In autoimmune diseases, the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages healthy cells in the body rather than foreign pathogens. There are over 80 different autoimmune diseases that exist which make diagnosis difficult as symptoms often overlap. Autoimmune diseases are more common in women and often run in families. Blood tests looking for autoantibodies can help doctors make a diagnosis. Treatments include medications that work to suppress the overactive immune response and reduce inflammation in the body.
Managing Autoimmunity is an informative slide show of key points to healthy immune regulatory factors. These basic items: toxic load, diet, nutritional stores, immune triggers, glutathione stores and genetics converge to create or deny a certain immune level of activity. Delivered to the Functional Medicine Club at SCUHS
The term Autoimmunity is coined by Paul Enrlich.
Autoimmunity is defined as humoral or cell mediated immune response against self antigens
Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders caused by immune response to self antigens.
Introduction Autoimmune Disease by Dr. Kelly CobbNouriche Medspa
The immune system represents an interface between a constant ever-changing external environment and an internal system that is striving to maintain homeostasis and defend its boundaries from harmful foreign invaders.
Your body's immune system protects you from disease and infection. But if you have an autoimmune disease, your immune system attacks healthy cells in your body by mistake. Autoimmune diseases can affect many parts of the body.
No one is sure what causes autoimmune diseases. They do tend to run in families. Women - particularly African-American, Hispanic-American, and Native-American women - have a higher risk for some autoimmune diseases.
There are more than 80 types of autoimmune diseases, and some have similar symptoms. This makes it hard for your health care provider to know if you really have one of these diseases, and if so, which one. Getting a diagnosis can be frustrating and stressful. Often, the first symptoms are fatigue, muscle aches and a low fever. The classic sign of an autoimmune disease is inflammation, which can cause redness, heat, pain and swelling.
The diseases may also have flare-ups, when they get worse, and remissions, when symptoms get better or disappear. Treatment depends on the disease, but in most cases one important goal is to reduce inflammation. Sometimes doctors prescribe corticosteroids or other drugs that reduce your immune response.
Managing Autoimmunity is an informative slide show of key points to healthy immune regulatory factors. These basic items: toxic load, diet, nutritional stores, immune triggers, glutathione stores and genetics converge to create or deny a certain immune level of activity. Delivered to the Functional Medicine Club at SCUHS
The term Autoimmunity is coined by Paul Enrlich.
Autoimmunity is defined as humoral or cell mediated immune response against self antigens
Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders caused by immune response to self antigens.
Introduction Autoimmune Disease by Dr. Kelly CobbNouriche Medspa
The immune system represents an interface between a constant ever-changing external environment and an internal system that is striving to maintain homeostasis and defend its boundaries from harmful foreign invaders.
Your body's immune system protects you from disease and infection. But if you have an autoimmune disease, your immune system attacks healthy cells in your body by mistake. Autoimmune diseases can affect many parts of the body.
No one is sure what causes autoimmune diseases. They do tend to run in families. Women - particularly African-American, Hispanic-American, and Native-American women - have a higher risk for some autoimmune diseases.
There are more than 80 types of autoimmune diseases, and some have similar symptoms. This makes it hard for your health care provider to know if you really have one of these diseases, and if so, which one. Getting a diagnosis can be frustrating and stressful. Often, the first symptoms are fatigue, muscle aches and a low fever. The classic sign of an autoimmune disease is inflammation, which can cause redness, heat, pain and swelling.
The diseases may also have flare-ups, when they get worse, and remissions, when symptoms get better or disappear. Treatment depends on the disease, but in most cases one important goal is to reduce inflammation. Sometimes doctors prescribe corticosteroids or other drugs that reduce your immune response.
Autoimmune DIseases : Types, Mechanism, Diagnosis, TreatmentDr Mehul Dave
This is a presentation useful to learners of immunology as well as acadeicians. Useful in undergraduate as well as postgraduate courses. NEET students/Teachers can also get advantage of it.
Autoimmune DIseases : Types, Mechanism, Diagnosis, TreatmentDr Mehul Dave
This is a presentation useful to learners of immunology as well as acadeicians. Useful in undergraduate as well as postgraduate courses. NEET students/Teachers can also get advantage of it.
