In this ppt, Classification of automobiles is described in detail. Also parts of automobiles such engine, chasis, brake system, stearing system, propeller shaft, drive system, etc are discussed in detail.
1. The document discusses various components of automobile transmission systems including the clutch, gearbox, driveshaft, differential, and rear axle. It describes the purpose and basic workings of components like the clutch, constant mesh and synchromesh gearboxes, torque converter, and limited-slip differential.
2. Various types of clutches, gearboxes, differentials, and rear axle designs are defined and compared, including single plate, multi-plate, and cone clutches. Manual, automatic, and hydromatic gearboxes as well as live and dead rear axles are also covered.
3. The key functions of the transmission system are to connect or disconnect the engine from the wheels, reduce engine
The document discusses the key components of an automobile, including the basic structure, power unit, transmission system, auxiliaries, controls, and superstructure. It describes the frame, suspension system, axles, wheels, and tires that make up the basic structure. It then explains the different systems that transmit power from the engine to the wheels, including the transmission, drivetrain, clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, and differential. Finally, it briefly touches on the different body styles of automobiles like sedans, hatchbacks, coupes, convertibles, and station wagons.
The document provides a summary of the history and development of automobiles and their engines. It discusses the earliest steam-powered vehicles in the late 18th century and focuses on the key innovations that led to the modern internal combustion engine. These include the first one-cylinder gasoline engine in 1860, the first four-cylinder engine in 1886, and Karl Benz building the first automobile powered by an internal combustion engine in 1885. The document also categorizes different types of vehicles and their components and systems.
This document discusses various components of vehicle transmission systems including clutches, gearboxes, propeller shafts, differentials, and rear axle drives. It provides details on the purpose and function of several types of clutches, gearboxes, propeller shaft designs, rear axle configurations, and rear axle drive types such as Hotchkiss drive and torque tube drive. The document aims to describe the key components and characteristics that enable smooth transmission of power from the engine to the driving wheels.
SELECTION OF GEAR BOX FOR VARIOUS MECHANICAL SYSTEMSANDIP THORAT
This presentation discusses the selection of gear boxes for mechanical systems. It introduces different types of gear boxes including sliding mesh, constant mesh, synchromesh, transaxle, sequential and automatic. The basic principle and workings of a sliding mesh gear box are explained in detail. Factors to consider when selecting a gear box include power transmission requirements, motor specifications, motion control needs, and specific shaft loads. Applications of sliding mesh gear boxes in early automobiles are also discussed. The conclusion emphasizes properly sizing the gear box to match the load and application requirements.
This document provides an overview of automobile basics, including:
- A brief history of early automobile development from the 1860s to 1900s.
- Henry Ford's innovations like interchangeable parts and assembly line production that reduced costs to $200 per vehicle.
- The four basic parts of vehicles: engine, chassis, drive train, and body.
- Descriptions of key engine systems like fuel, ignition, cooling, and emission controls.
- Different types of vehicle frames, bodies, drivetrains, braking, suspension, and steering systems.
The document discusses vehicle structure and internal combustion engines. It describes the key components of an IC engine including the cylinder, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, and flywheel. It also discusses the different parts of petrol and diesel engines. The document then covers vehicle construction and chassis components like the frame, suspension, steering, drivetrain, and wheels. It explains different types of frames and materials used. The working principles of 4-stroke petrol and diesel engines are covered along with the valve timing diagrams. Variable valve timing systems are also summarized.
1. The document discusses various components of automobile transmission systems including the clutch, gearbox, driveshaft, differential, and rear axle. It describes the purpose and basic workings of components like the clutch, constant mesh and synchromesh gearboxes, torque converter, and limited-slip differential.
2. Various types of clutches, gearboxes, differentials, and rear axle designs are defined and compared, including single plate, multi-plate, and cone clutches. Manual, automatic, and hydromatic gearboxes as well as live and dead rear axles are also covered.
3. The key functions of the transmission system are to connect or disconnect the engine from the wheels, reduce engine
The document discusses the key components of an automobile, including the basic structure, power unit, transmission system, auxiliaries, controls, and superstructure. It describes the frame, suspension system, axles, wheels, and tires that make up the basic structure. It then explains the different systems that transmit power from the engine to the wheels, including the transmission, drivetrain, clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, and differential. Finally, it briefly touches on the different body styles of automobiles like sedans, hatchbacks, coupes, convertibles, and station wagons.
The document provides a summary of the history and development of automobiles and their engines. It discusses the earliest steam-powered vehicles in the late 18th century and focuses on the key innovations that led to the modern internal combustion engine. These include the first one-cylinder gasoline engine in 1860, the first four-cylinder engine in 1886, and Karl Benz building the first automobile powered by an internal combustion engine in 1885. The document also categorizes different types of vehicles and their components and systems.
This document discusses various components of vehicle transmission systems including clutches, gearboxes, propeller shafts, differentials, and rear axle drives. It provides details on the purpose and function of several types of clutches, gearboxes, propeller shaft designs, rear axle configurations, and rear axle drive types such as Hotchkiss drive and torque tube drive. The document aims to describe the key components and characteristics that enable smooth transmission of power from the engine to the driving wheels.
SELECTION OF GEAR BOX FOR VARIOUS MECHANICAL SYSTEMSANDIP THORAT
This presentation discusses the selection of gear boxes for mechanical systems. It introduces different types of gear boxes including sliding mesh, constant mesh, synchromesh, transaxle, sequential and automatic. The basic principle and workings of a sliding mesh gear box are explained in detail. Factors to consider when selecting a gear box include power transmission requirements, motor specifications, motion control needs, and specific shaft loads. Applications of sliding mesh gear boxes in early automobiles are also discussed. The conclusion emphasizes properly sizing the gear box to match the load and application requirements.
