This document summarizes alternatives for managing thrips populations in agricultural fields. It discusses monitoring thrips using sticky cards and examining plant parts with a lens. Cultural control methods include avoiding susceptible crops after grains, managing weeds, using colored mulches, and balanced soil nutrition. Some cabbage and onion varieties have genetic resistance. Beneficial insects also help suppress thrips naturally. Organic pesticides are available when needed to control thrips.
This study examined the effect of weed management on insect natural enemies in cabbage fields. Two cabbage fields were studied, one where herbicides were used to control weeds, and one where weeds were allowed to grow freely. More insect natural enemies were found in the field without herbicides compared to the field with herbicides. Five species of predatory insects were collected from both fields. Four common weed species were also identified in the field without herbicides that may provide resources like nectar and pollen to support more natural enemies. The results suggest that maintaining some weeds can help enhance natural enemy populations and potentially suppress insect pests in cabbage fields.
The pattern of field infestation by the flea beetles, Podagrica spp., was assessed in okra-kenaf intercrop system with a view to determining a cropping pattern that would assist in controlling the pest problem. Okra and kenaf were intercropped in row combinations of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1 and 2:2 while sole-cropped okra and kenaf served for comparison. Field sampling for flea beetles commenced three weeks after planting and it lasted till the 12th week, a period that extended to the postharvest stage of okra. There was a significant difference (P Ë‚ 0.01) between the population of the two Podagrica spp. (with P. uniforma being more abundant than P. sjostedti) and among the six planting patterns. The pest population also differed (P Ë‚ 0.05) between the two crops and among (P Ë‚ 0.001) the vegetative, reproductive and postharvest stages of okra. Sole kenaf had a significantly higher level of infestation by the flea beetles followed by sole okra and two rows of okra intercropped with one row of kenaf in descending order. All the other three intercrop patterns had a significantly lower infestation level. Kenaf attracted more flea beetles than okra at the vegetative stage while stumps of okra left in the field after harvesting was over sustained a significantly higher population of flea beetles. Obtained results showed that intercropping could be used, especially by poor rural farmers, as a pest control strategy against Podagrica spp. Due to the considerable population of flea beetles sustained by okra stumps, farmers should be encouraged to get rid of leftovers after harvesting as a way of further controlling Podagrica spp. The combination of intercropping and farm sanitation would assist in reducing reliance on synthetic chemical insecticides.
Chemical and ecological control methods for Epitrix spp.GJESM Publication
Very little information exists in regards to the control options available for potato flea beetles, Epitrix spp. This short review covers both chemical and ecological options currently available for control of Epitrix spp. Synthetic pyrethroids are the weapon of choice for the beetles. However, the impetus in integrated pest management is
to do timely (early-season) applications with something harsh which will give long-term protection at a time when there are not a lot of beneficials in the field. Finding the balance for control of Epitrix spp. is proving difficult.
This presentation provides an overview of trap crop research and demonstrations in tomato (mainly) and squash production system. This paper was presented at the International IPM Symposium, Baltimore, MD (March 20, 2018).
Colorado Potato Beetle: Organic Control OptionsElisaMendelsohn
The document summarizes organic control options for the Colorado potato beetle, a major pest of potatoes. It can completely defoliate potato crops if left uncontrolled. Cultural controls like crop rotation and physical barriers like trenches and row covers can help reduce beetle populations. Varieties that mature early may avoid peak beetle levels. Natural enemies provide some control but are rarely effective alone in commercial fields. Botanical insecticides including rotenone and neem products can help control beetles in early crop stages.
This document discusses organic control options for flea beetles, a serious pest of vegetable crops. It begins by describing flea beetles and the damage they cause. It then outlines several cultural controls including crop rotation, trap cropping, and row covers. Biological controls like beneficial insects and entomopathogenic nematodes are also discussed. Finally, the document reviews alternative pesticides that are allowed in organic production, such as insecticidal soaps, botanical pesticides, and diatomaceous earth. Monitoring fields is important to determine when any treatments may need to be applied.
Agronomic evaluation of eight genotypes of hot pepper (capsicum spp l.) in a ...Alexander Decker
This document evaluates the agronomic performance of eight pepper genotypes, including six exotic and two local varieties, under rain-fed conditions in Ghana. The study found that exotic hybrid varieties matured earlier and had better fruit weight, length, and yield compared to the local varieties. However, the two local varieties, Anloga and Legon 18, produced the highest number of undamaged fruits. The results identify pepper genotypes suitable for cultivation in the local environment and provide information to plant breeders for developing new varieties adapted to local conditions.
Screening Techniques for Different Insect Pests in Crop Plants Shweta Patel
This document discusses various screening techniques for different insect pests in crop plants. It describes procedures for developing and standardizing screening methods, including selecting seeds and screening sites. Several techniques are outlined for screening based on plant damage observed in the field, greenhouse, or laboratory. These include field, cage, and greenhouse screening. It also discusses techniques for screening based on insect responses like orientation, feeding, development, and fecundity. Examples of screening scales used for specific pests in different crops like rice, sorghum, cotton, sugarcane, rapeseed, and pulses are provided. Development and standardization of screening techniques is important for effective resistance breeding programs against insect pests.
This study examined the effect of weed management on insect natural enemies in cabbage fields. Two cabbage fields were studied, one where herbicides were used to control weeds, and one where weeds were allowed to grow freely. More insect natural enemies were found in the field without herbicides compared to the field with herbicides. Five species of predatory insects were collected from both fields. Four common weed species were also identified in the field without herbicides that may provide resources like nectar and pollen to support more natural enemies. The results suggest that maintaining some weeds can help enhance natural enemy populations and potentially suppress insect pests in cabbage fields.
The pattern of field infestation by the flea beetles, Podagrica spp., was assessed in okra-kenaf intercrop system with a view to determining a cropping pattern that would assist in controlling the pest problem. Okra and kenaf were intercropped in row combinations of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1 and 2:2 while sole-cropped okra and kenaf served for comparison. Field sampling for flea beetles commenced three weeks after planting and it lasted till the 12th week, a period that extended to the postharvest stage of okra. There was a significant difference (P Ë‚ 0.01) between the population of the two Podagrica spp. (with P. uniforma being more abundant than P. sjostedti) and among the six planting patterns. The pest population also differed (P Ë‚ 0.05) between the two crops and among (P Ë‚ 0.001) the vegetative, reproductive and postharvest stages of okra. Sole kenaf had a significantly higher level of infestation by the flea beetles followed by sole okra and two rows of okra intercropped with one row of kenaf in descending order. All the other three intercrop patterns had a significantly lower infestation level. Kenaf attracted more flea beetles than okra at the vegetative stage while stumps of okra left in the field after harvesting was over sustained a significantly higher population of flea beetles. Obtained results showed that intercropping could be used, especially by poor rural farmers, as a pest control strategy against Podagrica spp. Due to the considerable population of flea beetles sustained by okra stumps, farmers should be encouraged to get rid of leftovers after harvesting as a way of further controlling Podagrica spp. The combination of intercropping and farm sanitation would assist in reducing reliance on synthetic chemical insecticides.
Chemical and ecological control methods for Epitrix spp.GJESM Publication
Very little information exists in regards to the control options available for potato flea beetles, Epitrix spp. This short review covers both chemical and ecological options currently available for control of Epitrix spp. Synthetic pyrethroids are the weapon of choice for the beetles. However, the impetus in integrated pest management is
to do timely (early-season) applications with something harsh which will give long-term protection at a time when there are not a lot of beneficials in the field. Finding the balance for control of Epitrix spp. is proving difficult.
This presentation provides an overview of trap crop research and demonstrations in tomato (mainly) and squash production system. This paper was presented at the International IPM Symposium, Baltimore, MD (March 20, 2018).