DEFINITION “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity”. -WHO (1948)
CONCEPTS OF HEALTH
BIOMEDICAL: - Absence of disease. Person free from disease is considered as healthy
ECOLOGICAL: - Dynamic equilibrium between man and his environment = health. Maladjustment of humans to environment = disease
PSYCHOLOGICAL: - Development of social sciences revealed that health is influenced by social, psychological, cultural, economic and political factors.
HOLISTIC: - Synthesis of all other concepts. Sound mind in a sound body, in a sound family, in sound environment
DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH
• PHYSICAL
• MENTAL
• SOCIAL
• SPIRITUAL
• EMOTIONAL
• VOCATIONAL
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
A sequence of 12 slides shows us a new evidence of a healthy life we all are really born to. Then what is a role of the complementary medicine at the background of human\’s body regular biology. It counterpart the role of a health problem and where is the right place of conventional and the complementary medicine.
So here is my answer. Diabetes Choose Life is for all types of diabetics and prediabetics.
It has been designed to be useful to anyone who reads it, even those
without diabetes. Indeed, the type of diet and lifestyle that I describe there seem
appropriate and beneficial for the majority of people in the majority of situations.
And the life of type 1 diabetics could be made easier by my approach
My Dear Colleagues and Friends
Hi. I would like to present my poster, that became the number one poster at the 69th LMHI Congress in Paris, 2014.
It is on homeopathic healing of patient with allergic constitution.
Best of luck,
Dr.Sadeghi
The diabetes cure (the 5 step plan to eliminate hunger, lose weight, and rev...Aqileditz
This is a food plan for diabetes patients and we also provided you with a product specially for diabetes patients,that is smart blood sugar with a special offer.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
8. Systemic Autoimmunity
Non-organ specific autoimmune diseases
Immune complexes accumulate in many tissues and cause
inflammation and damage.
Affects many organs or the whole body
For example:
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatic fever
9. Graves diseases
Hyperthyroidism
About the Disease
01
Anxiety
Goiter
Symptoms
02
autoantibodies
Causes
03
Sex
age
Risk factor
04
Chronic
Radioiodine therapy
Treatment
05
10. Type 1 diabetes
Insulin making cells
About the Disease
01
Extreme thirst
Dry mouth
Symptoms
02
Insulin
Causes
03
Younger
Family
Risk factor
04
Insulin shots
Treatment
05
11. Myasthenia gravis
Neuromuscular
disorder
About the Disease
01
Weakness
Trouble talking
Drooping of eyelids
Symptoms
02
neurotransmitter
Causes
03
Age
Genetic factor
Risk factor
04
Checking reflexes
Muscle weakness
Diagnosis
05
12. Good Pasture’s Syndrome
Collagen
About the Disease
01
Blood in urine
Difficulty in urine
Symptoms
02
collagen
Causes
03
Genetic factor
20 -30
Smoking
Risk factor
04
Dialysis
Kidney transplant
Treatment
05
14. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Immune system attack
thyroid
About the Disease
01
Blood in urine
Difficulty in urine
Symptoms
02
hypothyroidism
Causes
03
Sex
Age
Risk factor
04
Hormone test
Antibody test
Diagnosis
05
15. Multiple sclerosis
Brain
Spinal cord
Optic nerve
About the Disease
01
Blurred vision
Numbness
Lhermitte’s sign
Symptoms
02
Insulin
Causes
03
Age
Genetic factor
Risk factor
04
MRI Scan
No cure
Treatment
05
17. Rheumatoid arthritis
Inflammatory diseases
About the Disease
01
Stiffness
Swelling
deformity
Symptoms
02
Immune response
Causes
03
Age
sex
Genetic factor
Risk factor
04
X ray
DMARDS
Diagnosis
05
18. Conclusions
¤ More than 80 different autoimmune diseases exist. Often their symptoms
overlap, making them hard to diagnose.
¤ Autoimmune diseases are more common in women, and they often run
in families.
¤ Blood tests that look for autoantibodies can help doctors diagnose these
conditions.
¤ Treatments include medications to calm the overactive immune
response and bring down inflammation in the body.
19. I was just a teenager when a friend and I went for a fateful run
down to the beach in Florida.
Suddenly, I had to find a bathroom; I actually sprinted three times
looking for bathrooms on that run because of diarrhea.
