The document defines diarrhea as excessive loss of fluids and electrolytes in stool, with loose or watery stools occurring more frequently than normal. Diarrhea can be caused by viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections as well as non-infectious causes like antibiotics or lactose intolerance. Evaluation of a child with diarrhea involves assessing medical history, performing a physical exam, and diagnostic testing if needed. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration therapy to prevent dehydration as well as continuing to feed the child and providing zinc supplementation. Antibiotics are only indicated for specific infectious causes of diarrhea.
Diarrhea is defined as an increase in stool frequency or liquidity. For infants it is considered diarrhea if there are more than 3 watery stools per day, while for older children it is 3 or more loose stools per day. The causes of diarrhea include viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. Rotavirus is the most common cause of acute diarrhea in children. Treatment involves oral rehydration with solutions like ORS as well as continued feeding. For some cases antibiotics or zinc may be used. Prevention strategies include vaccines, handwashing, safe water, and breastfeeding.
This document discusses acute watery diarrhea, including its definition, etiology, causes, risk factors, assessment, and management. The main points are:
- Acute watery diarrhea is defined as loose or liquid stools for 7 days or less, with or without fever/vomiting. Viruses are the most common cause, especially rotavirus in children under 5.
- Risk factors include age, malnutrition, lack of immunization/breastfeeding, and poor sanitation. Assessment involves classifying dehydration as none, some, or severe based on signs.
- Management consists of oral rehydration with zinc and probiotic supplementation. Antibiotics may be used for specific infections. Immun
1. Diarrhea is caused by infections that imbalance the intestines' fluid and electrolyte processes, commonly from rotavirus in children. It can lead to dehydration, malnutrition, and death.
2. Nursing management of diarrhea involves monitoring for complications, maintaining hydration through oral rehydration and continued feeding, and treating any underlying infections.
3. Treatment plans include oral rehydration with zinc at home, or intravenous rehydration in clinic for severe cases along with continued feeding and antibiotics if needed.
1. Diarrhoea is defined as loose or watery stools occurring more than 3 times per day. It can be caused by various bacterial, viral and parasitic infections. Persistent diarrhoea lasts more than 14 days.
2. Major consequences of diarrhoea are malnutrition and dehydration. Management involves oral rehydration, continued feeding, zinc supplementation, and treating any underlying infection or complications.
3. Persistent diarrhoea results from acute diarrhoea lasting too long, often due to underlying malnutrition impairing gut healing. It requires careful rehydration, nutritional rehabilitation, and treating any infections to break the cycle of diarrhoea and malnutrition.
-11-The child with alterations in gastrointestinal functions.pptJamalYaseenJameelOde
This document discusses several gastrointestinal conditions that can affect infants and children, including gastroenteritis, dehydration, appendicitis, pyloric stenosis, intussusception, cleft lip and palate, Hirschsprung disease. It provides information on the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic testing, treatment and nursing management for each condition. The overall focus is on restoring fluid and electrolyte balance, providing supportive care, educating families, and preventing complications for these acute and chronic GI issues in pediatric patients.
Acute diarrhea is defined as three or more loose stools in 24 hours lasting less than 7 days. It is commonly caused by infectious agents like rotavirus, norovirus, and bacteria like E. coli. Acute diarrhea can lead to dehydration in children, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide each year. The key aspects of treatment are oral rehydration with solutions containing glucose and electrolytes, and early refeeding. Probiotics and zinc supplementation may shorten the duration of acute diarrhea. Antibiotics are only recommended for specific bacterial infections. Hospitalization is necessary if the child has severe dehydration, neurological issues, or is very young.
This document provides an overview of pediatric acute gastroenteritis. It defines gastroenteritis as inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by diarrhea, fever and vomiting. The primary causes are damage to intestinal villi or release of toxins. Clinical features include nausea, diarrhea, fever and dehydration. Dehydration is assessed and treated with oral rehydration solution given orally or intravenously depending on severity. While antibiotics are generally not needed due to most cases being viral, they may be given in severe cases. Probiotics and zinc supplementation can shorten duration of diarrhea. Vaccines and handwashing help prevent gastroenteritis. Complications include dehydration, electrolyte imbalances and hemolytic uremic syndrome
Diarrhea is defined as an increase in stool frequency or liquidity. For infants it is considered diarrhea if there are more than 3 watery stools per day, while for older children it is 3 or more loose stools per day. The causes of diarrhea include viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. Rotavirus is the most common cause of acute diarrhea in children. Treatment involves oral rehydration with solutions like ORS as well as continued feeding. For some cases antibiotics or zinc may be used. Prevention strategies include vaccines, handwashing, safe water, and breastfeeding.
This document discusses acute watery diarrhea, including its definition, etiology, causes, risk factors, assessment, and management. The main points are:
- Acute watery diarrhea is defined as loose or liquid stools for 7 days or less, with or without fever/vomiting. Viruses are the most common cause, especially rotavirus in children under 5.
