General Ayub Khan came to power in 1958 through a military coup due to political instability and economic deterioration. His regime focused on economic planning and development through various commissions and five-year plans. GDP growth increased significantly during this period due to large investments in infrastructure like water and power projects. However, regional disparities also widened. Economic growth slowed in the late 1960s due to increased defense spending following the 1965 war with India and a growing reliance on foreign aid.
The document provides information about group members for a project and includes essays about Pakistan's former President Ayub Khan and the reforms he introduced. It lists 6 group members and their student IDs. There are essays about Ayub Khan's early life and career, how he declared martial law in 1958, and the legal, economic, educational, agricultural, trade and foreign policy reforms he introduced as President from 1958-1969.
decade of development pakistan study Presentation, The era of Ayub Khan.
After this presentation students will be able to know about :
Personal Profile of Ayub Khan.
Reforms done by Ayub Khan.
Why did Ayub Khan fall from power?
Ayub Khan:
Born on May 14, 1907 in Rehana village, near Haripur, Hazara, Pakistan.
Studied at Aligarh Muslim University.
Joined the army of the British Colonial powers in 1926.
Fought in World War II as Commissioned Officer.
In 1950, became first Pakistani to lead army as its Commander-In-Chief.
Army took control of the country in 1958 & appointed General Ayub Khan as Chief Martial Law Administrator.
Soon after, Ayub Khan declared himself as President.
Ayub Khan came to power in Pakistan in 1958 through a military coup. During his rule from 1958-1969:
- Pakistan experienced rapid economic growth of 6.25% annually on average due to industrialization policies that encouraged private sector growth and foreign investment.
- Agriculture was revived through green revolution policies involving new seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation infrastructure which increased crop yields.
- However, the economy also became over-reliant on foreign aid and developed large trade deficits as industrialization required many imports of machinery.
General Yahya Khan imposed martial law in Pakistan and refused to give autonomy to East Pakistan as promised by the Awami League after they won a majority of seats in the 1970 election. This led to war breaking out between Pakistan and India, which supported Bengali independence. Due to geographical, social, linguistic, and political differences, East Pakistan separated from West Pakistan on December 16, 1971 to become the independent country of Bangladesh.
Zia-ul-Haq was a Pakistani military officer who served as the 6th President of Pakistan from 1978 until his death in 1988. He came to power after overthrowing Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in a bloodless coup in 1977. As President, Zia strengthened Pakistan's ties with the United States and Saudi Arabia. He imposed martial law and introduced strict Islamic laws. In 1988, Zia died in a plane crash whose cause remains controversial.
This content is full of information.from this source you can get the history of martial law .After studding this content you will be able to give presentation on Ayub Khan's era. this content is full of information of beigning years of Pakistan
The document discusses the historical relations between Pakistan and Iran. It notes that Iran was the first country to recognize Pakistan and that the two countries have had close geopolitical and cultural ties. However, it also points out some factors that have damaged relations, including supporting opposing groups in Afghanistan during the 1990s, sectarian violence, and tensions arising from Iran's criticism of Pakistan taking US aid and demanding Pakistan sever ties with the US after 1979.
The document provides information about group members for a project and includes essays about Pakistan's former President Ayub Khan and the reforms he introduced. It lists 6 group members and their student IDs. There are essays about Ayub Khan's early life and career, how he declared martial law in 1958, and the legal, economic, educational, agricultural, trade and foreign policy reforms he introduced as President from 1958-1969.
decade of development pakistan study Presentation, The era of Ayub Khan.
After this presentation students will be able to know about :
Personal Profile of Ayub Khan.
Reforms done by Ayub Khan.
Why did Ayub Khan fall from power?
Ayub Khan:
Born on May 14, 1907 in Rehana village, near Haripur, Hazara, Pakistan.
Studied at Aligarh Muslim University.
Joined the army of the British Colonial powers in 1926.
Fought in World War II as Commissioned Officer.
In 1950, became first Pakistani to lead army as its Commander-In-Chief.
Army took control of the country in 1958 & appointed General Ayub Khan as Chief Martial Law Administrator.
Soon after, Ayub Khan declared himself as President.
Ayub Khan came to power in Pakistan in 1958 through a military coup. During his rule from 1958-1969:
- Pakistan experienced rapid economic growth of 6.25% annually on average due to industrialization policies that encouraged private sector growth and foreign investment.
- Agriculture was revived through green revolution policies involving new seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation infrastructure which increased crop yields.
- However, the economy also became over-reliant on foreign aid and developed large trade deficits as industrialization required many imports of machinery.
General Yahya Khan imposed martial law in Pakistan and refused to give autonomy to East Pakistan as promised by the Awami League after they won a majority of seats in the 1970 election. This led to war breaking out between Pakistan and India, which supported Bengali independence. Due to geographical, social, linguistic, and political differences, East Pakistan separated from West Pakistan on December 16, 1971 to become the independent country of Bangladesh.
Zia-ul-Haq was a Pakistani military officer who served as the 6th President of Pakistan from 1978 until his death in 1988. He came to power after overthrowing Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in a bloodless coup in 1977. As President, Zia strengthened Pakistan's ties with the United States and Saudi Arabia. He imposed martial law and introduced strict Islamic laws. In 1988, Zia died in a plane crash whose cause remains controversial.
This content is full of information.from this source you can get the history of martial law .After studding this content you will be able to give presentation on Ayub Khan's era. this content is full of information of beigning years of Pakistan
The document discusses the historical relations between Pakistan and Iran. It notes that Iran was the first country to recognize Pakistan and that the two countries have had close geopolitical and cultural ties. However, it also points out some factors that have damaged relations, including supporting opposing groups in Afghanistan during the 1990s, sectarian violence, and tensions arising from Iran's criticism of Pakistan taking US aid and demanding Pakistan sever ties with the US after 1979.
Ayub Khan served as the President of Pakistan from 1958 to 1969. He came to power through a military coup and declared martial law. During his rule, he introduced several reforms including land reforms, establishing industries, building dams for agriculture. However, he faced increasing criticism over corruption, nepotism, and his handling of the 1965 war with India. While there were some developments under his rule, he was unable to maintain national harmony in Pakistan.
Ayub Khan came to power in 1958 after a military coup. He aimed to rapidly industrialize Pakistan's economy and encourage private sector growth. Agricultural reforms like high-yielding seeds boosted farm output. Industrial policy focused on import substitution. Economic growth averaged 6.25% annually during Ayub's rule. However, foreign aid dependence rose and industrial protection policies made some industries inefficient. The 1965 war with India also slowed economic progress.
Pak US relations : Media & Current Affairs : Student CollaborationAli Haider Saeed
An illustration of student-teacher collaborative discussion model in the subject of Media & Current Affairs during the Fall session 2020, Students engaged in the discussion on Pak US Relations
Pakistan initially pursued a policy of non-alignment during the Cold War, receiving invitations from both the US and USSR. However, Pakistan ultimately joined the US bloc due to its need for military and economic assistance, ideological alignment with Western democracy, and the US's willingness to help resolve the Kashmir dispute versus the USSR's neutral stance. While US aid provided benefits, it also damaged relations with other Muslim states and led the USSR to increase support for India. In later decades Pakistan sought to diversify its alliances, improving ties with both the USSR and China while reducing dependence on the US.