I just figured it was from traveling from cold to hot weather, or
perhaps I'd caught a bug.
20. Even when I wasn’t active, diarrhea and abdominal pains became
more frequent and intense.
That summer, I went for a colonoscopy, and was diagnosed
with ulcerative colitis, a disease that causes inflammation and
sores on the lining of the large intestine.
I thought: Let’s just treat this, and I’ll be fine.
I began taking the maximum dose of an anti-inflammatory—12 pills
a day, which was a lot—but my symptoms still controlled my life.
21. Occasionally, my doctor added steroids, which caused huge
emotional swings. I didn’t sleep well.
And I’d wake up super-early to rush to the bathroom; sometimes I
wouldn’t make it.
Over the years, I read about other drug options.
Finally, six years after my initial diagnosis, I switched to a
gastroenterologist who was open to new treatments.
22. I felt hope when he said, ‘You’re 24, and you deserve to live your life.’
We tried a different class of drugs that decreased my immune system’s
response.
They helped, but not enough. Then he suggested an intravenous
biologic, which I knew worked for people with inflammatory bowel
disease (IBD).
In 2008, I had my first infusion.
I began to notice that I didn’t have to run to the bathroom as often. I
wasn’t 100%, but the urgency was gone.
23. It took a few years, but eventually I was able to get back into running,
thanks to the improvement in my symptoms.
I joined a running group in 2012. And in 2015, I ran my first race.
At one point, I was really starting to slow down when I heard my name
being chanted—my friends were gathered at a water stop and had
everyone there cheering for me.
I know that not everyone with my condition is able to do something as
physical as run a race. So, in that moment, I just kept thinking how
fortunate I was to have the strength to run, and good health.”
Back
Editor's Notes
Because the immune system is so complex, there are many potential ways in which it can go wrong.
Immune system disorder cause abnormally low activity or over activity of the immune system.
In cases of immune system overactivity, the body attacks and damages its own tissues (autoimmune diseases).
n 1970, artist Walt Kelly developed a poster promoting Earth Day, featuring a character from Pogo, his daily newspaper comic strip.
In the poster, Pogo looks out across a litter-strewn forest and says wryly, “We have met the enemy and he is us.”
Pogo was not talking about the human immune system, but he very well could have been.
Although the immune system protects the body by attacking invading “enemies” (pathogens), in some cases, the immune system can mistakenly identify the body’s own cells as the enemy, resulting in autoimmune disease.
Thus the immune system defends the body against infections and certain other diseases by identifying,
attacking, and destroying germs and other foreign substances.
Sometimes the immune system makes a mistake and starts attacking the body’s own tissues or
organs. This is called autoimmunity.
A very famous, Nobel laureate Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915) coined the term
“Horror autotoxicus” to emphasize that body has innate aversion to immunological
self-destruction.
“Horror autotoxicus” literally means the horror of self-toxicity.
Donath-Landsteiner syndrome) is an uncommon type of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA)
cold hemoglobinuria was described, and soon confirmed. However, the concept that autoimmunization
caused cold hemoglobinuria was not yet clear and was not accepted
concept of autoimmunization was accepted. The failure of immune tolerance is termed as Autoimmunity.
This autoimmune disease is directed against a component of one particular type of organ.
These diseases are associated with auto antibodies to antigens which are not
tissue specific.
The causes of autoimmune disease are a combination of the individual’s genetic makeup and the effect of environmental influences, such as sunlight, infections, medications, and environmental chemicals. However, the vagueness of this list reflects our poor understanding of the etiology of these diseases. Except in a very few specific diseases, the initiation event(s) of most autoimmune states has not been fully characterized.
Organ specific autoimmune disease:
This autoimmune disease is directed against a component of one particular type of organ.
The organ specific autoimmune disease can further be divided into two groups:
i. Autoimmune disease mediated by direct cellular damage:
This type of damage occur when lymphocytes or antibodies bind to cell membrane antigens, causing cellular lysis or inflammatory response in affected organ.
The damaged cellular structure is then replaced by connective tissue (fibrous) & it losses its function.
Examples: Hasimoto’s thyroiditis, autoimmune anaemia, Good pasteur’s syndrome, Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.
ii. Autoimmune disease mediated by stimulating or blocking auto antibodies:
In some cases, antibodies act as antagonist & bind to hormone receptor stimulating inappropriate activity. This usually leads to overproduction of mediators or increase cell growth.
