The document discusses autonomous vehicles and their key features. It describes how autonomous cars use sensors and advanced systems like intelligent cruise control, collision avoidance, lane support and night vision to drive themselves. These systems allow the cars to maintain speed and distance from other vehicles, detect lanes and traffic lights, and park without human assistance. While autonomous vehicles could reduce accidents and increase road capacity, challenges remain around system failures, hacking risks and high costs.

1. Autonomous Car
THE NEXT REVOLUTION
- JAY J. PATEL

2. Outline:
 Introduction
 Structure
 Features
 ‘Intelligent Cruise Control’ & ‘Collision Avoidance System’
 ‘Lane Support System’ & ‘Detecting Traffic Lights’
 ‘Automatic Night Vision’ & ‘Self Parking’ & ‘Electronic Stability Control’
 Evaluation Of Technologies
 Advantages & Disadvantages
 A Real-World Example
 Conclusion
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3. Introduction
 The Word “Autonomous Car” says it all.
 Ideally an intelligent autonomous car would have an automatic pilot, which can park itself,
guide through dense traffic in towns and at high speeds between towns, understand lanes and
follow the prescribed traffic rules.
 The driver would have the ability to switch between automatic and manual.
In the current world, fully autonomous systems will not appear for some time although they
may be introduced sooner if the traffic environment is greatly constrained.
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4. Structure
JAY J. PATEL (D. G. RUPAREL COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCE & COMMERCE) 4

5. Structure (Cont.)
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6. Features
 Intelligent Cruise Control
 Collision Avoidance System (Automatic Braking)
 Lane Support System
 Detecting Traffic Lights
 Automatic Night Vision
 Self Parking
Electronic Stability Control
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7. Intelligent Cruise Control
 Traditional cruise control systems have been in use for many years. They maintain a constant
vehicle speed, set by the driver, thereby improving comfort in steady traffic conditions.
 The use of cruise control would be significantly increased if the vehicle speed could
automatically adapt to the traffic flow.
 It uses a radar setup allowing the vehicle to slow when approaching another vehicle and
accelerate again to the preset speed when traffic allows.
JAY J. PATEL (D. G. RUPAREL COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCE & COMMERCE) 7

8. Intelligent Cruise Control (Cont.)
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9. Collision Avoidance System
 The main requirement for a collision avoidance system is to be able to predict accurately the
likelihood of an imminent collision.
 If a collision is likely then the system should respond in such a way as to reduce the threat.
 The response could involve the automatic control of the vehicle or simply an appropriate
warning to the driver.
 It Senses an imminent distance with another vehicle or a velocity related danger.
 Responds by either pre-charging the brakes or by applying the brakes to slow the vehicle
without any driver input.
 Detects by radar, video, infrared, ultrasonic, GPS sensors.
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10. Collision Avoidance System (Cont.)
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11. Lane Support System
 A mechanism is designed in such a way that it warns a driver when the vehicle begins to move
out of its lane.
 It is designed to minimize accidents by addressing the main causes of collisions: driving error,
distraction, talking on a cell phone and drowsiness.
 To avoid this U.S. developer of intelligent transportation system technologies, have produced
“AutoVue” — an embedded camera-based lane-marking recognition and warning system.
 By monitoring the visual lane markings on the road and signaling the driver with an audible or
tactile warning.
The lane markings are detected by processing images from a video camera and the system
achieves lane-marking detection at 15 frames per second.
AutoVue alerts a tired, distracted, or inattentive driver that he or she is about to leave their
lane.
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12. Lane Support System (Cont.)
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13. Detecting Traffic Lights
A sensor “Actinometer“ is used to detect the intensity of radiation.
Light of different colors will radiate different -2-intensity of radiation which will be detected by
the sensor.
If the detected intensity is of red colour or yellow colour then controller will send a command
to stop the vehicle.
The command will be followed by robot (to convert the computer command into mechanical
input).
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14. Automatic Night Vision
 It increases a vehicle driver's perception and seeing distance in darkness or poor weather
beyond the reach of the vehicle's headlights.
 Cars currently using Automatic Night Vision are:
 2002-2007 Lexus LX 470
 2009 Lexus LS
 2006 Mercedes CL-class
 2009 Mercedes E-class
 2009 Mercedes S-class
 2002 Toyota Land Cruiser Cignus
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15. Automatic Night Vision (Cont.)
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16. Self Parking
 The System uses sensors all around the car to guide it into a parallel parking space.
 The driver has to find a parking space, Position the car next to it, and use the in-cabin
navigation screen to tell the car where it should go.
 The parking space needs to be 6 feet (1.8 meters) longer than the car
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17. Self Parking (Cont.)
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18. Electronic Stability Control
 A computerized technology improves vehicle's stability by detecting and minimizing skids.
 It Automatically applies the brakes.
 Helps to minimize a loss of control.
 Electronic Stability Control compares the driver's intended direction to the vehicle's actual
direction in GPS.
 Electronic Stability Control works using Wheel-Speed Sensors, Steering Angle Sensors &
Rotational-Speed Sensors.
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19. Electronic Stability Control
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20. Evaluation of Technologies
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21. Advantages
 Minimizes speed differentials between vehicles.
 Automatic throttle reduction and brake management.
 To be able to adapt - therefore, learning ability.
 To be autonomous - therefore, ability to sense, model and provide output.
 To avoid accidents, overcome the loss of life and financial cost.
 Relieving vehicle occupants from driving & allowing them to do other tasks or to rest during
their long & intense traffic journeys.
 Managing traffic flow & Increasing roadway capacity by reducing the distances between cars.
 The current location of vehicle can be determine using global positioning system (GPS).
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22. Disadvantages
 If the vehicle is using internet which is have less security then from the hackers point of view in
some cases the vehicle can be switched off on the road (in rare cases).
 Hackers can change the route which is plotted in the system (in rare cases).
 In case of failure of main sensor and backup sensors the vehicle can create a chance of
accident.
 A failure or a bug in the system can lead to fatal accidents and loss of lives.
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23. Example – Google’s Toyota Prius
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24. Conclusion
 The First thing is Human Intelligence is replaced by Artificial Intelligence as a human’s work is
done by some equipment's & technologies put together.
 AICC and Lane Support Systems not only increases driver’s comfort but also reduce the risk of
an accident.
 Collision Warning System will be useful for alerting a distracted driver to hazard provided the
time to impact is not too critical.
 Cost is a major consideration in the automotive market.
 The end objective is to be able to survive in an evolving environment and changing
circumstances, a representation - of real-world system.
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25. References
 Self-Driving Cars: The Next Revolution by KPMG(kpmg.com)
 Using Artificial Intelligence to create a low cost self-driving car.
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_car
 http://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/artificial-intelligence/how-google-self-driving-
car-works
 http://news.discovery.com/autos/future-of-transportation/how-google-self-driving-car-works-
111018.htm
 http://auto.howstuffworks.com/under-the-hood/trends-innovations/driverless-car.htm
 http://visual.ly/how-autonomous-vehicles-work
 http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/04/economist-explains-how-self-
driving-car-works-driverless
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26. JAY J. PATEL (D. G. RUPAREL COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCE & COMMERCE) 26
Thanks,
Jay J. Patel
M.Sc. I.T. Part – II (Semester-III), D. G. Ruparel College of Arts, Science & Commerce.