of additive gene effects and effective selection could be possible for improvement for these characters. Tze Comp3 C2, Acr 94 Tze Comp5, Tze Comp 4-Dmr Srbc2 and Acr 90 Pool 16-Dt were identified as outstanding genotypes for maize grain yield and should be tested at multilocation for their yield performance.
Impact of climate on seed morphology and plant growth of Caesalpinia bonduc L...Innspub Net
This study evaluated the impact of climate on seed morphology and plant growth of Caesalpinia bonduc L. in West Africa. Four seed morphotypes were identified based on seed traits like color, length, width, thickness and weight. Morphotypes 1 and 3 consisted mainly of green seeds from the Sudanian zone, while morphotypes 2 and 4 consisted mainly of grey seeds from the Guinean zone. Morphotype 3, with the largest green seeds from the Sudanian zone, showed superior seedling and plant growth compared to the other morphotypes. The results indicate that climate shapes the morphology of C. bonduc seeds and that morphotype 3 is best suited for propagation due to its growth performance.
Experimental Investigation of a Household Refrigerator Using Evaporative-Cool...inventy
The objective of this paper was to investigate experimentally the effect of Evaporative-cooled condenser in a household refrigerator. The experiment was done using HCF134a as the refrigerant. The performance of the household refrigerator with air-cooled and Evaporative-cooled condenser was compared for different load conditions. The results indicate that the refrigerator performance had improved when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser on all load conditions. Evaporativecooled condenser reduced the energy consumption when compared with the air-cooled condenser. There was also an enhancement in coefficient of performance (COP) when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser. The Evaporative cooled heat exchanger was designed and the system was modified by retrofitting it, instead of the conventional air-cooled condenser by making drop wise condensation using water and forced circulation over the condenser. From the experimental analysis it is observed that the COP of evaporative cooled system increased by 13.44% compared to that of air cooled system. So the overall efficiency and refrigerating effect is increased. In minimum constructional, maintenance and running cost, the system is much useful for domestic purpose. This study also revealed that combining a evaporative cooled system along with conventional water cooled system under the condition that the defrost water obtained from the freezer is used for drop wise condensation over condenser and water cooled condensation of the condenser at the bottom using remaining defrost water would reduce the power consumption, work done and hence further increase in refrigerating effect of the system. The study has shown that such a system is technically feasible and economically viable
Copper Strip Corrossion Test in Various Aviation Fuelsinventy
This research work takes in to account of corrosiveness test on various aviation fuels in the state of Telengana (India). The purpose of this experiment is to determine the corrosiveness test of fuels. This determination will be accomplished by using copper strip corrosion test by using the copper strip experiment we can determine the corrosive property of the fuel and hence the efficiency of fuel. The research covers the importance of knowing the corrosive property of different petroleum fuels including aviation turbine fuel.
Additional Conservation Laws for Two-Velocity Hydrodynamics Equations with th...inventy
1) The document presents differential identities connecting velocities, pressure, and body force in two-velocity hydrodynamics equations where the pressure in each component is in equilibrium.
2) It summarizes previous work that derived conservation laws and differential equations for two-velocity hydrodynamic systems. Additional conservation laws are derived for these types of systems.
3) The key results are theorems that present differential identities relating the module and direction of a vector field. These identities can be considered additional conservation laws for two-velocity hydrodynamics equations with a single pressure.
Comparative Study of the Quality of Life, Quality of Work Life and Organisati...inventy
People’s lives are increasingly centred on work; they spend at least one-third of their time within the organisations that employ them. Investigating the factors that interfere with employees’ well-being and the organisational environment is becoming an increasing concern in organisations. This article identifies the criteria of the quality of life (QoL), quality of working life (QWL) and organisational climate instruments to point out their similarities. For bibliographic construction and data research, articles were sought in national and international journals, books and dissertations/articles in SciELO, Science Direct, Medline and Pub Med databases. The results show direct relationships amongst QoL, QWL and organisational climate instruments. The relationship between QoL and QWL instruments is based on fair compensation, social interaction, organisational communication, working conditions and functional capacity. QWL and organisational climate instruments are related through social interaction and interfaces. QoL and organisational climate instruments are related based on social interaction, organisational communication, and work conditions.
A Study of Automated Decision Making Systemsinventy
The decision making process of many operations are dependent on analysing very large data sets, previous decisions and their results. The information generated from the large data sets are used as an input for making decisions. Since the decisions to be taken in day to day operations are expanding, the time taken for manual decision making is also expanding. In order to reduce the time, cost and to increase the efficiency and accuracy, which are the most important things for customer satisfaction, many organisations are adopting the automated decision making systems. This paper is about the technologies used for automated decision making systems and the areas in which automated decisions systems works more efficiently and accurately.