- Risk factors include age, malnutrition, lack of immunization/breastfeeding, and poor sanitation. Assessment involves classifying dehydration as none, some, or severe based on signs.
- Management consists of oral rehydration with zinc and probiotic supplementation. Antibiotics may be used for specific infections. Immun
1. Diarrhea is caused by infections that imbalance the intestines' fluid and electrolyte processes, commonly from rotavirus in children. It can lead to dehydration, malnutrition, and death.
2. Nursing management of diarrhea involves monitoring for complications, maintaining hydration through oral rehydration and continued feeding, and treating any underlying infections.
3. Treatment plans include oral rehydration with zinc at home, or intravenous rehydration in clinic for severe cases along with continued feeding and antibiotics if needed.
1. Diarrhoea is defined as loose or watery stools occurring more than 3 times per day. It can be caused by various bacterial, viral and parasitic infections. Persistent diarrhoea lasts more than 14 days.
2. Major consequences of diarrhoea are malnutrition and dehydration. Management involves oral rehydration, continued feeding, zinc supplementation, and treating any underlying infection or complications.
3. Persistent diarrhoea results from acute diarrhoea lasting too long, often due to underlying malnutrition impairing gut healing. It requires careful rehydration, nutritional rehabilitation, and treating any infections to break the cycle of diarrhoea and malnutrition.
-11-The child with alterations in gastrointestinal functions.pptJamalYaseenJameelOde
This document discusses several gastrointestinal conditions that can affect infants and children, including gastroenteritis, dehydration, appendicitis, pyloric stenosis, intussusception, cleft lip and palate, Hirschsprung disease. It provides information on the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic testing, treatment and nursing management for each condition. The overall focus is on restoring fluid and electrolyte balance, providing supportive care, educating families, and preventing complications for these acute and chronic GI issues in pediatric patients.
Acute diarrhea is defined as three or more loose stools in 24 hours lasting less than 7 days. It is commonly caused by infectious agents like rotavirus, norovirus, and bacteria like E. coli. Acute diarrhea can lead to dehydration in children, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide each year. The key aspects of treatment are oral rehydration with solutions containing glucose and electrolytes, and early refeeding. Probiotics and zinc supplementation may shorten the duration of acute diarrhea. Antibiotics are only recommended for specific bacterial infections. Hospitalization is necessary if the child has severe dehydration, neurological issues, or is very young.
This document provides an overview of pediatric acute gastroenteritis. It defines gastroenteritis as inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by diarrhea, fever and vomiting. The primary causes are damage to intestinal villi or release of toxins. Clinical features include nausea, diarrhea, fever and dehydration. Dehydration is assessed and treated with oral rehydration solution given orally or intravenously depending on severity. While antibiotics are generally not needed due to most cases being viral, they may be given in severe cases. Probiotics and zinc supplementation can shorten duration of diarrhea. Vaccines and handwashing help prevent gastroenteritis. Complications include dehydration, electrolyte imbalances and hemolytic uremic syndrome
This document provides information on acute gastroenteritis in children. It defines acute diarrhea as the passage of loose or watery stools three or more times in a 24 hour period for up to 14 days. It notes that diarrhea is a leading cause of death among children under 5 years old globally and in India. The document discusses the causes, clinical presentation, assessment and management of acute diarrhea including use of oral rehydration solution and zinc supplementation. It also covers prevention of diarrhea and malnutrition in children.
Unit 4 presentation on diarrhea by Anjali yadav.pptxanchalyadav895389
Diarrhea is defined as having 3 or more loose stools per day. Globally, nearly 1.7 billion cases of childhood diarrhea occur annually, making it a leading cause of death among children under 5. Diarrhea can be acute or chronic based on duration, and causes include infections, drugs, diet, surgery, and other miscellaneous factors. Management involves oral rehydration therapy to replace lost fluids, administering prescribed medications, maintaining nutrition, and educating on prevention.
- Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a common condition in children that causes diarrhea and vomiting. It is usually caused by viruses like rotavirus. While causative agents do not change management, evaluation focuses on differentiating AGE from other potential causes and assessing dehydration severity. Management involves oral rehydration for mild cases and intravenous fluids for moderate to severe dehydration to correct fluid and electrolyte losses. Antibiotics are not routinely used while oral medications like racecadotril and ondansetron may assist rehydration in some cases. Close monitoring is important to watch for complications or need for further treatment.
The document discusses prevention and home remedies for diarrhea. It begins by describing the symptoms of diarrhea such as loose, frequent, or watery stools. It then discusses causes such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The document outlines symptoms in adults and children in detail. It discusses treatments like rehydration and antibiotics. Home remedies suggested include drinking fluids, eating bland foods, and avoiding fatty/spicy foods until symptoms subside. Prevention tips include handwashing, food safety, and being cautious of local water and foods while traveling.
