The document discusses the ethical responsibility of researchers to avoid harm to participants, emphasizing the principle of non-maleficence and the importance of risk minimization strategies. It outlines various types of harm that may arise during research, including psychological, physical, legal, and social harm, and stresses the necessity of informed consent and confidentiality. Additionally, it highlights the role of debriefing and community involvement in ensuring the well-being of research participants.

1. Avoiding harm inResearch

2. We might all expect that all researchers would be very careful to protect participants from at least physical harm caused by their research programmes.(the principle of non-maleficence)

3. ?

4. Yes

5. ?

6. Because as a researcher it is our duty

7. Basic ethical principles stress the need to do well and to do no harm because just one research study may cause a range of harm.

8. In short:

9. Avoidance of harm is a paramount to all research since the ethical codes were put into place.

10. Researchersare normally expected to adopt risk minimization strategies.

11. Okay?Okay.

12. To avoid harm, some researchers used debriefing

13. What is Debriefing?

14. Debriefing
“to carefully review upon completion”
-Merriam Webster Dictionary

15. Another way of responding to the possibility of harming participants, is by incorporating in the planning and running of the research members of those communities who form the focus of the work.

16. Participantsshould not be worse of as a result of their involvement in the research.

17. Researchshould also be designed in order to maximize its utility and relevance for the benefit of the society.

18. Ensurethat research participants are protectedfrom undue intrusion, distress, indignity, physical discomfort, personal embarrassment or psychological or other harm.

19. These are thetypes of Harm that may occur in doing Reseach:

20. #1 Psychological Harm

21. Research studies, particularly psychology studies, can put participants in situations that may make them feel uncomfortable in order to learn about their reaction to a situation.

22. It is important that you develop an appropriate consent process which involves not only informing the participant at the beginning of the study but continuing to monitor their progress, allowing for withdrawal at any point, and an informative debriefing period after the study.

23. #2 Physical Harm

24. While this risk tends to be less frequent with a social and behavioral science study, there are studies where considering a physical risk is still relevant.

25. For some studies it may be necessary to exclude participants whose health conditions increase the likelihood of injury.

26. #3 Legal Harm

27. Unlike doctors and lawyers, researchers cannot protect their participants’ confidences in a court of law.

28. If you are likely to gather information about an individual's illegal behavior (an ethnographic study of teens that are using illegal drugs) you should take care of their Confidentiality.

29. #4 Social Harm

30. When you are studying an individual, it is important to consider their social situation and how they function in it.

31. It is important that you keep that individual’s participation confidential and private, even to the level that your meeting together is done privately.

32. Thank you !