Colorado Potato Beetle: Organic Control OptionsElisaMendelsohn
The document summarizes organic control options for the Colorado potato beetle, a major pest of potatoes. It can completely defoliate potato crops if left uncontrolled. Cultural controls like crop rotation and physical barriers like trenches and row covers can help reduce beetle populations. Varieties that mature early may avoid peak beetle levels. Natural enemies provide some control but are rarely effective alone in commercial fields. Botanical insecticides including rotenone and neem products can help control beetles in early crop stages.
This document discusses organic control options for flea beetles, a serious pest of vegetable crops. It begins by describing flea beetles and the damage they cause. It then outlines several cultural controls including crop rotation, trap cropping, and row covers. Biological controls like beneficial insects and entomopathogenic nematodes are also discussed. Finally, the document reviews alternative pesticides that are allowed in organic production, such as insecticidal soaps, botanical pesticides, and diatomaceous earth. Monitoring fields is important to determine when any treatments may need to be applied.
Agronomic evaluation of eight genotypes of hot pepper (capsicum spp l.) in a ...Alexander Decker
This document evaluates the agronomic performance of eight pepper genotypes, including six exotic and two local varieties, under rain-fed conditions in Ghana. The study found that exotic hybrid varieties matured earlier and had better fruit weight, length, and yield compared to the local varieties. However, the two local varieties, Anloga and Legon 18, produced the highest number of undamaged fruits. The results identify pepper genotypes suitable for cultivation in the local environment and provide information to plant breeders for developing new varieties adapted to local conditions.
Screening Techniques for Different Insect Pests in Crop Plants Shweta Patel
This document discusses various screening techniques for different insect pests in crop plants. It describes procedures for developing and standardizing screening methods, including selecting seeds and screening sites. Several techniques are outlined for screening based on plant damage observed in the field, greenhouse, or laboratory. These include field, cage, and greenhouse screening. It also discusses techniques for screening based on insect responses like orientation, feeding, development, and fecundity. Examples of screening scales used for specific pests in different crops like rice, sorghum, cotton, sugarcane, rapeseed, and pulses are provided. Development and standardization of screening techniques is important for effective resistance breeding programs against insect pests.
Weed seeds that accumulate in soil form a seed bank that is the main source of future weed infestations. The seed bank consists of dormant and non-dormant seeds that determine weed pressure in crops. Weeds compete with crops for resources, reducing yields by up to 50% in some cases. They also harbor pests and diseases. However, weeds provide some benefits like soil conservation. Managing the seed bank is important for sustainable weed control, which can be done by preventing weed seed production and dispersal through practices like cultivation and herbicides. Limiting the seed bank reduces future weed populations and protects crop yields.
Grasshoppers are sporadic pests that sometimes migrate in large populations and defoliate gardens. More than 200 grasshopper species occur in California, but only a few like the devastating grasshopper and valley grasshopper cause significant problems. Grasshoppers lay eggs in soil in fall which hatch the following spring. Nymphs molt several times before becoming adults. Population sizes vary yearly, with major outbreaks occurring every 8-10 years if conditions are favorable for several years. Grasshoppers prefer young plants and remove large sections of leaves, sometimes devouring entire plants. Management options during major invasions are limited, but trap crops and insecticides around garden borders can help control smaller populations.
Eriophyoid Mites as Weed Biological Control Agenteidmk230
This document summarizes research on using eriophyoid mites as biological control agents for weeds. It discusses how eriophyoid mites can reduce weed fitness and competitiveness with crops. Several species of eriophyoid mites have been released and established to control specific weed targets, including Aceria chondrillae for skeleton weed, Aceria malherbae for field bindweed, and Aculus hyperici for St. John's wort. Factors that influence the potential of eriophyoid mites as biological control agents are also reviewed, as well as prospects for future research on identifying new mite species that could help control problematic native and invasive weeds.
Garden symphylans are soil-dwelling pests that can cause damage to plant roots. They feed on living plant roots and tubers, which can stunt plant growth. They are most common in heavier, well-structured soils with good tilth in Oregon, Washington, and California. Garden symphylans aggregate in the top layers of soil when conditions are warm and moist, and move deeper as the soil becomes dry or cool. Detecting and monitoring garden symphylans requires sampling methods like soil sampling, bait sampling, or indirect sampling to determine if populations are at damaging levels.
The myoporum thrips is an invasive pest from New Zealand that is damaging and killing Myoporum plants in California landscapes. It feeds and lives within curled and distorted new growth of susceptible Myoporum species. Monitoring for females on new growth and tapping or shaking plants are effective detection methods. While beneficial insects help control the pest, severe infestations require systemic insecticides. Applying dinotefuran around tree trunks can control the thrips without harming other plants or beneficials as much as other application methods.
This report summarizes a study on the effects of insecticide applications on cranberry tipworm and parasitoid populations over two years (2013-2014) on three cranberry farms. In 2014, farms that applied Movento in 2013 had lower tipworm populations in the spring than farms using other insecticides. Movento applications in both years reduced tipworm numbers more than applications of Diazinon. Parasitoid populations, which depend on tipworm hosts, were also lower following Movento use. Extreme heat in August 2014 caused additional tipworm mortality. A prototype trap was developed to study tipworm emergence from soil overwintering sites.
This document outlines the objectives and methodology of a seminar on seasonal occurrence of soybean insect pests and the relative bioefficacy of different insecticides. The objectives are to: 1) Record the seasonal occurrence of soybean insect pests, 2) Evaluate the efficacy of different insecticides against major soybean pests, and 3) Determine the benefit-cost ratio of insecticidal treatments. The methodology involves monitoring pest populations over time, testing insecticides in RBD plots, and calculating costs and yields to determine benefit-cost ratios of treatments.
Grasshoppers are difficult to control but their impact can be minimized through preventative management over the long term using non-chemical strategies. These include cultural controls like fall tillage to destroy eggs, trap cropping to concentrate grasshoppers, and encouraging natural predators. Biological controls such as the protozoan Nosema locustae and fungus Beauveria bassiana can be used against nymphs and adults. Physical barriers and traps can also help reduce grasshopper populations. Maintaining farm biodiversity is key to preventing major outbreaks.
Floating Row Covers Exclude Insects affecting Fall Grown Squash; Gardening Guidebook for Florida www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ University of Florida, For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/239851214 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/239851079 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/239851348 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239850440 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/239850233 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools, Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/23985111 ~
Arguments for and against self and non-self root recognition in plants roshni mohan
This seminar discusses the evolution of cooperation and altruism in nature. It presents Hamilton's rule, which states that altruistic acts can evolve if the cost to the actor is less than the benefit received by the recipient, weighted by their genetic relatedness. Examples of cooperation are discussed in microbes, plants, and animals. Studies on root interactions show plants can discriminate between kin and non-kin, influencing traits like root proliferation. Companion cropping with tomato and potato onion was found to increase tomato growth by modifying root interactions. Future areas of research include large-scale studies of root interactions and the molecular mechanisms of plant identity recognition.
This document summarizes research screening wild crucifers for resistance to the mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) and attempting to introgress resistance genes from Brassica fruticulosa into Brassica juncea. Among the wild crucifers screened, B. fruticulosa and B. montana showed the most promising resistance. Choice and no-choice experiments found B. fruticulosa and an amphiploid of B. fruticulosa x B. rapa (AD-4) exhibited strong antibiosis and lowest aphid preference, survival and fecundity compared to susceptible B. rapa. Introgression lines of B. jun
Effect of time and proportion of leaf harvest on pest, forage and root yields...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Dearth of knowledge exists regarding the leaf harvest intensity and frequency thresholds that support optimum forage and fresh storage root yields in Sierra Leone. A study was carried out to assess the effects of leaf harvesting time and proportion on Cylas puncticollis infestation, growth and yield of sweet potato in the inland valley swamp and upland ecologies of Njala. Treatment combinations comprised of two varieties ("Kabia" and "Gbanie"), four leaf harvest regimes: 0, 30 60 and 90 days after planting (DAP); and four-leaf harvest intensities (0, 25, 50 and 100%). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Data collected included Cylas puncticollis severity on vines and storage roots, root dimensions and numbers, fresh foliage and storage root yields. The results revealed that leaf harvesting twice at 25 and 50% contributed more to optimum forage and storage root yields and related attributes of sweet potatoes compared to other treatments. The present study suggests that good agronomic management of sweet potato that supports optimum forage and storage root yields should be selected to meet the dual purpose for which it is grown. These findings serve as good guide for incorporation of leaf harvesting time, proportion of leaf harvest in germplasm assessment and new population development objectives.
