This document provides an overview of automated guided vehicles (AGVs) in three paragraphs or less:
AGVs are self-propelled vehicles that are guided along defined pathways and used for material handling in industries. The document discusses the different types of AGVs, components of an AGV system including vehicles, guide paths, and controls, as well as methods of guidance and communication. Applications of AGVs are also covered, such as use in driverless train operations and storage/distribution systems to efficiently move material and products.
Automated Guided Vehicle with Robotic Logistics System,
Automated guided vehicle (AGV) is one type of versatile-mobile vehicle designed primarily to move the material from one place to another place.
Basics of AGVs (Automated guided vehicles)smit1994
it's a basic explanation & types of AGVs , some basics of how does it works? , In which industries its being used?, & some expected future of AGVs. Thank you.
Fabrication of Automatic Guided Vehicle Ajith Aravind
Automatic Guided vehicle (AGV) is a part of flexible manufacturing system. Now a days large manufacturing industries use the transportation systems foe various transportation purposes. various types of AGVs are available. Manufacturing and installation of this system is a tough task. The vehicle is designed according to the need and type of transportation, material to be transformed etc.
Automated Guided Vehicle with Robotic Logistics System,
Automated guided vehicle (AGV) is one type of versatile-mobile vehicle designed primarily to move the material from one place to another place.
Basics of AGVs (Automated guided vehicles)smit1994
it's a basic explanation & types of AGVs , some basics of how does it works? , In which industries its being used?, & some expected future of AGVs. Thank you.
Fabrication of Automatic Guided Vehicle Ajith Aravind
Automatic Guided vehicle (AGV) is a part of flexible manufacturing system. Now a days large manufacturing industries use the transportation systems foe various transportation purposes. various types of AGVs are available. Manufacturing and installation of this system is a tough task. The vehicle is designed according to the need and type of transportation, material to be transformed etc.
AGV is mobile robort that uses markers or wires inn the floor or it uses vision or lasers..
This vehicle belongs to a class of highly flexible intelligent,varsalite material handling system to transfer material from various loading locations to various unloading locations along the path.
Future advanced concept on automated guided vehicle called e-palette is also explained in this ppt
Now a days manufacturing industries transportation taking major role it takes more time to transfer materials to one place to another plass when we use agvs we can increase production rate in large industries with decrease in pressure in decreasing in time.
In the material handling industry safety has been a major consideration from the beginning and has only become more and more measured as liability and worker moral are taken into account. Ergonomics have also rewritten how employees are effected by the work they do. In current practice, the operators that works in a production line (especially in automotive plant) will have to give out their energy to manually push the trolley with an estimated weight that is nearly to 500kg. The trolley with the body frame needed to be deliver from one defined location to the next. It is believe that the current method applied is one of the effective way to bring the trolley to the next station. However, the push and pull forces that is applied to the skid or trolley with a heavy load may cause an ergonomics effects to the operators such as the Low – back Disorder (LBD). Manual material handling work has been reported contributing to a large percentage of MSDs annually. LBD is generally caused by cumulative effects of faulty body mechanics, poor posture, awkward movements and improper lifting techniques. The main objectives of this project is to fabricate an AGV by using appropriate material and process that is able to tow a trolley or skid with a load with an estimated weight of 500kg and accomplish a safe handling operations by replacing the operators with AGV. In this project, the AGV is fabricated accordingly through appropriate process such as welding, assembly and etc. This AGV responses and navigation is controlled by the microcontroller which is a device that act as the main brain. It has the ability to follow the black line as it guide path by using the IR line sensor and avoid the obstacles by using the ultrasonic sensor. The project implicates of fabrication of the hardware. AGV is, therefore, suitable for automating material handling in batch production and mixed model production,
Abstract of Project:
In the material handling industry safety has been a major consideration from the beginning and has only become more and more measured as liability and worker moral are taken into account. Ergonomics have also rewritten how employees are effected by the work they do. In current practice, the operators that works in a production line (especially in automotive plant) will have to give out their energy to manually push the trolley with an estimated weight that is nearly to 500kg. The trolley with the body frame needed to be deliver from one defined location to the next. It is believe that the current method applied is one of the effective way to bring the trolley to the next station. However, the push and pull forces that is applied to the skid or trolley with a heavy load may cause an ergonomics effects to the operators such as the Low – back Disorder (LBD). Manual material handling work has been reported contributing to a large percentage of MSDs annually. LBD is generally caused by cumulative effects of faulty body mechanics, poor posture, awkward movements and improper lifting techniques. The main objectives of this project is to fabricate an AGV by using appropriate material and process that is able to tow a trolley or skid with a load with an estimated weight of 500kg and accomplish a safe handling operations by replacing the operators with AGV. In this project, the AGV is fabricated accordingly through appropriate process such as welding, assembly and etc. This AGV responses and navigation is controlled by the microcontroller which is a device that act as the main brain. It has the ability to follow the black line as it guide path by using the IR line sensor and avoid the obstacles by using the ultrasonic sensor. The project implicates of fabrication of the hardware. AGV is, therefore, suitable for automating material handling in batch production and mixed model production.
