The document discusses the morphology and behavior of historic stone buildings with skeleton structures during earthquakes. It describes how Gothic buildings employed a stone skeleton structure and infill, allowing for early variants of the Raumplan floor plan. Skeleton structures using stone and timber were common in earthquake regions, displaying favorable seismic performance. The morphology of some structures was inspired by shipbuilding, with facades and interior spaces emulating ship design. Stone buildings reinforced with timber skeletons, as in Pombaline construction, proved more resilient during quakes compared to the traditional view of stone providing the greatest safety.
Frank Lloyd Wright said that architecture is the "mother art" and that without our own architecture, a civilization has no soul. Architecture is both the art and science of designing structures like buildings and bridges to meet human needs. It is also a vehicle for artistic expression. The most common architectural materials through history have been stone, wood, cast iron, steel, reinforced concrete, steel cable, and shells. New materials and engineering advances now allow architects even greater freedom of expression and new visions in design.
The document discusses the construction of vaults. It begins by defining a vault and describing the basic components. It then provides details on 8 common types of vaults: barrel, groin, rib, cloister, fan, net, annular, and rampant. The history section outlines the development of vaulting techniques from ancient times through Roman, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, and modern architecture. Specific styles are discussed for English, German, and Italian Gothic vaulting. The document concludes with a case study on timbrel vaulting, highlighting Rafael Guastavino's improvements to the technique.
General classification of arches and Roofing systems ( Domes & Vaults) In we...Shayan S. Zangana
The document discusses the history and types of arches, vaults, and domes in Western architecture from ancient Greek to Renaissance periods. It provides definitions and examples of different arch types like semi-circular, pointed, and horseshoe arches. Vault types discussed include barrel, groin, and rib vaults. Dome structures from the Pantheon and Hagia Sophia are examined. The document contrasts the use of these elements between architectural styles, such as the Greeks' reliance on trabeated construction versus the Romans' incorporation of arches, vaults, and domes.
The document provides an overview of masonry structures through history and discusses key concepts in masonry compressive strength. Some key points:
- Masonry has been used as a structural material for thousands of years, with some of the earliest structures made of mud bricks in Jericho over 9,000 years ago. The Egyptians built large stone structures like pyramids without modern machinery.
- Masonry units and mortar each have compressive strengths that influence the overall strength of masonry. Mortar can crush under compression or fail in a nonlinear manner, while units may split if stressed beyond their tensile strength.
- The Hilsdorf equation relates the compressive strength of a m
This document provides a summary of a class lecture on masonry structures. It discusses the historical use of masonry in ancient civilizations and architectural styles. It also covers topics related to the properties and structural behavior of masonry, including compressive strength, elastic modulus, and the strength of unreinforced masonry bearing walls. Code specifications from the UBC and MSJC for determining masonry strength are presented.
This document outlines the topics covered in a graduation project on the behavior and design of masonry structures. It discusses the historical background of masonry construction, properties of masonry materials, common building units used, reinforcement, and loads. Design considerations are presented for masonry beams, shear walls, flexural behavior under various loads, and partially reinforced walls. The project provides information needed to research and design reinforced masonry structures.
The document provides information about different types of arches including bell arches, ogee arches, pointed multifoil arches, shoulder arches, jack arches, segmental arches, and drop arches. For each arch, it describes the key characteristics, historical background and origins, examples of use in historical buildings, and basic steps for constructing the arch geometrically. Diagrams are included to illustrate the construction process for some of the arch types. The document serves as an educational reference on classical arch forms.
This document discusses material testing and evaluation of masonry construction. It defines masonry as construction using building units like stones, bricks, or concrete blocks bonded with mortar. It describes different types of masonry like stone, brick, composite, and cavity walls. It also defines important masonry terms like stretcher, header, bond, course, and various types of cut bricks used. It discusses defects in brick masonry like sulphate attack, crystallization of salts, and corrosion of fixtures. It also briefly mentions reinforced brick masonry and the use of glass bricks in curtain walls.
Frank Lloyd Wright said that architecture is the "mother art" and that without our own architecture, a civilization has no soul. Architecture is both the art and science of designing structures like buildings and bridges to meet human needs. It is also a vehicle for artistic expression. The most common architectural materials through history have been stone, wood, cast iron, steel, reinforced concrete, steel cable, and shells. New materials and engineering advances now allow architects even greater freedom of expression and new visions in design.
The document discusses the construction of vaults. It begins by defining a vault and describing the basic components. It then provides details on 8 common types of vaults: barrel, groin, rib, cloister, fan, net, annular, and rampant. The history section outlines the development of vaulting techniques from ancient times through Roman, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, and modern architecture. Specific styles are discussed for English, German, and Italian Gothic vaulting. The document concludes with a case study on timbrel vaulting, highlighting Rafael Guastavino's improvements to the technique.
