Locally available Red soil were used for the experimental analysis to study the effects of seawater impact in concrete structures with comparison of normal water in terms of its strength properties and changes on the behavior of Red soil. M-20 & M- 30 concrete cubes were casted with 0.45 water-cement ratio. Casted Concrete cubes are buried in red Soil near Costal zone to observe the Compressive strength and NDT during 28th day and 84th day with addition of fly ash class-C of two different proportions 20% & 30%. Totally 72 specimen were cast with normal water. The highest value of compressive strength obtained is 35.13N/Sq.mm during 84th day for Seawater curing in addition of fly ash class-C and lowest value is 15.57N/Sq.mm during 84th day for seawater curing without fly ash

1. http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 464 editor@iaeme.com
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 10, Issue 02, February 2019, pp. 464-472, Article ID: IJCIET_10_02_047
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=02
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF NORMAL
WATER & SEA WATER ENCORACHMENT IN
RED SOIL ON CONCRETE
Sakthivel.R
Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering,
Pondicherry Engineering College, Puducherry,India
Dr. V. Murugaiyan
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
Pondicherry Engineering College, Puducherry, India
ABSTRACT
Locally available Red soil were used for the experimental analysis to study the
effects of seawater impact in concrete structures with comparison of normal water in
terms of its strength properties and changes on the behavior of Red soil. M-20 & M-
30 concrete cubes were casted with 0.45 water-cement ratio. Casted Concrete cubes
are buried in red Soil near Costal zone to observe the Compressive strength and NDT
during 28th day and 84th day with addition of fly ash class-C of two different
proportions 20% & 30%. Totally 72 specimen were cast with normal water. The
highest value of compressive strength obtained is 35.13N/Sq.mm during 84th day for
Seawater curing in addition of fly ash class-C and lowest value is 15.57N/Sq.mm
during 84th day for seawater curing without fly ash
Keywords: Compressive Strength, Red soil, Partial replacement fly ash, Normal
water, Seawater, NDT.
Cite this Article: Sakthivel.R and Dr. V. Murugaiyan, Studies on the Effect of
Normal Water & Sea Water Encorachment in Red Soil on Concrete, International
Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 10(2), 2019, pp. 464-472.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=02
1. INTRODUCTION
A variety of soil classification systems have been developed to describe the suitability of soils
for specific types of land use and the natural ability of the soils to tolerate factors leading to
their degradation. These inherent soil characteristics vary within and between continents,
regions, and landscapes Inherent differences in soil properties arise from the influence of the
generally accepted factors of soil formation, namely climate, time, vegetation, parent material

2. Studies on the Effect of Normal Water & Sea Water Encorachment in Red Soil on Concrete
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 465 editor@iaeme.com
and topography. Red soils are recognized as important in soil classification systems because
of the vast areas occupied by these soils in various parts of the world.
P. Krishnam Raju et.al (2014) concluded that there is no reduction in compressive
strength due to mixing and curing of sea water, whereas the average compressive strength
arrived for designated concretes are more than the target strength.
Tarek Uddin Mohammed et.al said that seawater –mixed concrete shows earlier strength
gained compared to tap water mixed concrete. However, after a long-term of exposure, no
significant difference in compressive strength is observed.
Canon has stated that by adding fly ash to the extent of 15% by weight of cement in lean
concrete (W/C=0.8) strength equal to the corresponding plane concrete within 90days was
achieved.
Hanh H. Pham1, Kien T. Tong1, Thanh T. Le1,2 examined the result of high strength
concrete using fly ash for thstructures in Vietnamese marine environment for sustainability
reported that the research results of a high strengtconcrete (compressive strength of above 80
MPa) which has up to 35% cement content replaced by fly ash to be usedfor the structures in
Vietnamese marine environment. The use of this concrete probably helps extend the service
life othe infrastructures and also helps reduce a large amount of an industrial waste (fly ash)
discharged from Vietnamesthermal power plants. This will be able to improve all three
aspects of a sustainable construction which comprise economy, natural resource and
environment.
O.O.Akinkurolere et al (2007) and reported that the mixing and curing concrete with salt
water increases the compressive strength rapidly and the strength was still increasing at 28
days.
Felah M Wegian (2010) observed that the compressive strength and consequently the
other related strengths of concrete were shown to increase for specimens mixed and cured in
seawater at early ages up to 14 days, while a definite decrease in the respective strengths was
observed for ages more than 28 days and up to 90 days. The reduction in strength increases
with an increase in exposure time, which may be due to salt crystallization formation
affecting the strength gain.
2. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
• To study the variation in M20 & M30 concrete compressive strength casted by normal
water and cured with salt-water & Normal water in addition with fly ash class-C.
• To suggest that possibility of salty water as a mixing water or curing.
• By providing alternate method which result into saving a fresh water.
• To give a better solution to the society.
3. MATERIALS USED
3.1. Red soil
Locally available red soil is used for the laboratory analysis of specific gravity, Atterberg’s
limit, OMC & UCC. Colour of Red soil is principally due to ferric oxides.
3.2. Cement
Ordinary Portland cement of grade of 43 is used in this project work confirming to IS 8112-
1989 and ultra tech cement is used. The specific gravity of cement is 3.15

