This report summarizes a study on the effects of insecticide applications on cranberry tipworm and parasitoid populations over two years (2013-2014) on three cranberry farms. In 2014, farms that applied Movento in 2013 had lower tipworm populations in the spring than farms using other insecticides. Movento applications in both years reduced tipworm numbers more than applications of Diazinon. Parasitoid populations, which depend on tipworm hosts, were also lower following Movento use. Extreme heat in August 2014 caused additional tipworm mortality. A prototype trap was developed to study tipworm emergence from soil overwintering sites.
Wheat stem sawflies are a major pest for wheat crops, causing over $350 million in damage annually. They lay eggs inside wheat stems, where the larvae feed and cut the stems. Native parasitoid wasps that feed on sawfly larvae can help reduce damage. This study explores using diverse plantings of native wildflowers along wheat field edges to increase parasitoid populations and lifespan through providing nectar, which could help decrease sawfly infestation. Results showed higher sawfly infestation near fallow fields, parasitoids living longer with nectar access, and lower infestation correlated with higher plant diversity along edges.
This study examined the effect of weed management on insect natural enemies in cabbage fields. Two cabbage fields were studied, one where herbicides were used to control weeds, and one where weeds were allowed to grow freely. More insect natural enemies were found in the field without herbicides compared to the field with herbicides. Five species of predatory insects were collected from both fields. Four common weed species were also identified in the field without herbicides that may provide resources like nectar and pollen to support more natural enemies. The results suggest that maintaining some weeds can help enhance natural enemy populations and potentially suppress insect pests in cabbage fields.
1. The document summarizes various insect surveys being conducted in Kansas in 2014, including agroforestry, grape, soybean, and oak pest surveys. Trapping is being done for pests such as the oak ambrosia beetle, processionary moth, walnut twig beetle, summer fruit tortrix moth, and emerald ash borer.
2. Due to reduced funding, the number of grape survey locations was decreased from 56 to 41 sites. Surveys are monitoring for pests including the European grape berry moth and Pierce's disease.
3. The soybean survey is monitoring for pests such as the golden twin-spot moth, old world bollworm, and Egyptian cotton
This study investigated the degeneration of sweetpotato cultivars under high and low virus pressure in Uganda. Sweetpotato is an important crop for food security, income and animal feed in Uganda. The study found that virus incidence and severity, and yield declines, increased over multiple generations of the same cultivars grown in fields with natural virus infection. Cultivars like Beauregard and Ejumula were more susceptible. Maintaining virus-free planting material through isolation and using roots from symptomless plants as seed produced higher yields than material exposed to fields with virus. Roots can harbor viruses and should only be used as seed in low virus areas.
Diversity of plant parasitic nematodes associated with common beans (Phaseolu...Innspub Net
Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are the most important legume staple food in Kenya coming second to maize. In Central Highlands of Kenya, the 0.4-0.5ton ha-1 output is below the genetic yield potential of 1.5-2ton ha-1 partly due pests and diseases. Plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) have been reported to cause yield losses of up to 60% on beans. Though bean production is important in the Central highlands of Kenya, information on PPN associated with the beans in the region is lacking. This study was therefore undertaken to establish the diversity of PPN associated with common beans and to assess the root knot nematode damage on beans in the region. The study covered 50 farms (32 in Kirinyaga and 18 in Embu Counties) distributed in eight localities namely Kibirigwi (L1), Makutano (L2), Kagio (L3), Mwea (L4) and Kutus (L5) in Kirinyaga County and Nembure (L6), Manyatta (L7) and Runyenjes (L8) in Embu County and covering three Agro Ecological Zones (AEZs); UM2 (L1, L2, L3 & L4), UM3 (L5, L7 & L8) and UM4 (L6) AEZs. Manyatta (L7) and Nembure (L6), had the highest and second highest gall indices, respectively, while Kibirigwi (L1), Makutano (L2) and Mwea (L4) had some of the lowest gall indices. The most common PPN in bean roots were Meloidogyne spp. Pratylenchus spp. and Scutellonema spp. with a frequency of 94.38%, 78.25% and 59.13%, respectively. This further confirm the importance of these nematodes in bean production systems. Upper Midland 3 (UM3) AEZs and UM4 had higher nematode population densities and diversity than UM2. Disease severity and nematode composition and distribution were notably low in the irrigated areas Kibirigwi, Kagio and Mwea compared to rain-fed areas such as Makutano, Nembure and Manyatta.
