In this proposed model automated load shedding can be using microcontroller and relay module. this model is applicable only based on voltage sagging but it can be made based on current only replacing transformer to current transformer.
Programmable Load Shedding for the utility departmentMukund Hundekar
This document describes a programmable load shedding time management system that uses a microcontroller and real-time clock to automatically switch electrical devices on and off according to a pre-programmed schedule. The system allows multiple on/off times to be entered using a matrix keypad and displays the time on a 7-segment display. It takes over the manual task of switching loads with relays according to the programmed time settings. The document outlines the hardware components, software requirements, advantages including precise time control, and potential future enhancements such as remote control via GSM.
auto matic load shedding control for substationbishow kandel
This document describes an automatic power supply control system project that was developed to help address Nepal's electricity problems by implementing accurate load shedding. The system uses a microcontroller to automatically switch loads on and off according to a programmed schedule to eliminate unnecessary load shedding and ensure a reliable supply. It displays the location and status of load shedding to improve response times and decision making. The document outlines the components, methodology, benefits, and limitations of the automated load shedding system.
In our country we are facing tremendous problems because of electricity shortage and the J&K state is on top. We are considered rich in production of electricity but the truth is we are not getting the desired. The solution is implementation of latest and emerging technologies like IOT and Microcontrollers in electrical domain. The paper describes the need of technology for load shedding process. Itika Sharma | Shavet Sharma"Load Shedding Management" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18364.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/18364/load-shedding-management/itika-sharma
This project presents a new strategy for load shedding with the aim of providing the consumers with the benefit of using high priority loads of their choice, even when load shedding is done.
A simple low cost bidirectional Power Line Communication (PLC) system is utilized to control and monitor the loads of consumer.
DETECTING POWER GRID SYNCHRONISATION FAILURE ON SENSING BAD VOLTAGE OR FREQUENCYPradeep Avanigadda
This paper presents the development of a microcontroller based islanding detection for grid connected inverter with very simple under/over voltage and under/over frequency islanding detection algorithms.
The microcontroller monitors the under/over voltage and under/over frequency from utility grid and the processed value of voltage and frequency for turning ON/OFF the relay between a grid connected inverter and the utility grid.
The project would alternatively use a variable frequency generator using 555timer for changing the frequency while a standard variac shall be used to vary the input voltage for achieving the test conditions as stated above.
Introduction of wide area mesurement syatemPanditNitesh
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on Wide Area Measurement Systems (WAMS). WAMS uses Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) synchronized by GPS to monitor power grids. PMUs measure voltage and current phasors, while Phasor Data Concentrators (PDCs) collect and process data from multiple PMUs. The seminar discusses the components of WAMS including PMUs, PDCs, and communication protocols. It also reviews several implementations of WAMS and their applications in monitoring the electric grid.
Programmable Load Shedding for the utility departmentMukund Hundekar
This document describes a programmable load shedding time management system that uses a microcontroller and real-time clock to automatically switch electrical devices on and off according to a pre-programmed schedule. The system allows multiple on/off times to be entered using a matrix keypad and displays the time on a 7-segment display. It takes over the manual task of switching loads with relays according to the programmed time settings. The document outlines the hardware components, software requirements, advantages including precise time control, and potential future enhancements such as remote control via GSM.
auto matic load shedding control for substationbishow kandel
This document describes an automatic power supply control system project that was developed to help address Nepal's electricity problems by implementing accurate load shedding. The system uses a microcontroller to automatically switch loads on and off according to a programmed schedule to eliminate unnecessary load shedding and ensure a reliable supply. It displays the location and status of load shedding to improve response times and decision making. The document outlines the components, methodology, benefits, and limitations of the automated load shedding system.
In our country we are facing tremendous problems because of electricity shortage and the J&K state is on top. We are considered rich in production of electricity but the truth is we are not getting the desired. The solution is implementation of latest and emerging technologies like IOT and Microcontrollers in electrical domain. The paper describes the need of technology for load shedding process. Itika Sharma | Shavet Sharma"Load Shedding Management" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18364.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/18364/load-shedding-management/itika-sharma
This project presents a new strategy for load shedding with the aim of providing the consumers with the benefit of using high priority loads of their choice, even when load shedding is done.
A simple low cost bidirectional Power Line Communication (PLC) system is utilized to control and monitor the loads of consumer.
DETECTING POWER GRID SYNCHRONISATION FAILURE ON SENSING BAD VOLTAGE OR FREQUENCYPradeep Avanigadda
This paper presents the development of a microcontroller based islanding detection for grid connected inverter with very simple under/over voltage and under/over frequency islanding detection algorithms.
The microcontroller monitors the under/over voltage and under/over frequency from utility grid and the processed value of voltage and frequency for turning ON/OFF the relay between a grid connected inverter and the utility grid.
The project would alternatively use a variable frequency generator using 555timer for changing the frequency while a standard variac shall be used to vary the input voltage for achieving the test conditions as stated above.