Diarrhoea is a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries. It is defined as the passage of loose or watery stools at least three times in 24 hours. The main types are acute watery diarrhoea, acute bloody diarrhoea (dysentery), persistent diarrhoea lasting 14 days or longer, and diarrhoea with severe malnutrition. Causes include viral, bacterial, parasitic and fungal infections as well as drugs and diet. Treatment involves oral rehydration, continued feeding, and seeking medical help for signs of dehydration. Antibiotics may be given for specific bacterial infections. Preventing diarrhoea relies on access to safe water, adequate sanitation, handw
- Diarrhea is caused by alterations in intestinal fluid and electrolyte transport and is classified as acute (<2-3 weeks) or chronic (≥4 weeks).
- The major mechanisms are osmotic, secretory, exudative, and altered motility. Diarrhea can be watery, fatty, or inflammatory.
- Diarrhea is a major cause of mortality worldwide, especially in children under 5 in developing countries. Infectious causes are responsible for 1.8 million childhood deaths annually.
This document provides information on acute pediatric gastroenteritis. It defines gastroenteritis and discusses its main causes such as rotavirus, norovirus, and various bacteria. Signs and symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, fever and dehydration. Management involves oral rehydration with WHO oral rehydration solution. For severe dehydration, intravenous fluids are used. Antibiotics generally are not needed unless for specific infections. Probiotics and zinc supplementation may shorten the duration of diarrhea.
Persistent and chronic diarrhea in children can last for more than 14 days and is often caused by non-infectious reasons. A thorough history and physical exam is needed to determine the cause, which may include infections, malnutrition, dietary intolerances, or underlying conditions. Management involves treating any infections, providing proper nutrition through oral or intravenous methods, and following dietary modifications like removing lactose or sugars from the diet. For chronic cases where the cause is unknown, further testing is needed to diagnose potential malabsorptive disorders.
1) Diarrheal diseases are a major cause of mortality and morbidity in children worldwide, especially in developing countries, with nearly 1.5 million children dying from acute diarrhea in India alone each year.
2) The causes of diarrhea in children include viral, bacterial, and protozoal infections transmitted through contaminated food and water, as well as non-infectious causes like malnutrition and inflammatory bowel diseases.
3) Treatment of diarrhea involves oral rehydration with solutions like ORS to correct fluid and electrolyte imbalances, continued feeding, and potentially antibiotics for bacterial causes or zinc supplementation.
presentation.presentation slides by ptxyakemichael
This document discusses diarrhea and vomiting in pediatric patients. It begins by defining diarrhea and vomiting and listing learning objectives. It then covers etiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, complications, medical management including rehydration therapy, nursing management, and preventative measures for diarrhea. For vomiting, it defines vomiting, discusses physiology and causes. It also covers differential diagnosis and clinical manifestations of vomiting and red flag symptoms. Diagnostic evaluation for acute vomiting is also mentioned.
Diarrhea is an increased frequency and decreased consistency of fecal discharge as compared with an individual’s normal bowel pattern.
It is often a symptom of a systemic disease.
Acute diarrhea is commonly defined as shorter than 14 days’ duration.
Persistent diarrhea as longer than 14 days’ duration.
Chronic diarrhea as longer than 30 days’ duration.
Most cases of acute diarrhea are caused by infections with viruses, bacteria, or protozoa, and are generally self-limited.
This document discusses the approach to chronic diarrhea in children. It defines chronic diarrhea and outlines its pathophysiology and types. A wide range of potential causes are described. The clinical approach involves a detailed history, laboratory evaluation including celiac serology, and consideration of functional diarrhea in young children. Management focuses on hydration, nutrition, and treating any underlying disease. Probiotics may help in some cases while antidiarrheal medications can improve symptoms but have side effects.
Diarrhea is defined as having three or more loose or liquid bowel movements per day. It is usually caused by viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections that are often food or water-borne. The most common symptoms are loss of skin elasticity and irritability due to dehydration. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration with clean water, salts and sugar. Zinc supplements are also recommended. While usually self-limiting, antibiotics may be needed in cases of bloody diarrhea or severe illness. Diarrhea is a major cause of malnutrition and death in children globally but improved sanitation, handwashing and oral rehydration have reduced mortality significantly.
This document provides an overview of gastroenteritis (GE), also known as acute diarrhea. It defines GE as diarrhea of rapid onset, with or without accompanying symptoms. Viruses are the most common cause, primarily rotavirus in 70-80% of cases. Bacteria account for 10-20% of cases and parasites less than 10%. The document discusses evaluating patients for GE through history, physical exam, and laboratory tests. It provides details on assessing and treating dehydration, which can range from mild to severe. Treatment involves oral rehydration or intravenous fluids based on the dehydration severity.