Whitefly is a known pest of economic importance in the cassava production systems of Africa. This pest has been reported to cause losses to cassava through direct feeding damage as well as vectoring cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and cassava brown streak disease (CBSD). Serangium parcesetosum is a known predator of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and previous screenhouse and laboratory studies reported that temperature affected the reproduction and survival of this predator. However, these findings lacked precision since they did not depict the field situation. In that regard, it was imperative to initiate a study to help understand the influence of abiotic factors especially temperature and rainfall on the population of S. parcesetosum in the cassava growing fields of Uganda. The study was conducted in two agro-ecological zones of Uganda, namely; North Western Savannah Grassland (Lira) and the Kyoga Plains (Kamuli) in the first rains of 2017. Results revealed that temperature caused an increment of 3.5%, 9.1% (Kamuli) and 1.1%, 1.8% (Lira) for mean adult and larvae S. parcesesotum per plant respectively. On the contrary, rainfall caused a decrease in the population of S. parcesesotum in Lira. Generally, the effect of both temperature and rainfall on the predator population in the field was minimal.
Evaluation of eggplant, solanum spp. germplasm against field insect pests’ in...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated 26 eggplant accessions in Ghana for resistance to common insect pests over two years. In both years, accession GH 5171 harbored significantly fewer aphids (Aphis gossypii) than other accessions. Accessions GH 1208 and GH 1113 also had the lowest numbers of thrips (Thrips tabaci) in 2009 and 2010, respectively. While some accessions had less fruit damage from the eggplant fruit and shoot borer (Leucinodes orbonalis), their yields were relatively low. Accessions GH 1113 and GH 5171 showed a relatively good yield with moderate tolerance to all identified insect pests and are recommended for breeding programs.
The pattern of field infestation by the flea beetles, Podagrica spp., was assessed in okra-kenaf intercrop system with a view to determining a cropping pattern that would assist in controlling the pest problem. Okra and kenaf were intercropped in row combinations of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1 and 2:2 while sole-cropped okra and kenaf served for comparison. Field sampling for flea beetles commenced three weeks after planting and it lasted till the 12th week, a period that extended to the postharvest stage of okra. There was a significant difference (P Ë‚ 0.01) between the population of the two Podagrica spp. (with P. uniforma being more abundant than P. sjostedti) and among the six planting patterns. The pest population also differed (P Ë‚ 0.05) between the two crops and among (P Ë‚ 0.001) the vegetative, reproductive and postharvest stages of okra. Sole kenaf had a significantly higher level of infestation by the flea beetles followed by sole okra and two rows of okra intercropped with one row of kenaf in descending order. All the other three intercrop patterns had a significantly lower infestation level. Kenaf attracted more flea beetles than okra at the vegetative stage while stumps of okra left in the field after harvesting was over sustained a significantly higher population of flea beetles. Obtained results showed that intercropping could be used, especially by poor rural farmers, as a pest control strategy against Podagrica spp. Due to the considerable population of flea beetles sustained by okra stumps, farmers should be encouraged to get rid of leftovers after harvesting as a way of further controlling Podagrica spp. The combination of intercropping and farm sanitation would assist in reducing reliance on synthetic chemical insecticides.
Wheat stem sawflies are a major pest for wheat crops, causing over $350 million in damage annually. They lay eggs inside wheat stems, where the larvae feed and cut the stems. Native parasitoid wasps that feed on sawfly larvae can help reduce damage. This study explores using diverse plantings of native wildflowers along wheat field edges to increase parasitoid populations and lifespan through providing nectar, which could help decrease sawfly infestation. Results showed higher sawfly infestation near fallow fields, parasitoids living longer with nectar access, and lower infestation correlated with higher plant diversity along edges.
This study examined the effect of weed management on insect natural enemies in cabbage fields. Two cabbage fields were studied, one where herbicides were used to control weeds, and one where weeds were allowed to grow freely. More insect natural enemies were found in the field without herbicides compared to the field with herbicides. Five species of predatory insects were collected from both fields. Four common weed species were also identified in the field without herbicides that may provide resources like nectar and pollen to support more natural enemies. The results suggest that maintaining some weeds can help enhance natural enemy populations and potentially suppress insect pests in cabbage fields.
1. The document summarizes various insect surveys being conducted in Kansas in 2014, including agroforestry, grape, soybean, and oak pest surveys. Trapping is being done for pests such as the oak ambrosia beetle, processionary moth, walnut twig beetle, summer fruit tortrix moth, and emerald ash borer.
2. Due to reduced funding, the number of grape survey locations was decreased from 56 to 41 sites. Surveys are monitoring for pests including the European grape berry moth and Pierce's disease.