Crystallization of L-Glutamic Acid: Mechanism of Heterogeneous β -Form Nuclea...inventy
The mechanism of heterogeneous nucleation of β-form L-glutamic acid was deeply investigated in cooling crystallization. The present study found that the β-form crystals were epitaxially grown on the α-form crystals and they were preferably crystallized on the (011) and (001) surfaces instead of the (111) surfaces of α- form crystals. This result was explained via the molecular simulation. The molecular simulation indicated that the different surfaces of α-form crystals provided different functional groups, resulting in different sites for the heterogeneous nucleation of β-form crystals. Here, the functional group were COO- , C=O and O-H on the (011) and (001) surfaces of α-form crystals, respectively, while it was the NH3 + on the (111) surfaces of α-form crystals. As such, the degree of lattice matching (E) between the β-form crystals and the various surfaces of α- form crystal was distinguished, where the degree of lattice matching (E) between the β-form crystals and the (011), (001) and (111) surfaces of α-form crystal were estimated as 5.30, 5.25 and 2.39, respectively, implying that the (011) and (001) surfaces of α-form crystal were more favorable to generate the heterogeneous nucleation of β-form crystals than the (111) surfaces of α-form crystal
Evaluation of Damage by the Reliability of the Traction Test on Polymer Test ...inventy
In recent decades, polymers have undergone a remarkable historical development and their use has been greatly imposed by gradually dethroning most of the secular materials. These polymer materials have always distinguished themselves by their simple shaping and inexpensive price, their versatility, lightness, and chemical stability but despite their massive use in everyday life as well as in advanced technologies. Generally, these materials still not understood which requires a thorough knowledge of their chemical, physical, rheological and mechanical properties. This paper, we study the mechanical behavior of an amorphous polymer: Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene “ABS” by means of uniaxial tensile testing on pierced test pieces with different notch lengths ranging between 1 to 14mm.The proposed approach consists in analyzing the evolution of the global geometry of the obtained strain curves by taking into account the zones and characteristic points of these curves as well as the effect of the damage on the mechanical behavior of the polymer ABS, in order to visualize the evolution of the damage by a static model
Application of Kennelly’model of Running Performances to Elite Endurance Runn...inventy
: The model of Kennelly between distance (Dlim) and exhaustion time (tlim) has been applied to the individual performances of 19 elite endurance runners (World-record holders and Olympic winners) from P. Nurmi (1920-1924) to M. Farah (2012) whose individual best performances on several different distances are known. Kennelly’s model (Dlim = k tlim ) can describe the individual performances of elite runners with a high accuracy (errors lower than 2 %). There is a linear relationship between parameters k and exponents of the elite runners and the extreme values correspond to S. Coe (k = 15.8; = 0.851) and E. Zatopek (k = 6.57; = 0.984). Exponent can be considered as a dimensionless index of aerobic endurance which is close to 1 in the best endurance runners. If it is assumed than maximal aerobic speed can be maintained 7 min in elite endurance runners, exponent is equal to the normalized critical speed (critical speed/maximal aerobic speed) computed from exhaustion times equal to 3 and 12.5 min in these runners.
Development and Application of a Failure Monitoring System by Using the Vibra...inventy
In this project, a failure monitoring system is developed by using the vibration and location information of balises in railway signaling. A lot of field equipment in railway are loosening and broken in time period so that they need maintenance due to the vibrations that occur due to high speed trains traffic and railway vehicles impact. Among the field equipment, balises have very important role of communication in terms of transmitting information to trains. In this scope, it is aimed to make maintenance works more efficient, have no delayed trains, detect previously failure location and intervene in failure timely, by detecting and controlling balise cases such as loosening, out of place and the data consistency error that happens because of balise physical state. In this project, the communication is provided with I2C, Modbus RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) and RS485 standards by using Arduino Uno cards and MPU6050 IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) sensors in laboratory. Each used sensors are in slave mode and computer interface designed with C# is in master mode. Fault situations in the system are checked instant by the interface. (it is assumed to mount the IMU sensor and the Arduino circuit on the balise) it is seen that the interface responds to the sensor movements instant and the system works well in the end of test processes.
The Management of Protected Areas in Serengeti Ecosystem: A Case Study of Iko...inventy
This document summarizes a study that assessed the management of protected areas in Serengeti ecosystem, using Ikorongo and Grumeti Game Reserves as a case study. The study aimed to identify natural resource management strategies used, examine their impacts and hindrances, and identify ways to improve performance. It found that strategies have successfully reduced poaching by 96% and improved community relations. However, challenges remain like loss of life/property from wildlife conflicts and lack of access to water sources. The study concluded strategies have been fairly sustainable but need more participatory local approaches and benefit sharing to achieve collaborative management across the ecosystem. It recommended solutions like equitable benefit sharing, more funding, non-lethal deterrents, and strengthened
Size distribution and biometric relationships of little tunny Euthynnus allet...inventy
This study is taken from data of commercial fishing of the little tunny, Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque, 1810) caught in the Algerian coast, sampled between november 2011 and april 2016. Data were collected in order to determine size distributions of the population and biometric relationships of species including the size - weight relationships. A total of 601 fish ranged from 30.9 and 103 cm fork length (FL) were observed. The size distribution of Euthynnus alletteratus shows multiple modal values witch the most important cohort corresponds to the age class 2 (42-46 cm). The value of the allometric coefficient (b) of the FL/TW relationship is lower than 3, indicating a negative allometric growth.