The document outlines the changing diplomatic relations between Pakistan and the Soviet Union from 1947 to 1988. It began with Pakistan refusing Soviet aid and aligning with the US in the 1950s. Relations fluctuated depending on various geopolitical events and alignments, with periods of both cooperation and deterioration. They hit a low point in the late 1970s and 1980s due to Pakistan supporting US efforts in Afghanistan while the Soviet Union occupied the country.
Foreign Policy of pakistan
Pakistan has a fiercely independent foreign policy, especially when it comes to issues such as development of nuclear weapons, construction of nuclear reactors, foreign military purchases and other issues that are vital to its national interests. Pakistan has a strategic geo-political location at the corridor of world major maritime oil supply lines, and has close proximity to the resource and oil rich central Asian countries. Pakistan is an important member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), is ranked by the US as a major non-NATO ally in the war against terrorism, and has a highly disciplined and professional military.
The foreign policy of Pakistan sets out in the way it interacts with foreign nations and to determine its standard of interactions for its organizations, corporations and individual citizens.Backed by the semi-agricultural and semi-industrialized economy, Pakistan is the 42th largest (nominal GDP) and 25th largest (purchasing power) economic power in the world, with a defence budget of $6.98 billion, which accounts for approximately ~0.37% of global military spending. The Foreign Minister of Pakistan is the official charged with state-to-state diplomacy, although the Prime minister maintains an ultimate authority over foreign policy. The state foreign policy includes defining the national interest, as well as the economic interest and strategies chosen both to safeguard that and to achieve its policy goals.Following the general election held on May 2013, Tariq Fatimi and NSA Sartaj Aziz are designated as advisers to the Prime Minister on foreign and strategic policies
Zia-ul-Haq overthrew Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in a 1977 military coup. He suspended the constitution and imposed martial law. Zia worked to Islamize Pakistani society and supported the US-backed mujahideen during the Soviet-Afghan War. While this strengthened Pakistan's economy and military, it also increased religious extremism and the power of Islamic groups. Zia delayed elections multiple times and centralized power under his authoritarian rule until his death in a 1988 plane crash.
Domestic affairs of pakistan under yahya khanSamina Zahid
The document shows election results from East and West Pakistan in 1970, with the Awami League winning 160 seats out of 300 in East Pakistan, and the PPP winning 81 seats in West Pakistan. Tensions rose between the two parties, as the Awami League demanded greater autonomy for East Pakistan, leading to a civil war and the eventual independence of Bangladesh in 1971.
The document discusses the long-standing relationship between Pakistan and China. It began in the 1950s with diplomatic relations and has since expanded to include strong economic and military cooperation. China has supported Pakistan's nuclear program and is a major investor in Pakistan's infrastructure projects through initiatives like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. The relationship is described as an "all-weather friendship" that benefits both countries' strategic and economic interests in the region.
Pakistan and China established diplomatic relations in 1947 after Pakistan gained independence. However, they could not become strong allies initially due to Pakistan's alliance with the US and China being a communist state. Relations strengthened in the 1960s as China supported Pakistan in its territorial disputes with India and provided economic assistance. China also aided Pakistan militarily during its wars with India in 1965 and 1971. Cooperation between the two countries continued to grow in subsequent decades, including the building of the Karakoram Highway connecting them and increased nuclear cooperation.
The document summarizes the evolving relationship between Pakistan and the United States over several decades. It notes that initially Pakistan sought an alliance with the US due to strategic interests and anti-communist stance. However, the US often pursued its own interests through carrot and stick diplomacy. Tensions emerged over Pakistan's nuclear program and the US cut off aid at various points. After 9/11, cooperation increased significantly as Pakistan supported the US war on terror, but tensions remained over issues like drone strikes and challenging Pakistan's sovereignty.
Pervez Musharraf was born in 1943 in Delhi and became the Army Chief of Staff of Pakistan in 1998. In 1999, he carried out a bloodless coup and became the President of Pakistan. As President, he instituted several economic reforms that increased GDP, exports, education and healthcare. However, his suspension of the Chief Justice in 2007 and declining public approval led to his resignation in 2008 after nearly 9 years in power.
Muhammad Ayub Khan was Pakistan's first military dictator, serving as President from 1958 to 1969. He seized power in a bloodless coup against President Iskander Mirza. Ayub consolidated power by banning opposition parties and censoring the press. During his rule, Pakistan experienced some economic growth but also increased inequality and corruption. Public unrest grew over poverty and the political and economic disparity between East and West Pakistan. Mass protests ultimately forced Ayub's resignation in 1969.
The document discusses obstacles and steps taken to improve relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan. Some initial obstacles included Afghanistan not recognizing Pakistan, a border dispute, Afghanistan supporting separatist movements in Pakistan and breaking diplomatic relations multiple times. However, both countries also took steps like high-level visits in 1956 and 1973 to improve relations. Pakistan also accommodated Afghan refugees and allowed transit access.
The Pakistani economy experienced varying levels of growth and challenges across different decades since independence in 1947. The 1960s under Ayub Khan saw the best performance with average GDP growth of 6.8% annually and a diversification away from agriculture towards industry and services. However, the 1970s were marked by political instability following the loss of East Pakistan and economic policies like nationalization that led to declining growth. The decades of the 1980s under Zia-ul-Haq and 2000s under Musharraf saw periods of economic liberalization, stabilization, and higher average growth rates of 7.1% and 4.9% respectively.
The document summarizes the key political factors that led to East Pakistan's separation from West Pakistan in 1971, resulting in the formation of Bangladesh. It discusses how the failure of Pakistan's political leadership and institutions to properly manage regional political parties weakened national unity. Specifically, it notes that the Muslim League declined as a national party, allowing regional parties like the Awami League in East Pakistan to gain strength. It also examines issues like the language dispute, economic disparities, the impact of martial laws, and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's six point demands, all of which increased Bengali nationalist sentiment. Ultimately, the political leadership was unable to address these centrifugal forces, leading to East Pakistan declaring independence.
Pakistan and Iran have historically close relations due to their shared border, religious and cultural ties. Iran was the first country to recognize Pakistan after its independence. The two countries have supported each other in times of need, such as during the 1971 war for Bangladeshi independence and after natural disasters. While relations became strained after Pakistan allied with the US post-9/11, the two countries have sought to improve economic and security cooperation in recent years through projects like gas pipelines and improving border management. High-level military visits between the two countries in 2017 and 2018 aim to further strengthen bilateral relations.
From 1958-1969, Pakistan experienced significant political developments under military rule and President Ayub Khan. In 1958, martial law was declared and Ayub Khan became Chief Martial Law Administrator, ousting President Sikandar Mirza. Ayub Khan introduced a system of Basic Democracies in 1959 and was later elected president in 1960 based on a referendum. However, opposition grew and the constitution was abrogated in 1969, with Ayub handing over power to General Yahya Khan and martial law being enforced once again.
Ayub Khan served as the President of Pakistan from 1958 to 1969. He came to power through a military coup and declared martial law. During his rule, he introduced several reforms including land reforms, establishing industries, building dams for agriculture. However, he faced increasing criticism over corruption, nepotism, and his handling of the 1965 war with India. While there were some developments under his rule, he was unable to maintain national harmony in Pakistan.
