Austin Journal of Cerebrovascular Disease & Stroke
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Austin Journal of Cerebrovascular Disease & Stroke is a peer reviewed, open access, academic journal that brings ground breaking investigations and progression in stroke research. This open access journal concentrates on the basic, translational and clinical aspects of stroke and cerebrovascular disease - areas include but not limited to stroke causes, epidemiology, signs and symptoms, Pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, management and rehabilitation. Austin Journal of Cerebrovascular Disease & Stroke is ardent to promote, pragmatic, rigorous reproducible research and scientific progress through open access platform. Austin Journal of Cerebrovascular Disease & Stroke accepts manuscripts on areas of basic, translational and clinical aspects of stroke and cerebrovascular disease - areas include but not limited to stroke causes, epidemiology, signs and symptoms, Pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, management and rehabilitation for researches who are working as a basic scientists, cardiologists Neurologists, internists, interventionalists, neurosurgeons, and physiatrists.
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Wernicke’s encephalopathy
Wernicke's encephalopathy is caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and is characterized by a triad of symptoms including confusion, ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia. It is commonly seen in alcoholics and those with prolonged starvation or malnutrition. The main pathology involves inhibition of thiamine-dependent metabolism in brain regions with high metabolic demand. Treatment involves emergency high-dose parenteral thiamine to reverse the neurological deficits. Left untreated, many patients will develop the amnestic syndrome of Wernicke-Korsakoff.
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Seizures are episodes of abnormal brain activity resulting from excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures and is caused by various factors like brain tumors, genetic predisposition, trauma and infections. Seizures can be classified as partial or generalized based on the area of brain involved. Diagnostic tests include EEG, MRI and blood tests. Treatment involves medications, surgery, vagus nerve stimulation or lifestyle modifications. Nursing care focuses on safety during seizures and education about managing the condition.
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Hie seminar kiran
This document summarizes hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), focusing on recent advances. It defines key terms like hypoxia, ischemia, asphyxia, and provides details on the etiology, pathophysiology, and factors that increase the risk of perinatal asphyxia. The pathophysiology section covers cerebral blood flow and energy metabolism, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis as they relate to hypoxic ischemic injury in the neonatal brain.
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HIE-Pathophysiology & recent advances in management
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Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy with a focus on recent advances
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Prehospital care of severe head trauma abstract manion
Similar to Austin Journal of Cerebrovascular Disease & Stroke
Seminar on cerebral palsy ( akshay )
Cerebral palsy is a group of permanent movement disorders caused by non-progressive disturbances that occurred in the developing fetal or infant brain. It is defined as a disorder of movement and posture with activity limitations. The seminar discussed the history and definitions of cerebral palsy, noting that William Little first described it in 1861. It reviewed the prevalence, classifications, manifestations, characteristics, and etiologies of the different types of cerebral palsy. The pathophysiology of cerebral palsy in preterm infants involves intraventricular hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia damaging the corticospinal tracts. The clinical features result from upper motor neuron lesions in the brain and spinal cord
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1. Stroke is a major cause of death and disability in adults and is caused by problems in the brain's blood vessels.
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Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of permanent movement disorders caused by damage to the developing brain. The damage can occur before, during, or after birth from injury or illness. CP affects muscle tone, movement, and motor skills. There are several types of CP defined by the parts of the body affected and the brain areas damaged. Common signs include poor muscle control, feeding difficulties, and developmental delays. Diagnosis involves ruling out other causes through exams and tests. Treatment is multidisciplinary and focuses on rehabilitation, physical therapy, medications, and surgery to improve function and independence over time. The earlier treatment begins, the more improvement can be made.
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Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) is a condition caused by impaired cerebral blood flow and brain hypoxia/ischemia in the newborn period. It is recommended to use the term HIE rather than "perinatal asphyxia" or "birth asphyxia" since the time of injury can be difficult to ascertain. Treatment involves supportive care including seizure control and therapeutic hypothermia in some cases. Outcomes range from normal to death or long-term disabilities like cerebral palsy and epilepsy depending on the severity of the initial injury.