Removal of Chromium (VI) From Aqueous Solutions Using Discarded Solanum Tuber...inventy
Industrial polluting effluents containing heavy metals are of serious environmental concern in India. Chromium is frequently used in industries like electroplating, metal finishing, cooling towers, dyes, paints, anodizing and leather tanning and is found as traces in effluents finding their way to natural water bodies causing hazardous toxicity to the health of humans, animals and aquatic lives directly or indirectly. Many methods for the removal of Chromium such as chemical reduction, precipitation, ion exchange, electrochemical reduction, evaporation, reverse osmosis and adsorption using activated carbon etc. have been reported but all being expensive and complicated to operate. Experimental practices reveal that adsorption by agricultural and horticultural wastes are quite simple, inexpensive and efficient method. Agra is famous for Potato farming, a lot of discarded potato waste from cold storages is thrown along road side drains causing solid waste generated which either creates solid waste disposal problem or otherwise it finds way to Yamuna river resulting high BOD and posing a serious threat to the aquatic environment. For developing countries like India adsorption studies using discarded potato (Solanum tuberosum) waste from cold storages (DPWC) a solid waste as low cost adsorbent for Chromium removal was dual beneficial i.e., an ideal solution to these solid wastes disposal problem of Agra and removal of Chromium from tannery effluents and thereby saving aquatic life from Chromium contamination in Yamuna river. Keeping this in view batch experiments were designed to study the feasibility of discarded potato waste from cold storages to remove chromium (VI) from the aqueous solutions. During the study various affecting parameters, such as pH, adsorbent does, initial concentration, temperature, contact time, adsorbent grain size and start up agitation speed were optimized as 5.0, 10-20 g/l, 50 mg/l, 250C, 135 minutes, average size and 80 rpm respectively on chromium removal efficiency. Various Isotherms such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin also fitted suitably and various corresponding constants determined from these Isotherms favor and support the adsorption. Thermodynamic constants ∆G, ∆H and ∆S were found to be 0.267 KJ/mole, 0.288 KJ/mole and 0.0013 KJ/mole respectively.
Effect of Various External and Internal Factors on the Carrier Mobility in n-...inventy
The effect of various external (temperature, electric field, light) and intracrystalline (doping, initial resistivity) factors on the mobility of carriers in layered n-InSe semiconductor experimentally have been investigated. Scientific explanations of the results are proposed
Transient flow analysis for horizontal axial upper-wind turbineinventy
This study is to carry out a transient flow field analysis on the condition that the wind turbine is working to generate turbine, the wind turbine operating conditions change over time, Purpose of this study is try to find out the rule from the wind turbine changing over time . In transient analysis, the wind velocity on inlet boundary and rotation speed in the rotor field will change over time, and an analytical process is provided that can be used for future reference. At present, the wind turbine model is designed on the concept of upwind horizontal axis type. The computer engineering software GH Bladed is used to obtain the relationship between the rotor velocity and the wind turbine. Then the ANSYS engineering software is used to calculate the stress and strain distribution in the blades over time. From the analytical result, the relationship between the stress distribution in the blades and the rotor velocity is got to be used as a reference for future wind turbine structural optimization.
Choice of Numerical Integration Method for Wind Time History Analysis of Tall...inventy
Wind tunnel tests are being performed routinely around the world for designing tall buildings but the advent of powerful computational tools will make time-history analysis for wind more common in near future. As the duration of wind storms ranges from tens of minutes to hours while earthquake durations are typically less than a three to four minutes, the choice of a time step size (Δt) for wind studies needs to be much larger both to reduce the computational time and to save disk space. As the error in any numerical solution of the equation of motion is dependent on step size (Δt), careful investigations on the choice of numerical integration methods for wind analyses are necessary. From a wide variety of integration methods available, it was decided to investigate three methods that seem appropriate for 3D-time history analysis of tall buildings for wind. These are modal time history analysis, the Hilber-Hughes-Taylor (HHT) method or α-method with α=- 0.1, and the Newmark method with β=0.25 and γ=0.5 ( i.e., trapezoidal rule). SAP2000, a common structural analysis software tool, and a 64-story structure are used to conduct all the analyses in this paper. A boundary layer wind tunnel (BLWT) pressure time history measured at 120 locations around the building envelope of a similar structure is used for the analyses. Analyses performed with both the HHT and Newmark-method considering P-delta effects show that second order effects have a considerable impact on both displacement and acceleration response. This result shows that it is necessary to account P-delta effect for wind analysis of tall buildings. As the direct integration time history analysis required very large computation times and very large computer physical memory for a wind duration of hours, a modal analysis with reduced stiffness is considered as a good alternative. For that purpose, a non-linear static analysis of the structure with a load combination of 1.0D + 1.0L is performed in SAP2000 and the reduced stiffness of the structure after the analysis is used to conduct an eigenvalue analysis to extract the mode shapes and frequencies of this structure. Then the first 20- modes are used to perform a modal time history analysis for wind load. The result shows that the responses from modal analysis with “20-mode (reduced stiffness)” are comparable with that from the P-Δ analyses of Newmark-method
Impacts of Demand Side Management on System Reliability Evaluationinventy
This summary provides an overview of the impacts of demand side management (DSM) techniques on power system reliability in Saudi Arabia:
1. DSM techniques like load shifting can improve power system reliability by transferring load from peak to off-peak periods, reducing peak demand and allowing generators to operate more efficiently.