Ayub Khan came to power in 1958 after a military coup. He aimed to rapidly industrialize Pakistan's economy and encourage private sector growth. Agricultural reforms like high-yielding seeds boosted farm output. Industrial policy focused on import substitution. Economic growth averaged 6.25% annually during Ayub's rule. However, foreign aid dependence rose and industrial protection policies made some industries inefficient. The 1965 war with India also slowed economic progress.
Pak US relations : Media & Current Affairs : Student CollaborationAli Haider Saeed
An illustration of student-teacher collaborative discussion model in the subject of Media & Current Affairs during the Fall session 2020, Students engaged in the discussion on Pak US Relations
Pakistan initially pursued a policy of non-alignment during the Cold War, receiving invitations from both the US and USSR. However, Pakistan ultimately joined the US bloc due to its need for military and economic assistance, ideological alignment with Western democracy, and the US's willingness to help resolve the Kashmir dispute versus the USSR's neutral stance. While US aid provided benefits, it also damaged relations with other Muslim states and led the USSR to increase support for India. In later decades Pakistan sought to diversify its alliances, improving ties with both the USSR and China while reducing dependence on the US.
The document outlines the changing diplomatic relations between Pakistan and the Soviet Union from 1947 to 1988. It began with Pakistan refusing Soviet aid and aligning with the US in the 1950s. Relations fluctuated depending on various geopolitical events and alignments, with periods of both cooperation and deterioration. They hit a low point in the late 1970s and 1980s due to Pakistan supporting US efforts in Afghanistan while the Soviet Union occupied the country.
Foreign Policy of pakistan
Pakistan has a fiercely independent foreign policy, especially when it comes to issues such as development of nuclear weapons, construction of nuclear reactors, foreign military purchases and other issues that are vital to its national interests. Pakistan has a strategic geo-political location at the corridor of world major maritime oil supply lines, and has close proximity to the resource and oil rich central Asian countries. Pakistan is an important member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), is ranked by the US as a major non-NATO ally in the war against terrorism, and has a highly disciplined and professional military.
The foreign policy of Pakistan sets out in the way it interacts with foreign nations and to determine its standard of interactions for its organizations, corporations and individual citizens.Backed by the semi-agricultural and semi-industrialized economy, Pakistan is the 42th largest (nominal GDP) and 25th largest (purchasing power) economic power in the world, with a defence budget of $6.98 billion, which accounts for approximately ~0.37% of global military spending. The Foreign Minister of Pakistan is the official charged with state-to-state diplomacy, although the Prime minister maintains an ultimate authority over foreign policy. The state foreign policy includes defining the national interest, as well as the economic interest and strategies chosen both to safeguard that and to achieve its policy goals.Following the general election held on May 2013, Tariq Fatimi and NSA Sartaj Aziz are designated as advisers to the Prime Minister on foreign and strategic policies
Zia-ul-Haq overthrew Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in a 1977 military coup. He suspended the constitution and imposed martial law. Zia worked to Islamize Pakistani society and supported the US-backed mujahideen during the Soviet-Afghan War. While this strengthened Pakistan's economy and military, it also increased religious extremism and the power of Islamic groups. Zia delayed elections multiple times and centralized power under his authoritarian rule until his death in a 1988 plane crash.
Domestic affairs of pakistan under yahya khanSamina Zahid
The document shows election results from East and West Pakistan in 1970, with the Awami League winning 160 seats out of 300 in East Pakistan, and the PPP winning 81 seats in West Pakistan. Tensions rose between the two parties, as the Awami League demanded greater autonomy for East Pakistan, leading to a civil war and the eventual independence of Bangladesh in 1971.
The document discusses the long-standing relationship between Pakistan and China. It began in the 1950s with diplomatic relations and has since expanded to include strong economic and military cooperation. China has supported Pakistan's nuclear program and is a major investor in Pakistan's infrastructure projects through initiatives like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. The relationship is described as an "all-weather friendship" that benefits both countries' strategic and economic interests in the region.
Pakistan and China established diplomatic relations in 1947 after Pakistan gained independence. However, they could not become strong allies initially due to Pakistan's alliance with the US and China being a communist state. Relations strengthened in the 1960s as China supported Pakistan in its territorial disputes with India and provided economic assistance. China also aided Pakistan militarily during its wars with India in 1965 and 1971. Cooperation between the two countries continued to grow in subsequent decades, including the building of the Karakoram Highway connecting them and increased nuclear cooperation.
The document summarizes the evolving relationship between Pakistan and the United States over several decades. It notes that initially Pakistan sought an alliance with the US due to strategic interests and anti-communist stance. However, the US often pursued its own interests through carrot and stick diplomacy. Tensions emerged over Pakistan's nuclear program and the US cut off aid at various points. After 9/11, cooperation increased significantly as Pakistan supported the US war on terror, but tensions remained over issues like drone strikes and challenging Pakistan's sovereignty.
Pervez Musharraf was born in 1943 in Delhi and became the Army Chief of Staff of Pakistan in 1998. In 1999, he carried out a bloodless coup and became the President of Pakistan. As President, he instituted several economic reforms that increased GDP, exports, education and healthcare. However, his suspension of the Chief Justice in 2007 and declining public approval led to his resignation in 2008 after nearly 9 years in power.
Muhammad Ayub Khan was Pakistan's first military dictator, serving as President from 1958 to 1969. He seized power in a bloodless coup against President Iskander Mirza. Ayub consolidated power by banning opposition parties and censoring the press. During his rule, Pakistan experienced some economic growth but also increased inequality and corruption. Public unrest grew over poverty and the political and economic disparity between East and West Pakistan. Mass protests ultimately forced Ayub's resignation in 1969.
The document discusses obstacles and steps taken to improve relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan. Some initial obstacles included Afghanistan not recognizing Pakistan, a border dispute, Afghanistan supporting separatist movements in Pakistan and breaking diplomatic relations multiple times. However, both countries also took steps like high-level visits in 1956 and 1973 to improve relations. Pakistan also accommodated Afghan refugees and allowed transit access.
The Pakistani economy experienced varying levels of growth and challenges across different decades since independence in 1947. The 1960s under Ayub Khan saw the best performance with average GDP growth of 6.8% annually and a diversification away from agriculture towards industry and services. However, the 1970s were marked by political instability following the loss of East Pakistan and economic policies like nationalization that led to declining growth. The decades of the 1980s under Zia-ul-Haq and 2000s under Musharraf saw periods of economic liberalization, stabilization, and higher average growth rates of 7.1% and 4.9% respectively.
The document summarizes the key political factors that led to East Pakistan's separation from West Pakistan in 1971, resulting in the formation of Bangladesh. It discusses how the failure of Pakistan's political leadership and institutions to properly manage regional political parties weakened national unity. Specifically, it notes that the Muslim League declined as a national party, allowing regional parties like the Awami League in East Pakistan to gain strength. It also examines issues like the language dispute, economic disparities, the impact of martial laws, and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's six point demands, all of which increased Bengali nationalist sentiment. Ultimately, the political leadership was unable to address these centrifugal forces, leading to East Pakistan declaring independence.