3. Sakthivel.R and Dr. V. Murugaiyan
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3.3. Fine aggregate
River sand is used of size 4.75mm passing sieve used in this project. The properties of fine
aggregate are determined as per IS 2386-1963 to have a specific gravity of fine aggregate is
2.60 confirming at zone II.
3.4. Coarse aggregate
Coarse aggregate is sieved through 20 and 12.5mm sieve sizes. Coarse aggregate of size
20mm of 60% and 12.5mm size of 40% used for concrete mix.
3.5. Water
The normal potable water is available in laboratory was used for casting and curing of
conventional concrete cube
3.6. Sea water
In this work, the sea water is used for curing of concrete for both M20 and M30 grade.
4. METHODOLOGY
The general mix proportions are provided in IS: 10262-2009, for M20 and M30 grade of
concrete was arrived as 1: 1.5: 3 and 1: 0.75: 1.5 with water-cement ratio of 0.45. A total
sample of 72 cube specimen of size 150mm x 150mm x 150mm were cast and tested the
compressive strength at 28 & 84 days, Water absorption and Young’s modulus were noted at
28 days. The various physical properties and chemical properties of Red soil due to effects of
sea water were investigated.
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
5.1. Sieve analysis
Red Soil samples collected from Bommiyarplayam, Villupuram district, Tamilnadu, India.
Collected soil samples were dried and tested for grain size distribution by performing dry
sieve analysis (IS-2720-Part 4) and wet sieve analysis using hydrometer and the results are
noted.
5.2. Plasticity index
To know the plasticity characteristics of soil, liquid limit by casagrande’s method (IS 2720-
Part-5-1985), plastic limit (IS 2720-Part-5-1985) were performed and plasticity index were
calculated for all the red soils and the results are tabulated, the consistency and behavior of
the soil is changed due to sea water impact and accordingly its engineering properties also
changed.

4. Studies on the Effect of Normal Water & Sea Water Encorachment in Red Soil on Concrete
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TABLE 1 Geotechnical properties in Red soil before & after placing concrete cubes
Description units
Red Soil
Before placing
concrete
Before placing concrete
28th
day 84th
day
Specific gravity - 2.63 2.34 2.50
Liquid limit % 20.97 17.22 19.14
Plastic limit % 11.02 11.09 11.00
Shrinkage limit % 10.71 9.76 9.21
Plasticity index % 9.95 6.13 8.14
Free Swell index % 10.50 22.5 22.9
OMC % 23.07 16.19 15
UCC kpa 16.80 12.13 13.52
The above shows that specific gravity is decreased from 2.63 to 2.50 after intrusion of
seawater in concrete cubes and index properties of soil also decreased.
5.3. Compressive Strength
Compressive strength of concrete is tested on cube at various Proportion of cement, fly ash,
coarse aggregate & Fine aggregate with water cement ratio 0.45. The concrete cubes strength
was tested during 28th day and 84th day for M-20 % M 30. Sea water which was tested in
compression testing machine. This concrete cube specimens containing OPC, fine and coarse
aggregate are tested for compressive strength of concrete at 28th & 84th days.
In general, the curing weight of concrete is reduced when it is compared with normal
water curing. Generally weight is taken before it is put into curing tank and after 24 hours
taken out and dried for few minutes to take the weight of concrete specimens and hence
finally it’s compared whether it is increased or decreased in normal and sea water curing.
In general, the compressive strength of concrete is decreased in sea water curing when its
compare to normal water curing, reduction in strength of about 12% by volume. This
reduction in sea water is due to porous in concrete which allows salts to penetrate into it and
finally leads to loss of strength in concrete.

5. Sakthivel.R and Dr. V. Murugaiyan
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TABLE 2 compressive strength of concrete with normal water and sea water
Description
M-20 M-30
28th
day 84th
day 28th
day 84th
day
Normal water curing without fly ash 24.13 29.91 25.48 34.60
Normal water curing With fly ash 20% 25.94 20.60 39.61 31.85
Normal water curing With fly ash 30% 22.50 28.14 26.31 29.36
Sea water curing buried in Red soil without
fly ash
25.95 15.57 32.74 26.02
Sea water curing buried in Red soil with fly
ash (20%)
17.43 19.42 23.08 35.33
Sea water curing buried in Red soil (30%) 13.94 19.95 31.33 27.37
Figure 2 Compressive strength of concrete with normal water and sea water
The above graph shows that compressive strength of seawater curing with red soil having
highest value in addition with fly ash class-C of 20% when compared with normal water
curing.
5.4. Ultra-sonic pulse velocities
The normal techniques of UPV method are transferring the voltage in the form of ultrasonic
pulse and back it’s transmitting and receiving from the transducer respectively. The
transducer is placed into both side of concrete surface which allows the pulses into the
concrete and its travel inside of concrete it’s received by the transducer at the opposite side.
the distance between the two transducer and the velocity of the pulse are known. The velocity
criteria of concrete under the grading, if the pulsed velocity is greater than 4.5 its excellent, if
24
28
31
32
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
28th day 84th day 28th day 84th day
M-20 M-30
Normal water curing without
fly ash
Normal water curingWith fly
ash 20%
Normal water curingWith fly
ash 30%
Sea water curing buried in red
soil without fly ash
Sea water curing buried in Red
soil with fly ash 20%
Sea water curing buried in Red
soil with fly ash (30%)
Compressive strength