2. The study models load shifting and adding renewable energy sources to the Riyadh power system and calculates reliability indices like loss of load probability (LOLP) and expected energy not served (EENS) to analyze the impacts on reliability.
3. Preliminary results show load shifting can reduce peak demand and renewable energy from solar and wind can further contribute to reliability by providing generation during peak periods.
Reliability Evaluation of Riyadh System Incorporating Renewable Generationinventy
In this paper, the experience of Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) in analyzing the generation adequacy for Year 2013 is presented. This analysis is conducted by calculating several reliability indices for Riyadh system hourly load during all four seasonal periods. The reliability indices are gauged against the international utility practice. SEC also plans to introduce renewable energy into the network in order to secure the environmental standards and reduce fuel costs of conventional generation. Thus, the reliability improvement due to different integration levels of Solar and Wind generating sources has also been investigated. The capacity value provided by these variable renewable energy sources (VERs) to reliably meet the system load has been calculated using effective load carrying capability (ELCC) technique with a loss of load expectancy metric.
The effect of reduced pressure acetylene plasma treatment on physical charact...inventy
The capacitors are increasingly being used as energy storage devicesin various power systems. The scientists of the world are tryingto maximize the electrical capacity of the supercapacitors. To achieve this purpose, numerous method sare used: the surface activation of electrodes, the surface etching using the electronbeam, the electrode etching with variousgasplasma, etc. The purpose of this work is toresearch how the properties of carbon electrodes depend on the plasma parameters at whichtheywere formed. The largest surface area ofcarbonelectrodeof47.25m2 /gis obtainedat 15 ofAr/C2H2gasratio. Meanwhile, theSEMimages show that the disruption of structures with low bond energies and the formation of new onesare taking place when the carbon electrodes are etched at acetylene plasma and placed on carbon electrode. The measurements of capacitance showthat capacitors with affectedelectrodes have about10-15% highercapacity than those not treated with acetyleneplasma.
Experimental Investigation of Mini Cooler cum Freezerinventy
In general cases the refrigerator could be converted into an air conditioner by attaching a fan. Thus a cooler as well as freezer is obtained in a single set up. The freezer can be converted to an air conditioner when the outside air is allowed to flow beside the cooling coil and is forced outside by an exhaust fan. In this case a mini scale cooler cum freezer using R134a as refrigerant was fabricated and tested In our mini project work we had designed, fabricated and experimentally analysed a mini cooler cum freezer. From the observations and calculations, the results of mini cooler cum freezer are obtained and are compared.
Growth and Magnetic properties of MnGeP2 thin filmsinventy
We have successfully grown MnGeP2 thin films on GaAs (100) substrate. A ferromagnetic transition near 320 K has been observed by temperature dependent magnetization and resistance measurements. Field dependent magnetization experiments have shown that the coercive fields at 5, 250, and 300 K are 3870, 1380 and 155 Oe, respectively. Magnetoresistance and Hall measurements have displayed that hole conduction is dominant in MnGeP2. PACS: 75.50.Pp, 75.70.-i, 85.70.-w, 73.50.-h
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
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D042021027
1. Research Inventy: International Journal Of Engineering And Science
Vol.4, Issue 2 (February 2014), PP 21-27
Issn(e): 2278-4721, Issn(p):2319-6483, www.researchinventy.com
21
The Kinship Analysis of 10 Corn (Zea Mays L.) Populations
through Morphological Characteristics in the City of Tidore
Islands North Mollucas Province
Jailan Sahil 1
, Nuraini Sirajudin 2
1,2,
Biology Education Program, Khairun University, Ternate
ABSTRACT: The existence of corns is one of the major commodity crops in Indonesia in terms of aspects of
the exploitation and utilization of the products, namely both as food and feed. The opportunities for corn
development in the North Mollucas Province to support national food security are prospective as it is supported
by the availability of extensive dry land as well as the technology. This study aims to determine the differences
in the characters of morphology, similarity index value and clusters (groups) formed in 10 populations of corns
(Zea mays L.) in Tidore Islands of North Mollucas Province. The data were collected through descriptions
technique, phylogeny analysis to 10 corn populations based on the morphological characters, both generative
and vegetative organs. Based on the results of a study to the 10 corn populations, it was found a number of
characters from a population of 49 character traits of the general and special corn plants. This shows that the
morphological characters of the observed corns that some of which are highly related in terms of their fenotips.
In terms of the cluster similarity (group) populations (3, 4, and 8), those corn plants have high similarity, so it is
hard to be differenciated in the level of similarity. The cluster population that has very high similarity index
values are those in the population (3, 4, and 8) with the similarity index value of = 87.21 % obtained from the
Tadupi, Lola, and Koli villages; this population similarity index values is approaching 100 %. Based on the
analysis of the dendogram, it was obtained the widest similarity in cluster population 2 derived from Yehu
village. The similarity index value of this population group is very low, amounting to = 61.17 %.
KEYWORDS: kinship, corn population, morphological characters, Tidore Islands.