They also bind to hormone receptor function and thereby block receptor function. This causes impaired secretion of mediators and gradual atrophy of the affected organ.
Examples: Grave’s disease, Myasthenia gravis.
Graves' disease is an immune system disorder that results in the overproduction of thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism).
Heat sensitivity and an increase in perspiration or warm, moist skin
Weight loss, despite normal eating habits
Enlargement of the thyroid gland (goiter)
Bulging eyes (Graves' ophthalmopathy)
Fatigue
Thick, red skin usually on the shins or tops of the feet (Graves' dermopathy)
Radioactive iodine uptake test. & Thyroid scan
the immune system produces an antibody to one part of the cells in the hormone-producing gland in the neck
(thyroid gland).
Family history. Sex. Women are much more likely to develop Graves' disease than are men.
Age. Graves' disease usually develops in people before age 40.
Other autoimmune disorders.
Type 1 diabetes is a condition in which your immune system destroys insulin-making cells in your pancreas. These are called beta cells. The condition is usually diagnosed in children and young people, so it used to be called juvenile diabetes.
Extreme thirst Increased hunger (especially after eating) Dry mouth Upset stomach and vomiting
Frequent urination Unexplained weight loss, even though you’re eating and feel hungry
Blurry vision Heavy, labored breathing (your doctor may call this Kussmaul respiration)
Crankiness or mood changes
Insulin is a hormone that helps move sugar, or glucose, into your body's tissues. Your cells use it as fuel. Damage to beta cells from type 1 diabetes throws the process off. Glucose doesn’t move into your cells because insulin isn’t there to do the job. Instead, it builds up in your blood, and your cells starve.
"Onset" is how long it takes to reach your bloodstream and begin lowering your blood sugar.
"Peak time" is when insulin is doing the most work in terms of lowering your blood sugar.
"Duration" is how long it keeps working after onset.
Type 1 diabetes can lead to other problems, especially if it isn’t well-controlled. Complications include:
Cardiovascular disease. Diabetes can put you at higher risk of blood clots, as well as high blood pressure and cholesterol. These can lead to chest pain, heart attack, stroke, or heart failure.
Skin problems. Gum disease.
Retinopathy. 80% of adults who have had type 1 diabetes for more than 15 years.
Kidney damage. About 20% to 30% of people with type 1 diabetes get a condition called nephropathy. Poor blood flow and nerve damage.
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a neuromuscular disorder that causes weakness in the skeletal muscles, which are the muscles your body uses for movement. It occurs when communication between nerve cells and muscles becomes impaired.
trouble talking
problems walking up stairs or lifting objects
facial paralysis
difficulty breathing due to muscle weakness
difficulty swallowing or chewing
antibodies, which are proteins that normally attack foreign, harmful substances in the body, attack the neuromuscular junction. Damage to the neuromuscular membrane reduces the effect of the neurotransmitter substance acetylcholine, which is a crucial substance for communication between nerve cells and muscles. This results in muscle weakness.
checking your reflexes
looking for muscle weakness
checking for muscle tone
making certain your eyes move properly
testing sensation in different areas of your body
testing motor functions, like touching your finger to your nose
Other tests that can help your doctor diagnose the condition include:
repetitive nerve stimulation test
blood testing for antibodies associated with MG
edrophonium (Tensilon) test: a drug called Tensilon (or a placebo) is administered intravenously, and you’re asked to perform muscle movements under doctor observation
Goodpasture's Syndrome is an uncommon autoimmune disease that affects both the kidneys and the lungs.
antibodies that attack and damage the lining of your lungs and kidney
disease may quickly progress and you may bleed from the lungs and cough up blood. It may also lead to inflamed kidneys (glomerulonephritis). It is not exactly known why your antibodies begin to attack your own lungs and kidneys.
Goodpasture syndrome can run in families. So some researchers believe it may have a genetic component.