Introduction of wide area mesurement syatemPanditNitesh
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on Wide Area Measurement Systems (WAMS). WAMS uses Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) synchronized by GPS to monitor power grids. PMUs measure voltage and current phasors, while Phasor Data Concentrators (PDCs) collect and process data from multiple PMUs. The seminar discusses the components of WAMS including PMUs, PDCs, and communication protocols. It also reviews several implementations of WAMS and their applications in monitoring the electric grid.
The document discusses the working of a cycloconverter circuit. It contains 3 SCRs per phase arranged in groups of 3 that are responsible for the positive and negative alterations in the output voltage. There are a total of 18 SCRs required for the whole circuit, with the firing sequences of the SCRs in each phase group lagging the previous group by 120 degrees and 240 degrees. The average output voltage and frequency can be controlled by varying the firing angles of the SCRs and the sequence of SCR firing, respectively.
power grid synchronization failure detectionJay Hind
This document describes a project to detect failures in synchronizing a generator's power output with an electric grid. It discusses:
- The importance of synchronizing a generator's voltage, frequency, and phase with the grid before connecting.
- How synchronization can be done manually or automatically to prevent abnormalities in voltage and frequency.
- Limits for phase angle, voltage difference, and slip frequency during synchronization.
- A hardware system using a microcontroller, timers, comparators, and other components to detect synchronization failures like under/over voltage or frequency.
- Applications include solar power plants and providing uninterrupted power where grid synchronization is important.
1. The document discusses the equipment used in a 33/11 kV substation, including busbars to connect generators and feeders, insulators to support conductors and confine current, circuit breakers to open circuits during faults, protective relays to detect faults and trip circuit breakers, instrument transformers to step down voltages and currents for metering, meters for monitoring circuit quantities, transformers to step down transmission voltages to distribution levels, capacitor banks to improve power factor, isolating switches to disconnect parts of the system, and lightning arrestors to protect equipment from lightning strikes.
2. A 33/11 kV substation is an important link between the transmission and distribution networks that transforms power from higher transmission voltages to
Power system analysis material -Mathankumar.s VMKVECMathankumar S
This document provides an overview of power systems, including different types of power generation sources like thermal, hydroelectric, nuclear, gas turbine, and diesel power plants. It also describes the basic components of a power system such as generators, transformers, transmission lines, and loads. Additionally, it discusses the voltage structure of electric power systems including generating stations, transmission systems, and distribution systems. Finally, it introduces the need for system analysis in planning and operating power systems, and distinguishes between steady state and transient state stability analysis.
Unit-2 Three Phase controlled converter johny renoald
This document discusses three phase controlled rectifiers. It provides equations and diagrams for a three phase half-wave converter with an RL load operating under continuous and constant load current. The average output voltage is derived as one-third the peak phase voltage multiplied by 2/π. Waveforms at different trigger angles are shown. Methods for calculating the maximum, RMS, and normalized average output voltages are also presented.
The document presents information on harmonic reduction in inverter output voltage. It defines harmonics as integral multiples of a fundamental frequency that result in a distorted waveform when added together. Common sources of harmonics are identified as lighting ballasts, UPS systems, AC drives, and DC drives. Methods for attenuating harmonics discussed include inductive reactance, passive filters, active filters, 12-pulse and 18-pulse rectifiers, PWM, transformer connections, stepped wave inverters, and multilevel inverters. The document recommends limits on voltage and current distortion set by IEEE 519 and compares harmonic reduction performance of different converter and inverter configurations.
Implementation of Cascaded H-bridge MULTI-LEVEL INVERTEREditor IJMTER
The classical two level inverter produce output with levels either Vdc or -Vdc. The output
voltage waveform of ideal inverter should be sinusoidal but the waveform of conventional inverters
is non-sinusoidal and contains certain harmonics. Large capacitor is normally connected across the
DC voltage source and such a capacitor is costly and demands space. In order to overcome these
drawbacks Multi level inverters are introduced. The great advantage of this kind of inverter is the
minimum harmonic distortion obtained. Power electronics is the applications of power
semiconductor devices for the control and conversion of electric power such that these devices
operate as switches. An inverter is an electrical device that converts DC voltage to AC voltage; the
resulting AC can be at any required frequency. Multi-level inverters are nothing but the modification
of basic bridge inverters [1]. The multilevel inverter collectively converts the several levels of dc
voltage to a desired ac voltage. The unique structure of multilevel inverters allows them to reach
nearer to sinusoidal i.e., with low harmonics. In this project the work is done on five & nine level
multilevel inverter but the multilevel can be done up to any level and how many levels we increase
that much precise sinusoidal supply we can get i.e., we can reduce that many harmonics from the
supply. Simulation work is done using the MATLAB software
The document discusses power quality issues caused by nonlinear loads and various power quality conditioners used to address these issues. It introduces the unified power quality conditioner (UPQC), which integrates series and shunt active power filters to compensate for both voltage and current-related power quality problems. The UPQC can mitigate issues like harmonics, voltage sags and swells, reactive power, power factor, and load unbalance. It operates by injecting compensating currents from the shunt filter and generating compensating voltages from the series filter to regulate the supply voltage and current waveforms seen by the load. The UPQC provides a comprehensive solution for improving power quality in distribution systems.