This document provides an overview of automobile basics, including:
- A brief history of early automobile development from the 1860s to 1900s.
- Henry Ford's innovations like interchangeable parts and assembly line production that reduced costs to $200 per vehicle.
- The four basic parts of vehicles: engine, chassis, drive train, and body.
- Descriptions of key engine systems like fuel, ignition, cooling, and emission controls.
- Different types of vehicle frames, bodies, drivetrains, braking, suspension, and steering systems.
The document discusses vehicle structure and internal combustion engines. It describes the key components of an IC engine including the cylinder, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, and flywheel. It also discusses the different parts of petrol and diesel engines. The document then covers vehicle construction and chassis components like the frame, suspension, steering, drivetrain, and wheels. It explains different types of frames and materials used. The working principles of 4-stroke petrol and diesel engines are covered along with the valve timing diagrams. Variable valve timing systems are also summarized.
Gearboxes are used in vehicles and machinery to change speed and torque from a power source to another component. A gearbox uses gears and gear trains to provide conversions from high speed, low torque inputs to lower speed, higher torque outputs. It allows an engine to operate at optimal speeds while providing different gear ratios for starting, stopping, and higher speed travel. The main components of a gearbox are the counter shaft, main shaft, gears, and bearings. Gears mesh to transfer power between the shafts and change the speed and torque ratios. Different types of gearboxes include sliding mesh, constant mesh, synchromesh, and epicyclic/planetary designs. Automatic transmissions use hydraulic and planetary gearing
The document provides information about various components of agricultural machinery systems. It discusses the functions of components in cooling, lubrication, electrical, transmission, and other systems. It also describes maintenance procedures for diesel, transmission, PTO, lubrication, and cooling systems to maintain engine performance. Safety procedures for working in a farm workshop are listed, including proper use of tools, precautions for electric shock, compressed air, welding, and jacking up tractors.
Automobile Engineering-Unit-III-Transmission system of Automobile Dr.S.SURESH
The document summarizes key components of an automobile's transmission system, including the propeller shaft, universal joints, differential, rear axle, and torque converter. It describes the purpose and basic functioning of each component. The propeller shaft transmits power from the engine to the rear axle, using universal joints to allow for flexibility. The differential splits power equally to the two rear wheels while allowing them to spin at different speeds. The rear axle houses the differential and transmits driving force to the wheels. A torque converter, like a clutch, connects the engine to the transmission and isolates the engine from load.
Agriculture Engineering-chptr 9 power transmissionwatak manga pilu
The document summarizes key components and functions of power transmission systems. It discusses the basic functions like selecting speed ratios, reversing travel, connecting/disconnecting power, and equalizing power for turning. The five basic components are identified as the clutch, gearbox system, differential, final drive, and drive wheels. The clutch connects and disconnects power. The gearbox selects speed and direction. The differential equalizes power for turning. The final drive reduces speed and increases torque. The drive wheels propel the machine. The document then provides more details on the clutch, mechanical transmission, differential, final drive, power take-off systems, tractor wheels, and tires.
The document discusses making effective presentations by engaging audiences and capturing their attention. It provides tips on using awesome backgrounds to enhance presentations. The main topics covered are automobile engineering, including the history and classifications of vehicles, important components like the clutch, gear, gearbox, differential, steering system, and braking system. It describes how these systems work at a high level.
Introduction to the Transmission system, Requirements of the transmission system, main units of the transmission system, types of the transmission system, clutch, functions of a clutch, requirements of a clutch, principle of operation of a clutch, friction materials, classification of a clutch, cone clutch, single-plate clutch, multi-plate clutch
centrifugal clutch, hydraulic coupling, hydraulic torque converter.
The document provides information about transmission and suspension systems for automobiles. It discusses the objectives and outcomes of the class, which are to learn about different types of transmission systems and be able to identify them. It then describes various transmission types including sliding mesh gearboxes, constant mesh gearboxes, synchromesh gearboxes, automatic transmissions using torque converters and epicyclic gearing, continuously variable transmissions, differentials, propeller shafts, and universal joints. Advantages and disadvantages of automatic versus manual transmissions are also summarized. The document aims to educate students about the key components and functioning of automobile powertrain and suspension systems.
The document discusses a sliding mesh gear box. It describes the gear box as a collection of mechanical components that deliver power from an engine through a series of gear ratios to operate a transmission. It then explains that a gear box provides variable torque ratios for acceleration and climbing gradients and allows for reversing vehicle motion. It notes that sliding mesh gear boxes typically have 3 forward gears and 1 reverse gear, using spur gears that slide to engage gears on the main shaft with those on the lay shaft/counter shaft. The document concludes by outlining the power flow path through gear engagement in low, medium, and high gears and how the reverse gear operates through an idler gear.
Unit iv Steering, Brakes and Suspension systemSelvamV17
The document discusses steering geometry components like caster, camber, kingpin inclination and toe which are important in steering layout and design. It notes camber should not exceed 2 degrees, caster ranges from 2 to 7 degrees in modern vehicles, and kingpin inclination varies from 3.5 to 7.5 degrees. Toe-in should not exceed 3mm. It also briefly mentions recirculating ball and rack and pinion steering gear boxes, power steering, and the purpose and function of the front axle in an automobile.