This presentation discusses about Basics of automated guided vehicles and different types of automated guided vehicles and different types of guidance systems
Abstract of Project:
Automated guided vehicle (AGV) is one of material handling system that has been used in industrial applications to move the materials around a manufacturing facility or warehouse as it provides more flexibility to the system. The manual handling needed the worker to push or pull the trailer that carrying the fragmentary product. However, pushing and pulling the trolley with a load manually may cause ergonomics effects to the workers such as Low-back Disorder (LBD). Work-related LBD is one of type Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) which is caused by cumulative effects of faulty body mechanics, poor posture, awkward movement and improper lifting techniques. The main objectives of this project are to build an AGV that can replace the manual handling and able to bring the fragmentary product to a particular location based on line pattern recognition systems. In this project, an AGV model is built that can move follow the line on the floor with the microcontroller as it the main brain that controls all the responses and navigation to the environment. The guide path is marked with a black tape that is placed on the floor surface, and guides path sensor is mounted on the vehicle to avoid an obstacle. Therefore, an AGV will continuously alter the speed of the wheels that continues to move along the obstacle boundary until it again comes to its predetermined path so that it will continue on its path automatically. The project implicates of designing and fabrication of the hardware and circuitry. AGV is, therefore, suitable for automating material handling in batch production and mixed model production.
Introduction
Types of Material Handling Equipment
Material Transport Equipment
Storage Systems
Unitizing Equipment
Identification and Tracking Systems
Principles of Material Handling
Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs)
Components of AGVS
Types of AGVs
Driverless Trains
Automated Guided Pallet Trucks
AGV Unit Load Carriers
Vehicle Guidance
Imbedded Guide Wires
Paint Strips
Self-guided Vehicles
Vehicle Routing
Frequency Select Method
Path Switch Select Method
Traffic Control
On-board Vehicle Sensing
Zone Control
Benefits of AGV
Applications of AGV
AGV is mobile robort that uses markers or wires inn the floor or it uses vision or lasers..
This vehicle belongs to a class of highly flexible intelligent,varsalite material handling system to transfer material from various loading locations to various unloading locations along the path.
Future advanced concept on automated guided vehicle called e-palette is also explained in this ppt
Now a days manufacturing industries transportation taking major role it takes more time to transfer materials to one place to another plass when we use agvs we can increase production rate in large industries with decrease in pressure in decreasing in time.