This document discusses automatic power factor correction units. It begins by explaining what power factor is and how inductive loads can cause low power factors. It then describes why power factors should be improved, such as reducing energy losses. The document outlines different methods to correct power factor, and why automatic correction is needed since loads and power factors vary. It provides details on how an automatic power factor correction unit works, including using sensors to measure voltage, current and power factor, and switching capacitors in or out to maintain a high power factor. In conclusion, automatic power factor correction can improve efficiency and minimize line losses for industrial and commercial facilities.
This document provides an overview of power system engineering concepts related to unbalanced system analysis. It begins with an introduction to symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults on three-phase systems. It then discusses percentage reactance and base KVA, the steps for symmetrical fault calculations, and an introduction to symmetrical components and sequence impedances. The document proceeds to explain single line-to-ground faults, line-to-line faults, and double line-to-ground faults. It provides examples of calculating fault currents and sequence components. In summary, the document covers fundamental concepts for analyzing faults in three-phase power systems, including symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults, sequence components, and example calculations.
An energy meter measures the amount of electrical energy consumed over time using kilowatt-hours. There are two main types: electro-mechanical and electronic. Electro-mechanical meters use a rotating disc to measure usage, but have errors, while electronic meters use digital circuits for more accurate and tamper-resistant readings. Future meters will have remote reading capabilities and allow time-of-day pricing to encourage off-peak usage. Meters are tested using specialized equipment and procedures to check for accuracy and compliance. Tampering methods can be detected by modern meters' sensors and digital components.
The document discusses one-line diagrams, which are simplified diagrams used in power systems to represent the essential components in a simplified graphical format. A one-line diagram shows the main components of a power system like generators, transmission lines, transformers, and loads using standardized symbols. It represents the paths of power flow through the system from generation to transmission to distribution. The diagram is structured to match the physical layout. Impedance and reactance diagrams are similar but represent electrical elements like generators and lines as impedance/reactance values instead of physical components. An example calculation of voltage drop in a transmission line is provided.
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
1. Given:
Conductor diameter (d) = 10.4 mm
Spacing between conductors (s) = 2.5 m
Air temperature (T) = 21°C = 294 K
Air pressure (P) = 73.6 cm of Hg = 9.6 kPa
Irregularity factor (K) = 0.85
Surface factor for local corona (K1) = 0.7
Surface factor for general corona (K2) = 0.8
2. Critical disruptive voltage (Vc) = 28√(sdP/K)
= 28√(10.4×10-3×2.5×
presentation on POWER THEFT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMGaurav Shukla
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on a microcontroller-based power theft identification system. It introduces power theft as the illegal use of electrical power without paying the supplier. It then describes two common ways that power theft occurs: slowing down electricity meters with magnets, and inverting meters to make them count backwards. The proposed system architecture integrates a wireless network with the electrical grid to monitor multiple points using data aggregation algorithms. A microcontroller like a PLC would be programmed to detect theft and control the electrical distribution in response.
This document discusses Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) controllers. It defines FACTS controllers as power electronic devices that control parameters of AC transmission systems. The document describes several types of FACTS controllers including STATCOM, SVC, TCSC, SSSC, and UPFC. It explains how each type of controller works and its benefits such as increasing power transfer capability and network reliability.
It gives the basic Idea about Inverter than moving towards the advantages of Multilevel Inverter .In this PPT main focus on Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter.
The document discusses capacitive voltage transformers (CVTs). It describes CVTs as devices that step down extra high voltage signals for metering and protection purposes. CVTs consist of capacitors that divide the transmission line voltage, with an inductive element to tune the device to line frequency and a voltage transformer to further step down the voltage. CVTs are more economical than wound transformers for voltages over 100kV. CVTs can also be used for power line carrier communications and provide insulation between high and low voltage circuits.
Dc motor interfacing with 8051 microcontrollerUmar Shuaib
The document discusses two methods for interfacing a DC motor with an 8051 microcontroller: using an L293 motor driver IC or building an H-bridge circuit. The L293 is a dedicated motor driver IC that provides high current capacity and protection from voltage spikes. It requires only 3 pins from the microcontroller to control the motor's direction. An H-bridge circuit uses four transistors in a bridge configuration to reverse the motor's polarity and change rotation directions by controlling the transistors with two pins from the microcontroller. Both methods allow the microcontroller to control the DC motor bidirectionally while protecting the microcontroller.
This document presents a project on automatic power factor improvement. It includes an introduction explaining power factor and the need for power factor correction. The objectives are to measure power factor in different environments and correct low power factors. The block diagram shows the components including a power supply, power factor measurement circuit, microcontroller, LCD, relay, and capacitor bank. The working principle is described where the microcontroller activates the relay to connect capacitors in parallel with the load as needed to improve the power factor. Advantages include reduced transmission losses and improved voltage regulation. Applications include linear loads with low power factors such as induction motors. The conclusion is that automatic power factor correction benefits both utilities and consumers.
fault detection of transformer using GSM,,,,by YASASWINI.KAGITHALAMAHESH294
This document describes a project to design a fault recognition protection system for AC transmission lines using GSM technology. The system monitors the output of a step-down transformer using a microcontroller and fault indicator circuit. If a fault is detected, a relay is activated and a message is sent via GSM modem to notify the user. The system is powered by a regulated 5V supply and includes components like a LCD to display the power line status, buzzer to sound on fault, and MAX232 for serial communication between the microcontroller and GSM modem. The aim is to remotely monitor transformer faults without needing to check relays on site.