Goodpasture syndrome usually affects young men. It more often occurs among whites, and it most commonly affects people who are:
Between ages 20 and 30
Older than age 60
The first signs of Goodpasture syndrome may include:
Fatigue
Nausea and vomiting
Difficulty breathing
Pale skin
When Goodpasture syndrome affects the kidneys, symptoms may include:
Blood in the urine Foamy urine Swelling in the legs High blood pressure
Burning or difficulty when urinating Back pain below the ribs
When Goodpasture syndrome affects the kidneys, symptoms may include:
Blood in the urine
Foamy urine
Swelling in the legs
High blood pressure
Burning or difficulty when urinating
Back pain below the ribs
The thyroid gland is part of your endocrine system, which produces hormones that coordinate many of your body's functions.
Signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism include:
Fatigue and sluggishness Increased sensitivity to cold Constipation
Pale, dry skin A puffy face Brittle nails
Hair loss Enlargement of the tongue Unexplained weight gain
Muscle aches, tenderness and stiffness
These factors may contribute to your risk of developing Hashimoto's disease:
Sex. Women are much more likely to get Hashimoto's disease.
Age. Hashimoto's disease can occur at any age but more commonly occurs during middle age.
Heredity. You're at higher risk for Hashimoto's disease if others in your family have thyroid or other autoimmune diseases.
A hormone test. Blood tests can determine the amount of hormones produced by your thyroid and pituitary glands. If your thyroid is underactive, the level of thyroid hormone is low. At the same time, the level of TSH is elevated because your pituitary gland tries to stimulate your thyroid gland to produce more thyroid hormone.
An antibody test. Because Hashimoto's disease is an autoimmune disorder, the cause involves production of abnormal antibodies. A blood test may confirm the presence of antibodies against thyroid peroxidase (TPO antibodies), an enzyme normally found in the thyroid gland that plays an important role in the production of thyroid hormones. But the TPO antibody test isn't positive in everyone with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Many people have TPO antibodies present, but don't have a goiter, hypothyroidism or other problems.
if Hashimoto's disease causes thyroid hormone deficiency, you may need replacement therapy with thyroid hormone. This usually involves daily use of the synthetic thyroid hormone levothyroxine (Levoxyl, Synthroid, others).
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease that affects the central nervous system, which is the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. This can lead to a wide range of symptoms throughout the body.
Some people have mild symptoms, such as blurred vision and numbness and tingling in the limbs. In severe cases, a person may experience paralysis, vision loss, and mobility problems.
Age: Most people receive a diagnosis between the ages of 20 and 40 years.
Sex: Most forms of MS are twice as likely to affect women than men.
Genetic factors: Susceptibility may pass down in the genes, but scientists believe an environmental trigger is also necessary for MS to develop, even in people with specific genetic features.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease. In this disease, the immune system of the body mistakenly attacks healthy tissue. It can affect the skin, joints, kidneys, brain, and other organs.
Causes
The cause of SLE is not clearly known. It may be linked to the following factors:
Genetic
Environmental
Hormonal
Certain medicines
SLE is more common in women than men by nearly 10 to 1. It may occur at any age. However, it appears most often in young women between the ages of 15 and 44.
Chest pain when taking a deep breath. Fatigue. Fever with no other cause.
Hair loss. Weight loss. Mouth sores.
Sensitivity to sunlight.
Skin rash -- A "butterfly" rash develops in about half the people with SLE. The rash is mostly seen over the cheeks and bridge of the nose. It can be widespread. It gets worse in sunlight.
A complete blood count (CBC) test
The Coombs test looks for antibodies that may stick to your red blood cells and cause red blood cells to die too early.
heumatoid arthritis, or RA, is an autoimmune and inflammatory disease, which means that your immune system attacks healthy cells in your body by mistake, causing inflammation (painful swelling) in the affected parts of the body.
A mainly attacks the joints, usually many joints at once. RA commonly affects joints in the hands, wrists, and knees. In a joint with RA, the lining of the joint becomes inflamed, causing damage to joint tissue. This tissue damage can cause long-lasting or chronic pain, unsteadiness (lack of balance), and deformity (misshapenness).
Age. RA can begin at any age, but the likelihood increases with age. The onset of RA is highest among adults in their sixties.
Sex. New cases of RA are typically two-to-three times higher in women than men.
Genetics/inherited traits. People born with specific genes are more likely to develop RA. These genes, called HLA (human leukocyte antigen) class II genotypes, can also make your arthritis worse. The risk of RA may be highest when people with these genes are exposed to environmental factors like smoking or when a person is obese.
isease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs);