The document discusses refrigeration systems and domestic refrigerators. It describes the vapor compression refrigeration system as the most popular system used for both domestic and industrial refrigeration and air conditioning. It works by circulating a refrigerant that alternately evaporates and condenses. The vapor absorption system uses an absorbent like water and a refrigerant like ammonia. Domestic refrigerators are used to store food between 0-4°C and freeze food between -13 to -18°C. They can be manual or automatic defrost types. Window and split air conditioners are also discussed.
STEAM JET COOLING SYSTEM
Steam jet cooling system is a cooling technique which involves usage of steam and water for cooling purposes. In steam jet refrigeration systems, water can be used as the refrigerant. Like air, it is perfectly safe. These systems were applied successfully to refrigeration.
•Temperatures attained using water as a refrigerant are in the range which may satisfy air conditioning, cooling, or chilling requirements.
•Mostly low-grade energy and relatively small amounts of shaft work.
•This system are the utilization of mostly low-grade energy and relatively small amounts of shaft work.
•Not used when temperatures below 5°C are required.
STEAM JET COOLING SYSTEM
Steam jet cooling system is a cooling technique which involves usage of steam and water for cooling purposes. In steam jet refrigeration systems, water can be used as the refrigerant. Like air, it is perfectly safe. These systems were applied successfully to refrigeration.
•Temperatures attained using water as a refrigerant are in the range which may satisfy air conditioning, cooling, or chilling requirements.
•Mostly low-grade energy and relatively small amounts of shaft work.
•This system are the utilization of mostly low-grade energy and relatively small amounts of shaft work.
•Not used when temperatures below 5°C are required.
Generalized Measurement System is a measuring system exists to provide information about the physical value of some variable being measured. In this presentation, generalized measurement system, its elements, classification of instruments, classification of measurement methods, difference between mechanical and electrical measurement systems, input output characteristics are described.
Refrigeration and air conditioning (full note)shone john
Principles of refrigeration: Thermodynamics of refrigeration - Carnot cycle,
reversed carnot cycle, heat pump, and refrigerating machine- coefficient of
performance - unit of refrigeration - refrigeration methods- conventional
refrigeration systems. Air refrigeration system- Bell Coleman cycle - C.O.P.
capacity work and refrigerant flow requirements in Bell - Coleman cycle.
Module 2
Vapour compression system: simple cycle -comparison with Carnot cycle -
theoretical, actual and reactive - COP effect of operating parameters on
COP - wet, dry and superheated compression - under cooling - actual cycle
representation on TS and PH diagrams simple problems. Advanced
vapour compression systems - multistage vapour compression systems -
flash chamber multiple compression and evaporation systems cascading -
simple problems.
Module 3
Vapour absorption systems: simple, cycles - actual cycle - ammonia water
and lithium bromide water systems - COP - electrolux system. Refrigerant
and their properties: Nomenclature - suitability of refrigerants for various
applications - unconventional refrigeration methods- Vortex tube, steamjet, magnetic (cryogenics) refrigeration and thermoelectric refrigeration -
applied refrigeration house hold refrigerators - unit air conditioners andModule 4
Refrigeration system components: condensers - water and air cooled
condensers - evaporative condensers - expansion devises - capillary tubeconstant pressure expansion valve - thermostatic expansion valve - float
valve and solenoid valve - evaporators - natural convection coils - flooded
evaporators - direct expansion coils. Reciprocating compressors: single
stage and multistage compressors - work done optimum pressure ratioeffect of interfolding - volumetric efficiency -effect of clearance -
isothermal and adiabatic efficiency - compressed air motors. Rotodynamic
compressors: Screw and vane type compressors - principle of operation -
hermetic, semihermetic and open type refrigeration compressors.
Module 5
Principles of air conditioning: Psychrometry and psychrometric chart
thermodynamics of human comfort - effective temperature - comfort chart
applied psychrometry - sensible heat factor - psychometric processproblems. Winter air conditioning: heating load calculations humidifiers
and humidistat. Summer air conditioning: cooling load calculations - year
round air conditioning - unitary and central systems - principles of air
distribution - design of air duct systems.
References
1. Refrigeration and air conditioning - Ballaney P. L.
2. Refrigeration and air conditioning - Stocker W. F.
3. Refrigeration and air conditioning - Jordan and Protester
4. Principles of Refrigeration - Roy J. Dossat
Generalized Measurement System is a measuring system exists to provide information about the physical value of some variable being measured. In this presentation, generalized measurement system, its elements, classification of instruments, classification of measurement methods, difference between mechanical and electrical measurement systems, input output characteristics are described.