The document describes the development of a database on vegetable grafting research to provide information to growers and scientists. The database contains over 1000 studies categorized by crop, rootstock, stress tolerance, and effects. It was created by compiling literature on grafting for various vegetable crops from 1950 to 2016. The database aims to make scattered research more accessible and identify gaps. It shows the most studied crops are tomato, watermelon, and melon. Stress tolerances like disease, salinity, and temperature were common focuses. The database is intended to help select suitable grafting combinations and guide future research needs, but requires further implementation and expansion.
This document summarizes techniques for evaluating the effectiveness of releasing natural enemies for biological control of pests. It describes four main techniques:
1) Correlation of pest and natural enemy populations to show control.
2) Experimental addition, exclusion, and interference methods to directly measure control. Exclusion involves removing natural enemies from plots while addition entails introducing them.
3) Specific interference techniques include using insecticides, hand removal, manipulating other species, and traps.
4) Population modeling can also demonstrate control by mathematically modeling pest and natural enemy interactions.
Correlation between populations of xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vignicola build...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that aimed to understand the correlation between populations of the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vignicola and symptom development on infected cowpea plants. Fourteen cowpea seed lots from different sources were tested, some treated with different fungicides. The initial pathogen populations from seeds were quantified and population buildup over time was monitored from leaf and stem samples. Results showed no correlation between pathogen population levels and disease incidence or severity. The study recommends assessing pathogen populations alongside disease incidence rather than severity to better understand disease epidemiology.
Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) provide unlimited free online courses from top universities worldwide. MOOCs can be accessed from any internet-connected device, allowing for flexible self-paced learning. They include videos, lecture notes, assessments, and opportunities for peer-to-peer learning. While MOOCs increase access to education, disadvantages include lack of interaction with instructors, high dropout rates due to lack of structure, and need for reliable internet access.
The Organic Chronicles No. 1: Mysteries of Organic Farming RevealedGardening
This document provides information about resources available for organic farmers from ATTRA, including over 240 publications on topics like crop production, grazing, composting, and record keeping. Publications can be downloaded for free from ATTRA's website or ordered via their toll-free phone number. The document also lists specific ATTRA publications on topics like organic certification, record keeping forms, and compliance checklists. It provides contact information for certification organizations, universities with organic programs, and other national organic resources.
The document provides information about the WKF Karate1 Premier League event taking place from 6-7 September 2014 in Istanbul, Turkey. It will include kata and kumite competitions for male and female athletes in various weight categories. The Turkish Karate Federation invites international karate practitioners to participate in the fourth installment of the Istanbul Open, a premier event in the WKF's series aimed at bringing together the world's best karate competitors. Participants will earn ranking points that influence the WKF World Ranking List.
This document provides information on companion planting and polyculture gardening techniques. It discusses the traditional Native American "Three Sisters" companion planting of corn, beans, and squash. It explains how these three plants benefit each other. The document then discusses other benefits of companion planting such as attracting beneficial insects, decreasing disease and pests, and increasing yields. It describes polyculture gardening, which involves planting many different crops together to increase biodiversity. Examples of successful companion planting and polyculture projects in Africa and South America are also discussed.
Weed seeds that accumulate in soil form a seed bank that is the main source of future weed infestations. The seed bank consists of dormant and non-dormant seeds that determine weed pressure in crops. Weeds compete with crops for resources, reducing yields by up to 50% in some cases. They also harbor pests and diseases. However, weeds provide some benefits like soil conservation. Managing the seed bank is important for sustainable weed control, which can be done by preventing weed seed production and dispersal through practices like cultivation and herbicides. Limiting the seed bank reduces future weed populations and protects crop yields.
Grasshoppers are sporadic pests that sometimes migrate in large populations and defoliate gardens. More than 200 grasshopper species occur in California, but only a few like the devastating grasshopper and valley grasshopper cause significant problems. Grasshoppers lay eggs in soil in fall which hatch the following spring. Nymphs molt several times before becoming adults. Population sizes vary yearly, with major outbreaks occurring every 8-10 years if conditions are favorable for several years. Grasshoppers prefer young plants and remove large sections of leaves, sometimes devouring entire plants. Management options during major invasions are limited, but trap crops and insecticides around garden borders can help control smaller populations.
Eriophyoid Mites as Weed Biological Control Agenteidmk230
This document summarizes research on using eriophyoid mites as biological control agents for weeds. It discusses how eriophyoid mites can reduce weed fitness and competitiveness with crops. Several species of eriophyoid mites have been released and established to control specific weed targets, including Aceria chondrillae for skeleton weed, Aceria malherbae for field bindweed, and Aculus hyperici for St. John's wort. Factors that influence the potential of eriophyoid mites as biological control agents are also reviewed, as well as prospects for future research on identifying new mite species that could help control problematic native and invasive weeds.
Garden symphylans are soil-dwelling pests that can cause damage to plant roots. They feed on living plant roots and tubers, which can stunt plant growth. They are most common in heavier, well-structured soils with good tilth in Oregon, Washington, and California. Garden symphylans aggregate in the top layers of soil when conditions are warm and moist, and move deeper as the soil becomes dry or cool. Detecting and monitoring garden symphylans requires sampling methods like soil sampling, bait sampling, or indirect sampling to determine if populations are at damaging levels.
The myoporum thrips is an invasive pest from New Zealand that is damaging and killing Myoporum plants in California landscapes. It feeds and lives within curled and distorted new growth of susceptible Myoporum species. Monitoring for females on new growth and tapping or shaking plants are effective detection methods. While beneficial insects help control the pest, severe infestations require systemic insecticides. Applying dinotefuran around tree trunks can control the thrips without harming other plants or beneficials as much as other application methods.
This report summarizes a study on the effects of insecticide applications on cranberry tipworm and parasitoid populations over two years (2013-2014) on three cranberry farms. In 2014, farms that applied Movento in 2013 had lower tipworm populations in the spring than farms using other insecticides. Movento applications in both years reduced tipworm numbers more than applications of Diazinon. Parasitoid populations, which depend on tipworm hosts, were also lower following Movento use. Extreme heat in August 2014 caused additional tipworm mortality. A prototype trap was developed to study tipworm emergence from soil overwintering sites.
This document outlines the objectives and methodology of a seminar on seasonal occurrence of soybean insect pests and the relative bioefficacy of different insecticides. The objectives are to: 1) Record the seasonal occurrence of soybean insect pests, 2) Evaluate the efficacy of different insecticides against major soybean pests, and 3) Determine the benefit-cost ratio of insecticidal treatments. The methodology involves monitoring pest populations over time, testing insecticides in RBD plots, and calculating costs and yields to determine benefit-cost ratios of treatments.
Grasshoppers are difficult to control but their impact can be minimized through preventative management over the long term using non-chemical strategies. These include cultural controls like fall tillage to destroy eggs, trap cropping to concentrate grasshoppers, and encouraging natural predators. Biological controls such as the protozoan Nosema locustae and fungus Beauveria bassiana can be used against nymphs and adults. Physical barriers and traps can also help reduce grasshopper populations. Maintaining farm biodiversity is key to preventing major outbreaks.