6. Studies on the Effect of Normal Water & Sea Water Encorachment in Red Soil on Concrete
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its 3.5 to 4.5 are good in condition, if 3.0 to 3.5 it’s a medium ,finally below 3.0 it’s doubtful
concrete to used.
Figure 1 ultra-sonic pulse velocity
TABLE 4 UPV of concrete with normal water and sea water with addition of fly ash class-C
Description
M-20 M-30
28th
day 84th
day 28th
day 84th
day
Normal water curing without fly ash 4637 4657 4533 4860
Normal water curing With fly ash
20%
4747 4357 4734 4460
Normal water curing With fly ash
30%
4564 4364 4684 4584
Sea water curing buried in Red soil
without fly ash
4323 4710 4244 4930
Sea water curing buried in Red soil
with fly ash (20%)
4357 4614 4240 4457
Sea water curing buried in Red soil
(30%)
4044 4460 4474 4284
Figure 2 UPV of concrete with normal water and sea water
24
28
31
32
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
28th day 84th day 28th day 84th day
M-20 M-30
Normal water curing
without fly ash
Normal water
curingWith fly ash 20%
Normal water
curingWith fly ash 30%
Sea water curing buried
in red soil without fly
ash
Sea water curing buried
in Red soil with fly ash
20%
UPV

7. Sakthivel.R and Dr. V. Murugaiyan
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 470 editor@iaeme.com
The above graph shows that UPV of seawater curing with red soil having highest value in
addition with fly ash class-C of 20% when compared with normal water curing.
5.5. Rebound hammer test
Schmidt’s rebound hammer is one of the non-destructive testing methods for concrete to
measure the surface hardness. It consists of a spring hammer that side on a plunger within the
tubular. When the plunger is pressed against the surface of concrete the mass hit from the
plunger it reacts to the force against the spring, that impact against the concrete and spring
controlled the action of mass, taking the rider with it guide scale. The rider on top of the
tubular just above mass rebound to allow the reading to be taken. The distance travelled along
the concrete is called rebound number. This test can be done both horizontally and vertically
manner.
TABLE 4 R valueof concrete with normal water and sea water with addition of fly ash class-C
Description
M-20 M-30
28th
day 84th
day 28th
day 84th
day
Normal water curing without fly
ash
23 28 28 32
Normal water curing With fly
ash 20%
24 28 31 32
Normal water curing With fly
ash 30%
24 26 31 36
Sea water curing buried in Red
soil without fly ash
28 21 25 33
Sea water curing buried in Red
soil with fly ash (20%)
26 26 31 38
Sea water curing buried in Red
soil (30%)
26 25 31 34

8. Studies on the Effect of Normal Water & Sea Water Encorachment in Red Soil on Concrete
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 471 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 3 R value of concrete with normal water and sea water
The above graph shows that R value of seawater curing with red soil having highest value
in addition with fly ash class-C of 20% when compared with normal water curing.
6. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the test results, it is concluded that:
1. The compressive strength of concrete is decreased in both M20 and M30 grade of
concrete used in Normal water curing, compared with sweater curing in addition to fly
ash class-C (20%) in Red soil. The highest value of Compressive strength is
35.13N/Sq.mm for Seawater curing and lowest value is seawater curing without fly
ash on 84th day is 15.57N/Sq.mm.
2. The ultra-sonic pulse velocity results show that normal water curing of concrete
decreased value when compared with seawater curing in Red soil.
3. The Rebound hammer Resistance value of concrete is increased to 38 in sea water
curing for M30 concrete in Red soil during 84th day in addition with fly ash class c of
20% when compared with normal water curing.
24
28
31
32
38
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
28th day 84th day 28th day 84th day
M-20 M-30
Normal water curing
without fly ash
Normal water
curingWith fly ash 20%
Normal water
curingWith fly ash 30%
Sea water curing buried
in red soil without fly
ash
Sea water curing buried
in Red soil with fly ash
20%
Sea water curing buried
in Red soil with fly ash
(30%)
R value

9. Sakthivel.R and Dr. V. Murugaiyan
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 472 editor@iaeme.com
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