This document describes using an Internet of Things (IoT) system with ultrasonic sensors and Arduino to help reduce accidents on ghat roads and U-turns. The system measures distance using ultrasonic sensors connected to an Arduino board and triggers alarms if an object is detected within 5 cm to alert drivers. The document provides an overview of IoT applications, describes the components used including Arduino, ultrasonic sensors, and connections. It also includes the code used to measure distance and trigger alarms. The goal is to help reduce the number of accidents through continuous monitoring and alerts.

1. ON
AVOIDING ACCIDENTS ON GHAT ROAD AND U-TURNS
BY USING IOT
UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF
Mr.CH.SRIRAM
Asst.Professor DONE BY
EEE Department P.RAGHAVENDER (15831A0245)
Y.RAJESH (15831A0260)
M.PRASHANTH (15831A0235)

2. OVER VIEW:
INTRODUCTION
IOT APPLICATIONS
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ARDINO
UNO
PIN DIAGRAM OF AURDINO
ULTRASONIC SENSOR
PIN DIAGRAM OF US
WORKING OF US
US APPLICATIONS
CONNECTIONS
LEDS
PROGRAM
CONCLUSION

5. IOT
• What Is the Internet of Things (IoT)?
Internet of Things:
• Internet of Things or IoT is a global
network of physical devices connected to
the Internet. These devices are equipped
with sensors and other information transfer
mechanisms. The devices are usually
combined by means of connection to a
control and/or processing units. Internet
of Things theory states that inanimate
equipment will be able to speak.

6. Applications
Smart home. Smart Home clearly stands
out, ranking as highest Internet of Things
application on all measured channels.
...Wearables. ...Smart City. ...Smart grids.
...Industrial internet. ...Connected car.
...Connected Health (Digital
health/Telehealth/Telemedicine) ...Smart
retail.

7. Block diagram of arduino uno

8. power Vin
3.3v
5v
GND
Vin:input voltage.
5v:regulated power
supply.
3.3v:3.3v supply
generator
GND:ground
Reset Reset Resets the micro
controller
Analog pins A0-A5 Analog input in the
range of 0-5v
Input/Output pins Digital pins o-13 Input or output pins
Serial 0(Rx),1(Tx) Receive and transmit
TTL serial data
External interrupts 2,3 To trigger an interupt
PWM 3,5,6,9,11 Provide 8-bit PWM
output
SPI 10 (SS), 11
(MOSI), 12
(MISO) and 13
(SCK)
Used for
SPIcommunication

9. Applications:
• Prototyping of Electronics Products and
Systems
• Multiple DIY Projects.
• Easy to use for beginner level DIYers and
makers.
• Projects requiring Multiple I/O interfaces
and communications.

10. Ultra sonic sensor
• The name indicates, ultrasonic sensors
measure distance by using ultrasonic
waves.
The sensor head emits an ultrasonic wave
and receives the wave reflected back from
the target. Ultrasonic Sensors measure
the distance to the target by measuring the
time between the emission and reception.

11. Distance calculation
• The distance can be calculated with the
following formula:
• Distance L = 1/2 × T × C
• where L is the distance, T is the time
between the emission and reception, and
C is the sonic speed. (The value is
multiplied by 1/2 because T is the time for
go-and-return distance.)

13. Working:
• HC-SR04 Ultrasonic (US) sensor is a 4
pin module, whose pin names are Vcc,
Trigger, Echo and Ground respectively.
This sensor is a very popular sensor used
in many applications where measuring
distance or sensing objects are required.
The module has two eyes like projects in
the front which forms the Ultrasonic
transmitter and Receiver. The sensor
works with the simple high school formula
that

14. The Ultrasonic transmitter transmits an ultrasonic wave, this wave travels in air and
when it gets objected by any material it gets reflected back toward the sensor this
reflected wave is observed by the Ultrasonic receiver module as shown in the
picture.

15. Applications:
• Used to measure the distance within a
wide range of 2cm to 400cm.
• Can be used to map the objects
surrounding the sensor by rotating it.
• Depth of certain places like wells, pits etc
can be measured since the waves can
penetrate through water.

16. Connections of arduino and Ultra sonic
sensors:

17. 1.9 to 2.1 V for red,
orange, yellow,
and traditional
green.
3.0 to 3.4 V for
pure green and
blue.
2.9 to 4.2 V for
violet, pink, purple
and white.

19. PROGRAM:
#define echopin1 7
#define trigpin1 8
#define echopin2 9
#define trigpin2 10
#define alarm1 11
#define alarm2 12
long duration1,distance1, duration2, distance2;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(trigpin1,OUTPUT);
pinMode(echopin1,INPUT);
pinMode(trigpin2,OUTPUT);
pinMode(echopin2,INPUT);
pinMode(alarm1,OUTPUT);
pinMode(alarm2,OUTPUT);
}

20. void loop()
{
digitalWrite(trigpin1,LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigpin1,HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigpin1,LOW);
duration1=pulseIn(echopin1,HIGH);
distance1=(duration1/58.138)*.39;
if(distance1<=5)
{
digitalWrite(alarm2,HIGH);
delay(2000);
}
else
{

21. digitalWrite(alarm2,LOW);
}
Serial.println("1 is arriving. 2 on alarm");
Serial.println(distance1);
Serial.println("cm");
digitalWrite(trigpin2,LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigpin2,HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigpin2,LOW);
duration2=pulseIn(echopin2,HIGH);
distance2=(duration2/58.138)*.39;
if(distance2<=5)
{
digitalWrite(alarm1,HIGH);
delay(2000);
}
else
{

22. digitalWrite(alarm1,LOW);
}
Serial.println("2 is arriving. 1 on alarm");
Serial.println(distance2);
Serial.println("cm");
}

23. Conclusion:
Reduce the number of accidents
It is also used for security alerts where
24 hours surveillence