General classification of arches and Roofing systems ( Domes & Vaults) In we...Shayan S. Zangana
The document discusses the history and types of arches, vaults, and domes in Western architecture from ancient Greek to Renaissance periods. It provides definitions and examples of different arch types like semi-circular, pointed, and horseshoe arches. Vault types discussed include barrel, groin, and rib vaults. Dome structures from the Pantheon and Hagia Sophia are examined. The document contrasts the use of these elements between architectural styles, such as the Greeks' reliance on trabeated construction versus the Romans' incorporation of arches, vaults, and domes.
The document provides an overview of masonry structures through history and discusses key concepts in masonry compressive strength. Some key points:
- Masonry has been used as a structural material for thousands of years, with some of the earliest structures made of mud bricks in Jericho over 9,000 years ago. The Egyptians built large stone structures like pyramids without modern machinery.
- Masonry units and mortar each have compressive strengths that influence the overall strength of masonry. Mortar can crush under compression or fail in a nonlinear manner, while units may split if stressed beyond their tensile strength.
- The Hilsdorf equation relates the compressive strength of a m
This document provides a summary of a class lecture on masonry structures. It discusses the historical use of masonry in ancient civilizations and architectural styles. It also covers topics related to the properties and structural behavior of masonry, including compressive strength, elastic modulus, and the strength of unreinforced masonry bearing walls. Code specifications from the UBC and MSJC for determining masonry strength are presented.
This document outlines the topics covered in a graduation project on the behavior and design of masonry structures. It discusses the historical background of masonry construction, properties of masonry materials, common building units used, reinforcement, and loads. Design considerations are presented for masonry beams, shear walls, flexural behavior under various loads, and partially reinforced walls. The project provides information needed to research and design reinforced masonry structures.
The document provides information about different types of arches including bell arches, ogee arches, pointed multifoil arches, shoulder arches, jack arches, segmental arches, and drop arches. For each arch, it describes the key characteristics, historical background and origins, examples of use in historical buildings, and basic steps for constructing the arch geometrically. Diagrams are included to illustrate the construction process for some of the arch types. The document serves as an educational reference on classical arch forms.
This document discusses material testing and evaluation of masonry construction. It defines masonry as construction using building units like stones, bricks, or concrete blocks bonded with mortar. It describes different types of masonry like stone, brick, composite, and cavity walls. It also defines important masonry terms like stretcher, header, bond, course, and various types of cut bricks used. It discusses defects in brick masonry like sulphate attack, crystallization of salts, and corrosion of fixtures. It also briefly mentions reinforced brick masonry and the use of glass bricks in curtain walls.
Architecture is both an art and a science that designs structures to meet human needs through artistic expression. The architect chooses materials like stone, wood, steel, and concrete and uses techniques such as post-and-lintel construction, arches, vaults, domes, trusses, and reinforced concrete to design enduring and functional buildings. New materials and visions have led to innovative high-tech structures assembled in novel ways.
Architecture satisfies the basic human need for shelter through artistic designs that incorporate construction materials and technologies to meet functional and aesthetic goals. As both an art and science, architecture shapes our built environments and influences our lives through structures that house daily activities while expressing cultural values. Different eras and locations have favored distinct architectural styles and materials, from stone temples and cathedrals to modern steel-and-glass skyscrapers, that reflect available technologies and design philosophies.
This document discusses the topic of architecture. It defines architecture as the art or science of designing and constructing buildings or structures with durable materials following certain standards. It then covers various architectural elements like lines, color, texture, form, space and styles. It discusses different materials used in architecture like stone, wood, cast iron, steel, reinforced concrete and steel cables. It also covers principles of architectural planning and building materials. Finally, it provides an overview of indigenous and Spanish colonial architecture in the Philippines as well as some examples of modern Philippine architecture.
The document traces the historical development of architecture from early human settlements to the 21st century. It discusses the evolution from cave dwellings to the first permanent structures in places like Jericho around 8000 BC. Major early civilizations that influenced architecture are mentioned, including Mesopotamia with its ziggurats and mud bricks, Ancient Egypt with pyramids and temples, Ancient Greece which refined architectural elements like columns, and Ancient Rome which developed arches, vaults, and concrete construction. Subsequent styles discussed include Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, 19th century Eclecticism, Modernism, Post-Modernism, and contemporary architecture.
The document traces the historical development of architecture from early human settlements to the 21st century. It discusses the evolution from cave dwellings to the first permanent structures in places like Jericho around 8000 BC. Major early civilizations that influenced architecture are mentioned, including Mesopotamia with its ziggurats and mud bricks, Ancient Egypt with pyramids and temples, Ancient Greece which refined architectural elements like columns, and Ancient Rome which developed arches, vaults, and large domes using concrete. Subsequent styles through history are also summarized such as Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, and Modernism. The document concludes that contemporary architecture in the 21st century incorporates multiple global styles.