Diarrheal diseases are a major public health concern worldwide, especially among children under 5 years old. Diarrhea is defined as having 3 or more loose stools per day and can be caused by bacterial, viral, parasitic, or fungal infections. The main risk factors are poor hygiene, inadequate food safety, and low socioeconomic status. Diarrhea is classified based on duration and etiology. The main signs and symptoms include loose stools and dehydration. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration and management of dehydration severity from no dehydration managed at home to severe dehydration treated intravenously in a hospital. Prevention emphasizes handwashing, food safety, breastfeeding, and vaccination.
This document discusses acute gastroenteritis, also known as infectious diarrhea. Some key points:
- Acute gastroenteritis is a common illness that causes vomiting, diarrhea and dehydration. It affects millions of people worldwide annually and is responsible for many child deaths.
- Diagnostic testing is generally not needed for typical cases but may be indicated for severe cases, food handlers, or outbreak investigation. Oral rehydration is the main treatment along with continued feeding and zinc/probiotic supplementation in children.
- Antibiotics are only recommended for specific cases like cholera, bloody diarrhea, or persistent symptoms. Management involves rehydration and continued monitoring for complications like dehydration or electrolyte abnormalities
Diarrheal diseases are common in children, especially in developing countries. There are three main types: acute, persistent, and dysentery. Acute diarrhea lasts less than 14 days while persistent lasts 14 days or longer. Dysentery involves bloody stools. Risk factors include suboptimal breastfeeding, contaminated water/food, and malnutrition. Treatment involves oral rehydration for mild cases and IV fluids for severe dehydration. Antibiotics are given for dysentery. Feeding should continue and mothers advised on follow up care.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document discusses anatomy of the forearm, hand, and elbow. It describes the ossification of bones in the elbow and carpal bones of the hand. It also notes the path of the median nerve through the pronator teres muscle. It then provides detailed descriptions and diagrams of the superficial, intermediate, and deep layers of muscles in the forearm flexor and extensor compartments. Additional topics covered include the dorsal extensor expansion, quadrangular space, ulnar nerve palsy manifestations, the middle radioulnar joint, and Kienbock's disease.
This document provides information on acute gastroenteritis in children. It defines acute diarrhea as the passage of loose or watery stools three or more times in a 24 hour period for up to 14 days. It notes that diarrhea is a leading cause of death among children under 5 years old globally and in India. The document discusses the causes, clinical presentation, assessment and management of acute diarrhea including use of oral rehydration solution and zinc supplementation. It also covers prevention of diarrhea and malnutrition in children.
Unit 4 presentation on diarrhea by Anjali yadav.pptxanchalyadav895389
Diarrhea is defined as having 3 or more loose stools per day. Globally, nearly 1.7 billion cases of childhood diarrhea occur annually, making it a leading cause of death among children under 5. Diarrhea can be acute or chronic based on duration, and causes include infections, drugs, diet, surgery, and other miscellaneous factors. Management involves oral rehydration therapy to replace lost fluids, administering prescribed medications, maintaining nutrition, and educating on prevention.
- Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a common condition in children that causes diarrhea and vomiting. It is usually caused by viruses like rotavirus. While causative agents do not change management, evaluation focuses on differentiating AGE from other potential causes and assessing dehydration severity. Management involves oral rehydration for mild cases and intravenous fluids for moderate to severe dehydration to correct fluid and electrolyte losses. Antibiotics are not routinely used while oral medications like racecadotril and ondansetron may assist rehydration in some cases. Close monitoring is important to watch for complications or need for further treatment.
The document discusses prevention and home remedies for diarrhea. It begins by describing the symptoms of diarrhea such as loose, frequent, or watery stools. It then discusses causes such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The document outlines symptoms in adults and children in detail. It discusses treatments like rehydration and antibiotics. Home remedies suggested include drinking fluids, eating bland foods, and avoiding fatty/spicy foods until symptoms subside. Prevention tips include handwashing, food safety, and being cautious of local water and foods while traveling.
Diarrhoea is a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries. It is defined as the passage of loose or watery stools at least three times in 24 hours. The main types are acute watery diarrhoea, acute bloody diarrhoea (dysentery), persistent diarrhoea lasting 14 days or longer, and diarrhoea with severe malnutrition. Causes include viral, bacterial, parasitic and fungal infections as well as drugs and diet. Treatment involves oral rehydration, continued feeding, and seeking medical help for signs of dehydration. Antibiotics may be given for specific bacterial infections. Preventing diarrhoea relies on access to safe water, adequate sanitation, handw
- Diarrhea is caused by alterations in intestinal fluid and electrolyte transport and is classified as acute (<2-3 weeks) or chronic (≥4 weeks).
- The major mechanisms are osmotic, secretory, exudative, and altered motility. Diarrhea can be watery, fatty, or inflammatory.