I. BACKGROUND
A corn (Zea mays L.) is the second carbohydrate food source, just after rice. In addition, the corn has
been used as fodder (feed) as well as for industrial raw materials. The utilization of corns as feed ingredient for
poultry shows the tendency of increasing in every year, with the increase rate of more than 20%. On the other
hand, the utilization of the corns as food ingredients decreases. Unlike with soy, in terms of of self-sufficiency
in corn production actually has been fulfilled here. However, due to the continuing demand so that we should
import it, even though at any certain moment it is exported (Adisarwanto and Widyastuti, 2004).According to
Susanto and Srappa (2005), corn is one of the major commodity crops in Indonesia in terms of both the
exploitation aspect and utilization of the products, namely as food and feed Corn that needs to meet the needs of
both domestic and international emand until 2010 is still very large. The development of corn opportunities in
the North Mollucas Province to support national food security is prospective because as it is supported by the
availability of extensive dry land and the technology.
According to Sembiring (2007), the difference in genetic characterisics is one of the causes of plant
diversity. The other factor such as the conditions of the environment which vary from one place to the others, in
which the plants will need special crtain condition, may also cause the plant or species diversity. Phenotype is
the interaction between the genotype with the environment. This means the amount of the phenotype is partly
determined by the influence of genotype as well as the environment conditions. To determine the role of the
genotype and environment might be calculated through a diversity of the phenotypes in such population.The
quantitative characters controlled by major genes have a major contribution and easily recommended by other
characters in each individual plant. To study the phylogenetic relationship of a population of organisms may be
done by using the marker as a tool for genetic characterization. However, the genetic characterization based on
phenotypic markers is usually influenced by the macro and micro environment, as well as the life of an
individual. Another difficulty in this method would occur if the quantitative character governed by many genes
that are expressed at the end of the growth of certain plants, such as the character of the results. Therefore, the
characterization of the phenotype that needs to be supported by the characterization is conducted through
molecular markers.
2. The Kinship Analysis Of 10 Corn…
22
Molecular markers may give an accurate picture of similarities between species and other varietas as it
is clearly agreed that the analysis of DNA as the genetic material is not affected by environmental conditions.
Genetic variation can be seen through a DNA polymorphism. Genetic similarity in plants can be multiplied by
using data from morphological traits (Azrail, et al., 2003).Kinship may occur at multiple levels, namely the
kindship in the individual, in the population, or within a single species. Seed crop productivity may be also
determined by the magnitude of the secondary kinship plants, including corn population. Kinship corn plants
observed secondary is a character that might impact on the amount of the weight of corn seed. The existence of
varying characteristics can be identified visually from the morphological appearance (phenotype) and the deeper
analysis is through the variation in molecular, relating to variations in the protein and the genetic material
(DNA), both variations in DNA and proteins (Sutoro, et al, 2007).
This research aims at:
1. Observing the difference in the character of morphology on 10 corn populations (Zea mays L.) in Tidore
Islands of North Mollucas Province.
2. Observing the similarity index (similarity), corn (Zea mays L.) in 10 corn populations in Tidore Islands of
North Mollucas Province.
3. Observing the clusters (groups) formed on 10 corn populations (Zea mays L.) in Tidore Islands of North
Mollucas Province.
II. METHOD
This study was conducted in April 2013 in the City of Tidore Islands of North Mollucas Province. The
research was conducted on 10 places of 10 corn populations studied as follows: corn population in Tagalaya
village and Lifofa village located in the District of South Oba, population in the Koli and Tadupi villages
located in District of Oba, population in Yehu and Sumae villages located in District of Center Oba, population
in Kaiyasa and Kusu villages located in District of north Oba, and population in Togeme and Akeguraci
villages located in District of Oba.Research Procedures were as follows: (1) preparing for all the tools and
materials needed for research both for morphological observation; (2) determining the 10 corn populations
appointed as the objects of the research; (3) determining the morphological characters that would be used as the
reference in the research in relation to corn such as the differences in morphological characters, plant height,
crop length, leaf length and the width, and leaf sheath length; (4) providing the value for each character, a
character possessed by the population given the values 1 and 0 for the absence of the characters; (5) making
table for similarity index both in the form of matrix and dendogram. The data were collected through
descriptions of kinship analysis of 10 corn populations based on the morphological characters.
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
Result
Based on the result of the kinship analysis of the 10 corn populations based on morphological
characters in Tidore Islands of North Mollucas Province, the analysis employed 49 morphological characters
and the observational data obtained is presented in Table 1, with processing in the form of binary data.
Table 1 Data for morphological characters of corns (Zea mays L.) of 10 corn populations based on 49
morphological characters markers.