This document discusses historical construction materials used in buildings that are affected by earthquakes. It provides case studies of different structural materials - timber frames from the Alps and Portugal, iron/steel frames from Germany and Iran, and reinforced concrete frames from Romania, Greece, and Italy. For each case study, it describes the materials used, typical seismic deficiencies, earthquake resilient features, common damage patterns seen after earthquakes, and retrofit/strengthening measures used to improve seismic performance. In comparing the different materials, it notes that timber and steel structures tend to be less damaged in earthquakes while reinforced concrete often sees more extensive damage requiring repair or retrofit that changes the original construction materials.
The document discusses various architectural materials throughout history and their uses. It covers stone, which was used in ancient structures like Stonehenge, and its continued use by architects. Bricks are one of the oldest building materials dating back 7,000 years, while concrete allows for sculptural designs and mud is commonly used in parts of Africa and Asia. Bamboo, steel, and other modern materials are also discussed along with specific architectural examples to illustrate the properties and applications of different materials.
This document discusses lessons learned from traditional shell structures for multi-storey buildings. It explores how engineering forms evolved from the structure of ship hulls and the metaphor of church naves. Dense urban living led to multi-storey timber and masonry constructions based on ship frames in places like Lisbon, Germany, and England. Later, reinforced concrete buildings derived skeleton structures from Gothic cathedrals. Traditional buildings often withstood earthquakes better than modern structures due to local construction knowledge and designs inspired by ship hulls, which are resilient to lateral forces like waves.
The Kimbell Art Museum features a unique vaulted concrete roof structural system that provides an impression of simplicity from the outside but hides layers of complexity. The roof acts as a series of arches that counteract outward thrust and are supported only by corner columns. Beams hang from the roof and act in tension through post-tensioning. Together, the roof, beams, and post-tensioning tendons form an integrated structural whole that eliminates the need for visible load-bearing walls.
This document summarizes research on the cyclic behavior of traditional half-timbered walls with different infill materials. Cyclic tests were performed on wall specimens with brick masonry infill, timber strip and mortar infill ("fasquio"), and no infill. The tests analyzed ultimate capacity, deformability, energy dissipation, and stiffness. Half-timbered construction has historically been used as an earthquake-resistant system. The research aims to better understand seismic behavior to inform preservation and intervention.
This document discusses a study on the seismic behavior of traditional half-timbered walls. Cyclic tests were performed on wall specimens with different connection techniques at the base, including additional nails and steel plates. The original wall specimen exhibited flexural behavior and failed when the bottom connections could no longer resist uplift of the posts. Adding more nails reduced uplift but increased pinching. Reinforcing with steel plates and bolts improved behavior by limiting uplift and promoting shear resistance, aiming to better understand how these connections influence seismic performance.
The document provides information about different types of slabs and vaults used in construction. It discusses 15 types of slabs including flat slabs, conventional slabs, hollow core ribbed slabs, and slabs on grade. It also discusses types of vaults such as barrel vaults, groin vaults, rib vaults, and fan vaults. The document includes a case study about the Metropol Parasol structure in Seville, Spain which uses a wooden grid structure. It also provides a literature case study about a project that used polycarbonate glazed skylights and barrel vaults with insulating panels to provide daylight in a building.
What is an Arch?
An arch is a structure that spans a space and supports structure and weight above it.
Arches appeared as early as the 2nd millennium BC in Mesopotamian brick architecture and their systematic use started with the Ancient Romans who were the first to apply the technique to a wide range of structures.
What are the Types of Arches?
Arches have many forms, but all fall into three basic categories: Circular, pointed, and parabolic.
Arches with a circular form, also referred to as rounded arch, were commonly employed by the builders of ancient history, heavy masonry arches.
Ancient Roman builders relied heavily on the rounded arch to span large, open areas.
Several rounded arches placed in-line, end-to-end, form an arcade, such as the Roman aqueduct.
Pointed arches were most often used by builders of Gothic-style architecture.
The advantage to using a pointed arch, rather than a circular arch, is that the arch action in a pointed arch produces less thrust at the base.
This innovation allowed for taller and more closely spaced openings, typical of Gothic architecture
Vaults are essentially "adjacent arches [that] are assembled side by side."
If vaults intersect, complex forms are produced with the intersections.
The forms, along with the "strongly expressed ribs at the vault intersections, were dominant architectural features of Gothic cathedrals."
The parabolic arch employs the principle that when weight is uniformly applied to an arch, the internal compression resulting from that weight will follow a parabolic profile.
Of any arch type, the parabolic arch produces the most thrust at the base, but can span the largest areas.
It is commonly used in bridge design, where long spans are needed.
The Kolumba (previously "Diocesan Museum") is an art museum in Cologne, Germany.