In the material handling industry safety has been a major consideration from the beginning and has only become more and more measured as liability and worker moral are taken into account. Ergonomics have also rewritten how employees are effected by the work they do. In current practice, the operators that works in a production line (especially in automotive plant) will have to give out their energy to manually push the trolley with an estimated weight that is nearly to 500kg. The trolley with the body frame needed to be deliver from one defined location to the next. It is believe that the current method applied is one of the effective way to bring the trolley to the next station. However, the push and pull forces that is applied to the skid or trolley with a heavy load may cause an ergonomics effects to the operators such as the Low – back Disorder (LBD). Manual material handling work has been reported contributing to a large percentage of MSDs annually. LBD is generally caused by cumulative effects of faulty body mechanics, poor posture, awkward movements and improper lifting techniques. The main objectives of this project is to fabricate an AGV by using appropriate material and process that is able to tow a trolley or skid with a load with an estimated weight of 500kg and accomplish a safe handling operations by replacing the operators with AGV. In this project, the AGV is fabricated accordingly through appropriate process such as welding, assembly and etc. This AGV responses and navigation is controlled by the microcontroller which is a device that act as the main brain. It has the ability to follow the black line as it guide path by using the IR line sensor and avoid the obstacles by using the ultrasonic sensor. The project implicates of fabrication of the hardware. AGV is, therefore, suitable for automating material handling in batch production and mixed model production,
Abstract of Project:
In the material handling industry safety has been a major consideration from the beginning and has only become more and more measured as liability and worker moral are taken into account. Ergonomics have also rewritten how employees are effected by the work they do. In current practice, the operators that works in a production line (especially in automotive plant) will have to give out their energy to manually push the trolley with an estimated weight that is nearly to 500kg. The trolley with the body frame needed to be deliver from one defined location to the next. It is believe that the current method applied is one of the effective way to bring the trolley to the next station. However, the push and pull forces that is applied to the skid or trolley with a heavy load may cause an ergonomics effects to the operators such as the Low – back Disorder (LBD). Manual material handling work has been reported contributing to a large percentage of MSDs annually. LBD is generally caused by cumulative effects of faulty body mechanics, poor posture, awkward movements and improper lifting techniques. The main objectives of this project is to fabricate an AGV by using appropriate material and process that is able to tow a trolley or skid with a load with an estimated weight of 500kg and accomplish a safe handling operations by replacing the operators with AGV. In this project, the AGV is fabricated accordingly through appropriate process such as welding, assembly and etc. This AGV responses and navigation is controlled by the microcontroller which is a device that act as the main brain. It has the ability to follow the black line as it guide path by using the IR line sensor and avoid the obstacles by using the ultrasonic sensor. The project implicates of fabrication of the hardware. AGV is, therefore, suitable for automating material handling in batch production and mixed model production.
This presentation discusses about Basics of automated guided vehicles and different types of automated guided vehicles and different types of guidance systems
Abstract of Project:
Automated guided vehicle (AGV) is one of material handling system that has been used in industrial applications to move the materials around a manufacturing facility or warehouse as it provides more flexibility to the system. The manual handling needed the worker to push or pull the trailer that carrying the fragmentary product. However, pushing and pulling the trolley with a load manually may cause ergonomics effects to the workers such as Low-back Disorder (LBD). Work-related LBD is one of type Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) which is caused by cumulative effects of faulty body mechanics, poor posture, awkward movement and improper lifting techniques. The main objectives of this project are to build an AGV that can replace the manual handling and able to bring the fragmentary product to a particular location based on line pattern recognition systems. In this project, an AGV model is built that can move follow the line on the floor with the microcontroller as it the main brain that controls all the responses and navigation to the environment. The guide path is marked with a black tape that is placed on the floor surface, and guides path sensor is mounted on the vehicle to avoid an obstacle. Therefore, an AGV will continuously alter the speed of the wheels that continues to move along the obstacle boundary until it again comes to its predetermined path so that it will continue on its path automatically. The project implicates of designing and fabrication of the hardware and circuitry. AGV is, therefore, suitable for automating material handling in batch production and mixed model production.
Introduction
Types of Material Handling Equipment
Material Transport Equipment
Storage Systems
Unitizing Equipment
Identification and Tracking Systems
Principles of Material Handling
Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs)
Components of AGVS
Types of AGVs
Driverless Trains
Automated Guided Pallet Trucks
AGV Unit Load Carriers
Vehicle Guidance
Imbedded Guide Wires
Paint Strips
Self-guided Vehicles
Vehicle Routing
Frequency Select Method
Path Switch Select Method
Traffic Control
On-board Vehicle Sensing
Zone Control
Benefits of AGV
Applications of AGV
Automated Guided Vehicles Flexible, Yet Automated Material HandlingARC Advisory Group
Automated Guided Vehicles Flexible, Yet Automated Material Handling
Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) have long been the most flexible of
automated material handling systems. Now Siemens
Dematic has introduced a user friendly system
design program that eliminates the need for any
service support when the AGV system’s operation
needs to be changed. An already flexible solution
has become even more so.
Automated material handling systems
reduce labor costs, but most lack
flexibility. Now the most flexible of
automated material handling systems,
the AGV, has just become even easier to
redeploy to meet changing needs.