Pakistan and Iran have historically close relations due to their shared border, religious and cultural ties. Iran was the first country to recognize Pakistan after its independence. The two countries have supported each other in times of need, such as during the 1971 war for Bangladeshi independence and after natural disasters. While relations became strained after Pakistan allied with the US post-9/11, the two countries have sought to improve economic and security cooperation in recent years through projects like gas pipelines and improving border management. High-level military visits between the two countries in 2017 and 2018 aim to further strengthen bilateral relations.
From 1958-1969, Pakistan experienced significant political developments under military rule and President Ayub Khan. In 1958, martial law was declared and Ayub Khan became Chief Martial Law Administrator, ousting President Sikandar Mirza. Ayub Khan introduced a system of Basic Democracies in 1959 and was later elected president in 1960 based on a referendum. However, opposition grew and the constitution was abrogated in 1969, with Ayub handing over power to General Yahya Khan and martial law being enforced once again.
On October 7, 1958, President Iskander Mirza declared martial law in Pakistan, abrogating the constitution. General Ayub Khan became chief martial law administrator and later president. Ayub Khan focused on reforms and reducing corruption, dismissing over 3,000 officials. He also introduced local governments called Basic Democracies. To consolidate his rule, Ayub Khan held a referendum granting himself continued presidential authority. However, Ayub Khan's increasing authoritarian control over media and suppression of dissent led to widespread protests and his eventual resignation in 1969.
Field Marshal Muhammad Ayub Khan became Pakistan's first military dictator and second president after taking power in a bloodless coup in 1958. As president, he introduced various economic and political reforms but faced opposition over perceived favoritism towards West Pakistan. His presidency also saw the 1965 war with India and the Tashkent Declaration that ended hostilities. Facing growing public resentment, especially from East Pakistan, Ayub resigned in 1969 and handed power to General Yahya Khan.
The document discusses career planning for library and information professionals. It begins with an overview of Ayub Khan's own career progression in libraries over many years and roles. It then covers types of jobs available in libraries, conducting a SWOT analysis, managing risks, and other considerations for career planning like flexibility and work-life balance. The document recommends career planning activities like analyzing strengths and interests. It emphasizes getting involved professionally by joining library organizations to gain skills, make contacts, and stay aware of developments in the field. The presentation aims to help people plan their career journey in libraries.
Smn 1013 topik 1 keselamatan dan pengelolaan bengkelAyubkhan Kks
1- Menyatakan dan mempraktik kaedah mencegah kemalangan dan amalan keselamatan dalam woksyop dengan betul
2- Menggunakan peralatan tangan, peralatan pengukuran, pengujian, penandaan dan mesin kuasa dengan betul
3- Mengendalikan mesin gerudi, mesin pencanai dan gergaji kuasa dengan selamat
4- Mengaplikasikan sistem batasan dalam kerja menggegas mengikut proses yang betul
This document provides an introduction to the topic of religion and politics in Pakistan. It discusses how both modernists and traditionalists have used Islam to further their political objectives. It explores how Islam was incorporated into Pakistan's founding and early governments under Bhutto, and the increased Islamization under Zia. The introduction examines different scholarly perspectives on these issues from authors like Wilfred Cantwell Smith and Keith Callard. It establishes that while Islam played a role in Pakistan's creation, the specific role it would play in the new state was unclear. Both modernists and traditionalists have interpreted Islam differently and sought to influence politics and policy.
The 1973 Constitution of Pakistan was passed on April 10, 1973 and enforced on August 14, 1973. It established a parliamentary system of government with an elected President serving 5-year terms (up to two terms). The Prime Minister is the head of government and is responsible for running the administration, while the President has limited legislative authority but broad executive powers like proclaiming a state of emergency. The constitution also created the Senate as the upper house of parliament along with provincial assemblies for Pakistan's four provinces.
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto implemented several economic, land, education, and labor reforms during his time as Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1971 to 1977. This included nationalizing major industries, setting ceilings on land ownership, making education compulsory and free up to 10th grade, and passing laws to protect workers' rights. Bhutto also oversaw the introduction of a new socialist-leaning constitution in 1973 that established a parliamentary democracy, granted fundamental rights, and added some Islamic provisions like declaring Islam the state religion. Additionally, Bhutto signed the 1972 Simla Agreement with India to settle the 1971 war and improve diplomatic relations between the two countries.
General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq enforced martial law for the third time in Pakistan's history after overthrowing Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's government in a 1977 coup. Zia promised to hold elections within 90 days but later postponed them and started an accountability process against politicians. Zia assumed the presidency in 1978 and introduced an advisory body called Majlis-e-Shoora while remaining the ultimate authority. Zia was elected president in a 1984 referendum and held non-party elections in 1985, increasing his powers through a constitutional amendment. Zia dissolved the national assembly and removed the prime minister in 1988, promising again to hold elections, but died in a plane crash before doing so.
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was a prominent Pakistani politician who served as the 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977 and as the 4th President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973. He founded the Pakistan People's Party in 1967. Bhutto received an education in law from Oxford University and had a long political career serving in various ministerial roles before entering electoral politics and founding the PPP. As Prime Minister and President, he pursued socialist economic policies and strengthened Pakistan's foreign relations, but his rule also saw economic stagnation and a military crackdown in Balochistan that killed thousands. He was later overthrown in a military coup and executed in 1979.
Pakistan faced numerous problems after partition in 1947, including:
- Establishing a new government and administrative systems from scratch while millions of refugees flooded into the new country
- An unfair and controversial boundary award that gave Muslim-majority areas to India and laid the foundation for future disputes over Kashmir and water rights
- Difficulties over the division of military assets between Pakistan and India, which left Pakistan poorly equipped for defense
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was a Pakistani politician who served as the 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977. He was born in 1928 into an influential Sindhi family and received education in Pakistan and abroad. After a career in politics and public service, he founded the Pakistan People's Party in 1967 and led it to victory in the 1970 election. As PM, he enacted various reforms but was eventually overthrown in a military coup in 1977 and executed in 1979 after being convicted of conspiring to murder a political opponent. Bhutto remains a highly controversial figure in Pakistan's history.
Benazir Bhutto promised greater press freedom when she became Prime Minister in 1988, but her government violated those promises and curtailed press freedom. Journalists faced threats, attacks on newspaper offices, and some were killed during her 1988-1991 term. Press freedom declined further during her second term from 1993-1996, which saw increased violence against journalists, including murders. Nawaz Sharif's governments from 1990-1993 and 1997 also imposed restrictions on the press through intimidation, corruption of journalists, and other coercive measures. Violence against the press remained high during military rule as well.
Você sabe para que serve a etiqueta têxtil? (cartilha)Inmetro
O documento discute a importância das etiquetas em produtos têxteis, destacando que elas fornecem informações essenciais sobre composição, cuidados de conservação e origem, além de serem fundamentais para evitar reações alérgicas. Também ressalta a obrigatoriedade legal das etiquetas conterem determinadas informações e orienta sobre dicas de segurança para roupas infantis.
This document describes the initial steps taken to design a contents page for a hip hop magazine, including choosing a red and black color scheme, adding a header and page number, and inserting two graphic features and a callout advertisement to provide variety and attract readers. The body copy was then added to complete the layout.
Guide aides financieres renovation habitat - juillet -2016Isocell France
Dans le cadre d'un projet de rénovation d'un logement, les particuliers peuvent prétendre à des aides financières. Pour l'isolation, le chauffage, les énergies renouvelables...une palette d'aides est disponible, avec des critères d'attribution qui sont liés au logement, à la situation du particulier et aux caractéristiques techniques des matériels installés. Ce guide liste les aides existantes pour la France métropolitaine et leurs conditions d'attribution pour l'année 2016.