The site was originally occupied by the romanesque Church of St. Columba, which was destroyed in World War II and replaced in 1950 by a Gottfried Böhm chapel nicknamed the "Madonna of the Ruins".
The new structure Zumthor built for the museum now shares its site with Gothic church and the 1950s chapel, wrapping a perforated grey brick façade.
Construction of the Kolumba began in 2003 and was completed in 2007.
The 21 1/4 inches long and 19/16 inches high bricks were handmade in the
region, a process which took over two years to complete.
This ppt is about to know the basic info how the construction took place different regions,areas and in different centuries..
This ppt may be useful for all.
For Civil Engineers,
Presenting you the Civil Engg. Facts about Shells and Roof Structures,
It's also containing valuable informations about the Tensile Structures and Paraboloid Structures
Thank you.
Frei Otto was a pioneering German architect and engineer known for his use of lightweight tensile and membrane structures. He helped develop designs for tent-like structures that provided shelter using fabric stretched over frames supported by masts, arcs, saddles, or combinations of these. Such structures offer benefits like flexibility, recyclability, and environmental friendliness but also have limitations regarding rigidity, stability if tension is lost, and thermal insulation. Examples of Frei Otto's influential tensile structures include the roof of the Munich Olympics stadium and the German pavilion at the Montreal World's Fair.
Tensile structures provide large column-free interior spaces through the use of tensioned fabric membranes maintained under tension by cable or truss networks. They offer several advantages over conventional structures like flexibility in design, natural daylighting, low costs, and minimal maintenance. However, the lightweight nature of fabric requires careful consideration of structural form finding, static and dynamic load analysis, and material patterning during the design process to develop stable, efficient tensile structures.
Presentation at the Bucharest regional working group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences about the influence of church reform on Hungarian architecture
Architecture is both an art and a science that designs structures to meet human needs through artistic expression. The architect chooses materials like stone, wood, steel, and concrete and uses techniques such as post-and-lintel construction, arches, vaults, domes, trusses, and reinforced concrete to design enduring and functional buildings. New materials and visions have led to innovative high-tech structures assembled in novel ways.
Architecture satisfies the basic human need for shelter through artistic designs that incorporate construction materials and technologies to meet functional and aesthetic goals. As both an art and science, architecture shapes our built environments and influences our lives through structures that house daily activities while expressing cultural values. Different eras and locations have favored distinct architectural styles and materials, from stone temples and cathedrals to modern steel-and-glass skyscrapers, that reflect available technologies and design philosophies.
This document discusses the topic of architecture. It defines architecture as the art or science of designing and constructing buildings or structures with durable materials following certain standards. It then covers various architectural elements like lines, color, texture, form, space and styles. It discusses different materials used in architecture like stone, wood, cast iron, steel, reinforced concrete and steel cables. It also covers principles of architectural planning and building materials. Finally, it provides an overview of indigenous and Spanish colonial architecture in the Philippines as well as some examples of modern Philippine architecture.
The document traces the historical development of architecture from early human settlements to the 21st century. It discusses the evolution from cave dwellings to the first permanent structures in places like Jericho around 8000 BC. Major early civilizations that influenced architecture are mentioned, including Mesopotamia with its ziggurats and mud bricks, Ancient Egypt with pyramids and temples, Ancient Greece which refined architectural elements like columns, and Ancient Rome which developed arches, vaults, and concrete construction. Subsequent styles discussed include Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, 19th century Eclecticism, Modernism, Post-Modernism, and contemporary architecture.
The document traces the historical development of architecture from early human settlements to the 21st century. It discusses the evolution from cave dwellings to the first permanent structures in places like Jericho around 8000 BC. Major early civilizations that influenced architecture are mentioned, including Mesopotamia with its ziggurats and mud bricks, Ancient Egypt with pyramids and temples, Ancient Greece which refined architectural elements like columns, and Ancient Rome which developed arches, vaults, and large domes using concrete. Subsequent styles through history are also summarized such as Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, and Modernism. The document concludes that contemporary architecture in the 21st century incorporates multiple global styles.
This document discusses historical construction materials used in buildings that are affected by earthquakes. It provides case studies of different structural materials - timber frames from the Alps and Portugal, iron/steel frames from Germany and Iran, and reinforced concrete frames from Romania, Greece, and Italy. For each case study, it describes the materials used, typical seismic deficiencies, earthquake resilient features, common damage patterns seen after earthquakes, and retrofit/strengthening measures used to improve seismic performance. In comparing the different materials, it notes that timber and steel structures tend to be less damaged in earthquakes while reinforced concrete often sees more extensive damage requiring repair or retrofit that changes the original construction materials.
The document discusses various architectural materials throughout history and their uses. It covers stone, which was used in ancient structures like Stonehenge, and its continued use by architects. Bricks are one of the oldest building materials dating back 7,000 years, while concrete allows for sculptural designs and mud is commonly used in parts of Africa and Asia. Bamboo, steel, and other modern materials are also discussed along with specific architectural examples to illustrate the properties and applications of different materials.