Ref. Morphological characters Population n:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1. The number of stamens at least ˂ 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
2. The number of stamens at least ≥ 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
3 . The number of stamens at most ˂ 15 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
4 The number of stamens at most ≥ 15 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
5. The color of stamens (white) 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
6. The color of stamens (red) 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
7. The color of leafs (green) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
8. The least length of leafs ˂ 30 cm 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
9. The least length of leafs ≥ 30 cm 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
10. The length of leafs at most ˂ 40 cm 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
11. The length of leafs at most ≥ 40 cm 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
12. The witdth of leaf at least ˂ 3.5 cm 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
13. The witdth of leaf at least ≥ 3.5 cm 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
14. The witdth of leaf at most ˂ 4.5 cm 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
3. The Kinship Analysis Of 10 Corn…
23
15. The witdth of leaf at most ≥ 4.5 cm 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
16. The color of leaf surface (green) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
17. The color of leaf bottom surface (green) 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
18. The color of leaf bottom surface (yellowish green) 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
19. Distance within the shortest leafs ˂ 6 cm 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
20. Distance within the shortest leafs ≥ 6 cm 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
21. Distance within the longest leafs at most ˂ 9 cm 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
22 Distance within the longest leafs ≥ 9 cm 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
23. The length of the shortest leaf midrib ˂ 6 cm 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
24. The length of the longest leaf midrib ≥ 6cm 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
25. The width of the shortest leaf midrib ˂ 3 cm 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
26. The width of the shortest leaf midrib ≥ 3 cm 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
27. The width of the longest leaf midrib ˂ 5cm 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
28. The width of the longest leaf midrib ≥ 5 cm 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
29. Leaf tip (tapered) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
30. The shortest plant height < 74 cm 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
31. The shortest plant height ≥ 74 cm 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
32. The tallest plant height ˂ 101 cm 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
33. The tallest plant height ≥ 101 cm 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
34. The color of bark (green) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
35. The texture of bark (raw) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
36. The least diameter of the plant ˂ 2.5 cm 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
37. The least diameter of the plant ≥ 2.5 cm 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
38. The longest diameter of the stem ˂ 4.5 cm 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
39. The longest diameter of the stem ≥ 4.5 cm 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
40. The color of fruit skin (green) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
41. The number of corncob per plant 1-3 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
42. The number of corncobs per plant 2-3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
43. The color of corncob seed (yellow) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
44. The shortest corncorbs ˂ 8.5 cm 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
45 The shortest corncorbs ≥ 8.5 cm 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
46 The longest corncorbs ˂ 12 cm 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
47 The longest corncorbs ≥ 12 cm 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
48 Corn flavor (sweet) 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
49 Corn flavor (not sweet) 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
The number of characters for each population 28 27 28 28 27 28 27 27 28 27
(Source: The Result of Research in Morphological Characters of corn (Zea mays L.), 2013)
Based on the results of the binary data above, the value 1 and 0, where 1 = when the samples or
population meet the characters observed, while 0 = when the sample or the population do not have a character
that is observed. Based on Table 1 above, it can be inferred that the number of characters that obviously appear
from the outside consists of 49 characters. The similar characters of all 10 corn populations cover the color of
leaf and the leaf surface, leaf-shaped of tapered-end, the color green bark with a rough bark texture, green color
of corncob skin and yellow seeds. Of the 10 corn populations have the same 7 characters from the 49 characters
being observed. Thus there are 42 characters spread over 10 corn populations, giving rise to differences in
morphology that will be used to determine the kinship among the 10 corn populations. Of 49 characters is
observed by using Sorenson similarity index, where the obtained two major groups contained in Table 2.
Table 2. Sorenson’s Similarity Index Value from 49 characteristics observed on the 10 corn populations.
I (%) II (%)
(3,8) =87.21 (3,8) =87.21
(4.8) =87.21 (4.8) =87.21
(3,8,6) =81.10 (3,8,7) =81.10
(3,8,6,7,9) =71.21 (3,8,7,6,9) =71.21
(3,8,6,7,9,10) =70.58 (3,8,7,6,9,10) =70.58
4. The Kinship Analysis Of 10 Corn…
24
(3,8,6,7,9,10,5) =70.47 (3,8,7,6,9,10,5) =70.47
(3,8,6,7,9,10,5,4) =61.67 (3,8,7,6,9,10,5,4) =61.67
(3,8,6,7,9,10,5,4,1) =61.67 (3,8,7,6,9,10,5,4,1) =61.67
(3,8,6,7,9,10,5,4,1,2) =61.17 (3,8,6,7,9,10,5,4,1,2) =61.17
This similarity index would be used to compare the same individuals in the population based on the
number of characters being observed (phenotypes). The similarity index in the form of the above figures
indicates that the degree of similarity or kinship in a growing population approaching 100% or a very high
similarity. Here is the description of the degree of similarity in the form of a dendogram similarity index of 10
corn population. The kinship analysis based on Kinship Index Value and morphology seen drawing 1.
Figure 1. Dendogram I for kinship of 10 corn population based on morphological characterictics
Kinship analysis based on similarity index values and morphology as presented on Figure 2.