Floating Row Covers Exclude Insects affecting Fall Grown Squash; Gardening Guidebook for Florida www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ University of Florida, For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/239851214 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/239851079 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/239851348 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239850440 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/239850233 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools, Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/23985111 ~
Arguments for and against self and non-self root recognition in plants roshni mohan
This seminar discusses the evolution of cooperation and altruism in nature. It presents Hamilton's rule, which states that altruistic acts can evolve if the cost to the actor is less than the benefit received by the recipient, weighted by their genetic relatedness. Examples of cooperation are discussed in microbes, plants, and animals. Studies on root interactions show plants can discriminate between kin and non-kin, influencing traits like root proliferation. Companion cropping with tomato and potato onion was found to increase tomato growth by modifying root interactions. Future areas of research include large-scale studies of root interactions and the molecular mechanisms of plant identity recognition.
This document summarizes research screening wild crucifers for resistance to the mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) and attempting to introgress resistance genes from Brassica fruticulosa into Brassica juncea. Among the wild crucifers screened, B. fruticulosa and B. montana showed the most promising resistance. Choice and no-choice experiments found B. fruticulosa and an amphiploid of B. fruticulosa x B. rapa (AD-4) exhibited strong antibiosis and lowest aphid preference, survival and fecundity compared to susceptible B. rapa. Introgression lines of B. jun
Effect of time and proportion of leaf harvest on pest, forage and root yields...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Dearth of knowledge exists regarding the leaf harvest intensity and frequency thresholds that support optimum forage and fresh storage root yields in Sierra Leone. A study was carried out to assess the effects of leaf harvesting time and proportion on Cylas puncticollis infestation, growth and yield of sweet potato in the inland valley swamp and upland ecologies of Njala. Treatment combinations comprised of two varieties ("Kabia" and "Gbanie"), four leaf harvest regimes: 0, 30 60 and 90 days after planting (DAP); and four-leaf harvest intensities (0, 25, 50 and 100%). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Data collected included Cylas puncticollis severity on vines and storage roots, root dimensions and numbers, fresh foliage and storage root yields. The results revealed that leaf harvesting twice at 25 and 50% contributed more to optimum forage and storage root yields and related attributes of sweet potatoes compared to other treatments. The present study suggests that good agronomic management of sweet potato that supports optimum forage and storage root yields should be selected to meet the dual purpose for which it is grown. These findings serve as good guide for incorporation of leaf harvesting time, proportion of leaf harvest in germplasm assessment and new population development objectives.
The document describes the development of a database on vegetable grafting research to provide information to growers and scientists. The database contains over 1000 studies categorized by crop, rootstock, stress tolerance, and effects. It was created by compiling literature on grafting for various vegetable crops from 1950 to 2016. The database aims to make scattered research more accessible and identify gaps. It shows the most studied crops are tomato, watermelon, and melon. Stress tolerances like disease, salinity, and temperature were common focuses. The database is intended to help select suitable grafting combinations and guide future research needs, but requires further implementation and expansion.
This document summarizes techniques for evaluating the effectiveness of releasing natural enemies for biological control of pests. It describes four main techniques:
1) Correlation of pest and natural enemy populations to show control.
2) Experimental addition, exclusion, and interference methods to directly measure control. Exclusion involves removing natural enemies from plots while addition entails introducing them.
3) Specific interference techniques include using insecticides, hand removal, manipulating other species, and traps.
4) Population modeling can also demonstrate control by mathematically modeling pest and natural enemy interactions.
Correlation between populations of xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vignicola build...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that aimed to understand the correlation between populations of the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vignicola and symptom development on infected cowpea plants. Fourteen cowpea seed lots from different sources were tested, some treated with different fungicides. The initial pathogen populations from seeds were quantified and population buildup over time was monitored from leaf and stem samples. Results showed no correlation between pathogen population levels and disease incidence or severity. The study recommends assessing pathogen populations alongside disease incidence rather than severity to better understand disease epidemiology.
Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) provide unlimited free online courses from top universities worldwide. MOOCs can be accessed from any internet-connected device, allowing for flexible self-paced learning. They include videos, lecture notes, assessments, and opportunities for peer-to-peer learning. While MOOCs increase access to education, disadvantages include lack of interaction with instructors, high dropout rates due to lack of structure, and need for reliable internet access.
The Organic Chronicles No. 1: Mysteries of Organic Farming RevealedGardening
This document provides information about resources available for organic farmers from ATTRA, including over 240 publications on topics like crop production, grazing, composting, and record keeping. Publications can be downloaded for free from ATTRA's website or ordered via their toll-free phone number. The document also lists specific ATTRA publications on topics like organic certification, record keeping forms, and compliance checklists. It provides contact information for certification organizations, universities with organic programs, and other national organic resources.
The document provides information about the WKF Karate1 Premier League event taking place from 6-7 September 2014 in Istanbul, Turkey. It will include kata and kumite competitions for male and female athletes in various weight categories. The Turkish Karate Federation invites international karate practitioners to participate in the fourth installment of the Istanbul Open, a premier event in the WKF's series aimed at bringing together the world's best karate competitors. Participants will earn ranking points that influence the WKF World Ranking List.
This document provides information on companion planting and polyculture gardening techniques. It discusses the traditional Native American "Three Sisters" companion planting of corn, beans, and squash. It explains how these three plants benefit each other. The document then discusses other benefits of companion planting such as attracting beneficial insects, decreasing disease and pests, and increasing yields. It describes polyculture gardening, which involves planting many different crops together to increase biodiversity. Examples of successful companion planting and polyculture projects in Africa and South America are also discussed.
This chapter discusses belt cleaning systems used to remove carryback material from conveyor belts. Carryback refers to residual material that clings to the belt past the discharge point and is carried back. If not removed, carryback can cause various problems like belt mistracking and component wear. The chapter covers different types of belt cleaners and factors to consider like design, installation, and maintenance. It also discusses methods to measure and evaluate the amount of carryback and the performance of belt cleaning systems.
This document discusses the transition area between the terminal pulleys and the loading zone of a conveyor belt. It examines how the belt must be properly formed into a trough and stabilized before loading to minimize spillage. Several techniques are described for centering the belt and transforming its shape as it wraps around the tail pulley, including the use of wing pulleys, spiral-wrapped pulleys, and solid pulleys protected by plows. The importance of allowing sufficient transition distance for the belt to gradually change shapes without damage is emphasized.
An overview of Caribbean folk music focussing on the musical sounds with a bit of identity. Presentation done for post-graduate Cultural Studies students at the Unviersity of the West Indies Cave Hill.
Anne Frank received a diary for her birthday on June 13, 1943. She wrote in the diary about longing for the war to end as bombs and gunshots could be constantly heard outside. Anne and her family were hiding from the Nazis in a secret annex, as they would be killed if discovered due to being Jewish. Anne describes how her family fled Germany after Hitler rose to power and came to the Netherlands, but were now in hiding again due to Nazi persecution of Jews.
This document discusses several image editing effects including Black & White, 3D Button, Oil Paint, and Pixilize that can be applied to photos using image editing software like Irfan View. Negative effects are also mentioned which would invert the colors in an image. Overall, the document provides a brief list of visual effects that can transform the appearance of digital photos.
This document presents 4 statements and asks the reader to privately agree or disagree with each statement and explain their reasoning on paper. The statements address whether it is always easy to determine right and wrong, if it is ever okay to lie, if adventure stories can teach lessons, and if superstitions are silly.
This document describes a fuzzy adaptive gravitational search algorithm for strategic bidding in electricity markets. It involves agents submitting bids to an independent system operator who determines a market clearing price. The algorithm uses a gravitational search algorithm and fuzzy logic to determine optimal bidding coefficients for suppliers to maximize their profits. The gravitational search algorithm models agents as masses that are attracted to other masses representing better solutions. Fuzzy logic is used to adjust the gravitational constant over iterations for the search to gradually explore smaller areas of the solution space and find an optimal bidding strategy.
Thrips are serious pests of many crops that feed on plant tissues, reducing yields. Their populations can be monitored using sticky cards and magnifying lenses. Cultural controls include crop rotation, vegetation management, mulches, and fertilizer use. Some cabbage and onion varieties have genetic resistance. Beneficial insects also suppress thrips naturally. When thresholds are exceeded, organic pesticides are available to control thrips.