3. The soybean survey is monitoring for pests such as the golden twin-spot moth, old world bollworm, and Egyptian cotton
This study investigated the degeneration of sweetpotato cultivars under high and low virus pressure in Uganda. Sweetpotato is an important crop for food security, income and animal feed in Uganda. The study found that virus incidence and severity, and yield declines, increased over multiple generations of the same cultivars grown in fields with natural virus infection. Cultivars like Beauregard and Ejumula were more susceptible. Maintaining virus-free planting material through isolation and using roots from symptomless plants as seed produced higher yields than material exposed to fields with virus. Roots can harbor viruses and should only be used as seed in low virus areas.
Diversity of plant parasitic nematodes associated with common beans (Phaseolu...Innspub Net
Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are the most important legume staple food in Kenya coming second to maize. In Central Highlands of Kenya, the 0.4-0.5ton ha-1 output is below the genetic yield potential of 1.5-2ton ha-1 partly due pests and diseases. Plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) have been reported to cause yield losses of up to 60% on beans. Though bean production is important in the Central highlands of Kenya, information on PPN associated with the beans in the region is lacking. This study was therefore undertaken to establish the diversity of PPN associated with common beans and to assess the root knot nematode damage on beans in the region. The study covered 50 farms (32 in Kirinyaga and 18 in Embu Counties) distributed in eight localities namely Kibirigwi (L1), Makutano (L2), Kagio (L3), Mwea (L4) and Kutus (L5) in Kirinyaga County and Nembure (L6), Manyatta (L7) and Runyenjes (L8) in Embu County and covering three Agro Ecological Zones (AEZs); UM2 (L1, L2, L3 & L4), UM3 (L5, L7 & L8) and UM4 (L6) AEZs. Manyatta (L7) and Nembure (L6), had the highest and second highest gall indices, respectively, while Kibirigwi (L1), Makutano (L2) and Mwea (L4) had some of the lowest gall indices. The most common PPN in bean roots were Meloidogyne spp. Pratylenchus spp. and Scutellonema spp. with a frequency of 94.38%, 78.25% and 59.13%, respectively. This further confirm the importance of these nematodes in bean production systems. Upper Midland 3 (UM3) AEZs and UM4 had higher nematode population densities and diversity than UM2. Disease severity and nematode composition and distribution were notably low in the irrigated areas Kibirigwi, Kagio and Mwea compared to rain-fed areas such as Makutano, Nembure and Manyatta.
Whitefly is a known pest of economic importance in the cassava production systems of Africa. This pest has been reported to cause losses to cassava through direct feeding damage as well as vectoring cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and cassava brown streak disease (CBSD). Serangium parcesetosum is a known predator of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and previous screenhouse and laboratory studies reported that temperature affected the reproduction and survival of this predator. However, these findings lacked precision since they did not depict the field situation. In that regard, it was imperative to initiate a study to help understand the influence of abiotic factors especially temperature and rainfall on the population of S. parcesetosum in the cassava growing fields of Uganda. The study was conducted in two agro-ecological zones of Uganda, namely; North Western Savannah Grassland (Lira) and the Kyoga Plains (Kamuli) in the first rains of 2017. Results revealed that temperature caused an increment of 3.5%, 9.1% (Kamuli) and 1.1%, 1.8% (Lira) for mean adult and larvae S. parcesesotum per plant respectively. On the contrary, rainfall caused a decrease in the population of S. parcesesotum in Lira. Generally, the effect of both temperature and rainfall on the predator population in the field was minimal.
Evaluation of eggplant, solanum spp. germplasm against field insect pests’ in...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated 26 eggplant accessions in Ghana for resistance to common insect pests over two years. In both years, accession GH 5171 harbored significantly fewer aphids (Aphis gossypii) than other accessions. Accessions GH 1208 and GH 1113 also had the lowest numbers of thrips (Thrips tabaci) in 2009 and 2010, respectively. While some accessions had less fruit damage from the eggplant fruit and shoot borer (Leucinodes orbonalis), their yields were relatively low. Accessions GH 1113 and GH 5171 showed a relatively good yield with moderate tolerance to all identified insect pests and are recommended for breeding programs.