Political and economical Development of Pakistan.pptxnadirpervez2
Pakistan has experienced various economic challenges and reforms over the decades since independence in 1947. The early Five Year Plans from 1955 focused on development and industrialization with limited success due to lack of resources and instability. Later plans saw more private sector engagement and market reforms under Ayub Khan and Zia-ul-Haq but also periods of nationalization under Bhutto. More recent decades brought challenges like conflicts, the loss of East Pakistan, and the 2008 global crisis, though reforms under Musharraf and projects like CPEC provided growth. Pakistan has relied on multiple IMF bailouts and still faces issues around fiscal deficits, debt, and impacts of events like the COVID pandemic.
The document provides information on the Ayub Khan regime in Pakistan from 1958 to 1969. Some key points:
- Ayub Khan took control of the country through a military coup in 1958 and declared himself President.
- During his rule, Pakistan experienced rapid economic growth averaging 6.25% annually from 1959-1970 due to policies encouraging private sector growth, industrialization, and the green revolution. However, this also led to a worsening balance of payments issue.
- Ayub Khan introduced various economic reforms and incentives to boost agriculture, industry, and foreign investment. However, protectionist policies also made Pakistani industry inefficient over time.
- While industrial and GDP growth were high under Ayub Khan, over
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Pakistan Five Year Development PlansSince 1955 to 2010An Overview
Introduction
Almost all five-year plans prepared during political or military regimes were shelved in the country’s history after regime change and none of them succeeded in getting the desired results.
Pakistan has a semi-industrialized economy, which mainly encompasses textiles, chemicals, food processing, agriculture and other industries.
The economy has suffered in the past from decades of internal political
disputes, a fast growing population and ongoing confrontation with
neighboring India.
Pakistan's average economic growth rate since independence has been higher than the average growth rate of the world economy during the period.
Average annual real GDP growth rates were 6.8% in the 1960s, 4.8% in the 1970s, and 6.5% in the 1980s. Average annual growth fell to 4.6% in the 1990s with significantly lower growth in the second half of that decade.
Introduction
Two wars with India, in Second Kashmir War 1965 and Bangladesh Liberation War 1971 and separation of Bangladesh adversely affected economic growth. In particular, the latter war brought the economy close to recession, although economic output rebounded sharply until the nationalizations of the mid-1970s.
Pakistan is aggressively cutting tariffs and assisting exports by improving ports, roads, electricity supplies and irrigation projects. Islamabad has doubled development spending from about 2% of GDP in the 1990s to 4% in 2003, a necessary step towards reversing the broad underdevelopment of its social sector.
First Five Year Plan (1955-1960) Highlights
Targets
Emphasis mainly on achieving high national income.
The First Plan was implemented within certain obvious handicaps and limitations and its release was delayed by two Years.
In practice, this plan was not implemented, however, mainly because political instability led to a neglect of economic policy, but government, Deputy Chairman Planning Board (Commission) Said Hassan announces the plan in 1957.
The development expenditures were regarded as the foundation for rapid progress in the future and plans explicitly affirmed that some sectors of the economy must be expanded much more rapidly than others in order to secure maximum gains.
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1. Phase 2: 1958-1968
- 1 -
LAHORE SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS
PAKISTAN ECONOMY
AYUB KHAN’S DEVELOPMENT DECADE: 1958-1968
• Military take over by General Ayub Khan in October 1958 brought about a new era for development
in Pakistan. The deterioration in the economic situation and political instability had made them wary
of politicians.
• Economic and social reforms were high on Ayub’s agenda. These reforms included economic
planning and providing basic needs such as food to the overall public of Pakistan.
• A number of commissions, including land reforms and education were set up to review policies and
make recommendation. Though, in the end, only limited progress was achieved on issues like
education and land reform, economic policy-making was at the centre stage in Ayub’s period.
• Role of The Planning Commission: Even though the Planning Commission was identified in the
public mind mainly with the preparation and monitoring of the Five Year Plans, under Ayub it had
much broader role in the economic policy coordination. The Planning Commission’s basic task was
however the approving of the five year plans.
• Planning Board upgraded to planning commission with the President as its chairman in 1959. Plan
Discipline introduced. Second Five Year Plan 1960-1965, Third Five Year Plan 1965-1970.
• Gross fixed investment over the ten years under Ayub Khan’s rule increased nearly three folds in real
term rising from 8.5% of GDP in 1958-59 to 14% in 1968-1969.
• Private Investment was encouraged through loosening of direct economic controls on trade,
investment, prices and earmarking of foreign credit resources for the private sector through long term
credit agencies. As a consequence of these developments and the investments made more than double
from 2.5% owe annum in the 1950s to 5.6 % in the 1960s; the growth rate of GDP in West Pakistan
rose to 6.7% from 3.1 % and accelerated in East Pakistan from 1.7% to 4 %.
• However, notwithstanding rapid economic growth, economic and political tensions in the society and
between the two wings grew, especially after the war with India in September 1965 which led to a
squeeze on resources reflecting both a levelling off foreign assistance and increased allocation to
defence. Indeed, the 1965 war was a watershed in Pakistan’s history. It seriously interrupted the
development momentum of the first half of the 1960s.
Broad Contours of Development
Growth and Investment:
•••• Measured by GDP growth, economic performance in Pakistan in the 1960s clearly exceeded initial
expectations.
•••• The Second Five Year Plan (1960-1965) had originally set a target of GDP growth of 20% over five
years compared with the modest goal of 15% in the First Five Year Plan.
•••• The Third Plan (1965-1970) formulation was undertaken in a mood of great optimism and the annual
growth target was set at 6.5% per annum.
•••• The sharp acceleration growth in West Pakistan during the 60’s meant that even though the growth
rate in East Pakistan also increased significantly, the regional disparity in incomes widened. In 1970,
West Pakistan’s per capita GDP was at least 60 % higher than that of East Pakistan.
•••• GDP growth in Pakistan of nearly 7% per annum during the 1960’s was exceeded among large
countries only by Korea, Thailand and Mexico.
•••• The transformation in economic performance compared to the previous decade was the result of both
massive increases in investment, technological breakthroughs in agriculture, and better and more
coordinate economic policies.
2. Phase 2: 1958-1968
- 2 -
Table 3.1: Regional Growth Rates
(Percent per annum)
1950’s 1960’s
East Pakistan
Overall 1.9 4.0
Agriculture 1.9 2.7
Non-agriculture 2.9 5.0
West Pakistan
Overall 3.1 6.7
Agriculture 1.4 5.0
Non-agriculture 5.0 7.9
Sources: Economic Surveys, Government of Pakistan; Haq, The Strategy of Economic Planning; Papanek,
Pakistan’s Development; Economists’ Advisory Panel.
Investment:
• During 1960-1965 real investment grew very rapidly, reaching a peak of 21.5% of GDP in 1964-1965
before declining rather sharply to 14.6% in 1969-1970.
• Private investment growth in West Pakistan during 1960-1965 was explosive as it increased over three
folds in short period of just five years.