Introduction
Elements of Flexible Manufacturing System
Objective of Flexible Manufacturing System
Classification of Flexible Manufacturing System
Flexible Manufacturing System layout
Advantages & Limitation of Flexible Manufacturing System
Application of Flexible Manufacturing System
Manufacturing Flexibility
Air Suspension System is commonly use in BMW,Mercedes,Audi types luxurious types Cars for protect from damaging, increasing life of the vehicle ,increases the handling , increases comfort of passengers and many more..
So according to me if you remove the suspension system, then you feel like in bull-cart in Audi, Mercedes, BMW type luxurious cars . The only diffrence is speed.
So the scope of Suspension System is Too Bright !!!
Automatic guided vehicles (AGVs) play an
important role in the small-scale industry as well as the largescale industry in handling materials inside factories from one
place to another. In the last days, the materials to be handled are
more numerous and as production and demand increase, it
strongly influences the transport of materials in desperate need
of a vehicle to distribute, position the materials within the
industry. AGVs are generally installed with wires at ground
level and signals are transmitted through them to be controlled.
Due to the emergence of the AGV, the workload of the human
being gradually decreased and the production efficiency
increased. Thus, the need for an AGV has become more
technologically important in the advanced robotic world.
Normally, these systems are integrated into a global production
system, where is a need to make direct changes in the design and
planning of the floor store to get most of them. But in the rapidly
changing production system and the adaptable floor store, the
implementation of AGV has become very important and
difficult, because it depends on many systems, such as wires,
frequency, total production, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to
develop an independent AGV, which can operate on its own and
make decisions based on changes in the environment.
Integrate with AGVs - Webinar Presentation by FlexQubeAnders Fogelberg
- What is an AGV?
- History of the AGV
- AGV tasks in material handling
- Why use AGVs?
- Different types of AGVs
- AGV guidance methods
- Designing carts for AGV
Minimum cost implementation of autonomous vehicleeSAT Journals
Abstract
In order to increase driving comfort, transportation efficiency, vehicles are made artificially intelligent. Autonomous vehicles or
driverless vehicles or making the vehicle drive on its own like humans do is the aim of automobile industry these days. An
autonomous vehicle is a vehicle that drives its self without any human or robotic operators help and has the potential to notice the
obstacles in its path and navigate through it. For vehicle to drive itself, it should have human perception of driving. This
understanding of path to traverse and overcome obstacles in its way is done with the help of computer, microcontroller and
sensors. In this paper, ARM-7 MCU is the main part that makes system driverless. This paper attempts to illustrate an effort
towards low cost atomizing of vehicle. Developed project vehicle can be used as load carrier in industrial areas where path of
location to destination is simple with minimum amount of obstacles.
Key Words: Arm, Mcu,Gps.
The future technology of automobile industry "The Intelligent Reverse Braking System". A study and Technical Paper Presentation by me provides you to understand the concept and gives clear view of the Reverse Braking System.
The study has been carried out with proper research papers of the concerned authors which has helped me to present well in Technical Paper Presentation during my final year of Graduation.
The use of mechanized and automated devices to perform the various assembly tasks in an assembly line or cell
Most automated assembly systems are designed to perform a fixed sequence of assembly steps on a specific product that is produced in very large quantities.
these vechiles are used in almost every industry .the main thing in this ppt is that u will come to know about many new thing , u will feel it interesting.. u will know how these agv come to know about their path and many more ...
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
1. Page 1 of 23
A SEMINAR ON
USE AUTOMATED GUIDED
VEHICLES IN INDUSTRIES
BY
Mr. Pathan Alamkhan G
Guided by
Mr.Patil B.A. sir
Department of Automobile Engineering
Government College of Engineering and
Research, Awasari(kh).
[2015-16]
2. Page 2 of 23
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. Mayur Badge has successfully
completed the seminar work entitled “ ”under my supervision,
in the partial fulfillment of bachelor of engineering –Automobile
Engineering (Branch) of university of pine.
Date:
Place:
3. Page 3 of 23
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
It is indeed a great pleasure for me to present this seminar
report in its completed form.
A proud privilege for me to note with deep sense of gratitude
that it is mainly due to guidance of my esteemed seminar guide Prof.
Mr. B.A Patil sir that I am able to complete this seminar report. With
out his help the seminar report would have been incomplete.
I also wish to thanks all my friends who helped me and guided
me in this project.