The propeller shaft transmits power from the gearbox to the rear differential. It includes U-joints and a slip joint to adjust for length changes over bumps. There are two main types of propeller shaft: the torque tube type, which fully encloses the shaft in a hollow tube connected to the rear axle housing, and the Hotchkiss type, which absorbs torque through the rear leaf spring using a shaft with universal joints and a sliding joint. Propeller shafts must be dynamically balanced, made of hardened steel to withstand torque loads, and designed to avoid resonance at high speeds.
This Presentation gives a Brief of different Systems in a Vehicle like Transmission, Lubrication and Different Sensors used. Some other systems will be described in the part 2 presentation.
This document provides an overview of automobile engineering and engine components. It begins with definitions of an automobile and self-propelled vehicle. It then lists and describes different types of automobiles based on purpose, capacity, fuel used, wheels, and drive. The document continues by explaining engine locations, types of chassis frames, loads acting on frames, automobile body parts, basic engine parts including cylinders, pistons, connecting rods, and crankshafts. It provides descriptions and functions of key engine components.
This document summarizes various components that transmit power from an engine to the drive wheels of a vehicle, including the clutch, transmission, transaxle, drive shaft, differential, and torque tube system. The torque tube system, also known as a Hotchkiss drive, uses two universal joints to transmit power from the transmission to the rear axle while allowing for suspension movement and canceling out speed fluctuations in the driveshaft. This system was commonly used in rear-wheel drive vehicles from the 1920s through the 1970s.
The document discusses the components and functions of a rear axle system in a vehicle. It describes the rear axle as transmitting torque from the propeller shaft or gearbox to the wheels. The key components it outlines are the rear axle housing, tubes for axle shafts, differential, axle shafts, wheel brakes and suspension connection. It then explains functions like changing rotation direction, providing speed reduction and differential action to allow different wheel speeds when turning.
An axle is a central shaft that supports rotating wheels. On vehicles, the axle can be fixed to the wheels and rotate with them, or fixed to the vehicle with the wheels rotating around it. Bearings are provided where the axle is mounted. The document discusses different types of rear axles like full floating, semi floating, and three quarter floating axles. It also discusses front axles, describing them as either dead or live axles. Finally, it lists four types of stub axles used to connect front wheels to front axles: Elliot, reversed Elliot, Lamoine, and reversed Lamoine.
The document discusses different types of automotive differentials, which are mechanical gear assemblies that allow the left and right wheels of an axle to rotate at different speeds. It describes open differentials, locked differentials, electronic/active differentials, limited slip differentials, and their key components and functions. Open differentials evenly distribute torque to both wheels but can cause loss of traction. Locked differentials lock both wheels to rotate together, improving traction but restricting turning. Limited slip differentials improve traction over open differentials using clutch packs, cones, or torque-sensing mechanisms.
automobile drives systems
types of drive systems
front engine front wheel drive
front engine rear wheel drive
rear engine rear wheel drive
four wheel drive
Power steering systems use hydraulic or electric power to reduce the amount of force needed to steer a vehicle. Hydraulic power steering uses high-pressure fluid to assist the steering mechanism, while electric power steering uses an electric motor. Both systems include a steering wheel, steering gearbox, and linkages. Hydraulic systems can be integral, with a torsion bar and spool valve, or linkage-type for trucks. Electric power steering has a motor, control unit with sensors, and assists steering through battery power when the wheel is turned.
There are four main powertrain configurations for vehicles: front-wheel drive (FWD), rear-wheel drive (RWD), 4-wheel drive (4WD), and all-wheel drive (AWD). FWD vehicles have the engine mounted transversely and power the front wheels. RWD vehicles have an inline engine and power the rear wheels through a transmission and driveshaft. 4WD vehicles can power all four wheels either full-time or on demand. Vehicles can also have mid-mounted or rear-mounted engines.
Gears play an important role in vehicle transmission systems by controlling speed. Transmission systems include gears like ring and pinion gears that allow the engine to operate at high speeds while wheels turn slower. Transmission provides gear ratios to deliver high torque for starting, climbing hills, and accelerating. It allows neutral positioning to disconnect the engine and wheels. Transmission types include manual and automatic, with manual having sliding mesh gear boxes and automatic using epicyclic gear boxes, torque converters, and free wheeling units.
The document summarizes the classification of engines based on various parameters such as bore size, speed, ignition system, operating cycles, piston action, piston connection, cylinder arrangement, fuel injection method, and fuel used. It provides details on categories for each parameter, such as low, medium, and high speed engines defined by their rotational speeds. Large bore engines are directly connected to propellers while smaller engines use piston rods and crossheads or trunk pistons. Four stroke engines are more fuel efficient than two stroke.
This document provides an overview of engine types and components presented by Vishal Singh of Raj Sons Auto Pvt. Ltd. It discusses the basic components and functions of engines, including pistons, connecting rods, crankshafts, and various engine types classified by combustion method, number of strokes, cylinder arrangement, and ignition method. It also summarizes lubrication basics, describing how oil is pulled from the sump through the filter and pump to lubricate engine components before draining back to the sump.