• It declined over by 20% in next five years but still during the 1960’s, real private fixed investment more
than doubled, grew faster than public investment, and accounted for nearly half of the total fixed
investment by 1969-1970.
• Political stability, liberalization of investment controls and ample availability of foreign exchange were
key factors influencing a pronounced acceleration in the pace of private investment. The policies were
made less strict for private investment.
• The increase in investment contributed to an increase in economic growth naturally.
• Growth momentum in West Pakistan continued during 1965-1970 in the face of a sharp reduction in the
rate of investment mainly due to remarkable improvement in agricultural growth under the Green
Revolution, large scale manufacturing growth dropped rather sharply reflecting investment stagnation.
• Agricultural growth rate in Pakistan rose to a peak of 6.3% annual rate during 1965-1970 as record
increases were registered in the production of wheat and rice.
Table 3.2*: Fixed Investment
(As percent of GDP)
East Pakistan West Pakistan
Private Public Total Private Public Total
1959-1960 2.0 4.0 6.0 4.3 7.2 11.5
1964-1965 4.5 8.1 12.6 11.6 9.2 20.8
1969-1970 4.0 8.4 12.4 7.0 7.3 14.3
The figures in this table are in current prices and exclude stock changes. They are author’s estimates
based on a number of sources cited in Table 1.5.
Defence vs. Development:
• At he end of 1960s, the investment rate in West Pakistan was considerably higher than it was a decade
earlier but substantially below the peak in 1964-1965.
3. Phase 2: 1958-1968
- 3 -
• The squeeze on West Pakistan’s investment came from two resources: sharp increase in defence
spending and the conscious effort to increase development outlays and foreign aid allocations for East
Pakistan.
• Real defence spending had raised little over 3% annum in the five years before the 1965 war with India,
substantially less than the rate of growth of the economy.
• Following the war with India in 1965, defence allocations were given high priority and phasing out of US
military assistance after 1965 put additional burden on domestic resources. It became hard for Pakistan to
use the scarce domestic resources efficiently.
• Real defence expenditure almost doubled between 1960-1965 and 1965-1970.
• Development spending remained at 7.1% of GDP while defence expenditure rose from 2.8% of GDP in
1960-1965 to 4% in 1965-1970.
• The rapid build up of public sector development spending in East Pakistan also greatly constrained West
Pakistan’s investment in the second half of the 1960’s, especially in the public sector.
• By 1969-1970, public sector investment in East Pakistan was approaching that of West Pakistan if
special expenditures for Indus Basin Replacement Works are not counted.
Table 3.3: Defence vs. Development
(Rs. Billion)
1960-1965 1965-1970 1965-1970
Actual Planned Actual
Development Spending 13.95 30.00 21.75
(7.1) (9.8) (7.1)
Defence Spending 5.50 6.89 12.38
(2.8) (2.2) (4.0)
Note: The figures in parenthesis are in percent of GDP.
Source: Fourth Five Year Plan pp 45-47.
Price Stability:
• While growth was higher in the 1960s, inflation remained in check; the average annual rate of growth of
prices was only 3.3% moreover.
• The first impulse of the Ayub regime had been to impose and strictly enforce sweeping price controls.
• As a part of the package of measures to fight inflation, government borrowing from the banking system
for financing fiscal deficits was reduced sharply.
• The 1960’s were the only period in Pakistan’s fiscal history when significant public savings i.e. the
excess of government revenues receipt over revenue expenditures materialized.
• Efforts to broaden the direct taxation system kept the indirect taxation to minimum and hence prices of
goods remained stable.
• Needs of additional defence spending were met by additional taxation. Substantial additional taxation,
undertaken especially during the Third Plan, helped to increase the ratio of taxes from 6.1 % of GDP in
1959-60 to 7.6% in 1969-70.
Problems:
• Foreign aid domestic saving effort: Excessive concentration on foreign aid mobilization led
to relative neglect of the domestic saving effort. The need for saving the country’s income for future
4. Phase 2: 1958-1968
- 4 -
use was ignored as there was a lot of foreign aid available. This led to the problems of foreign debt
which we re still facing today.
• Negligence of Social sector: Pre occupation with increasing long term investment in water and
power and raising food grain production after 1966 led to major neglect of Social sector investments.
The government got busy in providing food for all but it ignored the basic needs such as education
and health without which it is not possible to live a successful life. Tensions continued to develop
within the people of East and West Pakistan.
• Exchange and trade policies: The exchange and trade policies caused significant distortion in prices
which adversely affected the efficiency of the use of national resources. Like many developing
countries, Pakistan did not give special importance to its exports during initial period. As a result the
national resources were not utilized according to the capacity they had.
In the first half of the 1960’s, ample availability of foreign exchange meant that the private sector was not
constrained by plan allocations, but after 1965, with resource shortages emerging, the plan allocations
became more binding. It was because of war with India which led to some sanctions on Pakistan.
Water and Power Investments:
Massive investments were made in water and power in West Pakistan, including the Indus Basin
Replacement Works spending. Total water and power investments in West Pakistan during the 1960’s
exceeded US $2.5 Billion and accounted for more than 50% of total public sector spending. The most
explosive of Indo-Pakistan disputes was the question of sharing the waters of the Indus basin.
On April 1, 1948, India cut off the supply of water from the two head works under her control. Fortunately,
Eugene Black, President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development offered the offices of
the Bank for the solution of the water problem in 1952. A solution acceptable to both governments was
agreed upon in 1960 at the Indus Basin Development Fund Agreement at Karachi. This treaty is commonly
known as the "Indus Water Treaty".
The treaty allowed for a transitional period of 10 to 13 years, after which the three eastern rivers would fall
exclusively to India's share and the three western rivers to Pakistan. During the transitional period, Pakistan
would construct a system of replacement works consisting of two dams, five barrages and seven link canals
financed by the Indus Development Fund.
The waters of river Jehlum, Chenab and Indus were given to Pakistan under the Indus Basin Treaty while
Ravi, Beas and Sutlej were taken up by India.
• The Indus Basin Replacement Works: The Indus Basin Replacement Works represented about half
of the total spending in water and power sector and was of a special nature.
• Investments: it was Ayub’s political decision to go ahead with the Indus Basin Treaty in 1960
which accelerated the pace of investments in water and power.
• Role of Ghulam Ishaq Khan: Large water investments were also driven in part by the forceful
Ghulam Ishaq Khan, Chairman of Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) created in
1958. He convinced the donors especially the World Bank that water was the most important
constraint in agricultural development. Without the readily available of water the economy of
Pakistan cannot progress any further.
5. Phase 2: 1958-1968
- 5 -
• Tarbela Dam: Ghulam Ishaq Khan along with S.S.Kirmani (Head of Indus Basin Works) persuaded
the reluctant donors to include Tarbela dam in Indus Works. Investment in the multi-purpose Tarbela
Dam, which was completer in 1971, despite major technical difficulties turned out to be extremely
economic because the rise in international oil prices after 1973 sharply increased the cost of thermal
power, the alternative to hydroelectric power. The 1973 oil crisis began in earnest on October 17,
1973, when Arab members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), during the
Yom Kippur War, announced that they would no longer ship petroleum to nations that had supported
Israel in its conflict with Egypt—that is, to the United States and its allies in Western Europe. At
around the same time, OPEC members agreed to use their leverage over the world price-setting
mechanism for oil in order to quadruple world oil prices.