Pathan Alamkhan G
(T.E Automobile)
4. Page 4 of 23
CONTENTS
SR.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
1. Introduction 1
2. 2.1 Towing Vehicles. 2
2.2 Unit Load Transporter 2
2.3 Standard Automatic Guided Pallet Trucks 2
2.4 Assembly Line Vehicle 3
2.5 Light Load Transporter 3
2.6 Advantages and disadvantages 3
3. AGV System components 5
3.1 Vehicles 5
3.2 Guide path and Guidance System 7
3.3 Floor and System controls 8
4. AGV Guidance and controls 10
4.1 Method of Programming 10
4.2 Guide path Techniques 11
4.3 Communication technique 12
5. Applications of AGVs 13
6. Future Trends 15
7. Conclusion 17
8. References . 18
5. Page 5 of 23
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION:
An automated guided vehicle system is a material handling
system that uses independently operated , self propelled vehicle that are
guided along defined pathways on the floor. The vehicles are powered
by means of on board batteries that allow operation for several hours (8-
16 hrs.) between recharging. Guidance is achieved by using sensors on
the vehicles that follow the guide wires. The vehicle is controlled by an
off board controller or a micro- processor. This controller sends
commands to the vehicle such as identification of load, its destination
and other special instructions. An AGV system provides a material
handling system i.e. both flexible and readily adaptable to either
production or production changes.
AGV systems are originally developed for the distribution of
material in warehouse environments although this is an imp. use, two
major growth areas have been evolved the movement of material to and
from production areas in manufacturing facilities, reflecting
manufacturing work lifts and use of carriers of work in progress in
assembly plants, replacing serial type asynchronous or fixed index
assembly conveyor system and small packages, in hospitals to deliver
meals, and for material handling.
AGV system were first introduced in 1950 in USA and later in
Europe in early 1960, the technology caught on much faster in Europe.
6. Page 6 of 23
CHAPTER 2
TYPES OF VEHICLES
2.1 Towing Vehicles:
These vehicles consist of an AGV with no load carrying
facility but with a hitch or tow bar that can pull trailers, carts pallets
jacks and wheeled racks. They are used where large volume of product
to be moved or in retro fit applications where product in historically
been moved by trailers. These vehicles can move loads up to 50,000
pounds.
2.2 Unit load Transporters:
These vehicles are designed to carry individual loads. Unit
load transporter can have an extremely versatile deck design, which
permits them to be equipped with rollers, belt conveyors, power lifts,
special fixtures, or on board robot arm, These AGV can be either bi-
directional or unidirectional and are used in house as well as on factory
flowers. Unit load transporter scan lift loads ranging between 12,000 to
60,000 pounds.
2.3 Standard Automatic Guided pallet Trucks:
These vehicles are designed to service palletized loads to and
from floor level positions. The shadow fork region has limited fork
travel and is designed to move pallets to and from floor positions
exclusively. The fork truck version has travel up to 20 feet and can
move pallets both at floor level and on stands or racks.
7. Page 7 of 23
2.4 Assembly Line Vehicles:
These vehicles have a fixture on board that accept the
frame initial parts of the product that is to be assembled. The vehicle is
routed through the various manufacturing stations of the factory where
parts and assembly are added to the product. these AVG can provide
total automatic transfer of material these are known as material handling
system on automated assembly line. They can skip assembly section if
required in particular section breaks down.
2.5 Light Load Transporters:
These vehicles are design to carry boxes, baskets, small
parts, etc. with any other unitized container. It generally has a footprint
allowing its use in tight spaces and narrow aisles. These vehicles are
used for a wide range of functions from mailrooms to clean rooms in
every type of manufacturing and office environments.
2.6 Advantages and Disadvantages
2.6.1 Advantages of AGV
Following are the advantages of AGV
1. Reduction in labor force.
2. Improved productivity and quality.
3. Job enrichment and worker satisfaction.
4. Reduction in space requirement
5. Reduction in product damage.
6. Improvement in house keeping.
7. Ease of removal and relocation.
8. Integration with other type of automations.
9. System adaptability and flexibility.
8. Page 8 of 23
2.6.2 Disadvantages of AGV
Following are the disadvantages of AGV
1. Expensive
2. External use is limited.
3. Requirement of specially designed floor space.
4. Performance is affected if guide path bed is not stable.
5. Sufficient support from management is required.
6. Equal support from worker is required.
7. Obstructions are created.
8. Maintenance is required.
9. Other considerations are :
a. The vehicle must not be used for inventory storage or acts as
buffers.
b. It is not possible to operate vehicles made by different
manufacturers on same guide path and control system.
c. Vehicles are not suited for situations where ambient temperature
exceeds 49ºC.
d. It is difficult to upgrade a simple system in to complex one.