This document describes a project to design a fault recognition protection system for AC transmission lines using GSM technology. The system monitors the output of a step-down transformer using a microcontroller and fault indicator circuit. If a fault is detected, a relay is activated and a message is sent via GSM modem to notify the user. The system provides remote monitoring of power grids to reduce outage times and notify maintenance crews immediately in case of a fault. Key components include a power supply, fault indicator, microcontroller, LCD display, relay, buzzer, GSM modem and supporting circuits.
The document discusses the working of a cycloconverter circuit. It contains 3 SCRs per phase arranged in groups of 3 that are responsible for the positive and negative alterations in the output voltage. There are a total of 18 SCRs required for the whole circuit, with the firing sequences of the SCRs in each phase group lagging the previous group by 120 degrees and 240 degrees. The average output voltage and frequency can be controlled by varying the firing angles of the SCRs and the sequence of SCR firing, respectively.
power grid synchronization failure detectionJay Hind
This document describes a project to detect failures in synchronizing a generator's power output with an electric grid. It discusses:
- The importance of synchronizing a generator's voltage, frequency, and phase with the grid before connecting.
- How synchronization can be done manually or automatically to prevent abnormalities in voltage and frequency.
- Limits for phase angle, voltage difference, and slip frequency during synchronization.
- A hardware system using a microcontroller, timers, comparators, and other components to detect synchronization failures like under/over voltage or frequency.
- Applications include solar power plants and providing uninterrupted power where grid synchronization is important.
1. The document discusses the equipment used in a 33/11 kV substation, including busbars to connect generators and feeders, insulators to support conductors and confine current, circuit breakers to open circuits during faults, protective relays to detect faults and trip circuit breakers, instrument transformers to step down voltages and currents for metering, meters for monitoring circuit quantities, transformers to step down transmission voltages to distribution levels, capacitor banks to improve power factor, isolating switches to disconnect parts of the system, and lightning arrestors to protect equipment from lightning strikes.
2. A 33/11 kV substation is an important link between the transmission and distribution networks that transforms power from higher transmission voltages to
Power system analysis material -Mathankumar.s VMKVECMathankumar S
This document provides an overview of power systems, including different types of power generation sources like thermal, hydroelectric, nuclear, gas turbine, and diesel power plants. It also describes the basic components of a power system such as generators, transformers, transmission lines, and loads. Additionally, it discusses the voltage structure of electric power systems including generating stations, transmission systems, and distribution systems. Finally, it introduces the need for system analysis in planning and operating power systems, and distinguishes between steady state and transient state stability analysis.
Unit-2 Three Phase controlled converter johny renoald
This document discusses three phase controlled rectifiers. It provides equations and diagrams for a three phase half-wave converter with an RL load operating under continuous and constant load current. The average output voltage is derived as one-third the peak phase voltage multiplied by 2/π. Waveforms at different trigger angles are shown. Methods for calculating the maximum, RMS, and normalized average output voltages are also presented.
The document presents information on harmonic reduction in inverter output voltage. It defines harmonics as integral multiples of a fundamental frequency that result in a distorted waveform when added together. Common sources of harmonics are identified as lighting ballasts, UPS systems, AC drives, and DC drives. Methods for attenuating harmonics discussed include inductive reactance, passive filters, active filters, 12-pulse and 18-pulse rectifiers, PWM, transformer connections, stepped wave inverters, and multilevel inverters. The document recommends limits on voltage and current distortion set by IEEE 519 and compares harmonic reduction performance of different converter and inverter configurations.
Implementation of Cascaded H-bridge MULTI-LEVEL INVERTEREditor IJMTER
The classical two level inverter produce output with levels either Vdc or -Vdc. The output
voltage waveform of ideal inverter should be sinusoidal but the waveform of conventional inverters
is non-sinusoidal and contains certain harmonics. Large capacitor is normally connected across the
DC voltage source and such a capacitor is costly and demands space. In order to overcome these
drawbacks Multi level inverters are introduced. The great advantage of this kind of inverter is the
minimum harmonic distortion obtained. Power electronics is the applications of power
semiconductor devices for the control and conversion of electric power such that these devices
operate as switches. An inverter is an electrical device that converts DC voltage to AC voltage; the
resulting AC can be at any required frequency. Multi-level inverters are nothing but the modification
of basic bridge inverters [1]. The multilevel inverter collectively converts the several levels of dc
voltage to a desired ac voltage. The unique structure of multilevel inverters allows them to reach
nearer to sinusoidal i.e., with low harmonics. In this project the work is done on five & nine level
multilevel inverter but the multilevel can be done up to any level and how many levels we increase
that much precise sinusoidal supply we can get i.e., we can reduce that many harmonics from the
supply. Simulation work is done using the MATLAB software
The document discusses power quality issues caused by nonlinear loads and various power quality conditioners used to address these issues. It introduces the unified power quality conditioner (UPQC), which integrates series and shunt active power filters to compensate for both voltage and current-related power quality problems. The UPQC can mitigate issues like harmonics, voltage sags and swells, reactive power, power factor, and load unbalance. It operates by injecting compensating currents from the shunt filter and generating compensating voltages from the series filter to regulate the supply voltage and current waveforms seen by the load. The UPQC provides a comprehensive solution for improving power quality in distribution systems.