Costs: But there were costs of preoccupation with investment in water resources.
1. Negligence in fertilization production: Fertilizer production, for instance, was relatively neglected
and West Pakistan found itself heavily dependent on imported fertilizer as the use of fertilizer for
dwarf varieties of wheat and rice spread. Only one large fertilizer factory came into production in
West Pakistan during 1965-1970.
2. Social Sector Investments: similarly, the social sector investments in education and health sectors
were squeezed.
3. Waste Of Water Resources: ample availability of water from public sources accompanied by
unwillingness or inability of the government to enforce reasonable water charges led to a waste of
water resources.
4. On-Farm Irrigation Development: On-Farm Irrigation Development, including levelling of land
which can be very helpful in increasing the effectiveness of water use, has been negligible in Pakistan
because incentives for such investment do not exist. As a result, irrigated yields have remained low.
Foreign Aid: The consequences of Growing Dependence:
• Net foreign inflows: Pakistan was already receiving large net foreign inflows in 1959-60 and by
1964-5 the net foreign flows had more than trebled to about 7% of GDP for the country as a whole. In
the second half of 1960’s the net foreign inflows tended to stabilize but were still higher in relative
terms in 1969-70 than a decade earlier. This was leading Pakistan to high dependence on foreign
developed countries. We were getting reliant on the developed countries for every sector of our
economy.
• Two Key factors making expansion possible:
1. Indus Basin Treaty: The signing of Indus Basin Treaty in 1960 marked an agreement
under the auspices of the World Bank, between India and Pakistan on sharing water from
common rivers. It helped Pakistan a lot since it provided water to our agricultural lands.
2. US Aid: the availability of over US $800 million of non-project assistance during 1960-5
nearly 90% from the US was second major factor in expanding foreign flows. Unfortunately
6. Phase 2: 1958-1968
- 6 -
the assurance of long term aid financed supplies created dependence on food grains and
edible oil imports which has proven difficult to eliminate.
Exchange rate and Trade Policies:
• Low Priority: Like many developing counties, Pakistan did not give high priority to export
development in the 1950s and the 60’s. It was busy in developing basic institutions.
• Pessimism: The pessimism about exports was probably linked to low expectations about agriculture
and the wide spread view at the time that there were serious international demand limitations on
manufactured goods exports. Pakistan was facing major problems with water therefore it did not
expect high yields in agricultural products.
• Performance > Expectations: but actual performance exceeded expectations. Between 1960 and
1970, West Pakistan exports in constant US dollars increased by around 7 % annually, more or less in
line with the growth of output.
• Turnaround in 1960’s: The turnaround in the West Pakistan’s export performance was primarily
due to expansion in the export of manufactured goods which registered real annual growth of over
20% in the 1960’s. However, exports were narrowly focused on cotton textiles and required large
export subsidies through Export Bonus Scheme and there was no significant improvement in the
structure of exports over the period.
• Adverse consequences of Export Bonus Scheme: Reliance on Export Bonus Scheme as the main
instrument of export expansion for well over a decade had adverse consequences for efficiency of
growth, income distribution and sustainability of export performance which will be discussed in
detail in the following topic on Export Bonus Scheme.
Export Bonus Scheme:
• The essence of Export Bonus Scheme, which was introduced in January 1959, was to provide
incentives for exporters of manufactured goods financed from the excess profits which could be made
on imports due to the overvaluation of exchange rate.
• Exporters of commodities rather than the main agriculture exports were entitled to purchase foreign
exchange equal to 20-40% of their foreign exchange earnings.
• Since foreign exchange was scarce and imports heavily regulated by import licences, there was a high
premium on bonus vouchers which were basically free import licences.
• In the first year of scheme the premium on bonus vouchers was in the range of 150-200 because the
general import policy was very restrictive.
• During the years 1959-61, bonus vouchers imports accounted for only 10 to 15% of private sector
imports, so the bonus voucher premium can not be considered a good proxy of the average
profitability of import licences.
• The main purpose of the scheme was to increase non traditional exports but, in the process, it
imparted a greater degree of market determination to imports and at the margin transferred excess
import profits to exporters of manufactured goods.
• Manufactured exports from West Pakistan had risen to 2.2% of GDP in 1968-7 as compare to 0.5%
of GDP in 1955.The increase in manufactured exports did not automatically translate into growth in
total exports.
• Export Bonus Scheme was a system of multiple exchange rates which
1. sustained a high degree of overvaluation of the official exchange rate
2. seriously distorted incentives between agriculture and industry and within industry
7. Phase 2: 1958-1968
- 7 -
3. and led to a lack of transparency and stability in export incentives.
• Export Bonus Scheme reflected the general bias favour of industry which was inherited from
1950s.The original idea of supporting the growth sector, i.e., industry was laudable. However, along
the way there was no real monitoring of the cost of this support.
GREEN REVOLUTION & FOOD GRAIN SELF SUFFICIENCY
The flexible and speedy response to the opportunities offered by the Green Revolution for expanding food
and grain production. Green revolution is the introduction of pesticides and high-yield grains and better
management which greatly increased agricultural productivity. This led to better agricultural activities and
more availability of food.
Policies for Food Grain Self- Sufficiency:
• The quick flexible and effective government responses to the opportunities offered by the availability
of improved varieties of wheat and rice after 1967 was a high point of the Ayub era.
• The agriculture revolution was already underway in the first half of 60’s and during the second half
of 60’s dramatic increase in output were achieved.
• During the period from 1965-1970, wheat and rice output in Wes Pakistan increased by nearly 75%
fertilizer increased nearly five folds, number of private tube wells doubled, new seeds covered nearly
75% of the irrigated areas under wheat and rice.
Government’s Role in Green Revolution:
• The policy motivation for food grain self sufficiency was provided at the end of the expanded PL 480
agreement with the US in 1966. By then the attitude of the US government towards supplying wheat
to Pakistan had changed, partly due to political factors and partly due to reduced surpluses.
• In 1967, the government of Pakistan had to commit substantial cash foreign exchange for food grain
imports. This ended the relatively relaxed attitude of Pakistani planners toward domestic food grain
production.
• The formulation and quite successful implementation of West Pakistan Food Self-sufficiency
Programme also demonstrated the strengths of the planning and economic policy coordination
mechanism that had been developed in the 60’s.
• Major policy adjustment related to irrigation water and tube well development, fertilizer supply and
distribution, price support and procurement management were made and carried out.
Reorientation of Water Development Priorities:
• In the wake of emphasis on food self sufficiency Programme there was a major reorientation of
public expenditure priorities in water and power in West Pakistan.
• A deliberate effort was made to limit new public tube well projects in areas of private tube well
concentration and development which led to a remarkable growth in the number of private tube wells.
Fertilizer Distribution:
• Fertilizer was expanded at an annual rate of 35 to 40% during 1960-1970.
8. Phase 2: 1958-1968
- 8 -
• As domestic production lagged, most of the additional supply had to be imported and fertilizers
imports doubled between 1967-1969.
• The timely purchase and delivery of much larger imports was the responsibility of public sector.
• By late 1967, private sector was associated with fertilizer distribution and results were remarkable.
Wheat Support Prices:
• The wheat price was raised by over 25% to Rs 17 per maund (82lbs) for the 1968 crops. The increase
was not totally warranted because returns to the new technology were very high.