Gearboxes are used in vehicles and machinery to change speed and torque from a power source to another component. A gearbox uses gears and gear trains to provide conversions from high speed, low torque inputs to lower speed, higher torque outputs. It allows an engine to operate at optimal speeds while providing different gear ratios for starting, stopping, and higher speed travel. The main components of a gearbox are the counter shaft, main shaft, gears, and bearings. Gears mesh to transfer power between the shafts and change the speed and torque ratios. Different types of gearboxes include sliding mesh, constant mesh, synchromesh, and epicyclic/planetary designs. Automatic transmissions use hydraulic and planetary gearing
The document provides information about various components of agricultural machinery systems. It discusses the functions of components in cooling, lubrication, electrical, transmission, and other systems. It also describes maintenance procedures for diesel, transmission, PTO, lubrication, and cooling systems to maintain engine performance. Safety procedures for working in a farm workshop are listed, including proper use of tools, precautions for electric shock, compressed air, welding, and jacking up tractors.
Automobile Engineering-Unit-III-Transmission system of Automobile Dr.S.SURESH
The document summarizes key components of an automobile's transmission system, including the propeller shaft, universal joints, differential, rear axle, and torque converter. It describes the purpose and basic functioning of each component. The propeller shaft transmits power from the engine to the rear axle, using universal joints to allow for flexibility. The differential splits power equally to the two rear wheels while allowing them to spin at different speeds. The rear axle houses the differential and transmits driving force to the wheels. A torque converter, like a clutch, connects the engine to the transmission and isolates the engine from load.
Agriculture Engineering-chptr 9 power transmissionwatak manga pilu
The document summarizes key components and functions of power transmission systems. It discusses the basic functions like selecting speed ratios, reversing travel, connecting/disconnecting power, and equalizing power for turning. The five basic components are identified as the clutch, gearbox system, differential, final drive, and drive wheels. The clutch connects and disconnects power. The gearbox selects speed and direction. The differential equalizes power for turning. The final drive reduces speed and increases torque. The drive wheels propel the machine. The document then provides more details on the clutch, mechanical transmission, differential, final drive, power take-off systems, tractor wheels, and tires.
The document discusses making effective presentations by engaging audiences and capturing their attention. It provides tips on using awesome backgrounds to enhance presentations. The main topics covered are automobile engineering, including the history and classifications of vehicles, important components like the clutch, gear, gearbox, differential, steering system, and braking system. It describes how these systems work at a high level.
Introduction to the Transmission system, Requirements of the transmission system, main units of the transmission system, types of the transmission system, clutch, functions of a clutch, requirements of a clutch, principle of operation of a clutch, friction materials, classification of a clutch, cone clutch, single-plate clutch, multi-plate clutch
centrifugal clutch, hydraulic coupling, hydraulic torque converter.
The document provides information about transmission and suspension systems for automobiles. It discusses the objectives and outcomes of the class, which are to learn about different types of transmission systems and be able to identify them. It then describes various transmission types including sliding mesh gearboxes, constant mesh gearboxes, synchromesh gearboxes, automatic transmissions using torque converters and epicyclic gearing, continuously variable transmissions, differentials, propeller shafts, and universal joints. Advantages and disadvantages of automatic versus manual transmissions are also summarized. The document aims to educate students about the key components and functioning of automobile powertrain and suspension systems.
The document discusses a sliding mesh gear box. It describes the gear box as a collection of mechanical components that deliver power from an engine through a series of gear ratios to operate a transmission. It then explains that a gear box provides variable torque ratios for acceleration and climbing gradients and allows for reversing vehicle motion. It notes that sliding mesh gear boxes typically have 3 forward gears and 1 reverse gear, using spur gears that slide to engage gears on the main shaft with those on the lay shaft/counter shaft. The document concludes by outlining the power flow path through gear engagement in low, medium, and high gears and how the reverse gear operates through an idler gear.
Unit iv Steering, Brakes and Suspension systemSelvamV17
The document discusses steering geometry components like caster, camber, kingpin inclination and toe which are important in steering layout and design. It notes camber should not exceed 2 degrees, caster ranges from 2 to 7 degrees in modern vehicles, and kingpin inclination varies from 3.5 to 7.5 degrees. Toe-in should not exceed 3mm. It also briefly mentions recirculating ball and rack and pinion steering gear boxes, power steering, and the purpose and function of the front axle in an automobile.
The propeller shaft transmits power from the gearbox to the rear differential. It includes U-joints and a slip joint to adjust for length changes over bumps. There are two main types of propeller shaft: the torque tube type, which fully encloses the shaft in a hollow tube connected to the rear axle housing, and the Hotchkiss type, which absorbs torque through the rear leaf spring using a shaft with universal joints and a sliding joint. Propeller shafts must be dynamically balanced, made of hardened steel to withstand torque loads, and designed to avoid resonance at high speeds.
This Presentation gives a Brief of different Systems in a Vehicle like Transmission, Lubrication and Different Sensors used. Some other systems will be described in the part 2 presentation.
This document provides an overview of automobile engineering and engine components. It begins with definitions of an automobile and self-propelled vehicle. It then lists and describes different types of automobiles based on purpose, capacity, fuel used, wheels, and drive. The document continues by explaining engine locations, types of chassis frames, loads acting on frames, automobile body parts, basic engine parts including cylinders, pistons, connecting rods, and crankshafts. It provides descriptions and functions of key engine components.
This document summarizes various components that transmit power from an engine to the drive wheels of a vehicle, including the clutch, transmission, transaxle, drive shaft, differential, and torque tube system. The torque tube system, also known as a Hotchkiss drive, uses two universal joints to transmit power from the transmission to the rear axle while allowing for suspension movement and canceling out speed fluctuations in the driveshaft. This system was commonly used in rear-wheel drive vehicles from the 1920s through the 1970s.
