mini project for ece

1. DEPARTMENT OF ECE
PROJECT SEMINAR
ON
ULTRASONIC RADAR
Presented by
S. Vamshi
M. Naresh
A. Shashank
CH. Vishnu vardhan
9/15/2018 MVSREC BE 4/4 (ECE) I-Sem 1

2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Components required
Servo motor
Arduino board
Ultrasonic sensor
• Working principle
• Simulation
• Applications
• Conclusion
9/15/2018 2MVSREC BE 4/4 (ECE) I-Sem

3. ABSTRACT
•The ultrasonic sensor is used to map the distance of the things
surrounding the point of reference, which is the place where the sensor
is placed . This project is used for radar applications. The measured
distance is plotted in planner graph i.e. distance v/s angle from servo
motor, which give us the map containing the distance at which objects
are placed near the sensor.
•The plot is actually two dimensional, because the distance measured is
planner, which is the distance from sensor but not the altitude of the
object from ground level.
• The graph is plotted 3 times, and in case if there is any change in the
previous position, it will be indicated which means there is some
disturbance or that there is new object before the sensor.
•Arduino IDE sends data, which is distance from sensor and angle of the
stepper motor to processing IDE, which is then plotted and we get the
planar map of distance from sensor to the objects which are placed
around it.Test distance=(high level time × velocity of sound(340M/S)/2.
9/15/2018 3MVSREC BE 4/4 (ECE) I-Sem

4. INTRODUCTION
• The term radar was coined in 1940 by the United States Navy as
an acronym for Radio Detection And Ranging
or Radio Direction And Ranging.
• Radar is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to
determine the range, angle, or velocity of objects .
• It can be used to detect aircraft , ships , spacecraft , guided missiles
, motor vehicles, weather information, and terrain information.
• A radar system consists of a transmitter producing electromagnetic
waves in the radio or microwaves domain, a transmitting antenna, a
receiving antenna .
• Radio waves (pulsed or continuous) from the transmitter reflect of
the object and return to the receiver, giving information about the
object's location and speed.
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5. BLOCK DIAGRAM
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6. NEEDS OF THE PROJECT
•AT89S52(8051 MICRO CONTROLLER)
•SERVO MOTOR
•CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
•HC-SR04 ULTRASONIC
•LEDS
•TRANSFORMER/ADAPTER
•KEIL SOFTWARE
9/15/2018 6MVSREC BE 4/4 (ECE) I-Sem

7. WORKING PRINCIPLE
• Supply power to arduino board externally by a power source.
• Dump the program into the arduino board .
• Connect the vcc,gnd pins of servo motor and ultrasonic sensor
to the 5v,gnd pins of arduino board.
• Connect the trigger and echo pins of ultrasonic sensor to the
7,6 pins of arduino board.
• Connect the control pin of servo motor to the 9th pin of the
arduino board.
• The ultrasonic sensor transmitts the pulses through
transmitter as long as the trigger is on, which is given through
arduino board.
• The receiver waits for the echo signal and is detected using
the echo pin of the sensor.
9/15/2018 7MVSREC BE 4/4 (ECE) I-Sem

8. 9/15/2018 8
• The distance is calculated using the delay of the received
signal .
• The servo motor rotates from 0-180 degrees and from
180-0 degrees through the feedback given through the
control signal using arduino.
• As the servo motor rotates, ultrasonic sensor attached to
it also rotates in 180 degrees and scans continuously.
• Processing IDE is the software used for the simulation and
the output is plotted in the form of a 2D planar plot
consisting of obstacles surrounding the point of reference.
MVSREC BE 4/4 (ECE) I-Sem

9. 9/15/2018 9
ULTRA SONIC SENSOR
• Ultra sonic sensors generate high frequency
sound wave sand evaluate the echo which is
received back by the sensor.
•Sensor calculate the time interval between
sending the signal and receiving the echo to
determine the distance of an object.
•Distance is calculated using the formula
Distance=(speed of sound*time taken)/2
•Since ultrasonic waves can reflect of a glass or liquid surface and return to the
sensor head, even transparent targets can be detected.
•Ultrasonic sensor consists of four pins vcc , gnd ,trigger , echo pins.
•Using IO trigger for at least 10us high level signal
•The Module automatically sends eight 40 kHz pulses and detect whether there
is a pulse signal back and finds the distance based on delay.
MVSREC BE 4/4 (ECE) I-Sem

10. 9/15/2018 10
ARDUINO BOARD
•The Arduino is a microcontroller board based on the
ATmega. It has 14 digital Input / Output pins (of which 6
can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16MHz
ceramic resonator, USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP
header and a reset button.
•Arduino microcontrollers are pre-programmed with a
boot loader that simplifies uploading of programs to the
on-chip flash memory. The default boot loader of the
Aduino UNO is the optiboot bootloader.
•Boards are loaded with program code via a serial connection to another
computer. Some serial Arduino boards contain a level shifter circuit to convert
between RS-232 logic levels and transistor–transistor logic(TTL) level signals
MVSREC BE 4/4 (ECE) I-Sem

11. 9/15/2018 11
•Air traffic control
•Radar astronomy
•Air-defense systems
•Antimissile systems
•Marine radars used to locate
landmarks and other ships
•Aircraft anti-collision systems
APPLICATIONS
MVSREC BE 4/4 (ECE) I-Sem

12. CONCLUSION
•In todays world as the advancement in technology is
increasing the misuse of it is also growing.
•For example consider unauthorized entry of a vehicle
into another nation or launching missiles attack secretly
which might pose a great threat to the people in that
nation.
•All these problems can be reduced with the help of
radars and these will help in gaurding the nation from
the enemies and every day the radars are becoming
advanced. we are finding a great potential in radars
that can be used for security and safety purposes.
9/15/2018 12
MVSREC BE 4/4 (ECE) I-Sem

13. REFERENCE
• A. Balleri, K. Woodbridge;, K. Chetty, "Frequency-agile non-coherent
ultrasound radar for collection of micro-Doppler signatures", 2011 IEEE
RadarCon (RADAR) Kansas City, no. 201, pp. 045-048.
• P. Sammartino, J. Fortuny-Guash, "Space and frequency diversity for
moving personnel spectrogram estimation", Conference proceedings on
Radar 2010, 2010.
• S. Theodoridis, K. Koutroumbas, Pattern Recognition, Academic Press,
2009.
9/15/2018 13MVSREC BE 4/4 (ECE) I-Sem