This document discusses automatic power factor correction units. It begins by explaining what power factor is and how inductive loads can cause low power factors. It then describes why power factors should be improved, such as reducing energy losses. The document outlines different methods to correct power factor, and why automatic correction is needed since loads and power factors vary. It provides details on how an automatic power factor correction unit works, including using sensors to measure voltage, current and power factor, and switching capacitors in or out to maintain a high power factor. In conclusion, automatic power factor correction can improve efficiency and minimize line losses for industrial and commercial facilities.
This document provides an overview of power system engineering concepts related to unbalanced system analysis. It begins with an introduction to symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults on three-phase systems. It then discusses percentage reactance and base KVA, the steps for symmetrical fault calculations, and an introduction to symmetrical components and sequence impedances. The document proceeds to explain single line-to-ground faults, line-to-line faults, and double line-to-ground faults. It provides examples of calculating fault currents and sequence components. In summary, the document covers fundamental concepts for analyzing faults in three-phase power systems, including symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults, sequence components, and example calculations.
An energy meter measures the amount of electrical energy consumed over time using kilowatt-hours. There are two main types: electro-mechanical and electronic. Electro-mechanical meters use a rotating disc to measure usage, but have errors, while electronic meters use digital circuits for more accurate and tamper-resistant readings. Future meters will have remote reading capabilities and allow time-of-day pricing to encourage off-peak usage. Meters are tested using specialized equipment and procedures to check for accuracy and compliance. Tampering methods can be detected by modern meters' sensors and digital components.
The document discusses one-line diagrams, which are simplified diagrams used in power systems to represent the essential components in a simplified graphical format. A one-line diagram shows the main components of a power system like generators, transmission lines, transformers, and loads using standardized symbols. It represents the paths of power flow through the system from generation to transmission to distribution. The diagram is structured to match the physical layout. Impedance and reactance diagrams are similar but represent electrical elements like generators and lines as impedance/reactance values instead of physical components. An example calculation of voltage drop in a transmission line is provided.
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
1. Given:
Conductor diameter (d) = 10.4 mm
Spacing between conductors (s) = 2.5 m
Air temperature (T) = 21°C = 294 K
Air pressure (P) = 73.6 cm of Hg = 9.6 kPa
Irregularity factor (K) = 0.85
Surface factor for local corona (K1) = 0.7
Surface factor for general corona (K2) = 0.8
2. Critical disruptive voltage (Vc) = 28√(sdP/K)
= 28√(10.4×10-3×2.5×
presentation on POWER THEFT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMGaurav Shukla
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on a microcontroller-based power theft identification system. It introduces power theft as the illegal use of electrical power without paying the supplier. It then describes two common ways that power theft occurs: slowing down electricity meters with magnets, and inverting meters to make them count backwards. The proposed system architecture integrates a wireless network with the electrical grid to monitor multiple points using data aggregation algorithms. A microcontroller like a PLC would be programmed to detect theft and control the electrical distribution in response.
This document discusses Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) controllers. It defines FACTS controllers as power electronic devices that control parameters of AC transmission systems. The document describes several types of FACTS controllers including STATCOM, SVC, TCSC, SSSC, and UPFC. It explains how each type of controller works and its benefits such as increasing power transfer capability and network reliability.
It gives the basic Idea about Inverter than moving towards the advantages of Multilevel Inverter .In this PPT main focus on Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter.
The document discusses capacitive voltage transformers (CVTs). It describes CVTs as devices that step down extra high voltage signals for metering and protection purposes. CVTs consist of capacitors that divide the transmission line voltage, with an inductive element to tune the device to line frequency and a voltage transformer to further step down the voltage. CVTs are more economical than wound transformers for voltages over 100kV. CVTs can also be used for power line carrier communications and provide insulation between high and low voltage circuits.
Dc motor interfacing with 8051 microcontrollerUmar Shuaib
The document discusses two methods for interfacing a DC motor with an 8051 microcontroller: using an L293 motor driver IC or building an H-bridge circuit. The L293 is a dedicated motor driver IC that provides high current capacity and protection from voltage spikes. It requires only 3 pins from the microcontroller to control the motor's direction. An H-bridge circuit uses four transistors in a bridge configuration to reverse the motor's polarity and change rotation directions by controlling the transistors with two pins from the microcontroller. Both methods allow the microcontroller to control the DC motor bidirectionally while protecting the microcontroller.