The document discusses the components and functions of a rear axle system in a vehicle. It describes the rear axle as transmitting torque from the propeller shaft or gearbox to the wheels. The key components it outlines are the rear axle housing, tubes for axle shafts, differential, axle shafts, wheel brakes and suspension connection. It then explains functions like changing rotation direction, providing speed reduction and differential action to allow different wheel speeds when turning.
An axle is a central shaft that supports rotating wheels. On vehicles, the axle can be fixed to the wheels and rotate with them, or fixed to the vehicle with the wheels rotating around it. Bearings are provided where the axle is mounted. The document discusses different types of rear axles like full floating, semi floating, and three quarter floating axles. It also discusses front axles, describing them as either dead or live axles. Finally, it lists four types of stub axles used to connect front wheels to front axles: Elliot, reversed Elliot, Lamoine, and reversed Lamoine.
The document discusses different types of automotive differentials, which are mechanical gear assemblies that allow the left and right wheels of an axle to rotate at different speeds. It describes open differentials, locked differentials, electronic/active differentials, limited slip differentials, and their key components and functions. Open differentials evenly distribute torque to both wheels but can cause loss of traction. Locked differentials lock both wheels to rotate together, improving traction but restricting turning. Limited slip differentials improve traction over open differentials using clutch packs, cones, or torque-sensing mechanisms.
automobile drives systems
types of drive systems
front engine front wheel drive
front engine rear wheel drive
rear engine rear wheel drive
four wheel drive
Power steering systems use hydraulic or electric power to reduce the amount of force needed to steer a vehicle. Hydraulic power steering uses high-pressure fluid to assist the steering mechanism, while electric power steering uses an electric motor. Both systems include a steering wheel, steering gearbox, and linkages. Hydraulic systems can be integral, with a torsion bar and spool valve, or linkage-type for trucks. Electric power steering has a motor, control unit with sensors, and assists steering through battery power when the wheel is turned.
There are four main powertrain configurations for vehicles: front-wheel drive (FWD), rear-wheel drive (RWD), 4-wheel drive (4WD), and all-wheel drive (AWD). FWD vehicles have the engine mounted transversely and power the front wheels. RWD vehicles have an inline engine and power the rear wheels through a transmission and driveshaft. 4WD vehicles can power all four wheels either full-time or on demand. Vehicles can also have mid-mounted or rear-mounted engines.
Gears play an important role in vehicle transmission systems by controlling speed. Transmission systems include gears like ring and pinion gears that allow the engine to operate at high speeds while wheels turn slower. Transmission provides gear ratios to deliver high torque for starting, climbing hills, and accelerating. It allows neutral positioning to disconnect the engine and wheels. Transmission types include manual and automatic, with manual having sliding mesh gear boxes and automatic using epicyclic gear boxes, torque converters, and free wheeling units.
The document summarizes the classification of engines based on various parameters such as bore size, speed, ignition system, operating cycles, piston action, piston connection, cylinder arrangement, fuel injection method, and fuel used. It provides details on categories for each parameter, such as low, medium, and high speed engines defined by their rotational speeds. Large bore engines are directly connected to propellers while smaller engines use piston rods and crossheads or trunk pistons. Four stroke engines are more fuel efficient than two stroke.
This document provides an overview of engine types and components presented by Vishal Singh of Raj Sons Auto Pvt. Ltd. It discusses the basic components and functions of engines, including pistons, connecting rods, crankshafts, and various engine types classified by combustion method, number of strokes, cylinder arrangement, and ignition method. It also summarizes lubrication basics, describing how oil is pulled from the sump through the filter and pump to lubricate engine components before draining back to the sump.
The document provides an overview of fundamentals of engine technologies. It discusses the historical development of internal combustion engines and classifications such as 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines. It describes the key components of an internal combustion engine such as the cylinder, cylinder head, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, crankcase, flywheel, valves, and spark plug. It explains the materials and manufacturing processes used for various engine components.
This document provides an overview of types of transmission systems for automobiles. It begins with an introduction to transmission systems and their purpose. It then describes the main components of transmission systems including clutches, gearboxes, and differentials. The document proceeds to explain the different types of clutches used in transmission systems, including single plate clutches, multi-plate clutches, cone clutches, electromagnetic clutches, and centrifugal clutches. It also describes the different types of gearboxes such as constant mesh, synchromesh, and sliding mesh gearboxes. Finally, it provides a brief explanation of how differentials work in transmission systems.
This document provides information on various components of automobile transmissions and gearboxes. It discusses the functions of gearboxes including varying torque ratios for acceleration and climbing gradients. It describes different types of transmissions including sliding mesh gearboxes, constant mesh gearboxes, and gearboxes with synchromesh or dog clutches. Continuously variable transmissions, torque converters, propeller shafts, differentials, axles, and the hotchkiss drive system are also outlined. Electronic transmission controls, overdrive systems, freewheels, universal joints, and power flow through the drivetrain are summarized as well.
This document provides an overview of engine design and operation topics that will be covered in Chapter 3, including the four strokes of a four-stroke engine, compression ratio, camshaft and valvetrain components, cylinder bore and stroke, engine classifications, and the major components and functions of engine lubrication, cooling, and other systems. It lists learning objectives and introduces key terms and concepts to set up explanations that will be provided later in the chapter.
Internal Combustion Engines - Construction and Working (All you need to know,...Mihir Pai
The document discusses various components and systems of internal combustion engines, including:
- The crankshaft, connecting rod, camshaft, spark plug, drivetrain, turbochargers, carburetors, fuel injection systems, engine lubrication systems, rotary engines, two-stroke engines, and experimental five-stroke and six-stroke engines. It provides brief descriptions of how each component or system functions within an engine.