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This document discusses neonatal seizures, including their incidence, causes, clinical presentation, investigations, and management. Some key points include:
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Case record...Cerebral palsy
This case discusses a 22-month-old female patient diagnosed with asymmetric dyskinetic cerebral palsy. MRI images show bilateral cystic necrosis of the lateral putamen and globus pallidus, likely due to perinatal hypoxia/ischemia. This resulted in an extrapyramidal form of cerebral palsy. Cerebral palsy is caused by nonprogressive brain defects or lesions early in development. Perinatal factors cause 70-80% of cases. Basal ganglia injury can result in dyskinetic cerebral palsy phenotypes.
Perinatal asphyxia
Perinatal asphyxia is caused by lack of oxygen and perfusion to organs before, during, or after birth. It can lead to hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and brain damage in newborns. Key criteria for diagnosis include low Apgar scores, metabolic acidosis in umbilical cord blood, and neurological symptoms. Management focuses on preventing further brain injury through ventilation, temperature control, seizure management, and maintaining circulation. Outcomes range from normal to death or disabilities like cerebral palsy. Prognosis depends on severity of encephalopathy.
Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease is a chronic, progressive brain disease that causes dementia. It develops due to beta-amyloid plaque and tau protein tangles in the brain, especially in the hippocampus which is important for memory. This leads to brain atrophy and cognitive and functional decline. Symptoms range from mild memory loss to severe impairment in all areas. A diagnosis involves ruling out other causes through tests like MRI, PET scans, and neurological exams. Currently, there is no cure and treatment focuses on managing symptoms and safety with medications and nursing care. Alzheimer's greatly impacts both those with the disease and their families as it progresses and leads to death.
缺氧缺血性脑病（英文）2009
The document summarizes neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), including its causes, effects on organ systems, clinical manifestations at different stages of severity, imaging findings, treatment of seizures, and supportive care. HIE is caused by a lack of oxygen during birth and can lead to long-term neurological impairments or death. Clinical manifestations range from mild abnormalities to coma and seizures, depending on the severity of the injury. Imaging studies like MRI are useful for assessment. Treatment involves controlling seizures, maintaining oxygenation and blood pressure through supportive care.
Ataxia in children
ATAXIA IN CHILDREN -CAUSES, MANAGEMENT, INVESTIGATIONS, TYPES, COMMONEST ATAXIA IN CHILDREN IN DETAIL, HOW WILL YOU FIND OUT THE CAUSE FOR ATAXIA IN CHILDREN FLOWCHART, DEFINITION, TREATMENT
Coma
Learn about coma/lethergy/stupor/lockdown syndrome
Unconscious.
In psychiatry, it is always difficult to distinguish the different reduce level of conscious states from catatonia.
This presentation shows more light about coma and how we differentiate it from other forms
Cerebral palsy2631
Cerebral palsy is a disorder of movement and posture caused by an injury to the immature brain. It was first described in the 19th century by William Little. Cerebral palsy can be caused before, during, or shortly after birth by factors such as maternal infections, bleeding in the brain, complications at birth, or lack of oxygen. The types of cerebral palsy include spastic, which causes stiffness, flaccid, which causes floppiness, athetoid, which causes fluctuating tone, and ataxic, which causes unsteady movements. Treatment involves physical, occupational and speech therapy as well as medications and sometimes surgery. Prognosis depends on the severity and type of cerebral
Perinatal asphyxia
1. Perinatal asphyxia refers to impaired gas exchange and oxygen deficiency in a fetus or newborn infant, occurring during labor, delivery, or immediately after birth.
2. It can cause hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), a type of brain injury, in severe or prolonged cases. Clinical features of HIE include seizures, abnormal neurological exam, and multi-organ dysfunction.
3. Diagnosis involves assessing risk factors, signs of asphyxia at birth, abnormal blood gas values, and neurological exam over time. Imaging and EEG can further evaluate brain injury. Prognosis depends on severity of encephalopathy and extent of brain injury.