Refrigeration and air conditioning (full note)shone john
Principles of refrigeration: Thermodynamics of refrigeration - Carnot cycle,
reversed carnot cycle, heat pump, and refrigerating machine- coefficient of
performance - unit of refrigeration - refrigeration methods- conventional
refrigeration systems. Air refrigeration system- Bell Coleman cycle - C.O.P.
capacity work and refrigerant flow requirements in Bell - Coleman cycle.
Module 2
Vapour compression system: simple cycle -comparison with Carnot cycle -
theoretical, actual and reactive - COP effect of operating parameters on
COP - wet, dry and superheated compression - under cooling - actual cycle
representation on TS and PH diagrams simple problems. Advanced
vapour compression systems - multistage vapour compression systems -
flash chamber multiple compression and evaporation systems cascading -
simple problems.
Module 3
Vapour absorption systems: simple, cycles - actual cycle - ammonia water
and lithium bromide water systems - COP - electrolux system. Refrigerant
and their properties: Nomenclature - suitability of refrigerants for various
applications - unconventional refrigeration methods- Vortex tube, steamjet, magnetic (cryogenics) refrigeration and thermoelectric refrigeration -
applied refrigeration house hold refrigerators - unit air conditioners andModule 4
Refrigeration system components: condensers - water and air cooled
condensers - evaporative condensers - expansion devises - capillary tubeconstant pressure expansion valve - thermostatic expansion valve - float
valve and solenoid valve - evaporators - natural convection coils - flooded
evaporators - direct expansion coils. Reciprocating compressors: single
stage and multistage compressors - work done optimum pressure ratioeffect of interfolding - volumetric efficiency -effect of clearance -
isothermal and adiabatic efficiency - compressed air motors. Rotodynamic
compressors: Screw and vane type compressors - principle of operation -
hermetic, semihermetic and open type refrigeration compressors.
Module 5
Principles of air conditioning: Psychrometry and psychrometric chart
thermodynamics of human comfort - effective temperature - comfort chart
applied psychrometry - sensible heat factor - psychometric processproblems. Winter air conditioning: heating load calculations humidifiers
and humidistat. Summer air conditioning: cooling load calculations - year
round air conditioning - unitary and central systems - principles of air
distribution - design of air duct systems.
References
1. Refrigeration and air conditioning - Ballaney P. L.
2. Refrigeration and air conditioning - Stocker W. F.
3. Refrigeration and air conditioning - Jordan and Protester
4. Principles of Refrigeration - Roy J. Dossat
SHIP REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
Home
Ship refrigeration system
Scroll down
Ship refrigeration systems play a vital part on ships carrying refrigerated cargo and victuals for the crew or passengers. Refrigeration prevents any damage to the cargo or decay of perishable foods, like growth of micro-organisms, oxidation, fermentation and drying out of cargo. The temperature of the sometimes sensitive cargo is controlled by the ship’s refrigeration plant. As the main purpose of vessels carrying refrigerated cargo is to ensure the cargo is transported in good and healthy condition, it is of uttermost importance that the refrigeration system works perfectly at all times.
HOW DOES A SHIP REFRIGERATION SYSTEM WORK
A refrigeration system needs to remove heat from an enclosed region. This is achieved via the refrigeration cycle, which consists of five components:
The refrigerant;
The compressor;
The condenser;
The evaporator;
The expansion device.
The refrigerant starts as a gas and is compressed in the compressor, which increases its temperature dramatically. Thereafter, the condenser cools the hot high pressure refrigerant and this way the refrigerant turns into a liquid. Next, the evaporator boils the refrigerant back to a gas, at a very low temperature. The change from liquid to gas absorbs the heat from the evaporator, which in turn removes the heat from the area to be cooled, thereby lowering its temperature. Hereafter, the refrigerant is returned back to the compressor and the refrigeration cycle starts again.
INFLUENCE OF THE EUROPEAN F-GAS REGULATION ON REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS
Many refrigeration systems now use R22 as a refrigerant. R22 is one of the ozone depleting HFCs that may not be applied anymore in new systems as of 2004, and, starting 2015, refrigeration operations like refilling with HFCs aren’t allowed anymore either. This means that as long as the systems works, there is nothing to worry about. In case of defects, the consequences depend on the type of refrigerant. To bypass this problem, we have been researching alternatives for R22. We have come to the conclusion that the best substitute would be Propane (R290). Propane has very similar thermodynamic behavior to R22 and it is a natural refrigerant. By using R290 as a refrigerant, the environmental impact is reduced, because R290 has no ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential), a very low GWP (Global Warming Potential) and an assumed equal energy efficiency to R22. Propane is a flammable refrigerant though, and therefore cautious handling of the refrigerant is required. The most important safety concern is toensure that in case of a leakage the refrigerant doesn’t ignite. Therefore, the solution developed by Heinen & Hopman is to place the cooling system inside a casing, so when a leakage occurs, the possible explosive atmosphere is located inside the casing. By using an ATEX fan, the casing can be ventilated so that the mixture of gas and air can be discharged outside the ship which is useful in
ENERGY AUDIT presentationin power system .pptxReshevSharma
An energy audit is a systematic process of evaluating and analyzing energy usage in a building, facility, or industrial process to identify opportunities for energy efficiency improvements, cost savings, and environmental sustainability. The goal of an energy audit is to assess energy consumption patterns, identify areas of inefficiency or waste, and recommend measures to optimize energy usage and reduce overall energy consumption.