The document discusses various components and types of automotive transmissions. It begins by explaining the basic functions of a transmission system which includes disconnecting the engine from the driving wheels, varying the leverage between the engine and wheels, and allowing the wheels to rotate at different speeds. It then discusses different transmission types such as manual, automatic, automated manual (AMT), continuously variable (CVT), and dual clutch (DCT). For manual transmissions, it focuses on components like the clutch, gearbox, synchronizers, and how they work together. It provides details on automatic transmission components including the torque converter, planetary gear sets, wet clutches and brakes used for gear changes.
This document discusses different types of vehicle transmission systems. It describes 10 types of clutches including friction, centrifugal, hydraulic, and electromagnetic clutches. It also discusses manual and automatic gearboxes, including sliding mesh, constant mesh, and synchromesh gearboxes. Finally, it covers rear axle components like the propeller shaft, universal joints, and differential including types of rear axles like solid axle, semi-floating axle, and full floating axle.
This document discusses different types of vehicle transmission systems. It describes 10 types of clutches including friction, centrifugal, hydraulic, and electromagnetic clutches. It also discusses manual and automatic gearboxes, including sliding mesh, constant mesh, and synchromesh gearboxes. Additionally, it covers propeller shafts, universal joints, differentials, rear axle configurations like solid, hollow, and floating axles, and rear axle drive types like hotchkiss drive and torque tube drive.
This document discusses different types of vehicle transmission systems. It describes 10 types of clutches including friction, centrifugal, hydraulic, and electromagnetic clutches. It also discusses manual and automatic gearboxes, including sliding mesh, constant mesh, and synchromesh gearboxes. Additionally, it covers propeller shafts, universal joints, differentials, rear axle drives including hotchkiss drive and torque tube drive, and their purposes in transmitting power from the engine to the driving wheels.
The document discusses steering systems, including manual and power-assisted systems. It describes two main types of manual steering gears: rack and pinion, and recirculating ball. Rack and pinion uses a pinion gear that engages a rack bar to translate rotational motion into linear motion for turning the wheels. Recirculating ball uses balls rolling in a threaded steering box to reduce friction. Power steering systems are also covered, explaining how a hydraulic pump and rotary valve provide pressure to assist the driver in turning the wheels.
The document provides an overview of automotive transmission systems, including their main components and functions. It discusses the purpose of the transmission to transmit power from the engine to the driving wheels through a system of gears that allows for different speed and torque ratios. The key components covered are the clutch, gearbox, driveshaft, differential, and axle. Manual, automated manual, automatic, continuously variable, and dual-clutch transmissions are also summarized.
ppt_ae.pdf business research progress reportpdhruvil518
The document provides information on automobile engineering. It discusses the types of automobiles, vehicle construction including frames, chassis, and bodies. It also describes internal combustion engine components like cylinders, pistons, valves etc. and their functions. It explains automotive systems like fuel injection systems for petrol engines, electronically controlled diesel injection systems, ignition systems, and emission control devices like catalytic converters. It provides details on variable valve timing technology and turbochargers used in engines.
The document discusses flywheels and their use in internal combustion engines. It provides the following key points:
1) A flywheel stores energy during the power stroke when more energy is generated than needed, and releases energy during other strokes when energy is required but not generated, helping to keep the crankshaft rotating at a more uniform speed.
2) The flywheel absorbs excess energy when the engine speed increases and releases energy when the speed decreases, reducing speed fluctuations rather than maintaining a perfectly constant speed.
3) More cylinders require less flywheel capacity as the overlap of power strokes increases, distributing energy more evenly to the crankshaft. However, the flywheel still has the greatest rotational
There are two main types of hydraulic power transmission systems: hydrokinetic, such as the hydraulic coupling and the hydraulic torque converter, which use the kinetic energy of the liquid; and hydrostatic, which use the pressure energy of the liquid. The hydraulic coupling is a device that links two rotatable shafts.
The document provides information about the key components of a car, including:
- The engine, which uses a four-stroke cycle to power the car. It intakes, compresses, powers and exhausts air and fuel in four strokes to drive the crankshaft.
- The transmission, which uses planetary gear sets and hydraulic components like clutches, bands, and a torque converter to transfer power from the engine to the wheels through different gear ratios.
- The braking system, which uses disc or drum brakes on each wheel and a hydraulic system or handbrake to slow and stop the car.
- Other components like the speedometer, fuel gauge, air conditioning, and sound system
This document provides information about manual transmissions. It describes the basic layout and parts of a manual transmission system including the clutch, gear stick, input shaft, counter shaft, main shaft, gears, synchronizer unit, shifter forks and transmission casing. It explains how manual transmissions work and the purpose of each component. It also discusses different types of manual transmissions that have been used in vehicles like sliding mesh gearboxes, constant mesh gearboxes, and synchromesh gearboxes.
The ppt contains classification of hydraulic turbines as well as detail description of each turbine as well as numerical.
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Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
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of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
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our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
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politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
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Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
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Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
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The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
24. Four Wheel Drive
• Four-wheel drive (4WD) refers to vehicles with two axles providing
torque to four axle ends.
• Selectable 4WD has both axles rigidly coupled together, which has
some advantages in very poor off-road conditions.
• To gain the same advantage in a permanent AWD system with a
differential, the differential can be locked manually with a differential
lock.
• To get enough Traction between wheels and road surfaces.