The pattern of field infestation by the flea beetles, Podagrica spp., was assessed in okra-kenaf intercrop system with a view to determining a cropping pattern that would assist in controlling the pest problem. Okra and kenaf were intercropped in row combinations of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1 and 2:2 while sole-cropped okra and kenaf served for comparison. Field sampling for flea beetles commenced three weeks after planting and it lasted till the 12th week, a period that extended to the postharvest stage of okra. There was a significant difference (P Ë‚ 0.01) between the population of the two Podagrica spp. (with P. uniforma being more abundant than P. sjostedti) and among the six planting patterns. The pest population also differed (P Ë‚ 0.05) between the two crops and among (P Ë‚ 0.001) the vegetative, reproductive and postharvest stages of okra. Sole kenaf had a significantly higher level of infestation by the flea beetles followed by sole okra and two rows of okra intercropped with one row of kenaf in descending order. All the other three intercrop patterns had a significantly lower infestation level. Kenaf attracted more flea beetles than okra at the vegetative stage while stumps of okra left in the field after harvesting was over sustained a significantly higher population of flea beetles. Obtained results showed that intercropping could be used, especially by poor rural farmers, as a pest control strategy against Podagrica spp. Due to the considerable population of flea beetles sustained by okra stumps, farmers should be encouraged to get rid of leftovers after harvesting as a way of further controlling Podagrica spp. The combination of intercropping and farm sanitation would assist in reducing reliance on synthetic chemical insecticides.
1) Turnera subulata is a subshrub with distylic flowers common in northeast Brazil. The study examined the pollination biology of a population, focusing on effective pollinators and differences between short- and long-styled flower morphs.
2) Twenty-eight insect species visited the flowers, predominantly bees. Several bee species were effective pollinators, including highly social, polylectic, and one oligolectic species - Protomeliturga turnerae.
3) While P. turnerae shows reproductive dependence on T. subulata, the plant does not depend on this specialized bee as other polylectic visitors also ensure reproductive success.
Grain mold, considered the most important disease of sorghum, is associated with several fungal genera. The disease reduces both yield and quality. In this study, over 300 sorghum seed samples collected from Texas, Florida, and Georgia were evaluated for grain mold severity, seed weight, germination rate, and seed fungal community. Grain mold severity of the seed samples, except for those collected from Cameron, Texas, were rated 3 or higher, indicating that these sorghum lines were moderately susceptible under naturally-infected field conditions during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons. Seed weight across surveyed locations ranged from 1.1 g to 4.0g for samples collected in Texas during the same period. Percent germination rates for samples collected in Texas ranged from 59.6% to 86.7%. Sorghum samples collected from Florida and Georgia exhibited moderately susceptible response to grain mold infection. Mean seed weight was 1.9 g for samples collected from Florida, while in Georgia, mean seed weight was 2.3 g. Germination rate was low for samples collected from Florida and Georgia. Mycological analysis of sorghum seed samples collected from farmers’ fields in Central and South Texas during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons showed Alternaria species as the most frequently isolated fungal genus, accounting for 40% and 42 % in 2016 and 2017, followed by Fusarium incarnatum, F. acuminatum, F. equiseti, & F. semitectum Complex. In Florida and Georgia, Fusarium incarnatum, F. acuminatum, F. equiseti, & F. semitectum Complex was the most frequently recovered fungal species, accounting for 77% and 72% of the total. genera/species isolated from seed samples. Other fungal species, including Curvularia lunata, Bipolaris sp., Colletotrichum sublineola, F. verticillioides, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus flavus, F. thapsinum, F. oxysporum, F. sporotrichioides, F. graminearum, F. proliferatum, and Aspergillus niger were also isolated from sorghum seeds in various frequencies. In conclusion, the presence of large number of fungal genera associated with grain deterioration and their effect on other traits, makes management of this disease complex challenging. To identify grain mold resistant sources in a region, using the most dominant species in that region to screen the sorghum germplasm is recommended.
Thrips are serious pests of many crops that feed on plant tissues, reducing yields. Their populations can be monitored using sticky cards and magnifying lenses. Cultural controls include crop rotation, vegetation management, mulches, and fertilizer use. Some cabbage and onion varieties have genetic resistance. Beneficial insects also suppress thrips naturally. When thresholds are exceeded, organic pesticides are available to control thrips.
Population Density of Leaf Miner Lirimoyzatrifoliiand Cotton Aphid Aphis Goss...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A field study was conducted at plant protection department, college of Agriculture/University of Baghdad to determine castor oil plant pestsRicinuscommunis, for the period between 2/9/2014 to 17/6/2015.