- Diarrhea is a major cause of mortality worldwide, especially in children under 5 in developing countries. Infectious causes are responsible for 1.8 million childhood deaths annually.
This document provides information on acute pediatric gastroenteritis. It defines gastroenteritis and discusses its main causes such as rotavirus, norovirus, and various bacteria. Signs and symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, fever and dehydration. Management involves oral rehydration with WHO oral rehydration solution. For severe dehydration, intravenous fluids are used. Antibiotics generally are not needed unless for specific infections. Probiotics and zinc supplementation may shorten the duration of diarrhea.
Persistent and chronic diarrhea in children can last for more than 14 days and is often caused by non-infectious reasons. A thorough history and physical exam is needed to determine the cause, which may include infections, malnutrition, dietary intolerances, or underlying conditions. Management involves treating any infections, providing proper nutrition through oral or intravenous methods, and following dietary modifications like removing lactose or sugars from the diet. For chronic cases where the cause is unknown, further testing is needed to diagnose potential malabsorptive disorders.
1) Diarrheal diseases are a major cause of mortality and morbidity in children worldwide, especially in developing countries, with nearly 1.5 million children dying from acute diarrhea in India alone each year.
2) The causes of diarrhea in children include viral, bacterial, and protozoal infections transmitted through contaminated food and water, as well as non-infectious causes like malnutrition and inflammatory bowel diseases.
3) Treatment of diarrhea involves oral rehydration with solutions like ORS to correct fluid and electrolyte imbalances, continued feeding, and potentially antibiotics for bacterial causes or zinc supplementation.
presentation.presentation slides by ptxyakemichael
This document discusses diarrhea and vomiting in pediatric patients. It begins by defining diarrhea and vomiting and listing learning objectives. It then covers etiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, complications, medical management including rehydration therapy, nursing management, and preventative measures for diarrhea. For vomiting, it defines vomiting, discusses physiology and causes. It also covers differential diagnosis and clinical manifestations of vomiting and red flag symptoms. Diagnostic evaluation for acute vomiting is also mentioned.
Diarrhea is an increased frequency and decreased consistency of fecal discharge as compared with an individual’s normal bowel pattern.
It is often a symptom of a systemic disease.
Acute diarrhea is commonly defined as shorter than 14 days’ duration.
Persistent diarrhea as longer than 14 days’ duration.
Chronic diarrhea as longer than 30 days’ duration.
Most cases of acute diarrhea are caused by infections with viruses, bacteria, or protozoa, and are generally self-limited.
This document discusses the approach to chronic diarrhea in children. It defines chronic diarrhea and outlines its pathophysiology and types. A wide range of potential causes are described. The clinical approach involves a detailed history, laboratory evaluation including celiac serology, and consideration of functional diarrhea in young children. Management focuses on hydration, nutrition, and treating any underlying disease. Probiotics may help in some cases while antidiarrheal medications can improve symptoms but have side effects.
Diarrhea is defined as having three or more loose or liquid bowel movements per day. It is usually caused by viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections that are often food or water-borne. The most common symptoms are loss of skin elasticity and irritability due to dehydration. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration with clean water, salts and sugar. Zinc supplements are also recommended. While usually self-limiting, antibiotics may be needed in cases of bloody diarrhea or severe illness. Diarrhea is a major cause of malnutrition and death in children globally but improved sanitation, handwashing and oral rehydration have reduced mortality significantly.
This document provides an overview of gastroenteritis (GE), also known as acute diarrhea. It defines GE as diarrhea of rapid onset, with or without accompanying symptoms. Viruses are the most common cause, primarily rotavirus in 70-80% of cases. Bacteria account for 10-20% of cases and parasites less than 10%. The document discusses evaluating patients for GE through history, physical exam, and laboratory tests. It provides details on assessing and treating dehydration, which can range from mild to severe. Treatment involves oral rehydration or intravenous fluids based on the dehydration severity.
Diarrheal diseases are a major public health concern worldwide, especially among children under 5 years old. Diarrhea is defined as having 3 or more loose stools per day and can be caused by bacterial, viral, parasitic, or fungal infections. The main risk factors are poor hygiene, inadequate food safety, and low socioeconomic status. Diarrhea is classified based on duration and etiology. The main signs and symptoms include loose stools and dehydration. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration and management of dehydration severity from no dehydration managed at home to severe dehydration treated intravenously in a hospital. Prevention emphasizes handwashing, food safety, breastfeeding, and vaccination.
This document discusses acute gastroenteritis, also known as infectious diarrhea. Some key points:
- Acute gastroenteritis is a common illness that causes vomiting, diarrhea and dehydration. It affects millions of people worldwide annually and is responsible for many child deaths.
- Diagnostic testing is generally not needed for typical cases but may be indicated for severe cases, food handlers, or outbreak investigation. Oral rehydration is the main treatment along with continued feeding and zinc/probiotic supplementation in children.