This document discusses lessons learned from traditional shell structures for multi-storey buildings. It explores how engineering forms evolved from the structure of ship hulls and the metaphor of church naves. Dense urban living led to multi-storey timber and masonry constructions based on ship frames in places like Lisbon, Germany, and England. Later, reinforced concrete buildings derived skeleton structures from Gothic cathedrals. Traditional buildings often withstood earthquakes better than modern structures due to local construction knowledge and designs inspired by ship hulls, which are resilient to lateral forces like waves.
The Kimbell Art Museum features a unique vaulted concrete roof structural system that provides an impression of simplicity from the outside but hides layers of complexity. The roof acts as a series of arches that counteract outward thrust and are supported only by corner columns. Beams hang from the roof and act in tension through post-tensioning. Together, the roof, beams, and post-tensioning tendons form an integrated structural whole that eliminates the need for visible load-bearing walls.
This document summarizes research on the cyclic behavior of traditional half-timbered walls with different infill materials. Cyclic tests were performed on wall specimens with brick masonry infill, timber strip and mortar infill ("fasquio"), and no infill. The tests analyzed ultimate capacity, deformability, energy dissipation, and stiffness. Half-timbered construction has historically been used as an earthquake-resistant system. The research aims to better understand seismic behavior to inform preservation and intervention.
This document discusses a study on the seismic behavior of traditional half-timbered walls. Cyclic tests were performed on wall specimens with different connection techniques at the base, including additional nails and steel plates. The original wall specimen exhibited flexural behavior and failed when the bottom connections could no longer resist uplift of the posts. Adding more nails reduced uplift but increased pinching. Reinforcing with steel plates and bolts improved behavior by limiting uplift and promoting shear resistance, aiming to better understand how these connections influence seismic performance.
The document provides information about different types of slabs and vaults used in construction. It discusses 15 types of slabs including flat slabs, conventional slabs, hollow core ribbed slabs, and slabs on grade. It also discusses types of vaults such as barrel vaults, groin vaults, rib vaults, and fan vaults. The document includes a case study about the Metropol Parasol structure in Seville, Spain which uses a wooden grid structure. It also provides a literature case study about a project that used polycarbonate glazed skylights and barrel vaults with insulating panels to provide daylight in a building.
What is an Arch?
An arch is a structure that spans a space and supports structure and weight above it.
Arches appeared as early as the 2nd millennium BC in Mesopotamian brick architecture and their systematic use started with the Ancient Romans who were the first to apply the technique to a wide range of structures.
What are the Types of Arches?
Arches have many forms, but all fall into three basic categories: Circular, pointed, and parabolic.
Arches with a circular form, also referred to as rounded arch, were commonly employed by the builders of ancient history, heavy masonry arches.
Ancient Roman builders relied heavily on the rounded arch to span large, open areas.
Several rounded arches placed in-line, end-to-end, form an arcade, such as the Roman aqueduct.
Pointed arches were most often used by builders of Gothic-style architecture.
The advantage to using a pointed arch, rather than a circular arch, is that the arch action in a pointed arch produces less thrust at the base.
This innovation allowed for taller and more closely spaced openings, typical of Gothic architecture
Vaults are essentially "adjacent arches [that] are assembled side by side."
If vaults intersect, complex forms are produced with the intersections.
The forms, along with the "strongly expressed ribs at the vault intersections, were dominant architectural features of Gothic cathedrals."
The parabolic arch employs the principle that when weight is uniformly applied to an arch, the internal compression resulting from that weight will follow a parabolic profile.
Of any arch type, the parabolic arch produces the most thrust at the base, but can span the largest areas.
It is commonly used in bridge design, where long spans are needed.
The Kolumba (previously "Diocesan Museum") is an art museum in Cologne, Germany.
The site was originally occupied by the romanesque Church of St. Columba, which was destroyed in World War II and replaced in 1950 by a Gottfried Böhm chapel nicknamed the "Madonna of the Ruins".
The new structure Zumthor built for the museum now shares its site with Gothic church and the 1950s chapel, wrapping a perforated grey brick façade.
Construction of the Kolumba began in 2003 and was completed in 2007.
The 21 1/4 inches long and 19/16 inches high bricks were handmade in the
region, a process which took over two years to complete.
This ppt is about to know the basic info how the construction took place different regions,areas and in different centuries..
This ppt may be useful for all.
For Civil Engineers,
Presenting you the Civil Engg. Facts about Shells and Roof Structures,
It's also containing valuable informations about the Tensile Structures and Paraboloid Structures
Thank you.