Results showed that castor oil plant (Ricinuscommunis) was infested by the castor oil plant leaf minor Lirimoyzatrifolii and cotton aphidAphis gossypii.The highest population densities of the leaf minor at western side were 6.8 insect/leaf and the lowest were 0.6/leaf dated in 30/4,7/5 and17/6 , respectively.Whereas,the highest population densities at northern side were 5.6 insect /leaf recored in 9/9 while The lowest population densities of the leaf minor at northern side were 0.3 insect/leaf dated in 10/6,17/6 and 30/4 respectively. The highest population densities of the leaf minor at southern side were7.5 and the lowest were0.3insect/leaf dated in 3/6 , 2/1 respectively. At eastern side, the highest densities were 5.6 insect/leaf dated in2/9 and the lowest were 0 in 10/6 respectively. For cotton aphid, the highest population densities were for the northern side with4.2 cm2/leaf discdated in 2/9and the lowest were 0 cm2/leaf disc dated in12/4 and 30/4 . Whereas they were 4.8cm2/leaf disc in 19/11 and 0cm2/leaf disc in 30/1and 30/4 for western as highest and lowest densities respectively the highest population densities for the eastern sides were 3.6 in 19/11 while the lowest population density were 0.3 in 23/1 ,30/1 , 22/2 ,23/4 and 7/5 ,the highest population densities for the southeren side were 7cm2/leaf discin 23/4 while the lowest population density were 0.2 in 9/9 respectively. The highest incidence was for the parasite Pediobiusmetalicus. While, the hymenopteran Neochrysochairsformosa, Digylphuscrassinervis and Pediobiusmetalicus were reported to parastize on castor oil leaf minor.
Squash Bug and Squash Vine Borer: Organic ControlsElisaMendelsohn
This document discusses organic control methods for squash bug and squash vine borer, two major pests of cucurbits. It presents the life cycles and characteristics of each pest, including that squash bugs suck plant juices and inject toxins while squash vine borer larvae burrow into and destroy plant stems. The publication covers various organically approved control levels including systems-based practices, mechanical and physical controls, and material controls. Row covers, cultural practices, and experimental approaches are also addressed. Recommended strategies include preventive management and exclusion using row covers between planting and flowering.
The Effect of Dipel and Spruzit Biopesticides on Metcalfa pruinosa (Say, 1830...IJEAB
Metcalfa pruinosa (Say) is one of the important harmful insect species of the coastal areas of Eastern Black Sea Region. This insect poses a danger by feeding on the juices of hundreds of plants in the region. This study was designed to create a fight strategy against M.pruinosa, which has posed an intense danger in Artvin - Kemalpaşa in recent years, and the effect of Spruzit Neu and Dipel biopesticides on the nymphs and adults of the insect was investigated, and the applicability of these biopesticides was revealed. The study was conducted in the summer season of 2016 when the nymphs and adults of the insect are abundant in the region. In in vitro conditions, the Spruzit Neu (Pyrethrum) and Dipel DF (Bacillu thuringiensis) biopesticides were sprayed at different doses (DiPel® DF BT 100gr / 100lt, Dipel® DF BT 300gr / 100lt, Dipel® DF BT 500gr / 100lt ve Spruzit® Neu) on the nymphs and adults of the insect. The adults and nymphs were checked with 2-day intervals, and the results were assessed according to the One-Way Variance Analysis (ANOVA) and the Duncan Test. It was determined that the most effective applications for the nymphs were Dipel DF 300gr/100lt and 500gr/100lt. It was also determined that the most effective applications for the adult individuals were Spruzit Neu 600ml/100lt and Dipel DF 500gr/100lt doses. The highest death rates in the nymphs were determined in Spruzit Neu 600ml/100lt dose as 72,5%; and in Dipel DF dose as 80%. These rates were determined in Pyrethrum 600 ml/100lt dose as 78%, and in Dipel DF 500 gr/100lt dose as 75%. As a conclusion, it was determined that both biopesticides are influential on the nymphs and adults of M.pruinosa. However, it was also determined that the fight will be more influential in the nymph period of the insect.
Understanding the Rearing of mosquito in laboratory and Mosquito Vector Surve...Muhammad Kamran (Sial)
This document summarizes four research projects:
1) A study on the tolerance of the American bollworm pest to Bt cotton, including experimental procedures to assess tolerance.
2) A mosquito survey in Sargodha, Pakistan that found the highest populations of Culex mosquitoes in the Y block area.
3) A project to understand mosquito rearing protocols and investigate the repellent effects of plant oils on Culex mosquitoes. Precautions and procedures for rearing mosquitoes in the laboratory are described.
4) References are listed but not described.