- Antibiotics are only recommended for specific cases like cholera, bloody diarrhea, or persistent symptoms. Management involves rehydration and continued monitoring for complications like dehydration or electrolyte abnormalities
Diarrheal diseases are common in children, especially in developing countries. There are three main types: acute, persistent, and dysentery. Acute diarrhea lasts less than 14 days while persistent lasts 14 days or longer. Dysentery involves bloody stools. Risk factors include suboptimal breastfeeding, contaminated water/food, and malnutrition. Treatment involves oral rehydration for mild cases and IV fluids for severe dehydration. Antibiotics are given for dysentery. Feeding should continue and mothers advised on follow up care.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document discusses anatomy of the forearm, hand, and elbow. It describes the ossification of bones in the elbow and carpal bones of the hand. It also notes the path of the median nerve through the pronator teres muscle. It then provides detailed descriptions and diagrams of the superficial, intermediate, and deep layers of muscles in the forearm flexor and extensor compartments. Additional topics covered include the dorsal extensor expansion, quadrangular space, ulnar nerve palsy manifestations, the middle radioulnar joint, and Kienbock's disease.
The axilla is a pyramid-shaped space between the upper arm and chest wall. It has an apex that continues into the neck, and a base formed by the anterior and posterior axillary folds. The walls include the pectoralis major muscle anteriorly, subscapularis and latissimus dorsi muscles posteriorly, ribs and serratus anterior muscle medially, and coracobrachialis and biceps muscles laterally. Structures passing through the axilla include the axillary vessels, brachial plexus cords, and lymph nodes. The axillary artery gives off branches including the thoracoacromial artery in the axilla. The axillary vein drains the upper limb and
The document discusses the history and development of a new technology called blockchain. Blockchain first emerged with bitcoin, an electronic currency not backed by any government or central authority. It has since expanded beyond currency applications, as the distributed ledger technology allows for the secure and decentralized recording of transactions and data across many computers. The potential uses and impact of blockchain technology across many industries continues to be explored.
The mammary gland is an accessory female reproductive organ located in the superficial fascia of the chest. It contains 15-20 lobes made up of lobules and terminal duct lobular units that secrete milk. The nipple and areola are located on the superficial surface and contain numerous lactiferous ducts that drain into the lobes. Blood supply comes from perforating branches of the internal thoracic artery and branches of the axillary artery. Venous drainage is into the internal mammary and axillary veins.
This document discusses several inflammatory eye diseases including conjunctivitis, uveitis, blepharitis, dacryocystitis, and keratitis. It provides definitions and descriptions of the diseases, their symptoms, causes, methods of diagnosis, and principles of treatment. Common symptoms among the diseases include redness, pain, blurred vision, and light sensitivity in the eye(s). Diagnosis involves examination of the eyes, eyelids, and surrounding areas. Treatment depends on the specific disease but generally involves antibiotic eye drops, oral antibiotics, steroid drops, warm compresses, and sometimes surgery.
This document discusses genetic disorders, including:
- Genetic disorders are caused by abnormalities in DNA and genes, and can be heritable or non-heritable.
- There are three main types of genetic disorders - single gene, chromosomal, and multifactorial. Examples are provided for each type including cystic fibrosis, Down syndrome, and Alzheimer's disease.
- The history of understanding genetic disorders is explored, from Mendel's early work in genetics to modern discoveries like the structure of DNA and genetic coding. Classification and examples of different genetic disorders are provided.
The document traces the evolution of community medicine from its origins in hygiene to its current form. It discusses the changing names of the field from hygiene to public health to preventive medicine to social medicine and finally community medicine. It defines community medicine as concerned with the study of health and disease in defined populations. The functions of a community medicine specialist are also outlined, including identifying community health needs, prioritizing interventions, planning health services, conducting research, and collaborating across sectors to improve community health.
The philosophy of the Renaissance developed over three periods from the 14th to 17th centuries. Early humanist philosophy emphasized human potential and dignity. Neoplatonic philosophy saw God and nature as ordered yet allowed for human freedom. Later natural philosophy shifted focus to empirical sciences with figures like Copernicus, Galileo, and Bruno advancing heliocentrism and rejecting religious authority over reason. Political philosophy from Machiavelli argued morality should serve politics while utopian thinkers like Campanella envisioned ideal societies without private property. Overall Renaissance philosophy celebrated humanity, nature, and reason in contrast to medieval scholasticism.
PCR is used to amplify specific DNA sequences. It involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling of the DNA sample to cause DNA replication between two primers that flank the target sequence. Each cycle doubles the amount of target DNA. After many cycles, the target is amplified exponentially into billions of copies. Key steps are denaturation to separate DNA strands, annealing to allow primers to bind, and extension to replicate the target using a DNA polymerase. Proper primer design is important for specificity of the amplification.
