Its about dyeing with azo dye in lab experiment .

1. AZO DYE

2. INTRODUCTION
• Azo Dyes are not ready made dyes but are produced within the substrate using two
different components i.e. “napthols” and “bases” (also known as “coupling
components” and “diazo components”).
• The coloured compound formed by the chemical combination of two colourless
component is insoluble in water and therefore exhibits extremely good fastness to
wet treatments.
• About 24 amines are banned as they are carcinogenic.

3. PROPERTIES OF AZO DYES
 Azo dyes are insoluble in water
 They are not ready made dyes. The colour is formed in the fibre by two components usually referred
to as “napthols” and “bases
 The dyed goods have very good to excellent light fastness
 The dyed goods have good washing fastness
 The dyed goods suffer from poor rubbing fastness and this can be overcome by proper
soaping treatment

4. Mechanism of Dyeing
The steps involved in dyeing cotton is stated below
– Impregnation with solution of napthol. This step is called “naptholation”
– Development of the chromophore (azo group). This is the “diazotisation” step
– Development of coloured compound. This is the “coupling” step
– Removal of the surface colour from the dyed fibre. This step is called “soaping”

5. • Napthols are insoluble in water
• They can be dissolved in water by converting them into sodium
compounds, which are soluble in water
• For this caustic soda is used
Napthol – OH + NaOH Napthol – ONa
(Insoluble in water) (Sodium salt of napthol – soluble in hot water )
• Treat the material with the napthol solution in room temperature for 20
– 30 minutes

6. • In some cases the addition of common salt or Glauber salt increases
the absorption
• Squeeze the naptholated goods evenly, so as to leave it uniformly
naptholate

7. Factors affecting Naptholation
• Substatntivity
– Low substantivity napthols
– Medium substantivity napthols
– Higher substantivity napthols
– Still higher substantivity napthols
• Concentration of the impregnation bath
– The depth of the shade in azoic dyeing is directly
proportional to the amount of napthol fixed on the fibre which
in turn depends on the concentration of the bath and M:L ratio

8. • Time of impregnation
• Temperature
– Affinity of napthol is more at lower temperature and decreases with
increase in temperature
– The best temperature of impregnation is 20 – 250C
• Addition of common salt / glauber salt

9. Diazotisatio
n
• Bases are insoluble in water
• They are converted into water soluble salts by using hydrochloric acid
Base – NH2 + HCl Base – NH3+Cl
• Base is converted into diazonium salt, when the hydrochloride of the
base is treated with nitrous acid at low temperature for 20 – 30 minutes •
This is known as “diazotisation
HCl + NaNO2 HNO2
Base – NH3+Cl- + HNO2 Base – N=NCl + 2H2O

10. • The diazotised base in the state will be highly acidic due to excess HCl
in it
• For good coupling a pH of 5 -6 is required
• Sodium acetate is added to convert the excess HCl into weak acid
(acetic acid)
CH3COONa + HCl CH3COOH + NaCl
• Coupling will also be slowed down if the liquor becomes alkaline which
can occur easily on account of NaOH brought into the liquor by the
naptholated substrate
• This excess alkali can be neutralised by adding an alkali – binding agent
e.g. Aluminium sulphate

11. Coupling or Development
• The naptholated material is entered and developed in the base solution
for 15 – 20 minutes at room temperature
• This process is called “coupling” or “developing”
• The pH should be maintained 5 to 6 during this step
Napthol – ONa + Base – N=N-Cl Napthol + HCl
N=N-Base
ONaa

12. SOAPING
• After dyeing, the material is rinsed in cold water to which 1 g/l
HCl is added and then it is soaped at the boil for 30 minutes to
remove unfixed dye
• The soaping process is important to increase the rubbing
fastness of the dye

13. Fastness properties of Azo dyes
• Azoic dyes have good to very good to excellent light
fastness which is attributed to the very stable electron
arrangement of the dyes
• Their washing fastness is also very good due to the fact
that azoic dyes are insoluble in water
• Azoic dye suffer from poor rubbing fastness due to the
formation of insoluble azoic dye on the surface of the fibre