Dementia , Alzheimer , Epillepsy , Sezuire.pptx
This document summarizes key information about dementia from a third year physiotherapy lecture. It defines dementia and describes how cognitive function is measured. Over 100 causes of dementia are identified, including both reversible and irreversible causes. Alzheimer's disease is discussed in detail, including risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Other types of dementia like frontotemporal dementia and vascular dementia are also summarized.
Eclampsia
Eclampsia is a serious condition characterized by seizures during pregnancy that can put the mother and baby's lives at risk. It is caused by preeclampsia, a pregnancy complication defined by high blood pressure and protein in the urine. While the exact cause is unknown, problems with the blood vessels are thought to play a role. Eclampsia occurs in about 1 in 200 women with preeclampsia and can lead to complications for both mother and baby like organ damage, preterm birth, and even death in severe cases. Treatment focuses on controlling blood pressure, stopping seizures, and often requires early delivery of the baby.
Epilepsy
Epilepsy, Kinds, Treatment, Prognosis 2018. Neurology and internal medicine
By Dr. Omar Ansari, Specialist, Internal medicine
Convulsions in the neonate. Paediatricnursing.pptx
Convulsions in neonates can have many causes, both within and outside the brain. It is important to classify the type of seizure based on clinical presentation and EEG findings to guide appropriate treatment and determine prognosis. Evaluation involves a neurological exam, blood tests, lumbar puncture, imaging if indicated, and EEG. Management consists of treating the underlying cause, providing supportive care during seizures, and anti-convulsant medication if epileptic. Prognosis depends on the severity and reversibility of the primary insult or condition causing the seizures.
Epilepsy
EPILEPSY is a brain disorder characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the brain causing seizures. It can be caused by genetic factors, brain injuries, infections, tumors, or other conditions affecting the brain. Symptoms vary depending on the type of seizure but may include changes in behavior, movement, sensations, or loss of consciousness. Epilepsy is diagnosed through medical history, neurological exams, EEGs, and brain imaging. Prevention strategies focus on reducing head injuries, treating underlying conditions, and in some cases prescribing medication after a first seizure.
Epilepsy
EPILEPSY is a brain disorder characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the brain causing seizures. It can be caused by genetic factors, brain injuries, infections, tumors, or other medical conditions. Symptoms vary depending on the type of seizure but may include changes in behavior, movement, sensations, or loss of awareness. Epilepsy is diagnosed through medical history, neurological exams, EEGs, and brain imaging. While there is no cure for epilepsy, seizures can often be controlled through medication or surgery. Lifestyle changes and safety precautions can also help reduce risk of seizures.
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Electrocardiogram_20240614_173859_0000.pdf
Basics of Electrocardiogram
CONTENTS
●Conduction System of the Heart
●What is ECG or EKG?
●ECG Leads
●Normal waves of ECG.
●Dimensions of ECG.
● Abnormalities of ECG
CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
ECG:
●ECG is a graphic record of the electrical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity precedes the mechanical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity has two phases:
Depolarization- contraction of muscle
Repolarization- relaxation of muscle
ECG Leads:
●6 Chest leads
●6 Limb leads
1. Bipolar Limb Leads:
Lead 1- Between right arm(-ve) and left arm(+ve)
Lead 2- Between right arm(-ve) and left leg(+ve)
Lead 3- Between left arm(-ve)
and left leg(+ve)
2. Augmented unipolar Limb Leads:
AvR- Right arm
AvL- Left arm
AvF- Left leg
3.Chest Leads:
V1 : Over 4th intercostal
space near right sternal margin
V2: Over 4th intercostal space near left sternal margin
V3:In between V2 and V4
V4:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
clavicular line
V5:Over left 5th intercostal space on the anterior
axillary line
V6:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
axillary line.
Normal ECG:
Waves of ECG:
P Wave
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•It is also called as atrial complex.
Cause: Atrial depolarisation
Duration: 0.1 sec
QRS Complex:
•QRS’ complex is also called the initial ventricular complex.
•‘Q’ wave is a small negative wave. It is continued as the tall ‘R’ wave, which is a positive wave.
‘R’ wave is followed by a small negative wave, the ‘S’ wave.