This document presents a project on automatic power factor improvement. It includes an introduction explaining power factor and the need for power factor correction. The objectives are to measure power factor in different environments and correct low power factors. The block diagram shows the components including a power supply, power factor measurement circuit, microcontroller, LCD, relay, and capacitor bank. The working principle is described where the microcontroller activates the relay to connect capacitors in parallel with the load as needed to improve the power factor. Advantages include reduced transmission losses and improved voltage regulation. Applications include linear loads with low power factors such as induction motors. The conclusion is that automatic power factor correction benefits both utilities and consumers.
fault detection of transformer using GSM,,,,by YASASWINI.KAGITHALAMAHESH294
This document describes a project to design a fault recognition protection system for AC transmission lines using GSM technology. The system monitors the output of a step-down transformer using a microcontroller and fault indicator circuit. If a fault is detected, a relay is activated and a message is sent via GSM modem to notify the user. The system is powered by a regulated 5V supply and includes components like a LCD to display the power line status, buzzer to sound on fault, and MAX232 for serial communication between the microcontroller and GSM modem. The aim is to remotely monitor transformer faults without needing to check relays on site.
This document describes a project to design a fault recognition protection system for AC transmission lines using GSM technology. The system monitors the output of a step-down transformer using a microcontroller and fault indicator circuit. If a fault is detected, a relay is activated and a message is sent via GSM modem to notify the user. The system provides remote monitoring of power grids to reduce outage times and notify maintenance crews immediately in case of a fault. Key components include a power supply, fault indicator, microcontroller, LCD display, relay, buzzer, GSM modem and supporting circuits.
This document describes a system to prevent electricity theft using a GSM wireless system. The system aims to address the problem of power theft in an efficient and cost-effective way. It uses an Arduino Uno microcontroller connected to current and voltage sensors to monitor electricity usage. If unauthorized usage is detected, an SMS will be sent via a GSM module to disconnect the supply. The system components include an Arduino, GSM module, current sensor, LCD display, relay, power supply, loads, buck converter and voltage transformer. In normal operation, it can monitor usage and prevent theft remotely. Some limitations are its limited power and need for redundant systems for large-scale use.
IRJET - Monitoring and Protection of Distribution Transformer using GSM ModuleIRJET Journal
This document presents a monitoring and protection system for distribution transformers using GSM and GPS technology. The system continuously monitors transformer parameters like load current, voltage, oil level, and ambient temperature using sensors. If any abnormalities are detected, an alert message with the parameter values and location is sent to the monitoring center via GSM and GPS modules. This allows problems to be identified early to prevent failures and save costs compared to manual monitoring. The system includes components like a power supply, microcontroller, LCD display, fault indicator, MAX232, relay, and GSM modem to monitor and send alerts on transformer faults.
This document describes a project on automatic wireless power grid control. It is submitted by three students and guided by an assistant professor. The project uses a microcontroller to wirelessly control different units of a power grid based on time using an RF transmitter and receiver. It explains the hardware components used, including a power supply, diode bridge, microcontroller, RF modules, relay driver, encoder, decoder and LCD display. Block diagrams and working are provided, along with advantages of automation and potential applications in hardware control systems.
Smart metering and conditional access control of electrical energykannansenthilkumar
This project proposes an energy meter monitoring system using a microcontroller, GSM modem, and other components. The system measures energy usage through the meter, displays readings on an LCD, and allows utility authorities to remotely control power on/off via GSM. It also accepts customer complaints through a button and sends alerts about power issues or bills via GSM. The system aims to reduce manual errors and increase accuracy in energy monitoring and billing.
IRJET- Monitoring and Protection of Distribution Transformer using GSM ModuleIRJET Journal
This document presents a monitoring and protection system for distribution transformers using GSM technology. The system continuously monitors transformer parameters like load current, voltage, oil level, and ambient temperature using sensors. If any abnormalities are detected, an alert message with the parameter values and location is sent to the monitoring center via GSM and GPS modules integrated with a microcontroller. This real-time monitoring system can help identify problems early to prevent failures and save costs compared to manual monitoring. The system design includes components like a power supply, microcontroller, LCD display, fault indicator, MAX232 for RS232 conversion, relay, and GSM modem to send SMS alerts.
The document describes a system to identify the location of faults in underground electrical cables using an Internet of Things (IoT) platform. The system uses resistors to represent the underground cable and detects changes in voltage across the resistors to determine the location of short circuits. When a short circuit occurs, the voltage data is sent to a microcontroller and IoT module to display the fault location. The system allows utilities to locate cable faults without disconnecting the cable from the grid.
IRJET- Mollification Parameter Control by Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR)IRJET Journal
The document discusses using a Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) to mitigate voltage sags. A DVR is a series-connected device that uses power electronics to quickly restore load voltage to pre-fault levels during voltage sags. It works by injecting the missing voltage back into the system. A DVR consists of an inverter, filter, booster transformer, DC storage such as capacitors, and control system. It monitors the voltage and injects only the amount needed to compensate for the sag using pulse width modulation of the inverter. This allows it to restore the voltage quickly and improve power quality for sensitive loads affected by voltage sags.