This document provides information on organic control options for flea beetles, a serious pest of vegetable crops. It discusses cultural, physical, biological and alternative pesticide controls. Cultural controls include providing optimal growing conditions, crop rotation, trap cropping, and sanitation. Physical controls are row covers. Biological controls rely on beneficial predators and parasites. Alternative pesticides mentioned include botanical insecticides, insecticidal soap, diatomaceous earth, and Surround. Regular monitoring is important to determine if and when pesticidal applications are needed.
This document discusses organic control options for flea beetles, a serious pest of vegetable crops. It outlines cultural, biological and alternative pesticide approaches. Cultural controls include using crop rotation, trap cropping with Chinese Southern Giant Mustard or radishes, and row covers. Biological controls rely on beneficial predators and parasites that naturally suppress flea beetle populations. Alternative pesticides mentioned include botanical insecticides like neem, rotenone and pyrethrins, as well as insecticidal soap, garlic extracts, and diatomaceous earth.
Colorado Potato Beetle: Organic Control OptionsGardening
This document provides information on organic control options for the Colorado potato beetle (CPB), a major pest of potatoes. It summarizes several cultural, physical and biological control strategies including crop rotation, flaming, row covers, traps, mulching and varietal resistance. It also discusses the use of natural enemies, botanical insecticides like neem and pyrethrum, and biopesticides including Bacillus thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana for managing CPB populations organically.
Squash Bug and Squash Vine Borer: Organic ControlsGardening
This document discusses organic control methods for squash bug and squash vine borer, which are major pests of cucurbit crops. It describes the life cycles and characteristics of each pest. It outlines a three-level approach to organic pest management according to the USDA National Organic Program standards. Level 1 involves cultural and systems-based practices like crop rotation and field sanitation. Level 2 includes mechanical controls like row covers and traps. Level 3 uses biological and botanical pesticides allowed on the National Organic List. The document discusses various organic controls for each pest, including row covers, host plant resistance, and biological controls. It provides details on planning, monitoring, and integrating multiple control strategies to manage these pests organically
Principles of Sustainable Weed Management for CroplandsGardening
ATTRA is the national sustainable agriculture information service operated by the USDA. It is headquartered in Fayetteville, Arkansas with offices in Montana and California. The document discusses principles of sustainable weed management for crop lands, including using allelopathic cover crops like rye that release chemicals to inhibit weed growth. It also discusses using crop rotations, intercropping, and weed-free cropping designs to manage weeds proactively by addressing their root causes rather than reactively controlling them with tillage and herbicides. The focus is on managing croplands according to nature's principles to reduce weed problems over the long run.
Garden symphylans are small, white soil-dwelling arthropods that can cause significant damage to crops. They feed on plant roots, reducing the crop's ability to take up water and nutrients, which leads to stunting or death. Garden symphylans are commonly found in western Oregon, Washington, and California, especially in heavier, well-structured soils with good tilth. Their patchy distribution within fields makes them difficult to sample for and manage. Various sampling methods can be used to determine if they are present in damaging numbers to inform management decisions. Tactics to control damage include those that decrease garden symphylan populations as well as those that reduce their access to crop roots.
Companion planting involves growing two or more plant species in close proximity to provide cultural benefits like pest control or higher yields. While traditionally based on observation, scientific research has validated mechanisms like trap cropping, nitrogen fixation, biochemical pest suppression, and providing habitat for beneficial insects. A companion planting chart lists traditional associations and incompatibilities for common garden crops. Intercropping systems range from mixed to strip planting arrangements.
This document summarizes sustainable control methods for thrips in greenhouses, which are difficult to control due to their small size and feeding habits. It discusses monitoring techniques, cultural controls like sanitation and screening, and biological controls using beneficial organisms. It also explores the use of biorational pesticides when needed to supplement other non-chemical control methods.
This document summarizes sustainable control methods for thrips in greenhouses, which are difficult to control due to their small size and feeding habits. It discusses monitoring techniques, cultural controls like sanitation and screening, and biological controls using beneficial organisms. It also explores the use of biorational pesticides when needed to supplement other techniques for thrips management.
This document provides information on sustainable thrips control in greenhouses. It discusses monitoring techniques like crop scouting and sticky traps to detect thrips early. Biological controls like beneficial insects and biorational pesticides are emphasized. Maintaining good sanitation is also important to control thrips, which can rapidly reproduce and vector damaging viruses in greenhouse crops.
Colorado Potato Beetle: Organic Control OptionsElisaMendelsohn
The document summarizes organic control options for the Colorado potato beetle, a major pest of potatoes. It can completely defoliate potato crops if left uncontrolled. Cultural controls like crop rotation and physical barriers like trenches and row covers can help reduce beetle populations. Varieties that mature early may avoid peak beetle levels. Natural enemies provide some control but are rarely effective alone in commercial fields. Botanical insecticides including rotenone and neem products can help control beetles in early crop stages.
Organic Alternatives for Late Blight Control in PotatoesGardening
This document summarizes organic alternatives for controlling late blight in potatoes. It discusses that late blight is a serious fungal disease caused by Phytophthora infestans that can destroy potato crops. It provides options for managing the disease organically, including monitoring and forecasting techniques, cultural practices like sanitation and rotation, varietal resistance, and alternative sprays. The summary highlights that several nonchemical options exist to discourage late blight development through cultural practices, varietal resistance, and alternative sprays.
This document summarizes strategies for managing grasshopper populations, including cultural, biological, and physical controls. It discusses the grasshopper lifecycle and how weather impacts outbreaks. Cultural controls involve tillage, trap cropping, and maintaining biodiversity to support natural predators. Biological controls mentioned include the protozoan Nosema locustae and fungus Beauveria bassiana. Physical barriers can also be used, such as trap crops along field perimeters. The overall emphasis is on preventative, non-chemical approaches to integrated pest management.
This document summarizes integrated pest management strategies for controlling aphids in greenhouses, focusing on monitoring, sanitation, biological controls using beneficial organisms, and biorational pesticides like insecticidal soaps, oils, and fungi. It provides tables with information on specific biological control agents like green lacewings and parasitic wasps, as well as biorational pesticide options and their suppliers. The strategies aim to control aphids in a sustainable way while minimizing risk to humans, other animals, and beneficial insects.
This document provides a summary of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for controlling aphids in greenhouses, focusing on monitoring, sanitation, biological controls, biorational pesticides, and insect growth regulators. It describes the life cycles and behaviors of common greenhouse aphid pests and emphasizes least-toxic control methods like beneficial insects, fungi, insecticidal soaps, oils, and botanical insecticides. Tables list biological control organisms and biorational pesticides effective against aphids, along with contact information for suppliers.
This document provides a summary of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for controlling aphids in greenhouses, focusing on monitoring, sanitation, biological controls, biorational pesticides, and insect growth regulators. It discusses the life cycles and behaviors of common greenhouse aphid pests and emphasizes least-toxic control methods like beneficial insects, fungi, insecticidal soaps, oils, and botanical insecticides. Tables list biological control organisms and biorational pesticides effective against aphids, along with contact information for suppliers.
Cucumber Beetles: Organic and Biorational Integrated Pest ManagementGardening
This document provides information on organic and biorational integrated pest management strategies for controlling cucumber beetles, a major pest of cucurbit crops. It begins by describing the six species of cucumber beetles found in the US and their life cycles. It then discusses the damage caused by cucumber beetles and organic control methods including cultural practices, trap crops, predators/parasites, and botanical/biorational insecticides. The document emphasizes using a combination of these methods within an integrated pest management approach to control cucumber beetles organically.
Greenhouse IPM: Sustainable Aphid Control Gardening
This document provides information on implementing integrated pest management (IPM) to control aphids in greenhouses in a sustainable manner. It discusses monitoring for aphid infestations, using biological controls like parasitic wasps and green lacewings, applying biorational pesticides like Beauveria bassiana fungus or insecticidal soaps, and using insect growth regulators that disrupt insect development. Lists of biological control suppliers and biorational pesticides are included in appendices to help growers implement least-toxic integrated aphid management.