Frei Otto was a pioneering German architect and engineer known for his use of lightweight tensile and membrane structures. He helped develop designs for tent-like structures that provided shelter using fabric stretched over frames supported by masts, arcs, saddles, or combinations of these. Such structures offer benefits like flexibility, recyclability, and environmental friendliness but also have limitations regarding rigidity, stability if tension is lost, and thermal insulation. Examples of Frei Otto's influential tensile structures include the roof of the Munich Olympics stadium and the German pavilion at the Montreal World's Fair.
Tensile structures provide large column-free interior spaces through the use of tensioned fabric membranes maintained under tension by cable or truss networks. They offer several advantages over conventional structures like flexibility in design, natural daylighting, low costs, and minimal maintenance. However, the lightweight nature of fabric requires careful consideration of structural form finding, static and dynamic load analysis, and material patterning during the design process to develop stable, efficient tensile structures.
Presentation at the Bucharest regional working group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences about the influence of church reform on Hungarian architecture
New concepts of mobility to foster career developmentMaria Bostenaru
This document summarizes a conference on new concepts of mobility to foster career development and gender balance in Europe. It discusses presentations on European policy and researcher mobility, the role of virtual mobility, and intersectoral mobility for women. Roundtable discussions addressed how different mobility concepts are handled, experiences of individual researchers, and examples of promising practices. Findings showed partnership issues around dual careers, cultural prejudices, and that virtual and intersectoral mobility can benefit women. Women researchers face opportunities and challenges from mobility patterns, and organizations should provide equal opportunities. Virtual mobility could be supported through internet access, short visits, and better recognition in evaluations.
The round table discussed the impact of natural and man-made hazards on urban areas. [1] Participants included architects, engineers, geologists and other experts. [2] Topics included assessment and mapping methods to evaluate hazard impact, visualization techniques using GIS and 3D modeling, and strategies to reduce disaster impact through urban planning and design. [3] The group discussed lessons from past events, approaches to protect historic areas, and ensuring community memory is preserved in reconstruction.
This document discusses the history of women's roles in architecture and planning. It outlines several notable female architects from Eastern Europe, including Virginia Haret from Romania who designed residential buildings and infrastructure. It also discusses women patrons of architecture like Queen Mary of Romania who commissioned gardens and palaces. The document proposes further research on women as decision-makers, patrons, users, and professionals in the field of architecture and planning throughout Europe. It suggests comparing the experiences of women architects in Eastern and Western Europe as well as investigating spaces designed for women.
This document discusses gender issues in planning and designing with water. It covers two main topics: water as a hazard and water as heritage. For water as a hazard, it examines reconstruction after natural disasters and how gender impacts decision making. It also looks at climate change and how it affects women differently. For water as heritage, it analyzes waterfronts, architecture around water, and the historical role of women in planning related to water sites like spas. The document presents several case studies to illustrate these topics, such as reconstruction after floods in Romania and Hungary. It concludes by discussing goals like comparing gender approaches between Eastern and Western countries and how this topic is covered by EU programs.
This document summarizes the digital work done on a 19th century Hungarian manuscript. The manuscript was an autobiographical work by József Varga that described his life and the history of the town of Ferenczszállás between 1813-1894. It included poetry, songs from 1848, and drawings. The digital project involved scanning, transcribing, translating and connecting the manuscript to other historical sources to create an online corpus. It aimed to preserve this example of cultural heritage and immaterial history through digital publication and analysis.
This document discusses the use of textiles as surfaces in architecture and landscape architecture. It begins with an introduction and overview of textiles used as walls, facades, and supports for plant growth. It then examines specific applications of textiles on buildings and in landscapes, such as green walls, tapestries, living walls, and reintegrating industrial sites into cities. The document concludes that green walls can serve as ornament and their use has expanded from the 19th to 20th centuries. Weaving provides a basis for plant growth, as described by Deleuze. Textiles also have applicability for emergency housing.
The document discusses M-WiSET, a group that promotes mobility and gender equality for women scientists. It provides a history of M-WiSET, introduces its current coordinators, and outlines its activities such as organizing sessions at conferences, publishing a booklet of role models, and collaborating with other networks. M-WiSET members have achieved honors like the L'Oreal women in science prize. The group aims to empower women scientists through showcasing success stories and addressing issues like dual careers and discrimination.
The document discusses the early history and development of reinforced concrete. It describes how reinforced concrete helped reconcile tensions between timber and masonry construction by allowing for tensile strength. Some of the pioneers discussed include Auguste Perret, Erich Mendelsohn, Béla Lajta, and István Medgyaszay. The document also examines the spread of the Hennebique system of reinforced concrete across Europe and beyond. Examples of early reinforced concrete buildings from places like Italy, Romania, and Hungary are presented to show the technical aspects and applications of this new building material.
This document discusses the potential use of stereo 3D applications for heritage disaster management. It provides examples of historic 3D photography from the 19th century and describes how 3D models can now be superimposed on photographs for reconstruction purposes using augmented reality. Programming examples are given for an Adobe Director application that generates a 3D geometric model and particles. The document concludes stereo images are not fully utilized and augmented reality could help translate paper reconstructions into interactive computer applications.