Biological control of cassava green mites in AfricaJawwad Mirza
Typhlodromalus aripo, a predatory mite introduced from Brazil, has been established across Africa to biologically control the cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa, a serious pest of cassava. Studies in Benin show that T. aripo inhabits the apices of cassava plants during the day, providing it shelter, and forages on leaves at night where it preys on M. tanajoa. Since the introduction of T. aripo, densities of M. tanajoa have dropped significantly. Population dynamics of both species generally follow rainfall patterns, with two peaks per year. Long-term studies indicate T. aripo has persisted for years in
molecular-determination-and-characterization-of-phytoplasma-16s-rrna-gene-in-...Adam Juma
This study sought to detect and identify phytoplasma strains infecting wild grasses in western Kenya using the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. DNA was extracted from 646 wild grass samples and tested for phytoplasmas using nested PCR. Two subgroups of phytoplasmas (16SrXI and 16SrXIV) were detected infecting eight grass species near infected Napier fields. Only one phytoplasma (16SrXI) was related to the phytoplasma causing Napier stunt disease. There was a strong association between phytoplasma infection proportions and grass species. The study identified potential wild host reservoirs of phytoplasmas that could threaten important crops and pose challenges for managing Napier stunt disease
Colorado Potato Beetle: Organic Control OptionsElisaMendelsohn
The document summarizes organic control options for the Colorado potato beetle, a major pest of potatoes. It can completely defoliate potato crops if left uncontrolled. Cultural controls like crop rotation and physical barriers like trenches and row covers can help reduce beetle populations. Varieties that mature early may avoid peak beetle levels. Natural enemies provide some control but are rarely effective alone in commercial fields. Botanical insecticides including rotenone and neem products can help control beetles in early crop stages.
Cassava green mite a case study of biological controlJawwad Mirza
This document discusses the classical biological control of the cassava green mite, an invasive pest of cassava in Africa. It describes the mite's origin in South America and introduction to Africa in the 1970s, where it spread to 27 countries by 1985, reducing cassava yields by up to 80%. Efforts by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture beginning in the 1980s introduced several predatory mite species from South America as biological controls. The most successful was Typhlodromalus aripo introduced to Benin in 1993, which spread to 21 countries, reducing pest mite populations by 90% and increasing cassava yields by 35% within one season, providing an estimated $60 million economic benefit annually.
ABSTRACT- Survey conducted in two summer season. 24 coccoidean species were recorded. They are belonging to the family Pseudococidae (5 species) and Monophlebidae (19 species). Among these Dysmicoccus brevipes, Dysmicoccus neobrevipes and Geococcus coffeae were three root mealybug species recorded. Associate incidence was found among certain species range i.e., Ferrisia virgata, Paracoccus marginatus, Pseudococcus longispinus, Icerya seychellarum and Coccidohystrix insolita from different spots of the district. Anoplolepis gracilipes and Solenopsis geminata and Oecophylla smaragdina were ants observed with different mealybugs colony.
Key-words- Season, Mealybug, Polyphagous, Floral diversity, Thrissur district
Alternate host plants, hibernation sites and survivalAlexander Decker
1) The study surveyed cotton farms from 2001-2005 to determine alternate host plants, hibernation sites, and survival strategies of Cylas puncticollis, a cotton pest.
2) C. puncticollis was found on 8 plant families including Malvaceae. The highest damage ratings were on Ipomoea eriocarpa and related plants. Field trials found it preferentially fed on Hibiscus cannabinus (kenaf) over cotton, okra, and roselle.
3) Hibernation sites included cotton plant debris, exposed roots, and cracked soils up to 75cm deep. Pupae and adults were collected from soil depths up to 15
Floating Row Covers Exclude Insects affecting Fall Grown Squash; Gardening Guidebook for Florida www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ University of Florida, For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/239851214 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/239851079 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/239851348 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239850440 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/239850233 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools, Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/23985111 ~
susceptibility of eucalyptus species and clones to red gum lerpIJEAB
Glycaspis brimblecombei is a sap-sucking insect that feeds on Eucalypts. The pest is native to Australia. The nymph feeds on eucalypt leaves and secretes honeydew with which they construct a waxy cover (called a lerp) around themselves. This cover is whitish and conical in shape and shelters the insects until the adult stage. The insect is considered a serious pest that causes leaf discoloration, severe leaf drop, twig dieback and some tree mortality on some Eucalyptus species. In October 2016, the red gum lerp psyllid was recorded for the first time in Mbizi forest plantation in Tanzania infesting Eucalyptus camaldulensis and different Eucalyptus clones. A study was conducted to determine the susceptibility of Eucalypt germplasm to the insect pest. Results showed that E. camaldulensis was more infested followed by GC 514, GC 167, GC 584, GC 15, GC 785 clones while GC 940 was the least infested. Eucalyptus grandis was not infested. Stakeholders can be able to use the susceptibility grouping of the Eucalyptus germplasm to determine what to plant in areas of red gum lerp psyllid infestation. Similar research work should be carried in all major host tree growing areas to determine susceptibility groups for the areas.
This document provides a preliminary proposal to study polypore fungi in forests on Haida Gwaii. The proposal involves studying polypore biodiversity and abundance across forest stands of different ages and management regimes using GPS-linked photography. It also proposes investigating nutrient transfer between polypore mycelia and ectomycorrhizal fungi using isotope labeling in laboratory microcosms. The proposal notes that polypores play an important role in forest ecology and many have medicinal properties, but they remain understudied.