Figure 2. Dendogram II kinship of 10 corn populations based on morphological characteristics
III. DISCUSSIONS
Based on the results of in-depth analysis above by using 49 characters that have been presented in the
form of binary data, then it was calculated the Sorenson similarity index described in terms of a phylogenetic
tree in the from of dendogram or fenogram, then obtained six clusters (groups), those are the kinship among 10
corn populations. The six clusters can be described as follows:Cluster (group) I consists of corn population (3, 4,
and 8) that has a high degree of similarity compared with other population groups. This can be condluded from
the similarity index value of the same three populations, amounting to 87.21 %. All of three populations are
considered to have similar morphological aspects of 24 characters of which th similarities include: stamens at
least ≥ 8 and staments at most ˂ 15 and white color; green leaf color with leaf tip end-shape (tapered); the
5. The Kinship Analysis Of 10 Corn…
25
shortest leaf is ≥ 30cm while the longest leaf is 40 cm;vthe width leaf is ≥ 3.5 cm while the longest leaf ≥ 4.5
cm; the top and bottom surface of leaf are green; the shortest distance between leafs is ≥ 6 cm while the longest
distance is ≥ 9 cm; the length of the longest leaf midrib is the same; the color of corncob skin is green; the color
of bark with a rough texture is green; the seed color with sweet fruit flavor is yellow; the shortest plant height ≥
and the tallest is 101 cm height; the stem diameter is ≥ 2.5 cm while shortest and longest are ≥ 4.5 and ≥ 12cm
for the longest corncob length .Cluster (group) population II in which the similarity index value is approaching
to 100 %, consisted of the population (3, 8, and 6) and (3, 8, and 7) where the similarity index value of = 81.10
%. The group population (3, 8, and 6) has 20 similar characteristics include: the number of stamens at least ≥ 8
with the color of the stamens is white; the shortest leaf length ≥ 3 cm, the shortest leaf width ≥ 3 - 5cm, the
upper and lower leaf surfaces is green. The distance between the longest leaf ≥ 9 cm, leaf tip shape is tapered,
the shortest plant height ≥ 74 cm and the highest is ≥ 101 cm. The color of bark is green with rough texture, the
shortest stem diameter ≥ 2.5 cm and the longest ≥ 4.5 cm; green color fruit skin and yellow seeds. The longest
corncob length ≥ 12 cm and the fruit flavor is sweet. The population (3, 8, and 7) has 19 similar characters
within the other things consisting: the number of stamens at least ≥ 8 with white color, the leaf color is green,
the shortest leaf width ≥ 3.5 cm, and the leaf surface color is green, the color of the lower surface of the leaf is
green. The shortest distance between 6 cm and the longest is ≥ 9 cm, leaf tip shape is tapered, the shortest plant
height ≥ 74 cm and the tallest ≥ 101cm; the color of bark is green with rough texture, the shortest stem diameter
≥ 2.5 cm and the longest ≥ 4.5 cm; the color fruit skin is green with yellow seeds that has a different length of
the corncob with sweet fruit flavor.
Cluster (group) population III in which the similarity index value is approaching 100%, consisted of
group population (3, 8, 6, 7, and 9) and (3, 8, 7, 6, and 9) that has a similarity index value of = 71.21 %. This
group population has 19 similar characters include: the color of leaf is green; the shortest of leaf length ≥ 30 cm,
the shortest leaf width ≥ 3.5 cm and the longest ≥ 4.5 cm, the color of the upper and lower surfaces of leaf is
green. The longest distance between the leafs ≥ 9 cm, the shortest of leaf midrib width ≥ 3 cm and the longest ≥
5 cm. The shape of the leaf tip pointed; the shortest plant height ˂ 74 cm. The color of the bark is green with
rough texture, the longest stem diameter ≥ 4.5 cm. The fruit skin color is green with the yellow seeds and the
number of corncobs is 1-3 per plant, the shortest corncob length ≥ 8.5 cm and the longest ≥ 12cm. The
differences lie in the flavor of the fruit, the color of the stamens, and the number of stamens.Cluster (group)
population IV in which the similarity index value is approaching 100%, consisted of group populations (3, 8, 6,
7, 9, and 10) and (3, 8, 7, 6, 9, and 10) that similarity have index values of = 70.58%. These group populations
have 15 similar characters such as: the color of stamens is white with green leaf; the longest leaf length ˂ 40 cm,
the color of leaf surface is green; the distance distance between the shortest leaf ≥ 6 cm and the length of the
shortest leaf midrib ˃ 3 cm, the shape of leaf tip is pointed; the color of the bark is green with rough texture and
the fruit skin color is green, the height of the shortest plant ˂ 74 cm, the shortest corncob length ≥ 8.5 with
yellow seeds and sweet fruit flavors.
Cluster (group) population V in which the similarity index value is approaching 100%, consisted of
group population (3, 8, 6, 7, 9, 10, and 5) or (3, 8, 7, 6, 9, 10, and 5) that also has similarity index value of =
70.47% have also a high degree of similarity. These group populations have 17 similar characters include: the
number of stamens at least ≥ 8 and the number of stamens at most ≥ 15; the color of leaf is green with the
distance between the shortest leaf ≥ 6 cm, and the length of the shortest leaf ˂ 30 cm and the longest ≥ 40cm;
the shortest leaf width ≥ 3.5 cm and the longest ≥ 4.5 cm; the surface leaf color is green, the length of the
longest leaf midrib ≥ 6 cm, the pointy end of the leaf-shaped with fruit skin is green, the texture of bark is rough,
the shortest stem diameter ≥ 2.5 cm, the fruit skin color is green with yellow seeds and the longest corncob
length ≥ 12 cm.Cluster (group) population VI in which the similarity index value is approaching 100 %,
consisted of group populations (3, 8, 6, 7, 9, 10, and 4) or (3, 8, 7, 6, 9, 10, 5, 4, and 1) that also have the
similarity index value of = 61.67 % have a high degree of similarity. Group populations (3, 8, 6, 7, 9, 10, 5, and
4) have 16 similar characters, consisting of: the number of stamens at least ≥ 8cm, the color of leaf is green with
the shortest leaf width ≥ 3.5 cm and the longest leaf width ≥ 6cm; the shortest leaf midrib width ≥ 3 cm, the
shape of leaf tip is pointed, the shortest highth ˂ 74 cm; the color of bark bark is green with rough texture; the
longest stem diameter ≥ 4.5 cm; the fuit skin color is green with yellow seeds and the longest corncob length ≥
12 cm. While the group populations group (3, 8, 7, 6, 9, 10, 5, 4, and 1) have the same 14 similar characters as
follows: the number of stamens at least ≥ 8 and at most < 15 with the color of stamens is white. The color of leaf
is green, and the lower and upper leaf surfaces are green; the length of the longest leaf midrib ˂ 6 cm, the shape
of leaf tip is tapered; the color of bark is green with rough texture; the color of fruit skin is green with yellow
seeds and the length of the shortest corncob is < 8.5 cm with sweet fruit flavor.