This document summarizes the results of a study on the innovation in zoning and floor plans for middle-class apartment buildings in the first half of the 20th century. The study used a multidisciplinary approach, analyzing architectural plans from multiple European countries. It developed typologies of space-configuring elements and classified buildings based on their cultural value. The results included comparative diagrams, documentation of floor plans and facades, and an "ontology of apartment buildings" modeling the relationships between spaces. The research aims to draw lessons from the past to inform sustainable urban development today, addressing issues like earthquake impact and public space design.
This document discusses conceptual representations of past space and time through artistic installations and gardens. It focuses on primordial elements like water, fire, earth and air, and how they are personified and represented in creation myths. It then discusses how these mythical elements can be covered or rediscovered in scenography installations using sand or vegetation. Several examples of installations, gardens, and landscapes are provided that aim to recreate past spaces through these primordial elements in an artistic, conceptual way.
Architecture and urban planning (3 d) representationMaria Bostenaru
This document discusses the representation of architecture and urban planning in games and toys. It begins with an introduction on 3D viewing toys and board games that model construction management. It then reviews different types of games that feature architecture and urban planning, including playcards, toys, puzzle games, board games, role-playing games at the city scale, and computer games. Examples are provided for many of these categories. The document concludes by noting how games can be used for educational purposes and involve societal participation in urban planning decisions.
This document discusses the ambivalence of water and its impact on riverine urban areas as both a heritage and natural hazard. It summarizes that water can be seen as a heritage that cities are rediscovering through projects that bring them back to rivers. However, water can also present natural hazards like floods from too much water or desertification from too little water due to climate change. The document provides examples of these hazards and discusses different construction types needed in areas where water presents risks.
The document discusses economics and seismic retrofitting of buildings. It provides an overview of performance levels and costs of retrofitting buildings to different seismic standards. Building models are created and computational methods are described to analyze structural damage from earthquakes and compare costs of retrofitting versus repairing or rebuilding. Formulas are presented for calculating costs of different retrofitting and repair measures based on factors like labor costs, material prices and number of damaged elements. The modeling and analysis aim to provide information to help decision-making around seismic retrofitting of buildings.
1. The use of building stone materials
and the favourable behaviour of
stone buildings with skeleton
structure in earthquakes
Maria BOSTENARU DAN
ERGOROM ’99
and
“Ion Mincu” University of Architecture and Urban Planning
2. Overview
Introduction
The morphology of historic buildings with
skeleton structure
The behaviour of stone buildings with
skeleton structure in earthquakes
Conclusions
3. Introduction
Two structure types
Solid building (Massivbau)
Skeleton structure
Stone buildings:
Massivbau is typical but skeleton structure
possible (Gothic)
This paper: stone for buildings with
skeleton structure
4. The morphology of historic
buildings with skeleton structure
Gottfried Semper: theory of clothing
wall-floor-ceiling typology
Semper never employed his theory, this
was done by Viennese architect Otto
Wagner – sincerity in architecture
Morphologic analysis: two elements
Load bearing structure
Contents
5. The morphology of historic
buildings with skeleton structure
Between the load bearing structure and
architectural space exist:
the structural space: historic buildings
the free plan
the space plan (the so-called Raumplan)
The skeleton structure made possible a
variant of the Raumplan long before the
20th century: the Gothic (skeleton and infill
out of stone)
7. The morphology of historic
buildings with skeleton structure
Skeleton structures with stone infill: timber
structures (half-timbered)
Raumplan at the level of morphology
8. Materials of timber skeleton buildings in
earthquake prone regions
Alps Portugal
Infill adobe sandstone
Skeleton oak
(sometimes fir)
fir and oak
Roof oak fir and oak
Floor oak fir and oak
9. Characteristics of the building materials in
residential buildings with timber skeleton in
the Alpine region
Structual
Element
Construction
materials
Resistance characteristics Mix / dimensions
Wall
Infill
adobe
oak timber
planks
For further information regarding the adobe infill, see:
http://www.fachwerkhaus.de/fh_haus/info/fsan.htm
(2004).
Skeleto
(histori
buildings)
oak
(sometimes
fir)
Elasticity modulus 6.9-11.8 GPa;
tension 128 MPa;
compression 50 MPa;
bending 100 MPa; shear 77
MPa
Skeleto
(new
buildings)
douglas fir
or
Laminated
wood
Elasticity modulus 7-14.1 GPa;
tension 25.0 MPa;
compression 10.8 MPa;
bending 84 MPa; shear -
Lower horizontal elements: 13/18, 13/20, 15/20, 13/21 or 16/21
cm (Stade, 1904). Upper horizontal elements: 12/12,
13/13, 12/14, 13/15, 13/18 cm. (Stade, 1904) Corner
pillars: 13/13, 15/15, 13/16, 16/16, 21/21 cm (Stade,
1904). Intermediary pillars:12/12, 13/13, 12/14, 13/15,
12/16 or 13/16cm (Stade, 1904). Diagonals: 12/16 or 13/18
cm (Stade, 1904). Upper horizontal elements (sustaining
the roof): 12/16, 13/18 or 16/21cm (Stade, 1904).
Floors oak timber see above Planks are 2-5 cm thick. The joists are between 2.5cm (0.80m
span) to 16cm (4.5m span)
Roof oak timber see above Timber between 8/8 cm and 28/30cm. (Stade, 1904).
10. The morphology of historic
buildings with skeleton structure
Evolutionary structural optimisation
the original structure reaches the optimal
shape eliminating the non-effective
elements from step to step
This theory of the 20th century, in a similar
way to that of the Raumplan, was
preceded by its practical employment
11. The morphology of historic
buildings with skeleton structure
Gaiola pombalina:
stone material and the timber collaborate in
such a way in the structure of a building which
can be considered the early expression of the
optimisation
After an earthquake the exterior walls
could fall out, then also the stone infill of
the gaiola, as energy dissipators, but the
building remained staying, and so the
ones residing in it were protected
12. The behaviour of stone buildings with
skeleton structure in earthquakes
Following the 1999 earthquakes in Turkey it
became visible that the local timber skeleton
structure buildings (himiş) behaved much better
under earthquakes
so-called local seismic culture
the origin for the existence of buildings with such
structure is much more caused by
the urban way of life
traditional “the stone house is more durable than the
timber house” concept
13. The behaviour of stone buildings with
skeleton structure in earthquakes
The symbolics of construction materials
The morphology of stone buildings with
skeleton structure and the ship structure
14. The symbolics of construction
materials
English folk story: The Three Little Pigs
the grass house can be the symbol of the
collecting population, the timber house of the
half nomads and the stone house of the
settled one
the straw house is finished more quickly than
the stone house, for the building of which it
must be worked much more, and there is less
time left for play, for distraction
15. The symbolics of construction
materials
Romanian greeting for wedding is “casă
de piatră”, which means house of stone
the stone bridge is taken away by the
water, and a newer one, more durable and
more beautiful will be built further down
along the water, where the water is deeper
and more dangerous
16. The symbolics of construction
materials
Apart from the ideologisation the stone
house, since it was done with more work
and for more money it was foreseen for
richer layers of the society.
fires destroyed the towns more often in
former centuries than earthquakes, which
were unexplainable and thus could be
rather considered the will of God
17. The symbolics of construction
materials
Some timber houses resisted centuries
(700 years)
Resisted better to earthquakes but not this
is the reason why they spread
18. Residential buildings with timber skeleton
load bearing structure in earthquake prone
Basel, Switzerland Lisbon, Portugal
19. The morphology of stone buildings with
skeleton structure and the ship structure
there is an interdependence between the
metaphor of the ship and the engineering
forms
2 levels
Façade
Interior space
20. The morphology of stone buildings with
skeleton structure and the ship structure
the buildings with timber skeleton are not
typical for earthquake prone zones but for
seaside towns and their regions
the structure of Pombalino buildings was
inspired by ship building
The most pure structural form of the
German Fachwerk buildings can be found
on the seaside as well, in the North (based
on a row of joists in console)
21. The morphology of stone buildings with
skeleton structure and the ship structure
22. The morphology of stone buildings with
skeleton structure and the ship structure:
facade
the Italian architect Marcello Piacentini
accompanied with his attention the new
Hungarian architecture from the turn-of-
the-century
25. The morphology of stone buildings with
skeleton structure and the ship structure:
interior space
The interior space comes close to the ship
metaphor from the structural point of view
the interior partitions of the churches are
called naves
In the Gothic buildings the structure of the
ceiling of the naves was shaped according
to the rules of the ships. This structure
with a spatial effect (3D) is common with
that of the ships, but also with the
buildings with timber skeleton
26. The morphology of stone buildings with
skeleton structure and the ship structure:
interior space
the height of the Gothic churches > their
wind load is considerable and the structure
similar to a ship was designed to resist
these loads
Such a structure proved correspondingly
resisting facing earthquakes, since the
earthquake forces act also horizontally
and wave-like
27. Conclusions
The use of the morphology proved suitable
to unveil the spread concepts of the so-
called local seismic culture.
According to the folk story the stone material
offers the biggest safety.
The 1755 earthquake, which affected Lisbon,
proves the opposite.
28. Conclusions
Under the marquis of Pombal the stone
walls are reinforced with timber skeleton
structures
also in the Gothic buildings which inherited
the cage structure: the stone is both
skeleton and space limit, structure and
ornament, it plays a role in all elements of
the morphology as a material