Lupus is a systematic autoimmune disease which affects the body’s tissues and organs by your own immune system thinking that they are foreign. Lupus is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects various parts of the body including joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, brain, heart, and lungs. Lupus is also known as systemic lupus erythematosus or SLE. The exact cause of lupus is very difficult to diagnose, although it’s a combination of genes, hormones and environmental factors. It affects women between 18 and 40 years of age.
Lupus is a systematic autoimmune disease which affects the body’s tissues and organs by your own immune system thinking that they are foreign. Lupus is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects various parts of the body including joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, brain, heart, and lungs. Lupus is also known as systemic lupus erythematosus or SLE. The exact cause of lupus is very difficult to diagnose, although it’s a combination of genes, hormones and environmental factors. It affects women between 18 and 40 years of age.
Anti-rheumatoid drugs form a crucial arsenal in the battle against rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation of the joints. These medications, including Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs), biologics, and immunomodulators, work by targeting the underlying inflammatory processes that drive RA progression. By suppressing the overactive immune response responsible for joint damage, these drugs not only alleviate symptoms but also aim to halt disease progression and preserve joint function. From traditional agents like methotrexate to cutting-edge biologic therapies such as TNF-alpha inhibitors and JAK inhibitors, anti-rheumatoid drugs offer a spectrum of treatment options tailored to individual patient needs. Understanding their mechanisms of action, potential side effects, and therapeutic benefits is paramount in optimizing the management of RA and improving patients' quality of life."
Cure from the clutches of rheumatoid arthritis with our illuminating presentation on anti-rheumatoid drugs. Dive into the world of disease-modifying agents, biologics, and immunomodulators meticulously crafted to tame inflammation and preserve joint health. Uncover the science behind these therapeutic marvels, their mechanisms of action, and their pivotal role in managing autoimmune disorders. Whether you're a medical professional, researcher, or patient seeking relief, this presentation equips you with essential knowledge to navigate the landscape of rheumatoid arthritis treatment."
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Anti-rheumatoid drugs form a crucial arsenal in the battle against rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation of the joints. These medications, including Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs), biologics, and immunomodulators, work by targeting the underlying inflammatory processes that drive RA progression. By suppressing the overactive immune response responsible for joint damage, these drugs not only alleviate symptoms but also aim to halt disease progression and preserve joint function. From traditional agents like methotrexate to cutting-edge biologic therapies such as TNF-alpha inhibitors and JAK inhibitors, anti-rheumatoid drugs offer a spectrum of treatment options tailored to individual patient needs. Understanding their mechanisms of action, potential side effects, and therapeutic benefits is paramount in optimizing the management of RA and improving patients' quality of life."
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Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
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Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Everything you need to Know about Autoimmune Disease | Plexus
1.
2. What are autoimmune diseases?
● Autoimmune diseases corrupt our healthy immune system and
make them attack healthy cells.
● Most are degenerative and life-threatening.
4. Autoimmune diseases of joints and muscles
Rheumatoid Arthritis
● Immune system attacks the joints
● Symptoms: soreness, stiffness, redness, and warmth in joints
Psoriasis
● Skin cells multiply at a rapid pace leading to extra build-up
● Symptoms: inflamed, red/purple patches with silver white/brown/gray scales all
over the body
30% of psoriasis patients also experience swelling, stiffness, and pain in their joints. This condition is called
psoriatic arthritis.
5. Autoimmune diseases of joints and muscles
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
● Affects joints, kidneys, heart, brain, among other organs
● Earliest symptoms: Rashes
Sjörgen’s Syndrome
● Affects glands that secrete lubrication for the eyes and mouth
● Symptoms: Dry mouth, dry eyes, dry skin, muscle/joint pain, rashes, fatigue, vaginal
dryness
6. Autoimmune diseases of the nervous system
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
● Disrupts nerve impulses that help the brain to control muscle and movement
● Symptoms: Drooping eyelids, speech trouble, dysphagia, double vision, limb
weakness, inability to hold neck up
Multiple Sclerosis
● Attacks the central nervous system by damaging the myelin sheath
● Symptoms: Fatigue, vision problems, numbness, tingling, muscle weakness,
osteoporosis
7. Autoimmune diseases of the skin
Dermatomyositis
● Affects skin and weakens muscle
● Type of myopathy
● Leads to severe respiratory problems
● Symptoms: Dysphagia, reddish purple skin, shortness of breath, stiffness,
weakness, soreness
Psoriasis
(refer to slide 4)
8. Autoimmune diseases of the digestive tract
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
● Inflammation along the lining the intestinal wall
● Symptoms: Diarrhoea, rectal bleeding, fever, weight loss, anaemia, abdominal
pain, malnutrition and delayed growth (in children)
Crohn’s disease - inflammation along any part of the GI tract (from mouth to anus)
Ulcerative colitis - inflammation along the lining of the large intestine and rectum
Celiac Disease
● Attacks small intestine
● Triggered by gluten
● Symptoms: Diarrhoea/ constipation, recurrent stomach ache, cramping, bloating,
anaemia, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, folic acid deficiency
9. Autoimmune diseases of the endocrine system
Graves’ Disease
● Attacks the thyroid gland
● Results in hyperthyroidism
● Symptoms: Mood swings, fatigue, irregular heartbeat, weight loss, profuse
sweating, frequent bowel movements
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
● Slows down the secretion of thyroid hormone
● Leads to hypothyroidism
● Symptoms: Mild weight gain, constipation, dry skin, lethargy, joint stiffness, muscle
pain, bradycardia
10. Autoimmune diseases of the endocrine system
Addison’s Disease
● Attacks the adrenaline glands
● Disrupts production of cortisol, aldosterone, and androgen hormones
● Symptoms: Lethargy, muscle weakness, irritability, unintentional weight loss, salt
cravings, increased thirst
Other autoimmune diseases:
Type 1 Diabetes
Autoimmune Vasculitis: Caused by inflammation that narrows veins and arteries
Pernicious Anaemia: Disturbs stomach’s lining, leads to vitamin B12 deficiency
11. Risk factors of autoimmune diseases
● Family history
● Smoking
● Exposure to toxins
● Obesity
● Side effects of certain medications
● Being female - nearly 78% of autoimmune disease patients are women
● Already having one type of autoimmune disease
12. Diagnosing autoimmune diseases
Based on your symptoms, age, and medical history, the following tests may be advised
by your neurologist
● Antinuclear Antibody Test (ANA)
● Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
● Complete Blood Count (CBC)
13. Stem cell therapy for autoimmune diseases
Mesenchymal stem cells’ (MSCs) immunomodulatory, tissue-protective and repair-promoting
properties have helped improve the quality of life of patients with autoimmune conditions,
manage their symptoms, and also regulate the immune system.
Plexus uses either autologous mesenchymal cells or cord cells depending upon the patient's
condition.
To know more, reach out to us today.
WhatsApp +91 89048 42087
Call +91 78159 64668 (Hyderabad) | +91 82299 99888 (Bangalore)