9. Page 9 of 23
CHAPTER 3
AGV SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Although all AGV system are different, in general they consist
of following components:
3.1 Vehicles:
The component of an AGV system that is most readily
identified is vehicle itself. The vehicle consists of a frame, batteries
on board charging unit, electrical system drive unit, steering,
precision stop unit, on board controller, communication unit, safety
system and work platform.
a. Frame :
The frame is usually constructed of welded steel member
with aluminum cover Plate.
b. Batteries and charging :
AGV systems are typically powered by 24 or 48v D.C.
industrial batteries. Battery charging is accomplished by one of two
techniques viz. Opportunity charging or full cycle charging.
c. Drive unit :
The main components of motor speed controller and drive
mechanism. The driver speed controller mechanism is usually a
pulse width modulated four-quadrant servo drive unit. The carrier
10. Page 10 of 23
drive commands are generated either through the microprocessor or
at the hand control unit.
d. Steering:
Vehicles are designed to maneuver in three different ways
forward only, forward and reverse, four directional. The major
components of power steering system are the steering antenna,
the steering motors and their controllers, steering linkage and
steering limit switches.
e. Precision stop controller :
A precision stop controller is used to stop AGV with close
location accuracy at workstation and charge station. At some
point before an up coming precision stop location, the vehicle
will receive a precision stop command from off board controller
or by code bar on board on the floor. AS it approaches stop point
the vehicle’s metal detector is activated and AGV slows to the
end of the plate.
f. On board controller :
The vehicle controller is used to monitor vehicle
performance through encoder data to determine position and
velocity discrete digital input, monitor functions as controls,
activation of safety devices, battery conditions, steering limit,
break release, running light drive controller status.
g. Communication Unit :
Instructions to the vehicle microprocessor are usually
generated by the Area controller and then relayed to the vehicle. The
communication System may be either continuous or discrete.
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h. Safety :
Safety systems may be divided in to three specific
categories, vehicle to Vehicle, vehicle to object, and vehicle to people.
The first system uses photo cells mounted on AGVs leading edge and
reflecting material on trailing edge to avoid collision of vehicles.
Vehicle to object system uses bumpers , toe born limit switches,
proximity sensors to protect both vehicle and any object in AGV path
generally vehicle have warning light buzzers or toner which flashes or
sounds to indicate automatic mode.
3.2 GUIDE PATH AND GUIDENCE SYSTEM;
Generally most AGV s need guide path to follow. The
guide path techniques used are known as passive or active tracking.
Passive tracking depends upon either optical or metal detection
principles where as active tracking involves inductive principle’s
a. Passive Tracking :
The optical method may be simply involved a light
sensitive photocell mounted on the vehicle, which follows the tape on
floor. It depends upon contrasting floor surface so that variation in
reflecting light that is sensed by photocell can be detect ed when the
vehicle begins to stray from them guide path. If guide path becomes
dirty, faded, or damaged or if the ambient light distorts the light level
sensed, the vehicle may stray from guide path.
A variation of optical method is lightening patented optical
system. It is based on bonding fluorescent particles to the floor surface
and stimulating these particles with ultra violet light and causing them
to omit a generated light in the sensing head an oscillation mirror scans
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the guide path and reflect the generated light in to photo reflector,
which intern relays signal to microprocessor.
The other passive tracking techniques involve vehicle with metal
detecting sensor s following a stainless steel ribbon. Tran scar
patterned guidance system consists of two sensors packs each
containing five sensors and located at each end of AGV. The three
central sensors allow the vehicle to center itself on the guide path. The
two remaining sensors assist the vehicle in transverse curve. The
sensor locates the presence of guide tape and transmit this information
to the onboard microprocessor.
b. Active Tracking :
Active tracking involves use of guide wire and most
commonly used Technique in industry. A low voltage ( less than 40
v), low current (less than 400 ma), low frequency (Ñ to 15 kHz.) and
signal is conducted through a wire buried in a slot in the floor. A
small electromagnetic field is radiated from the wire and two
inductive type sensors are compared and as long as they are equal,
the vehicle is centered on the guide path if vehicle begins to stray,
signal magnitudes sensed are no longer equal and sensor difference
is used to steer the vehicle back on the guide path.