Correlation between populations of xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vignicola build...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that aimed to understand the correlation between populations of the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vignicola and symptom development on infected cowpea plants. Fourteen cowpea seed lots from different sources were tested, some treated with different fungicides. The initial pathogen populations from seeds were quantified and population buildup over time was monitored from leaf and stem samples. Results showed no correlation between pathogen population levels and disease incidence or severity. The study recommends assessing pathogen populations alongside disease incidence rather than severity to better understand disease epidemiology.
Seasonal Incidence of Campoletis chloridae Uchida–A Larval Parasitoid of ...Scientific Review SR
Study on seasonal incidence of Campoletis chloridae Uchida, a larval parasitoid of Helicoverpa
armigera (Hubner), in chickpea crop was conducted at Kanpur during rabi 2007 -08. The parasitoid made its first
appearing during 3
rd
standard meteorological week of the year in different date of sowing and verities varied
between 4.4 to 93.3 %. The verity Udai sown at November 11-2007 D1 and D2 November 28 was Mean ± SD
44.75 ± 31.93 and 42.61 ± 27.65, verity Avarodhi date of sown of October 21 2007 D1 and November 17 2007
D2 was Mean ± SD 32.43 ±29.22 and 36.36 ± 29.22 and verity Pragati date of sowing November 17 2007 D1
was Mean ± SD 31.47 ± 31.47 ± 26.79 during December, January, February and March respectively. The per cent
parasitization of C. chloridae showed a negative correlation with means temperature, sunshine hours and relative
humidity. Where a significant positive correlation was found between per cent parasitization rainfall and wind
velocity.
Assessment of Pest Severity and Biological Parameters of Bactrocera minax in ...AI Publications
Chinese Citrus fly, Bactrocera(Tetradacus) minax(Enderlein), univoltine fruit fly species, is a serious insect pest in Nepal, Bhutan, China, India causing 100% fruit drop in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.) orchards in severe case. Four elevation ranges: 1400-1474masl, 1475-1549masl, 1550-1624masl and >1624masl of Ramechhap district were taken for the study of severity of infestation by this fly species in November 2018. A subsequent rearing was conducted at Agriculture and Forestry University, Chitwan, Nepal upto April 2019 to assess various developmental parameters of Bactrocera minax starting from larval stage in infested sweet oranges to the adult flies. Elevation range had the most significant effect (P<0.05) on pest severity (2017/18). Pest severity had strong relationship on elevation of orchards (R2=0.6638). Maximum pest severity (37.12%) was found in 1550-1624masl and minimum (2.90%) in 1400-1474masl. Maximum mean maggots/fruit (6.40±1.25) at 1550-1624masl and minimum (3.95±0.92) at 1475-1549masl were recorded. Post-pupal mortality was higher than pre-pupal mortality. Maximum pre-pupal mortality (11.13±5.24%) at >1624masl and the minimum (2.08±1.46%) at 1550-1624masl were recorded while 1475-1549masl and 1400-1474masl had the respective minimum (25.81±7.59%) and maximum (36.08±9.17%) post-pupal mortality. Most adult flies emerged by 2nd week of March lasting 115 days for adult eclosion. Sex ratio (male: female) was maximum (2.5) at 1400-1474masl and minimum (1.2) at >1624masl. Without feeding an adult fly survived upto 3 days. It can be speculated that besides other meteorological factors, elevation affects geographical distribution of fly and its subsequent biological parameters.
Chemical and ecological control methods for Epitrix spp.GJESM Publication
Very little information exists in regards to the control options available for potato flea beetles, Epitrix spp. This short review covers both chemical and ecological options currently available for control of Epitrix spp. Synthetic pyrethroids are the weapon of choice for the beetles. However, the impetus in integrated pest management is
to do timely (early-season) applications with something harsh which will give long-term protection at a time when there are not a lot of beneficials in the field. Finding the balance for control of Epitrix spp. is proving difficult.
1) Turnera subulata is a subshrub with distylic flowers common in northeast Brazil. The study examined the pollination biology of a population, focusing on effective pollinators and differences between short- and long-styled flower morphs.
2) Twenty-eight insect species visited the flowers, predominantly bees. Several bee species were effective pollinators, including highly social, polylectic, and one oligolectic species - Protomeliturga turnerae.
3) While P. turnerae shows reproductive dependence on T. subulata, the plant does not depend on this specialized bee as other polylectic visitors also ensure reproductive success.