The document summarizes the anatomy and structure of the lungs. It describes that the lungs are soft, spongy, and elastic organs located in the chest cavity, separated by the heart. Each lung has distinct lobes and is further divided into bronchopulmonary segments that have independent blood supply and drainage. Within each segment, the branching bronchial tubes terminate in alveoli where gas exchange takes place through the alveolar sacs and capillaries.
This document describes an ELISA Immuno Explorer kit that can be used to teach students about HIV/AIDS diagnosis and immunology. The kit allows students to perform hands-on ELISA tests to detect HIV antibodies in serum samples, simulating real-world HIV testing. It is a cost-effective classroom-safe way to engage students in immunology concepts and link these to an important real-world issue. The document provides background on HIV and the ELISA procedure, as well as instructions for using the kit in a 45-minute laboratory activity.
Possible selves are images of oneself in the future that shape a person's identity and sense of self. They represent a person's hopes and fears for who they may become or what experiences they may have in the future. Possible selves are self-constructs that identify what a person envisions or worries about for their future self.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
1. DIARRHEA DEFINITION
• The normal frequency and consistency of bowel
movements varies with a child's age and diet and
the definition of diarrhea varies accordingly.
• Diarrhea :
• excessive loss of fluids & electrolytes in stool,
Increase in liquidity.
• loose or watery stools, excessively frequent
stools, or stools that are large in volume.
• A more exact definition is excessive daily stool
liquid volume (>10 mL stool/kg body
weight/day).
2. • Frequency — It is normal for young infants to
have up to 3 to 10 stools per day, although this
varies depending upon the child's diet (breast
milk versus formula; breastfed children usually
have more frequent stools). Older infants,
toddlers, and children normally have one to two
bowel movements per day.
• Diarrhea can usually be defined as an increase in
stool frequency to twice the usual number per
day in infants, or three or more loose or watery
stools per day in older children.
3. • Consistency and color — The consistency and color of
a child's stool normally changes with age, which
highlights the importance of knowing what is normal
for your child. Young infants, especially those who are
breastfeeding, usually have soft stools. Their stools
may be yellow, green, or brown, and/or appear to
contain seeds or small curds.
• All children's stools can vary as a result of their diet.
Development of stools that are runny, watery, or
contain mucus is a significant change that should be
monitored. The presence of visible blood or black
stools is never normal and always requires medical
attention.
4. High risk groups
Young age groups
Immune deficient individuals
Measles
Malnutrition
Travel to endemic areas
Lack of breast feeding
Exposure to unsanitary conditions
Attendance to child care centers
Poor maternal education
5. Causes and risk factors
• Microbial,
• Host and
• Environmental
factors interact to
cause GE
Diarrhoea pathogens
Environmental
factors
Host factors
6. Diarrhea Classification
• According to Pathogens.
• According to Duration.
• According to Mechanism of Diarrhea.
• According to clinical types of Diarrhea.
7. DIARRHEA CAUSES
• Infective, non-infective
• The most common cause of acute diarrhea is a
viral infection.
• Other causes include:
• bacterial infections,
• side effects of antibiotics, and
• infections not related to the gastrointestinal (GI)
system.
• In addition, there are many less common causes
of diarrhea.
8. • Acute diarrhea last<14days.
• When episode last >14days it is called chronic
or persistent diarrhea.
Diarrhea according to Duration
10. Clinical types of diarrhea
There are 2 main clinical types of AD
Each is a reflection of the underlying pathology and altered physiology
Clinical type Description
Nausea,vomiting,fever,abdominal
pain&cramp,diarrhea,tenesmus.
Common pathogens
Acute watery
diarrhoea
This is the most common. It is of recent onset,
commencing usually within 48 hours of presentation. It
is usually self limiting and most episodes subside within
7 days. The main complication is dehydration.
Rotavirus, Vibrio cholera
Acute bloody
diarrhoea
Also referred to as dysentery. This is the passage of
bloody stools. It is as a result of damage to the
intestinal mucosa by an invasive organism. The
complications here are sepsis,
HUS(hemolytic uremic syndrome), malnutrition and
dehydration.
Shigella spp, Entamoeba
histolytica
11. DIARRHEA EVALUATION
• The evaluation of diarrhea in children who do seek
medical evaluation requires a careful review of:
• Medical history, a
• Physical examination, and
• Diagnostic testing.
• The clinician will perform a thorough examination
because there are some infections unrelated to the
bowels (such as an ear infection) that can cause
diarrhea.
• Many tests are available to diagnose the cause of
diarrhea and to determine the severity of dehydration,
although most children will not require testing.