Here's an overview of the typical steps involved in conducting an energy audit:
1. **Pre-Audit Planning:**
Define the scope and objectives of the energy audit, including the areas or systems to be evaluated, the level of detail required, and the desired outcomes. Identify key stakeholders, establish audit goals, and gather relevant documentation, such as utility bills, building plans, and equipment specifications.
2. **Data Collection and Analysis:**
Collect comprehensive data on energy consumption, including utility bills, meter readings, and operational data
Refrigeration is a process of moving heat from one location to another in controlled conditions. The work of heat transport is traditionally driven by mechanical work, but can also be driven by heat, magnetism, electricity, laser, or other means. Air conditioning (often referred to as AC, A.C., or A/C) is the process of removing heat from a confined space, thus cooling the air, and removing humidity.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...
EME Refrigeration and air conditioning
1.
2. Refrigerant
• The refrigerant is a heat carrying medium which
absorbs heat from space and rejects heat to
outside refrigerator.
• The refrigerant is working medium under goes
various processes of refrigeration cycles which
are used to produce refrigeration.
3. Vapour Compression
Refrigerating System
Its basic cycle is work operated.
Maintenance appreciable because of large number of moving parts.
Its power requirement is huge.
High noise because of compression.
Operating cost is high because of high electric power requirement.
It is not compact in size as it require more space because of its
huge piping work.
Its electric requirement in case of failure large D.G. set is
required.
4. Vapour Compression
Refrigerating System
• Most popular and widely used in refrigeration
and air conditioning for both domestic and
industrial applications.
• Vapour used as the refrigerant. It is circulated
in system in which it alternately
evaporates(liquid to vapour) and
condenses(Vapour to liquid).
5. The Flow diagram of
vapour compression
refrigerating system
It consist of
Evaporator
Compressor
Condenser
Expansion device
6. Vapour Absorption Refrigeration
System(VAR)
The refrigerant coming from evaporator is
absorbed by absorber. Compressor is replaced
by absorber and generator. The ammonia is
suitable refrigerant for VAR system.
Mixture of ammonia and water is heated by
generator, the ammonia vapor is separated from
water.
Ammonia is refrigerant and water is absorbent.
7. Working
Low pressure and low
temperature vapor
ammonia coming from
evaporator enters in
the absorber where
ammonia is absorbed
by weak solution
coming from
generator.
8. DOMESTIC REFRIGERATOR:
Definition:
Domestic refrigeration units are those that are used
in residences and other domestic applications.
It is defined as per IS 1476-1971 as “It is cabinet
which is designed for the storage of food at
temperature above 0 C and which has a source of
refrigeration.
It may include a compartment for the freezing or
storage of ice cubes or food or both at temperature
0 C.
9. Functions:
There are two functions of Domestic
refrigerator:
1. The primary function is to provide storage
space at reduced temperature (between 0C
to 4 C) and for frozen food compartments
(temperature btween -13 to -18)
2. The secondary function is ice making.
10. Types of refrigerators used for
Domestic purposes:
There are two types of domestic refrigerators
in use:
a) Refrigerator having manual defrosting system.
b) Refrigerator with automatic defrosting system
usually known as Frost Free OR No frost
refrigerator in practice.
11. Window Air Conditioner
The basic function of room conditioner is provide comfort
cooling (reducing the temperature of outside).
Supply of air temperature is controlled by
1. Compressor
2. Condenser
3. Capillary tube
4. Evaporator
5. Condenser fan
6. Starting switch
7. Tray
13. Split Air Conditioner
Split air conditioner is known by that name because of
window ac is split in two parts
1. Evaporator, filter, evaporator are placed in a room.
2. Condense, condenser fan are placed outside the room.
3. Both these parts are connected through tubes.
There are three disadvantages of window air conditioner
1.Operating sound level is high.
2. Requires outside air for condenser.
3. Hole of appropriate size is to be made in window or wall.