• The basic idea of a relatively high guaranteed support price for wheat, was quite sound and stabilized
the grain supply position at a critical time.
• With the bumper crop of 1968, the marketable surplus of wheat, which had averaged about 400,000
tons annually in previous year trebled to 1.2 mill tons.
• The credit needs were large and special accommodation had to be provided by the State Bank of
Pakistan.
• West Pakistan traditionally had a surplus in rice.
• Production of superior varieties of rice also increased sharply between 1967-1969, but the Trading
Corporation of Pakistan was not able to handle the growing volume and large stock piled up.
Social Policies:
The biggest policy failure in the Ayub era was in the social area. The weak economic policies, overvalued
exchange rate, inefficient taxation and overgenerous credit and incentive polices were main causes of the
social issues. The social policies in the Ayub regime included:
a) Distribution of Growth Benefits:
• Ayub khan saw land reforms as a major economic and political issue. But because of political and
administrative constraints, the reforms that he was eventually able to introduce resulted in only
modest amounts of land being transferred to small farmers and landless labour.
• Ceilings of landholdings at 500 acres of irrigated land and 1000 acres of non irrigated land were kept
too high and the bureaucracy and the landlords joined forces to make maximum use of the loopholes
and exemptions.
• There was an exemption of 150 acres for orchards and an exemption for stud and livestock farms.
• The distribution of land benefited mainly about 200,000 tenants who received an average of 3.85
acres. About 8% of 2.5 m subsistence farm households benefited from land reforms.
• The number of agricultural labour households showed an increase of around 20% over 1961-1972
while the number of farm house holds actually fell to 4 million indicating an increase in the landless
labour.
• Agricultural revolution in 1960’s was led by middle class farmers. They made extensive use of water
and quickly adopted the technology if HYV seeds. In agricultural there were sharp regional
disparities with gains in production in the irrigated areas and declines in the rain-fed areas.
• Significant improvement in the income during Ayub period was closely linked to the spread of the
Green Revolution. Wages began to rise after 1966 as there was an increase in the demand for labour
following the introduction of new technology. The incidence of poverty in rural areas dropped in
1960s and urban poverty also declined significantly.
9. Phase 2: 1958-1968
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• But there was an increasing inequality in urban incomes as confirmed by a study of relative income
shares in Pakistan’s largest scale manufacturing. The share of wages and salaries in net output fell
suggesting an increase in the share of profits. As the reported profits were underestimated so actual
share of wages and salaries was much lower.
• Wages did not increase despite improvement in labour productivity which was due to serious limits
on the powers of labour union. The fact that profits remained high were a result of trade and
exchange rate policies and high barriers to entry.
Human Resource Development:
• The neglect of education sector is a major criticism of the Ayub era.
• The Commission on National Education, appointed by the Government in 1985, recommended
compulsory schooling for children between six and eleven within a period of ten.
• The Second Plan set target of increasing primary school enrolment ratio in West Pakistan to 56% in
1965 but the ratio improved only to 36% because the population growth rate had been seriously
underestimated.
• The Third Plan again set a target of raising enrolment to 70% but the actual expenditures on
education were much lower because of lower resources. This cut in educational expenditures
decreased the share of primary education by a disproportionate amount.
• A major problem was girl’s education as female education was given low priority in West Pakistan
by the governing elite and social attitudes who did not favour educating women.
• Secondary school enrolment grew at a rate same as primary education with more growth in higher
education and this was concentrated mostly in private sector institutions. The urban bias in education
was intensified.
• The neglect of basic education in 60’s has remained a drag on the modernization of the economy
because it has meant an increase in the number of illiterate persons. The policy failure was
compounded by rapid and unforeseen population growth. This major problem was recognized by
President Ayub and in 1960 a Family Planning Programme was developed. It had limited impact on
birth rate because the health workers themselves were illiterate and the programme became prone to
corruption.
Concentration of Economic Power:
• Public frustration within the perception of unequal sharing of growth benefits began to merge after
1965 as investment and industrial growth slowed down in West Pakistan.
• The concentration of wealth and economic power was transformed into a major political issue in
1968 as a result of Mahbub ul Haq’s now famous speech of 22 families. His speech was not aimed
against the business community but was intended as a symbolic criticism of the entire system of
distribution and social justice developed during the Ayub regime.
• The speech had an electrifying effect on public attitude as it said that the economy of Pakistan had
become dominated by 22 families who controlled 66% of total industrial assets, 70% of insurance
and 80% of banking.
• The top four families were Dawoods, Saigols, Adamjees and Amins. In the public mind the
distinction between control and ownership of asset was not clear.
• A myth was thus created that 22 families had acquired most of the national wealth and has been a
major beneficiaries of the Ayub regime. This was harmful for the private sector development in
Pakistan and resulted in large scale nationalization of industry, banks and insurance companies in
early 1970s. It had 2 unintended effects: firstly, it hardened the East Pakistanis who were arguing for
10. Phase 2: 1958-1968
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greater resource transfers to the East because development in West Pakistan was not benefiting a few
only. Secondly it added to the difficulties of reducing big tax exemptions and subsidies received by
big landlords.
Failed Regional Strategy?
• There was demand for full economic autonomy from East Pakistan.
• Mujib Ur Rahman’s 6 point programme called for severely curtailing the powers of the central
government and limited them to defence, foreign affairs and currency. . Taxation and revenue
collection was to be vested solely in the federating units along with their full control over foreign
exchange reserves.
• An important clause was added to the 1962 constitution which provided that the total resources of
West Pakistan would be used to reduce regional disparities between East & West Pakistan. There was
much higher investment in West Pakistan at the end of 1950s than in East Pakistan. Green revolution
also contributed to the persistence of this gap between the two wings.
• Planning and development efforts geared to a sharp rise in public investment rate in East Pakistan.
These efforts succeeded and public sector investment rate in East Pakistan went up than that of West
Pakistan but private investment continued to lag behind substantially.
• Public sector and foreign aid allocations for investment were brought to near parity between the two
wings of Pakistan, the regional disparities in incomes continued to grow. The goal of reduction in
regional disparity between East and West Pakistan was unrealistic in a short time span of 15-20 years.
East Pakistan did not receive its fair share of resources.
Ayub Khan’s Policies – An Assessment
• For Pakistan the period of 1960-5 was of quickening the tempo for growth. There was a dramatic
turnaround in investment and growth in both East and West Pakistan. This was a result of Ayub’s
strong commitment to development.
• This development momentum was seriously disrupted by the 1965 war with India. Reduction in
foreign aid availability and increased defence spending squeezed investment.
• Rural areas benefited from high agricultural growth while urban areas suffered from the consequence
of slow down in manufacturing and construction and cuts in social spending. Growth of GDP
remained high both in East and West Pakistan in the second half of 1960s but this was concentrated
mostly in agriculture in West Pakistan.
• The non-economic consequences of 1965 war were more disastrous for Ayub. East Pakistan was left
without adequate defence spending during the war with India, there was growing economic disparity
and lack of sufficient political participation.
• In economic policy terms, major failures were the perpetuation of the industrial and trade policies of
1950s and an excessive reliance on external assistance.
Despite these economic policy failures Ayub era was an exceptionally successful period of economic
management