Cause:Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
Duration: 0.08- 0.10 sec
T Wave:
•‘T’ wave is the final ventricular complex and is a positive wave.
Cause:Ventricular repolarization Duration: 0.2 sec
Intervals and Segments of ECG:
P-R Interval:
•‘P-R’ interval is the interval
between the onset of ‘P’wave and onset of ‘Q’ wave.
•‘P-R’ interval cause atrial depolarization and conduction of impulses through AV node.
Duration:0.18 (0.12 to 0.2) sec
Q-T Interval:
•‘Q-T’ interval is the interval between the onset of ‘Q’
wave and the end of ‘T’ wave.
•‘Q-T’ interval indicates the ventricular depolarization
and ventricular repolarization,
i.e. it signifies the
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Duration:0.4-0.42sec
S-T Segment:
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Duration: 0.08 sec
R-R Interval:
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Duration: 0.8 sec
Dimension of ECG:
How to find heart rhytm of the heart?
Regular rhytm:
Irregular rhytm:
More than or less than 4
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is Regular :
Heart rate =
300/No.of large b/w 2 QRS complex
= 300/4
=75 beats/mins
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is irregular:
Heart rate = 10×No.of QRS complex in 6 sec 5large box = 1sec
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But Why do they skip it?
Limited resources—time, money, and manpower—are common culprits.
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Example of Market Research working
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Identifying Pain Points: Innovaccer surveyed healthcare providers to understand their difficulties with data integration, care coordination, and patient engagement. They found widespread frustration with siloed systems and inefficient workflows.
Competitive Analysis: Analyzed competitors offering similar solutions in healthcare analytics and interoperability. Identified gaps in comprehensive data aggregation, real-time analytics, and actionable insights.
Regulatory Compliance: Ensured their platform complied with HIPAA and other healthcare data privacy regulations. This compliance was crucial to gaining trust from healthcare providers wary of data security issues.
Customer Validation: Conducted pilot programs with several healthcare organizations to validate the platform's effectiveness in improving care outcomes and operational efficiency. Gathered feedback to refine features and user interface.
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- 2. HISTORY “CEREBRAL PALSY” was first identified by a English Surgeon “WILLIAM LITTLE” in 1860. It is also called as Little’s Disease
- 3. DEFINITION Cerebral Palsy is considered as a neurological disorder caused by a non- progressive brain injury or malformation that occurs by abnormal development or damage to motor control centers of the brain.
- 5. 1. PRENATAL Maternal diseases Obstetrical complication Abuse of drugs Cerebral malformation Maternal diseases Prolonged rupture of membranes Gestational diseases Premature delivery Preeclampsia Infections Severe protienuria Fetal heart rate depression Long labor Asphyxia
- 6. 2. PERINATAL Prematurity and associated problems Low birth weight Meconium aspiration Cerebral trauma Severe hyperglycemia Blood incompatibilities Hyperbilirubinemia Meconium aspiration Complicated delivery
- 7. 3. POSTNATAL Brain injury Stroke Meningitis or encephalitis Traumatic brain injury Seizures Vascular malformations Cerebral anoxia Sickle cell anemia Near drowning Toxins
- 8. CLASSIFICATION OF CP CEREBRAL PALSY is classified into two types as below: Depending upon Topographical Distribution Depending on tone or movement patterns (physiologic)
- 10. DEPENDING ON TONE OR MOVEMENT PATTERNS (PHYSIOLOGIC) Spastic CP Athetoid/Dyskinetic CP Ataxic CP Flaccid/Hypotonic CP Choreiform CP Rigid CP Mixed CP
- 12. DIAGNOSIS Physical Evaluation Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI) Computerized Tomography(CT) scan EEG X-ray skull-intracranial calcification Neurological assessment Ultrasound
- 13. TREATMENT Physiotherapy Occupational therapy Speech therapy Surgery Adjunctive therapy Recreation therapy
- 14. Reduce spasticity Increase mobility and flexibility Prevent deformity Improve physical activity Improve functional skills Intake of proper diet and medications MEASURES TAKEN BY A CP PATIENT