This project presentation summarizes an SMS-based system for remotely controlling the speed of a motor or fan. The system uses a microcontroller connected to a GSM modem to receive SMS commands and control a relay connected to the motor/fan. Key components include a power supply, microcontroller, GSM modem, LCD display, and relay. The system allows a user to send SMS messages from their phone to change the speed of the connected device remotely without needing to be physically present at the switchboard.
This document describes the design and performance study of a two-quadrant chopper drive. It begins with an introduction to choppers and their classification. It then discusses the different types of choppers - first quadrant, second quadrant, two-quadrant types A and B. It outlines the operations carried out by choppers and the components used in the model. Observations from the test circuit are presented along with graphs. Advantages include the ability for forward motoring and braking. Applications include electric vehicles and traction motor control. The conclusion is that regenerative braking is possible using a two-quadrant chopper.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document describes a Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) using a fifteen level diode clamped multilevel inverter with multicarrier based pulse width modulation techniques. The DVR is used to mitigate voltage sags and improve power quality by injecting compensating voltage during disturbances. Simulations were conducted using MATLAB/Simulink comparing Phase Disposition PWM, Phase Opposition Disposition PWM, and Alternate Phase Opposition Disposition PWM techniques. The Alternate Phase Opposition Disposition PWM technique produced the lowest total harmonic distortion of 4.35%.
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This document contains an outline for a project on building a black box system for a car. It includes chapters on embedded systems, transformers, microcontrollers, software used, and conclusions. The chapters cover topics like embedded system design cycles, ideal transformer equations, voltage regulators, rectifiers, filters, and the AT89S52 microcontroller's memory and UART. The document provides details on the various components and concepts involved in the project.
IRJET- Automatic Load Sharing of TransformerIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system for automatic load sharing of transformers using a microcontroller. The system would share the load of one transformer, called the main transformer, to another secondary transformer, called a slave transformer, during times of peak load or faulty conditions to prevent overloading of the main transformer. It discusses transformers, LCD displays, power supplies, and other components that could be used to build such a load sharing system and monitors conditions at consumer sites. The system aims to improve reliability, efficiency and flexibility of the power distribution system while reducing costs and risks of equipment damage from overloading.
Intelligent Electric Power Management Using Zigbee with Advanced Metering Inf...Akbar Badusha
This project mainly focuses on reduction of power cut and power theft. The main reason for the power cut is shortage of power in the generation unit. We can rectify this problem through our project.
Whenever the generation falls behind a particular limit (it is set initially by EB) the power management system will automatically switched on. Power will be supplied to only the basic necessary equipment (as stated in the priority list) power to other load will be stopped so that huge amount of power can be saved without power cut.
In our project, this is achieved using NS2 software and using ZIGBEE. Whenever generation falls below the particular value, then the load will be automatically switched off based on priority. And it can also be done through an interrupt. Through ZIGBEE command the interrupt will be sent to microcontroller to cut the power to the particular load.
When microcontroller receiving the command, the relay will cut the power to the equipment. So the power will be saved.
In this project,the method to detect and to control the power theft is also stated. Other methods of power theft like damaging, by passing electrical power meter can also be detected and can be punished.
Man power can also be reduced. The power usage of the customer will be automatically updated in the EB station so there is no need of man power to take meter reading in the user side. After every two months the reading will be automatically resetted.
DETECTING POWER GRID SYNCHRONISATION FAILURE ON SENSING BAD VOLTAGE OR FREQUE...Pradeep Avanigadda
The project is designed to develop a system to detect the synchronization failure of any external supply source to the power grid on sensing the abnormalities in frequency and voltage.
There are several power generation units connected to the grid such as hydel, thermal, solar etc to supply power to the load. These generating units need to supply power according to the rules of the grid. These rules involve maintaining a voltage variation within limits and also the frequency. If any deviation from the acceptable limit of the grid it is mandatory that the same feeder should automatically get disconnected from the grid which by effect is termed as islanding. This prevents in large scale brown out or black out of the grid power. So it is preferable to have a system which can warn the grid in advance so that alternate arrangements are kept on standby to avoid complete grid failure.
IOT based Three Phase Power fault monitoring with SMS alertsIRJET Journal
This document describes an IOT-based system for monitoring faults in three-phase power transmission lines. The system uses sensors to detect faults such as line-to-line faults, overloads, over voltages and under voltages, and frequency errors. When a fault is detected, the system automatically sends SMS alerts to technicians with information about the fault type and location. This allows faults to be identified and repaired more quickly, improving power reliability and reducing equipment damage. The system was found to accurately detect and classify different fault types in real-time testing.
SOLAR POWERED WIRELESS CHARGING STATION FOR ELECTRIC CYCLEIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a solar powered wireless charging station for electric bicycles. The charging station uses inductive coupling between transmitting and receiving coils to wirelessly charge electric bicycles. An RFID system reads tags on bicycles to allow authorized users to charge and block unauthorized users. The charging level, user records, and vehicle directions are monitored and controlled through a mobile application. The goal is to create an affordable, portable, and user-friendly wireless charging solution for electric bicycles that reduces infrastructure costs and the need for wires.