3.3 Floor and system controls:
The controller is the brain of the whole system, trying
the vehicle to the guide path and integrating the system. Not only
does it control the AGV system but it also integrates with automatic
assembly facility. The AGV system itself will usually contain three
levels of controller architecture, vehicle control system, floor control
system and vehicle on board processor.
a. vehicle control system :
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The top level of vehicle control system often
communicates with and under the control the facility’s host
computer. Most of the decision making takes place at this level as it
oversees the system operation. The vehicle system stores in memory
exact vehicle location at all the times and provides network access.
b. Floor control Unit :
This level is referred to as the data concentrator and acts
as traffic manager and communicating directly with the
vehicles and providing them with formatted detailed commands.
c. Vehicle processor :
Generally the vehicle processor knows the vehicle
location, and it can interpret commands received from floor control
unit and can monitor on board safety devices. The two type of
vehicle control processors are intelligent type and non-intelligent
type.
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CHAPTER 4
AGV GUIDENCE & CONTROLES
INTRIDUCTION
Some AGV system use vehicles, which have sophisticated
microprocessor on board and are known as smart or intelligent
vehicles. Other systems have minimal vehicle computing ability and
use a central computer for all process. In such systems central
computer decides location, direction, proper rout and path of the
vehicle. This is accomplished by turning on and off the path at
decision points or by commanding vehicle to follow a particular
frequency. All decision is making is made by central computer in
smart vehicles. The central computer dispatches the vehicle to next
location, though it’s on board microprocessor, the vehicle it self
makes decision as to which path it takes.
4.1 method of Programming
the smallest system uses manual programming to direct the
vehicle to specific destination and to dispatch the vehicle. These
system ranges from basic toggle switches, thumbwheel switches or
push button numeric pad for programming the vehicle to go to
specific station. The advantage of manual system is that it is the least
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expensive and simplest system. The disadvantages of manual system
are that its efficiencydepends upon operators. Finally these types of
systems controller cannot determine vehicle location while it is in
transits.
The second level of sophistication in control system is
referred to as remote dispatch. In such systems operator intersects
with the local controller who in turn transmit information such as
destination , rout and automatic load/ unload commands to the
vehicle this control system allows the vehicle to circulate on guide
path looking for work. this system does not allowed tracking
capabilities. The third level is more complex and expensive and is
referred to as the central computer controlledsystem.
4.2 Guide Path Techniques:
a. passive techniques:
It involves the use of chemical, paint and adhesive strips or
tape where by the AGV focuses a beam of light on the reflective tape
and tracks the path by measuring the amplitude of reflectedbeam.
Another passive method involves vehicles with metal detecting
sensors following stainless steel tape. Communication of commands
and positional information to the vehicle may be accomplished by
placing guide path codes along the guide path.
c. Active Techniques :
By for most commonly used method in industry is the wire
guide path. This method involves cutting a slot in the floor (1/8 to ¾
inch wide ) and (1/2 to 1.5 inch deep), in to which one or more wires
are placed and grouted and epoxyed. There are two different wire
guide path techniques, one using either one wire in the slot operating
on one frequency or one multiple overlaid frequencies and other
using several wires in the slot each operating at a different
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frequency. With multiple wire method a path is selectedat decision
points according to the assigned frequency. The vehicle can be
programmed by system controller at decision points to follow the
appropriate frequencies and thus the vehicle is directed on the
desired path.
4.3 Communication Technique :
Irrespective of guidance technique used it is essential
for individual vehicle to be able to communicate with the system
controller. The vehicle must be able to receive such commands as
work assignments, destinations, route frequency, speed, blocking
instruction, when to start and stop and auxiliary equipment
commands used similarly vehicle must be able to transmit it’s status
to the system controller by sending such informations as vehicle
identification, location, direction of travel speed of travel & battery
status. There are two AGV systems viz. continuous & discrete.
Continuous indicates that the area controller always communicates
with any vehicle where as discrete means that area controller can
only communicate with a particular vehicle at times.
Radio frequency communication is widely used from in
an continuous communication. Each AGV is equipped with transmit
/ receive antenna. Each AGV may be on a different frequency.
The majority of AGV systems prefer discrete
communication method. The two type of discrete control are
inductive and optical. Inductive method utilizes
A set of wires buried beneath the ground along guide path in squares
or rectangles. Each communication point is assigned a unique
address through area controller. Yo communicate, vehicles either
come to a stop with their communication antenna immediately above
a communication loop or while in motion over an elongated loop.
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The optical method involves stopping the AGV at set
stations along the guide path where information is passed to the
vehicle using infrared light.
CHAPTER 5
APPLICATION OF AGVS
Introduction :
AGV is used in various growing number and a variety of
applications.
5.1 Driverless trainoperation:
These applications involved the movement of large
quantities of material over large distances. e.g. the moves within a
large factory building or buildings in large storage depot. For the
movement of trains consisting of ¹ to 10 trailers, this become an
efficient handling method.
5.2 Storage / Distributionsystem :
Unit load carriers and pallet trucks are particularly used in
these applications. In these storage or distribution operation, the
movement of material is in unit load form. The application often
interfaces the AGV with some other automated handling or storage
system this type of storage / distribution can also be used in light
manufacturing and Assembly operation in which work in process is
stored in a central storage area and distributed to different work
station for assembly or processing.
5.3 Assembly line operation:
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AGV system is being used in a growing number of
assembly line applications. In these applications rate is relatively low
and there are variety of different models made on production line.
5.4 Miscellaneous Applications :
Other applications of AGV system including non-
manufacturing and non-warehouse applications such as mail delivery
in office building and hospital material handling applications
between different floors of the hospital.
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CHAPTER 6
FUTURE TRENDS
Although it is difficult to predict the future with absolute certainty, it
can be concluded from the trends that seem to indicate future status
of AGV systems.
6.1 Guidance :
The research is being accomplished to expand
capability and even to eliminate the need for guidance using guide
path on board controller. On board controller is becoming more
sophisticated and at same time they are becoming smaller and less
expensive the vehicle controllers are exhibiting such features as
expanding diagnostics. Although vehicle cannot repair themselves,
they can at least indicate their problems to maintenance and repair
person. Controller sophistification will also allow the vehicle to
operator more intelligently in complex handling situation and will
increase the system integrity in the event of host computer failure.
6.2 Vehicle communication:
The trend is towards continuous as opposed to discrete
communication
So that vehicle will be able to communicate and receive updated
instruction at any time.
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6.3 system controller:
System will be designed to have capability to track
material and store this information. They will be able to follow and
control material flow to support just in time concepts. The system
controller will also be able to be integrated with network allowing it
to communicate with any other facility controller.
6.4 Vehicle :
Vehicle will become more standard requiring less
engineering to adapt the vehicle to a particulate task, thus lowering
the coast of vehicle to a particular task, thus lowering the coast of
vehicle to a great extent this will make them easier to justify for
many users.
6.5 Improved Graphical Display :
There will be probability the increased use of color
graphical display showing entire guide path, every vehicle location,
the vehicle identification, the vehicle status and vehicle load.
6.6 Safety:
New safety sensors for proximity detectionwill be
developed and coupled with computing power of on board controller
to produce on even vehicle that readily negotiate pedestrian clogged
aisle.
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CONCLUSION
This seminar report gives the introductory and brief
information about the AGVS. These systems interfaces with
automatic storage on one hand and with manufacturing operations on
the other. They are coordinated through a centralized computer to
provide virtually automatic flow of material through a manufacturing
plant, taking row material to machine and carrying finished products
in to storage or shipping. Such totally automatic systems are bound
to become more prevalent in the future.
Another trend ganging momentum is the great
sophistification of controls that permits a vehicle to operate more
intelligently and thus fit more ifficiently and thus fit more efficiently
in to complex handling patterns.
The guidance control system of AGVS can be used for other
material handling systems such as lift trucks, which permits further
reduction of human drivers and materials handling becomes more
controllable.
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REFRANCES
1. M. P. Groover “Automation, Production Systems and
Computer integrated Manufacturing “ TATA McGraw Hills
Publications,”Second Edition,1995.
2. J.H. Fuchs “Advanced Manufacturing Methods”, Tata
McGraw Hills Publications, First Edition,1992.
3. WWW.Google.com
4. WWW.Howstuffworks.com