6. The Kinship Analysis Of 10 Corn…
26
For the corn population number 2 or populations (3, 8, 7, 6, 9, 10, 5, 4, 1, and 2) are the population
with the level similarity compared with the other populations is rather wide. This is becayse it has 13 characters
similar character of the available 49 characters. This population group has several differences with other
population groups, the difference lies in the nature of characters only between the other: the color of stamens is
red, while the other is white color, with sweet fruit flavors while the other is not sweet corn. The fewer the
number of population in such cluster (group) the more similar characters occur, for example in population
groups (3,4,8) that have the highest similarity index value = 87.21% similarity index value, this is close to the
value of 100%. Conversely, when the number of population in the cluster is bigger, the smaller the number of
characters that are similar, for example in the cluster populations 2 (3, 8, 7, 6, 9, 10, 5, 4, 1, and 2) that has
similarity index value of = 61.17%.The corn population (3, 4, and 8) from the Tadupi, Lola, and Koli villages
which has the highest similarity index among other 10 corn populations of the studied corns is considered of
sweet corn varietas (Zea Mays saccharata). While the population 2 or from Jehu village, the corn is considered
varietas where the flavor is not sweet or commonly called regular / pearl corn (Zea mays indurate).
According Rukmana and Yudirachman (2007) that the characteristic of sweet corn (Zea Mays
saccharata) consists of young luminous-colored seeds, as clear like glass, while the ripen seeds are dry and will
become wrinkled. The color of the stamens and the hair of sweet corncob are white and sweet. On the other
hand, the characteristics non-sweet corn or pearl corn (Zea mays indurate) seeds are roundish in shape and the
size is little smaller than the sweet corn; the seed color varies from white, yellow, and even red. The seed
surface is rather bright and harded, the seeds are not wrinkled when they dry, the color of hair and stamens are
red.The morphology of corn (Zea mays L.) of the 10 corn populations in Tidore Islands, there are variations in
terms of the length of leaf, plant height , fruit flavor, the color of stamens, corncob length, the number of
corncobs per plant, stem diameter, leaf midrib length, leaf length. The 10 corn populations observed shows 6
kinship groups in a row from the closest to the widest in terms of phenogram (dendogram) analysis in which the
cluster (3, 4, and 8) is a closely related group with the similarity index value of 87.21 %, having a very close
kinship from Tadupi, Lola, and Koli villages. While the widest kinship in the populations 2 (3, 8, 7, 6, 9, 10, 5,
4, 1, and 2) of Jehu village (Martasari et al., 2009).
If a population is grown in the same environmental conditions, the variations of the plants that emerge
is due to the differences in genetic composition if other factors are constant. The diversity of the plant phenotype
due to the differences in genetic compositions is always possible even the planting material used comes from the
same plant species (Sembiring, 2007).The emergence of the variations might be caused by two factors: the
environmental and genetic factors. If the genetic factors have stronger influence than the environmental factors,
the living things in different environment would not show any morphological variations. At the level of the
organism, the phenotype is something visible, observed, measured, something nature or character. The
vegetative and generative nature of the differences is determined by the analysis of variance. The differences
between cultivars seem to vegetative and generative characters, namely: the number of leaves, number of fruits,
and corncob diameter. On the other hand, the characters are like the plant height, corncob position and length,
although the number of leaves, number of panicles, and corncob diameter are different between cultivars. For
the other characters require further selection (Tanty Yunita et al., 2013).
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the result of this research, there are some conclusions as follows:
[1] Based on the research on the 10 corn populations, it is reveal any number of characters of a population
consists of 49 characters derived from the general and specific characteristics of corn plants. This shows
that the population of each morphological character observed some of which are highly related in terms of
phenotype appearance.
[2] Kinship cluster of corn population (3, 4, and 8) all have high similarity so that cannot be easily
distinguished in terms of the level of kinship. The cluster populations that have a very high similarity index
values are those of the population (3, 4, and 8) with a similarity index value of = 87.21 % obtained from the
Tadupi, Lola, and Koli villages. This population similarity index value is approaching 100 % similarity
index value.
[3] Based on the analysis of phenogram, it is obtained that the widest kinship contained in cluster population 2
was derived from Jehu village. It is referred to the similarity index value of this population group that is
very low, amounting to 61.17 %.
7. The Kinship Analysis Of 10 Corn…
27
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