IRJET - Semi-Automated Electric Automobile Charger Testing PlatformIRJET Journal
This document describes a semi-automated testing platform for electric vehicle chargers using an Arduino microcontroller. The platform allows various tests to be performed on chargers under different load conditions. It uses a multi-tap transformer controlled by relays to supply different input voltages. A constant current load circuit controls the load current. Sensors measure input/output voltage and current, which are logged on an SD card. The platform automates repetitive testing and data collection to evaluate charger performance and reliability.
Similar to Automated load shedding using microcontroller (20)
Understanding Catalytic Converter Theft:
What is a Catalytic Converter?: Learn about the function of catalytic converters in vehicles and why they are targeted by thieves.
Why are They Stolen?: Discover the valuable metals inside catalytic converters (such as platinum, palladium, and rhodium) that make them attractive to criminals.
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Parking Strategies: Tips on where and how to park your vehicle to reduce the risk of theft, such as parking in well-lit areas or secure garages.
Protective Devices: Overview of various anti-theft devices available, including catalytic converter locks, shields, and alarms.
Etching and Marking: The benefits of etching your vehicle’s VIN on the catalytic converter or using a catalytic converter marking kit to make it traceable and less appealing to thieves.
Surveillance and Monitoring: Recommendations for using security cameras and motion-sensor lights to deter thieves.
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Theft Rates by Borough: Analysis of data to determine which borough in NYC experiences the highest rate of catalytic converter thefts.
Recent Trends: Current trends and patterns in catalytic converter thefts to help you stay aware of emerging hotspots and tactics used by thieves.
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This presentation aims to equip you with the knowledge and tools needed to protect your vehicle from catalytic converter theft, ensuring you are prepared and proactive in safeguarding your property.
Dahua provides a comprehensive guide on how to install their security camera systems. Learn about the different types of cameras and system components, as well as the installation process.
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2. Our aim of this project is designed to control substation load
shedding using a programmable switching control by
automatically.
In this project we demonstrate the working of this simple
operation using a Microcontroller.
The development of this application requires the configuration
of the program through GSM module. In substation, there are
many tasks like certain loads need to be switched on/off .
All the status of loads are displayed on an LCD as well as
serial monitor.
2
3. Load shedding refers to a deliberate and selective dropping of
electrical load in accordance with a pre planned program in
order to ensure that plant does not trip off on overload and
also to ensure that certain preselected loads can be saved ,even
though other loads are lost.
3
4. Lack of maintenance of generating and distribution
systems.
Increased population
Improved living standards
Lack of planning regarding growth in future
Lack of raw materials , skilled labour, adverse weather
conditions etc.
4
5. Prevents instability and system collapse of electrical
generation and distribution systems
Ensures certain consumers have power as compared to
blackout
Loss of revenue
Consumer inconvenience
Restoring load may cause more instability
5
7. Operation is reliable
Fixed and accurate time of load shedding
Fast response to disturbance
Easier maintenance
Eliminate unnecessary load shedding
Predicts system response after load shedding
7
10. 10
A relay is an electromagnetic switch operated by a
relatively small electric current that can turn on or off a
much large electric current.
WORKING:
When no current flows through the coil the
metal bar lies on ‘NC’.
When current starts flowing through the
coil it produces magnetic field.
Coil behaves as energized electromagnet.
This coil now pulls the metal bar to ‘NO’
11. 11
5V 4-Channel relay interface board and
each one needs 15-20mA driver current.
Equipped with high-current relay,
DC 30V 10A (input)
AC250V 10A (output).
Standard interface that can be
controlled directly by microcontroller
(Arduino, 8051, AVR etc.).
Indication LED's for relay output status.
12. 12
28 Pin IC
5V OperatingVoltage
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which
6 provide PWM pins)
Contains 6 ADC Pin
Flash Memory 32 KB
SRAM 2KB
Clock Speed 16MHZ
14. A single phase ac supply of 220 v is connected to a
combination of 3 bulbs.
It is also supplied to a single phase transformer ,which steps
down the input to feed into the uncontrolled full bridge
rectifier.
The dc output of the rectifier is fed into analog input of the
microcontroller, according to this analog input microcontroller
on/off the particular relay relay for the purpose of load
shedding.
The output of microcontroller is also fed into a 16x2 LCD for
display purpose and SD card for storage purposes.
14
15. Output of the bridge rectifier
Vo=.632(Vm-2Vd)
Our main challenge to find the value of resistances R1 and R2
as well as to obtain dc output.
15
16. System is a bit complex as it involves digitalization
and hence requires skilled manpower
Regular maintenance is required
Higher cost of installation
16
17. Data saved in SD Card is to be transmitted from
distribution centre to control unit via GSM.
Developement of one phase model into three phase
working setup.
17
18. “ Reasons of Load shedding”, Engineering.electrical-equipment.org
“Literature review of load shedding methods”, UK ESSAYS.com
“An Introduction to Power Plant Load Shedding”, J. Paul Guyer , CED
engineering.com
“Under voltage load shedding”, Charles Mozina , Beckweth Electric Co.,
Inc.
“GSM based automatic substation load shedding and sharing using
programmable switching control “,S.R. BAALAN , JSAM
18