• To move vehicles on slippery surface, dirt, muddy roads, sand roads,
snowy roads etc.
25. Disadvantages
• The main disadvantage of 4WD is added cost for purchase,
maintenance, and fuel.
• The extra equipment (differentials, transfer case, etc.)
adds complexity and weight to the vehicle,
increasing initial market value, tire wear,
and the cost of repairs and maintenance.
30. Parts of Engine
• Engine block
• Piston
• Cylinder Head
• Crank Shaft
• Camshaft
• Timing belt
• Engine Valves
• Oil Pan
• Combustion
chamber
• Intake manifold
• Exhaust manifold
• Intake and Exhaust
• valves
• Spark Plugs
• Connecting Rod
• Piston Ring
• Gudgeon pin
• Cam
• Flywheels
• Head gasket
• Cylinder Liner
• Crank Case
• Distributor
• Distributor o ring
• Cylinder head cover
• Rubber grommet
• Camshaft pulley
• Oil filter
• Water pump
• Timing belt drive
pulley
• Oil pan drain bolt
31. Parts of Engine
Engine Block –
• Often made of aluminum or iron, it has several holes to contain the cylinders
as well as provide water and oil flow paths to cool and lubricate the engine.
• Oil paths are narrower than the water flow paths. The engine block also
houses the pistons, crankshaft, camshaft, and between four and twelve
cylinders—depending on the vehicle, in a line, also known as inline, flat or in
the shape of a V.
32. Pistons –
Are a cylindrical apparatus with a flat surface on top.
• The role of the piston is to transfer energy created from
combustion to the crankshaft to propel the vehicle.
• Pistons travel up and down within the cylinder twice
during each rotation of the crankshaft. Pistons on
engines that rotate at 1250 RPM, will travel up and
down 2500 times per minute.
• Inside the piston, lie piston rings that are made to help
create compression and reduce the friction from the
constant rubbing of the cylinder.
Piston Ring-
• It is used to form a seal for the high pressure gases from
the combustion chamber against leak into crank case.
• To provide easy passage for heat flow from the piston
crown to the cylinder walls.
33. Crankshaft–
• The crankshaft is located in the lower
section of the engine block, within the
crankshaft journals (an area of the shaft
that rests on the bearings).
• This keenly machined and balanced
mechanism is connected to the pistons
through the connecting rod.
• Similar to how a jack-in-the-box
operates, the crankshaft turns the
pistons up and down motion into a
reciprocal motion, at engine speed.
34. Camshaft –
• Varying from vehicle to vehicle, the camshaft
may either be located within the engine block or
in the cylinder heads.
• The role of the camshaft is to regulate the timing
of the opening and closing of valves and take
the rotary motion from the crankshaft and
transfer it to an up and down motion to control
the movement of the lifters, moving the
pushrods, rockers, and valves.
Cylinder Head
• Attached to the engine through cylinder bolts,
sealed with the head gasket.
• The cylinder head contains many items
including the valve springs, valves, lifters,
pushrods, rockers, and camshafts to control
passageways that allow flow of intake air into
the cylinders during the intake stroke as well as
exhaust passages that remove exhaust gases
during the exhaust stroke.
35. Timing Belt/Chain –
• The camshaft and crankshafts are
synchronized to ensure the precise timing in
order for the engine to run properly.
• The belt is made of a heavy-duty rubber with
cogs to grasp the pulleys from the camshaft
and crankshaft.
• The chain, similar to your bicycle chain wraps
around pulleys with teeth.
36. Engine Systems
1. Cooling Systems
This prevents the engine from overheating. It may be of air cooling or water
cooling.
2. Fuel System
This includes storage tank of fuel, piping work for supply to the engine and
arrangement for mixing with air and spraying into the engine cylinder.
3. Exhaust System
Its function is to vent exhaust gases with least back pressure and also to
reduce engine noise with the help of muffler.
4. Lubricating System
It reduces friction to decrease wear of moving parts. Relatively less viscous
lubricating oils are used in engine, whereas heavier oils and greases are used
in transmission and wheel bearing.
37. 5. Ignition System
Its function is to supply high voltage surge at the desired instant and of
adequate strength to produce a spark in the engine.
6. Electrical System
It consists of a storage battery, charging system and starting system.
Battery supplies electricity for starting the engine, providing energy for
spark and for all the electrical devices in the vehicle e.g. lighting,
heating, visiting, music system etc.
38. Multi cylinder Engines
• A multi-cylinder engine is a reciprocating internal combustion engine with
multiple cylinders.
• It can be either a 2-stroke or 4-stroke engine, and can be either Diesel or
spark-ignition.
• Multi-cylinder engines offer a number of advantages over single-cylinder
engines, chiefly with their ability to neutralize imbalances by having
corresponding mechanisms moving in opposing directions during
the operation of the engine.
• A multiple-cylinder engine is also capable of delivering higher revolutions
per minute (RPM) than a single-cylinder engine of equal displacement,
because the stroke of the pistons is reduced, decreasing the distance
necessary for a piston to travel back and forth per each rotation of the
crankshaft, and thus limiting the piston speed for a given RPM.
39. • Although there are 1, 3 and 5-cylinder engines, almost all other inline engines
are built with even numbers of cylinders, as it's easier to balance out the
mechanical vibrations.
1. Single Cylinder Engine:-
i. It has a power stroke every 720 degree of crankshaft rotation for a four
stroke engine.
ii. These are genrally used for scooters and motor cycles.