Intercropping Principles and Production PracticesGardening
This document provides an overview and introduction to intercropping principles and production practices. It discusses how intercropping can help farmers engage nature's principle of diversity on their farms. Some key points covered include:
- Intercropping involves growing two or more crops in proximity to promote interaction between them. Spatial arrangements, planting rates, and maturity dates must be considered.
- Intercrops can be more productive than growing pure stands and provide pest management benefits through increased diversity.
- Harvesting options for intercrops include hand harvest, machine harvest for on-farm feed, or animal harvest of standing crops. However, most grain mixtures cannot be machine harvested for market.
Similar to Thrips Management Alternatives in the Field (20)
Este documento contiene una lista de más de 50 libros en español relacionados con la agricultura ecológica, orgánica y sostenible. Incluye títulos como "25 años de agricultura orgánica: Una experiencia en el archipiélago de Chiloé", "Abonos, lombricultura y compostaje" y "Agricultura ecológica: Manual y guía didáctica". Para cada libro se proporciona el autor, enlace a Google Books y otros sitios web para encontrar y comprar el libro.
City Farming, Backyard Farming & Urban FarmingGardening
The document provides a collection of links to resources about city farming, urban agriculture, and urban forestry. It includes links to articles, manuals, books, and websites on topics such as urban farming systems, the economic and social impacts of urban agriculture and forestry, policy issues around urban natural resource use, and case studies of specific city farming programs from locations around the world. The links provide research and information for those interested in learning about approaches to integrating food production and natural resource management into urban and peri-urban areas.
Pesticides are Hurting Your Child’s EducationGardening
Pesticides are linked to lower performance in schools in 3 ways:
1. Prenatal exposure to pesticides can lead to poorer motor development in children by age 2.
2. Exposure to organophosphate pesticides is linked to lower IQs in young children, resulting in 17 million lost IQ points.
3. Studies link pesticide exposure to higher rates of ADHD diagnoses in children. Reducing pesticide exposure through an organic diet can lower levels by 90%.
Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with ChildrenGardening
The document provides links to numerous books about establishing and maintaining edible schoolyard gardens to teach students about healthy eating and nutrition. Some of the books discuss the origins and philosophy of the edible schoolyard movement started by Alice Waters, while others provide practical guidance on creating gardens and incorporating them into lesson plans and classroom activities. The books cover topics like designing organic gardens, engaging young children in gardening, integrating gardens into the school curriculum, and using gardens to promote healthy, sustainable food practices.
The document provides links to free manuals, books, and resources about organic gardening and farming techniques, including companion planting, rainwater harvesting, green roofs, solar energy, volunteering on organic farms in Europe, and development projects related to eco-friendly topics like coffee, solar energy, and helping address hunger. It encourages using these free resources to boost garden yields, learn organic composting and recycling, understand issues around pesticides, and explore volunteering and training opportunities in sustainable agriculture and energy.
This document provides information about edible landscaping and lists many books on the topic. It begins by noting that some web browser links may not work properly with Microsoft Internet Explorer and recommends alternative browsers. It then provides a long list of book titles and links related to edible landscaping, food gardens, edible plants and flowers, landscaping with fruits and vegetables, and using edible plants in landscape design. The document resources cover topics like growing, cooking with, and designing with edible flowers, fruits, vegetables and other edible plants.
This document contains over 100 links to publications, newsletters, fact sheets, and other resources related to xeriscape gardening and landscaping. The resources cover topics like the 7 stages of successful xeriscaping, water conservation tips, recommended plant lists for various regions, and more. The document provides a comprehensive list of informational materials on designing, installing, and maintaining water-efficient landscapes.
This document provides links to books and resources about keeping chickens and using chicken manure in organic gardening. It includes over 50 book listings with titles, authors and links to library catalogs and book retailers. It also provides additional links to information on topics like composting, soil health, rainwater harvesting, and organic gardening techniques.
This document provides summaries of and links to numerous books and resources about urban beekeeping and beekeeping topics. It begins by noting some browser compatibility issues and then lists over 50 books on topics like urban beekeeping, top-bar beekeeping, natural beekeeping approaches, mason bees, and bee health. Links are provided to purchase or borrow each book from various sources.
Garden Wicking Beds = Water Wise GardeningGardening
Wicking beds are a high-yield, water-efficient gardening system that works well for Perth's sandy soils and dry climate. They consist of a garden bed with a water-holding reservoir directly underneath. Water and nutrients that drain below the plant roots are absorbed back up by capillary action and evaporation. This keeps the soil moist with minimal water waste. DIY wicking beds can be made from materials like bathtubs, barrels or plastic-lined garden beds filled with a porous material like broken bricks to hold water in the reservoir space beneath the plants. Wicking beds require less watering and fertilizer than traditional gardens while providing high and reliable yields, making them a sustainable option for urban food growing.
Self Watering Container Gardens for Drought GardeningGardening
This document provides instructions for creating a self-watering container using two 20-liter buckets. The container is made by drilling holes in one bucket to use as an inner pot within the other bucket. A small plastic pot is secured in the bottom of the inner bucket to hold the plant. A plastic tube inserted down the center fills the space between the buckets with water. Following 12 steps allows one to assemble the container cheaply and easily for growing tomatoes, peppers or eggplants with less frequent watering needs. Though smaller than other self-watering designs, these buckets are quicker to build and can be moved easily while full of water and soil.
The author has been experimenting with and refining sustainable wicking worm beds over the past year. They have found that the beds use little water while maintaining moist soil conditions suitable for growing vegetables and supporting a thriving worm farm. The largest bed described is 2700mm by 1650mm by 600mm deep. It incorporates a worm farm to naturally fertilize the soil and minimize the need for external inputs. The author aims to replace their conventional garden beds with larger wicking worm beds that are self-sustaining ecosystems.
A Brief Overview of Nutrient Cycling in PasturesGardening
This document provides an overview of nutrient cycling in pastures through three key components: soil organisms, pasture plants, and grazing livestock. It describes how nutrients cycle naturally through the soil-plant-animal system when pastures are well-managed. Soil organisms like bacteria, fungi and earthworms break down organic matter and release nutrients in forms available to pasture plants. Plants take up nutrients from the soil and fix nitrogen in the case of legumes. Grazing livestock consume nutrients from forage but most are returned to the pasture through manure and urine, completing the nutrient cycle. Proper management, like rotational grazing and soil testing, can enhance this natural cycling of nutrients in pasture systems.
Adding Value through Sustainable Agriculture EntrepreneurshipGardening
The document provides resources for farmers and entrepreneurs in sustainable agriculture to develop value-added agricultural enterprises. It includes national and regional organizations, financing options, training programs, consultants, and books and websites that provide information on business skills, planning, marketing, financing, and managing agricultural ventures. A special section focuses on resources available in Southern states. The overall goal is to help farmers transition from traditional to sustainable agriculture and strengthen rural communities through entrepreneurship.
Adding Value to Farm Products: An OverviewGardening
This document discusses adding value to farm products through various means of processing and marketing. It distinguishes between capturing value through commodity processing and creating value through unique products and experiences. Starting a food business offers opportunities in specialty and niche markets but faces challenges from regulations and a competitive industry. Non-food options for adding value include crafts, entertainment, and producer cooperatives for energy and fiber. Success requires marketing skills, risk management, and adequate capital and expertise.
Agricultural Business Planning Templates and ResourcesGardening
This document provides resources for agricultural business planning, including templates, publications, and sources of assistance. It lists websites with business planning templates for various agricultural enterprises like chicken, dairy, and greenhouse operations. It also identifies publications from ATTRA and other organizations that can help with feasibility assessment and organic enterprise budgeting. Sources of personal assistance include SCORE and Small Business Development Centers. Software options for developing business plans include FINPACK and Business Plan Pro. Training courses are also identified.