12. Assessment of the child with diarrhoea
History
Ask the mother or other caretaker about:
Duration of diarrhoea;
Presence of blood in the stool;
Number of watery stools per day;
Number of episodes of vomiting;
Presence of fever, cough, or other important
problems (e.g. convulsions, recent measles);
Pre-illness feeding practices;
Type and amount of fluids (including breast milk) and
food taken during the illness;
Drugs or other remedies taken;
Immunization history.
15. I) STOOL: MICROSCOPY : low sensitivity & specificity
a) leucocyte (>10/hpf )- Invasive diarrhea
b) RBC ,ova,Trophozoite or cyst.
c) culture & sensitive - persistent diarrhea
II) BLOOD TESTS
a) CBC
b) S. electrolyte
c) BUN & creatinine
III)GUE
IV) Others: Tests for specific diagnoses should be sent when
appropriate, such as serum antibody tests for celiac
disease or colonoscopy for suspected UC. A trial of
lactose restriction for several days is helpful to rule out
lactose intolerance, or a more specific test, such as
lactose breath hydrogen analysis, can be performed.
Laboratory investigations
16. Management
Treating dehydration is the corner stone in managing
diarrhea.(Oral rehydration therapy)
Feeding: Continue Breast feeding and routine normal
diet and energy dense feeds.
Hand washing after defecation & before meal alone
can reduce 40% of water & excreta related disease
Drug therapy has very little place
Antibiotic
Antisecretory
Antimotility.
Follow-up to ensure recovery
17. Treatment : home therapy to prevent
dehydration and malnutrition
Children with no signs of dehydration need
extra fluids and salt to replace their losses of
water and electrolytes due to diarrhoea. If
these are not given, signs of dehydration
may develop
18. Composition of standard and reduced osmolarity
ORS solutions
Standard ORS
solution
Reduced ORS
solution
(mEq or mmol/l) (mEq or mmol/l)
Glucose 111 75
Sodium 90 75
Chloride 80 65
Potassium 20 20
Citrate 10 10
Osmolarity 311 245
19. The advantages of this new reduced osmolarity ORS
solution
• It reduces stool output or stool volume by
about 25% when compared to the original
WHO-UNICEF ORS solution
• It reduces vomiting by almost 30%
• It reduces the need for unscheduled IV
therapy by more than 30%.
21. warning signs
Take the child to a health worker if there are
warning signs of dehydration or other problems
• The child does not get better in three days.
• Starts to pass many watery stools;
• Has repeated vomiting;
• Becomes very thirsty; lethargy, poor urine output
• Is eating or drinking poorly;
• Develops high fever;
• Has blood in the stool;
22. Indications for IV therapy:
1. Depressed level of consciousness.
2. Moderate dehydration when there is no
improvement after the firs 4 hours of
treatment with ORS.
3. Severe dehydration
4. Uncontrolled vomiting, poor urine out put
5. Patients unable to drink from extreme
fatigue, stupor, or coma
6. Patients with Abdominal distention.
24. Zinc in Diarrhea
• Zinc deficiency is common in developing countries and zinc is lost during
diarrhea
• Zinc deficiency is associated with impaired electrolyte and water
absorption, decreased brush border enzyme activity and impaired cellular
and humeral immunity .
• Treatment with zinc reduces the duration and severity of AD and also
reduces the frequency of further episodes during the subsequent 2-3 months
• WHO recommends that children from developing countries with
diarrhea be given zinc for 10-14 days
10mg daily for children <6 months
20 mg daily for children >6 months
25. Probiotics in the Treatment of
Diarrhea
Mechanisms:
1. Protect the intestine by competing with
pathogens for attachment.
2. Strengthening tight junctions between
enterocytes
3. Enhancing the mucosal immune
response to pathogens.
26. Antibiotic in Acute Diarrhoea
Indicated only for :
• Acute bloody diarrhea with gross blood
• Severe invasive bacterial diarrhea e:g Shigella
• Cholera,
• Associated systemic infection
• Severe malnutrition.
• Giardiasis ,Entamoeba hitolytica
• Suspected or proven sepsis
• Immuno compromised children
Antibiotics are contraindicated in:
E. coli 0157: H7 because they increase the risk of Haemolytic Uraemic syndrome (HUS)
Uncomplicated salmonella enteritis because they prolong bacteria shedding
27. Complications & consequences of
watery diarrhea:
o Dehydration.
o electrolyte disturbance.
o Base deficit acidosis.
o Malnutrition
o Persistent diarrhea
o Toxic illus
o Renal Failure.
o Hus(hemolytic uremic syndrome)
o DIC
o Convulsion
o Cerebral damage and cerebral venous thrombosis.
29. How can we prevent diarrhoeal
disease?
This involves intervention at two levels:
Primary prevention (to reduce disease transmission)
Rotavirus and measles vaccines
Hand washing with soap
Providing adequate and safe drinking water
Environmental sanitation
Secondary prevention (to reduce disease severity)
Promote breastfeeding
Vitamin A supplementation
Treatment with zinc