2. Two cylinder Engine:-
i. This type of engine provides more power, gives more torque and balancing
is better as compared to single cylinder engine.
ii. There are three types of these engines
a) Inline type cylinders placed side by side.
b) Inline cylinders 180 degree out of phase.
c) V type .
40. 3. Four Cylinder Engines
• In this type, torque obtained, as compared to a single cylinder engine, is
much more uniform because two working strokes per revolution are
obtained. Further balancing is also better.
• Maintenance is also easy .
• Four cylinder engine are all inline.
Second and third cylinders are in phase
Also first and fourth cylinders are in phase but
direction is opposite. Thus reciprocating forces
are also nearly balanced. Firing order 1-3-4-2 or 1-2-4-3.
Types
a) Inline Vertical Type
b) V type
c) Horizontal opposite flat type.
41. 4. Six cylinder Engines
• For higher h.p. and smoother torque, six and eight cylinder engines
have been used.
• In six cylinder engine, there is a power
Impulse every 120 degree of crankshaft
Rotation. Thus crankshaft consist of six cranks
Arranged in pairs in three planes.
Commonly employed firing order is 1-5-3-6-2-4
Engine has smoothness of torque and excellent dynamic balance.
42. Engine Balancing
• Due to the presence of the number of reciprocating parts, like piston,
connecting rod, etc. which move once in one direction and then in other
direction, vibration develops during operation of the engine.
• Excessive vibration occurs if the engine is unbalanced. It is, therefore,
necessary to balance the engine for its smooth running.
• The vibration may be caused due to design factors or may result from poor
maintenance of the engine.
• In order to minimize the vibration, attention must be given to the following
parameters :
i) Primary balance
ii) Component balance
iii) Firing interval
iv)Secondary balance.
43. Primary Balance
• When a piston passes through TDC and BDC, the change of direction
produces an inertia force due to which the piston tends to move in the
direction in which it was moving before the change.
• This force, called the primary force, increases with the rise of the engine
speed, and unless counteracted produces a severe oscillation in the vertical
plane, i.e., in line with the cylinder axis.
• Component Balance
• To minimize vibration, all components that rotate at high speeds must be
balanced.
• This is specifically important for large heavy components such as a flywheel
and clutch assembly.
• Ideally the balancing of both the crankshaft and flywheel assembly as one
unit is desirable because it avoids the ‘build-up of tolerances’.
44. Firing Interval
• The angle turned by the crankshaft between power strokes of a multi-
cylinder engine should be regular to achieve maximum smoothness.
• Also if the more cylinders are fired during the 720
degrees period of the four-stroke cycle, the lower is the variation in
the output torque, and the smoother is the flow of power to the road
wheels.
45. Firing Order
• Engine has pistons which convert their reciprocating motion to rotary of
the crankshaft.
• The power to turn the crankshaft is made available to the piston by the
occurrence of combustion inside the combustion chambers (cylinders)
that house the pistons.
• Therefore the movement of the pistons, must be coordinated to ensure
continuous production of power as long as the ignition is on, engine is
running, and all other enabling
• Firing order of a multi cylinder engine is the power delivering
sequence of each cylinder which is set by the designer such that the
combustion of fuel in different cylinders occurs in a predefined order
that can produce uninterrupted and maximum power output through the
crankshaft of an multi-cylinder engine conditions are met.
46. Firing order of Inline 4 cylinder Engine (Maruti Suzuki Swift)
• The firing order is configured as 1-3-4-2 which means all the cylinders will
have firing or the spark plug ignition according to the 1-3-4-2 sequence.
• In a 4 cylinder engine a complete firing
order gives 720 degrees of the crankshaft
rotation which means each power stroke
by the individual piston gives 180 degree
of rotation to the crankshaft.
• For the smooth working of a 4-cylinder
• engine it is required that each cylinder will have different stroke at any
instant for example:-
At any instant in a inline 4-cylinder engine usually it is seen that when cylinder 1
is having power stroke than cylinder 4 is usually seen to be suction stroke,
cylinder 2 and cylinder 3 are usually seen to be at exhaust and compression
stroke respectively.
47. Firing order of Inline 6 cylinder Engines
• In the high end cars like Honda Accord
and Audi A-8, high power engine having
multiple cylinders are used as in Honda
Accord, 6 cylinder engine placed in
V-shape is used in which a proper and effective firing order is required.
• Firing order is 1-5-3-6-2-4 means the crank pins having piston mounted are
arranged in every 60 degree of the crankshaft.
• As the power impulse is generated in every 720 degree rotation of the
crankshaft which means that power stroke in V6 engine is obtained in every
120 degree rotation of the crankshaft.
48. Requirement of firing order
• Four stroke engine includes suction, compression, expansion, exhaust
strokes.
• If cylinders are more than one then working process is complex so a pre-
defined sequence of combustion or firing of fuel is required as-
i) If pistons are more than one load over the crankshaft increases as all the
pistons are connected to the single crank shaft and if the proper firing
order is not provided to the engine than there will be the chances of the
crankshaft failure.
ii) Out of the all 4-strokes power stroke is the strongest and generates
various stresses (mechanical or thermal both) that can cause engine
failure like knocking, so it is essential for a multi-cylinder engine that the
power strokes in any 2 adjacent cylinders must not occur at the same time
due to which an engine must have a pre-defined and proper firing order.
iii) The improper firing order can affect the engine and crankshaft balancing
due to the generation of uncontrolled stresses due to which harsh running,
unwanted sound and unwanted vibration can be obtained.