Agriculture, Climate Change and Carbon SequestrationGardening
The document discusses how climate change influences agriculture and how agriculture influences climate change. It states that the Earth's average temperature has increased 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit over the past century and is projected to increase by 3.2 to 7.2 degrees this century. These increases could lengthen growing seasons but also increase drought risks. The document then outlines how agricultural practices like fertilizer use and livestock emissions contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, but that carbon can also be sequestered in soils through certain farming techniques.
This document provides an overview of agroforestry, which integrates trees and shrubs with crops and livestock to create multiple economic and environmental benefits. It describes common agroforestry practices including alleycropping, silvopasture, windbreaks, riparian buffer strips, and forest farming. While agroforestry systems offer advantages, they also involve complex interactions that require careful planning and management. The document provides examples of agroforestry operations and discusses marketing considerations for agroforestry products.
This document provides an overview of considerations for selecting, cultivating, and marketing alternative agronomic crops. It discusses inventorying farm resources to determine suitable alternative crops. Several categories of alternative crops are listed, including cereals, legumes, and oilseeds. Developing new crops requires research into cultivar collection, breeding, production practices, and markets. Resources for information on alternative crop research and production include various state universities and USDA groups. Marketing alternative crops requires exploring demand, competition, and potential markets.
ATTRA is the national sustainable agriculture information center operated by the USDA. It is located in Fayetteville, Arkansas and provides information to farmers and the public about sustainable and organic farming practices. This document discusses alternative control methods for johnsongrass, an invasive weed. It describes cultural, mechanical, and chemical strategies for managing johnsongrass populations, including crop rotation, tillage, mowing, grazing, and selective application of the herbicide Roundup. Maintaining the growth of johnsongrass to prevent root and rhizome development is an important component of effective control strategies.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
2. //THRIPS MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES IN THE FIELD
PAGE 2
ity to produce food and interferes with trans-
portation of foliar nutrients to the bulb. The
resulting damage is usually measured as an
overall reduction in bulb size and weight of
onions and flower corms produced. There may
also be effects on the number, size, and appear-
ance of flowers. The injury caused by thrips’
rasping of the leaves enables various plant
pathogens to gain entry, thus increasing disease
problems. In addition, thrips carry plant patho-
gens on their mouth parts from one plant to
another. In onions, entire fields can be de-
stroyed, especially in dry seasons. In fruit crops,
thrips damage may also result in the scarring of
fruit and significant loss to culling.
The stage of growth when an infestation occurs
seems to determine the extent of yield loss. In
onions, it appears that early and late-season
infestations diminish yields less than those oc-
curring in mid-season during the bulbing stage.
(2)
For more basic information see the THRIPS com-
puterized knowledge database at <http://
www.gladescropcare.com/tech-thrips.html>.
THRIPS covers nine species of thrips occurring
in the U.S. and a major thrips predator, the
minute pirate bug. The site provides detailed
information on identification, biology, scouting,
life cycles, and control using pirate bugs.
Monitoring Thrips
Monitoring to identify when thrips arrive and
to determine population levels is helpful in de-
signing an appropriate control strategy. In on-
ions, thrips generally migrate into a field when
plants in surrounding areas begin to dry, so
monitoring efforts should be timed accordingly.
Thrips numbers should also be determined. The
University of California recommends sampling
at least five (onion) plants from four separate
areas of each field. Leaves should be pulled apart
and examined carefully with the assistance of a
hand lens, and all thrips counted.(1) The num-
bers present can be used to determine action
thresholds for applying pesticides. In corm-
propagated flowers, blue sticky cards are some-
times used for trapping and monitoring thrips
populations.(3) However, research at the Uni-
versity of California has indicated that hot-pink
sticky cards outperform blue-colored traps for
this purpose.(4)
Coviello et al.(1) note that reliable treatment
threshold levels for onions are speculative. They
are, in the least, variable, depending on whom
you ask. In California, a threshold of 30 thrips
per plant at mid-season has been used success-
fully for dry bulb, fresh market, and drying on-
ions, using conventional, synthetic pesticides.
This number would be adjusted downward for
very young plants and upward for larger, ma-
ture plants. In New York State a conservative
action threshold of three thrips per leaf has been
suggested, and one thrips per leaf for Spanish
and green bunching onions.(5) Georgia ento-
mologist David Riley suggests an initial treat-
ment threshold of one thrips per plant and then
waiting until they have reached five thrips per
plant for a second treatment.(6)
When considering appropriate action threshold
levels, it is important to remember that no single
number will always be a reliable guide. Climate
is a factor. Hot and dry conditions favor thrips
damage, and cool rainy weather hinders it. In
drier years fewer thrips per leaf can be toler-
ated before yield losses result.(2) In onions,
thrips must be controlled before the crop reaches
the early bulbing stage, so that populations do
not exceed manageable levels.(1)
Figure 1. Thrips life cycle.
Used with permission of California Statewide IPM Project.
3. //THRIPS MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES IN THE FIELD PAGE 3
Plant architecture can also influence thrips
population levels. In onions, cultivars with flat-
sided leaves and a compact growth point (where
the leaves are closely compressed) protect thrips
from natural enemies, weather, and insecticides.
Conversely, round, openly spaced leaves reduce
thrips’ hiding places.(2)
Cultural Control Methods
The choice of cover crops can affect the num-
ber of overwintering thrips. Thrips-susceptible
crops should not be planted following wheat or
rye, which provide excellent over-wintering sites
for thrips. Oats is a better choice, but requires
later fall planting than rye or wheat—a factor
that constrains its use as a cover crop in colder
regions.(7)
Weed destruction in the field and surrounding
margins can help to reduce thrips populations,
since these areas serve as overwintering and re-
infestation sites. Growers should take care, how-
ever, that vegetation management does not con-
flict with strategies designed to reduce soil loss
(through maintaining soil cover), to increase
biodiversity, and to make the farm system more
sustainable.
Drought stress increases the susceptibility of
onions to thrips damage. Adequate irrigation
throughout the growing season is a critical fac-
tor in minimizing damage.(2)
The fact that thrips are color-sensitive suggests
that colored mulches may be effective in their
control. Louisiana researchers conducted a
study to see whether aluminum-coated mulch
would repel the pest.(8) Black plastic was spray-
painted in the field with aluminum paint. The
reflective mulch repelled 33 to 68% of the thrips.
Ultaviolet-absorbing plastics—used to build
walk-in field tunnels—have proved effective in
protecting crops from western flower thrips, as
well as sweet potato whitefly, cotton aphid, and
the diseases they vector.(9)
Soil fertility management may also affect thrips
infestation and damage. According to one
source(10), a lack of adequate soil calcium may
invite higher populations of thrips. Another
writer suggests that nutritional balance can re-
duce thrips attack. High nitrate levels will in-
vite thrips, and the effects of excessive nitrate
are compounded by shortages of potassium,
sulfur, boron, and manganese. Foliar applica-
tions of soluble calcium and kelp will balance
the excess nitrogen. These nutrient levels can
be monitored on a weekly basis, using plant tis-
sue analysis, to make accurate adjustments.(11)
In iris, gladiolus, daylilies, and other vegetatively
propagated flowers, severely infested plant parts
should be cut away and destroyed. Dig corms
early in the fall and cut off the tops before thrips
move down into them. Destroy the remaining
debris.(3)
Genetic Resistance
Among onions, varietal resistance in some sweet
Spanish types is noted in the literature. It is sug-
gested that these may be older cultivars with
more open canopy growth.(5) There is also
some genetic resistance among cabbage culti-
vars: Masada, Brutus, Galaxy, and Amtrack
are reported to be highly resistant; Fresco,
SuperElite, Satelite, Protector, Bartolo, and
Supergreen demonstrate moderate resistance.
(12)
Biological Control
Many beneficial organisms work to suppress
thrips. These include lady beetles, minute pi-
rate bugs, ground beetles, big-eyed bugs, lace-
wings, hover flies, predatory mites, and spiders.
(5) Unfortunately, these predators and parasites
may be hampered by the fact that thrips feed
under close-fitting leaves and down in the leaf
sheaths where they are difficult for predators
to find. Insecticides, even those cleared for use
in organic production, also tend to work against
beneficial predators and parasites. They should
be used minimally and applied with caution.
On occasion, thrips populations may explode,
as large numbers migrate from nearby vegeta-
tion that is mowed, harvested, or drying up. In
such circumstances, in-field populations of
beneficial predators and parasites may not be
adequate. The grower can increase the num-
bers of predatory and parasitic insects and
4. //THRIPS MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES IN THE FIELD
PAGE 4
arachnids on the farm by providing protective
habitats for them. These habitats—often called
refugia—can be integrated into crop rotation
planning, and can supplant “weedy” field bor-
ders and waste areas. For more details on refu-
gia, ask for the ATTRA publication Farmscaping
to Enhance Biological Control.
Naturally occurring fungal diseases can also
devastate thrips populations.(5) Limiting the
use of foliar fungicides by using forecasting sys-
tems and cultural controls helps to protect ben-
eficial fungi and maximize this natural control
mechanism.
Alternative Pesticides
Several alternative pesticides are available for
controlling thrips. Sulfur, insecticidal soap, and
diatomaceous earth have all demonstrated effi-
cacy in suppressing thrips in several crops.(3,
13, 14) Being contact pesticides, however, their
effectiveness in onions would probably be lim-
ited, because the thrips can hide between the
leaves. In contrast, three applications of super-
fine sulfur are recommended at monthly inter-
vals in fruit crops for spring thrips control. Lime
sulfur has also been suggested as an alternative.
(14)
Spray formulations of the biological agent
Beauvaria bassiana (e.g., Naturalis-O®
,
BotaniGard®
, Mycotrol®
) are also useful for
thrips control. The agent is a fungus that grows
and reproduces in the host; therefore, effective
control may not be observed until 7 to 10 days
after application. B. bassiana is most effective
when used early, before large thrips populations
have built up.(14)
The botanical pesticides garlic, rotenone, ryania,
pyrethrum, neem, and nicotine have been sug-
gested for thrips control.(10, 16, 17, 18) An-
other botanical presticide, sabadilla, also has a
record of controlling thrips and is suggested
when other botanicals fail.(3) Organic growers
should be aware that nicotine and other tobacco-
based pesticides are prohibited in organic pro-
duction. The formulations of many other bo-
tanical products are also prohibited, and or-
ganic producers are encouraged to consult their
certifier before purchasing them.
Noted organic proponent J. Howard Garrett rec-
ommends use of a homemade botanical spray
formulated from garlic and pepper.(17)
Garrett’s garlic/pepper tea is made by liquefy-
ing two bulbs of garlic and two cayenne or
habañero peppers in a blender 1/3 full of wa-
ter. Solids are strained out, and enough water
is added to make one gallon of concentrate.
Garrett mixes ¼ cup concentrate with two table-
spoons of vegetable oil and enough water to
make 1 gallon of ready-to-use spray mix.(18) A
commercial product called Hot Pepper Wax®
,
containing capsaicin (the active ingredient of
cayenne pepper), is also recommended for
thrips control.(19) A highly refined horticul-
tural oil can be used during the growing season
for control of thrips and several other insects.
(20)
Spinosad (e.g., Conserve®
)may also be useful in
controlling thrips in the field. Spinosad is a re-
cently discovered insecticide, derived from the
fermentation of Actinomyces bacteria com-
monly found in the soil.(21) The National Or-
ganic Standards Board has recommended that
spinosad be allowed in organic production.
Organic growers should consult their certifier
before using.
Surround™ Crop Protectant is labeled for sup-
pression of thrips and several other insects for
apples, stone fruits, citrus, small fruits, and on-
ions. Surround is a kaolin clay film sprayed onto
the crop as a barrier to insect pests. Supple-
mental control measures may be needed in ad-
dition to Surround. ATTRA has more informa-
tion on the use of Surround in fruit crops, avail-
able on request.
Always follow label instructions when using
any pesticide, and keep in mind that the deci-
sion to use a pesticide should be made only when
other approaches to pest management fail to
provide adequate crop protection. Again, be
aware that some “natural” pesticides may be
unacceptable or limited in certified organic pro-
duction. Check with a certifying agent before
purchasing or using any such products.
5. //THRIPS MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES IN THE FIELD PAGE 5
References
1) Coviello, R., W.E. Chaney, and S. Orloff.
1993. Onion and Garlic Pest Management
Guidelines. University of California State-
wide IPM Program. Davis, CA. UC ANR
Publication 3453.
2) Fournier, Francois, Guy Boivin, and Robin
Stewart. 1995. Effect of Thrips tabaci
(Thysanopters: Thripidae) on yellow onion
yields and economic thresholds for its man-
agement. Entomological Society of America.
Vol. 88, No. 5. p. 1401-1407.
3) Ellis, Barbara W., and Fern Marshall Brad-
ley. 1992. The Organic Gardener’s Hand-
book of Natural Insect and Disease Control.
Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA. 534 p.
4) Anon. 1998. Pink thrips. B.U.G.S. Flyer.
Winter. p. 3.
5) Hoffmann, Michael P., Curtis H. Petzoldt,
and Anne C. Frodsham. 1996. Integrated
Pest Management For Onions. Cornell Uni-
versity. Cornell, NY. 78 p.
6) Hatfield, Brooke. 2003. Thrips a growing
disease problem for Vidalia onions farmers.
The Vegetable Growers News. March.
p. 18-19.
7) Anon. 1992. Thrips on onions and cole
crops. IPM Practitioner. May-June. p. 13.
8) Quarles, William. 1990. Reflective mulch
and thrips-vectored virus. IPM Practitioner.
November-December. p. 7.
9) Antignus, Y., N. Mor, R. Ben-Joseph, M.
Lapidot, and S. Cohen. 1996.
Untraviolet-absorbing plastic sheets protect
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eases vectored by insects. Environmental
Entomology. Vol. 25, No. 5. p. 919-924.
10) Rateaver, Bargyla, and Gylver Rateaver.
1993. Organic Method Primer Update. The
Rateavers, San Diego, CA. 596 p.
11) Cantisano, Amigo. 1999. Onion thrips
cause trouble in many regions. Growing for
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12) Williams, Greg, and Pat Williams. 1998. Re-
sistance of cabbage cultivars to onion thrips
damage. HortIdeas. May. p. 53.
13) Flint, Mary Louise. 1990. Pests of the Gar-
den and Small Farm. University of Califor-
nia. Oakland, CA. 276 p.
14) Metcalf, C.L., W.P. Flint, and R.L. Metcalf.
1962. Destructive And Useful Insects: Their
Habits And Control, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill
Book Co., New York, NY. 1087 p.
15) Porter, Patrick. No date. New Pesticide for
Less Toxic Insect Control. West Virginia
University, Morgantown, WV.
16) Yepson, Roger B. 1976. Organic Plant Pro-
tection. Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA. p. 588-
589.
17) Garrett, J. Howard. 1993. J. Howard
Garrett’s Organic Manual. The Summit
Group, Fort Worth, TX. 203 p.
18) Anon. 2003. Peaceful Valley Farm Supply
2003 Main Catalog. Peaceful Valley Farm
Supply, Grass Valley, CA p. 106-108.
19) Garrett, J. Howard. 1989. J. Howard
Garrett’s Organic Manual. Lantana Pub-
lishing Co., Dallas, TX. p. 89.
20) Anon. 1998. Peaceful Valley Farm Supply
1998-1999 Main Catalog. Peaceful Valley
Farm Supply, Grass Valley, CA. p. 88.
21) Lazano, D., and G. Kilchher. 1998. How to
choose oil to safely kill bugs. The Press
Democrat. June 21. p. 1.
22) Grossman, Joel. 1998. Entomological Soci-
ety of America’s 1997 Conference–Part 3.
The IPM Practitioner. April. p. 10.