Grain mold, considered the most important disease of sorghum, is associated with several fungal genera. The disease reduces both yield and quality. In this study, over 300 sorghum seed samples collected from Texas, Florida, and Georgia were evaluated for grain mold severity, seed weight, germination rate, and seed fungal community. Grain mold severity of the seed samples, except for those collected from Cameron, Texas, were rated 3 or higher, indicating that these sorghum lines were moderately susceptible under naturally-infected field conditions during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons. Seed weight across surveyed locations ranged from 1.1 g to 4.0g for samples collected in Texas during the same period. Percent germination rates for samples collected in Texas ranged from 59.6% to 86.7%. Sorghum samples collected from Florida and Georgia exhibited moderately susceptible response to grain mold infection. Mean seed weight was 1.9 g for samples collected from Florida, while in Georgia, mean seed weight was 2.3 g. Germination rate was low for samples collected from Florida and Georgia. Mycological analysis of sorghum seed samples collected from farmers’ fields in Central and South Texas during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons showed Alternaria species as the most frequently isolated fungal genus, accounting for 40% and 42 % in 2016 and 2017, followed by Fusarium incarnatum, F. acuminatum, F. equiseti, & F. semitectum Complex. In Florida and Georgia, Fusarium incarnatum, F. acuminatum, F. equiseti, & F. semitectum Complex was the most frequently recovered fungal species, accounting for 77% and 72% of the total. genera/species isolated from seed samples. Other fungal species, including Curvularia lunata, Bipolaris sp., Colletotrichum sublineola, F. verticillioides, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus flavus, F. thapsinum, F. oxysporum, F. sporotrichioides, F. graminearum, F. proliferatum, and Aspergillus niger were also isolated from sorghum seeds in various frequencies. In conclusion, the presence of large number of fungal genera associated with grain deterioration and their effect on other traits, makes management of this disease complex challenging. To identify grain mold resistant sources in a region, using the most dominant species in that region to screen the sorghum germplasm is recommended.
Thrips are serious pests of many crops that feed on plant tissues, reducing yields. Their populations can be monitored using sticky cards and magnifying lenses. Cultural controls include crop rotation, vegetation management, mulches, and fertilizer use. Some cabbage and onion varieties have genetic resistance. Beneficial insects also suppress thrips naturally. When thresholds are exceeded, organic pesticides are available to control thrips.
Population Density of Leaf Miner Lirimoyzatrifoliiand Cotton Aphid Aphis Goss...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A field study was conducted at plant protection department, college of Agriculture/University of Baghdad to determine castor oil plant pestsRicinuscommunis, for the period between 2/9/2014 to 17/6/2015.
Results showed that castor oil plant (Ricinuscommunis) was infested by the castor oil plant leaf minor Lirimoyzatrifolii and cotton aphidAphis gossypii.The highest population densities of the leaf minor at western side were 6.8 insect/leaf and the lowest were 0.6/leaf dated in 30/4,7/5 and17/6 , respectively.Whereas,the highest population densities at northern side were 5.6 insect /leaf recored in 9/9 while The lowest population densities of the leaf minor at northern side were 0.3 insect/leaf dated in 10/6,17/6 and 30/4 respectively. The highest population densities of the leaf minor at southern side were7.5 and the lowest were0.3insect/leaf dated in 3/6 , 2/1 respectively. At eastern side, the highest densities were 5.6 insect/leaf dated in2/9 and the lowest were 0 in 10/6 respectively. For cotton aphid, the highest population densities were for the northern side with4.2 cm2/leaf discdated in 2/9and the lowest were 0 cm2/leaf disc dated in12/4 and 30/4 . Whereas they were 4.8cm2/leaf disc in 19/11 and 0cm2/leaf disc in 30/1and 30/4 for western as highest and lowest densities respectively the highest population densities for the eastern sides were 3.6 in 19/11 while the lowest population density were 0.3 in 23/1 ,30/1 , 22/2 ,23/4 and 7/5 ,the highest population densities for the southeren side were 7cm2/leaf discin 23/4 while the lowest population density were 0.2 in 9/9 respectively. The highest incidence was for the parasite Pediobiusmetalicus. While, the hymenopteran Neochrysochairsformosa, Digylphuscrassinervis and Pediobiusmetalicus were reported to parastize on castor oil leaf minor.
Squash Bug and Squash Vine Borer: Organic ControlsElisaMendelsohn
This document discusses organic control methods for squash bug and squash vine borer, two major pests of cucurbits. It presents the life cycles and characteristics of each pest, including that squash bugs suck plant juices and inject toxins while squash vine borer larvae burrow into and destroy plant stems. The publication covers various organically approved control levels including systems-based practices, mechanical and physical controls, and material controls. Row covers, cultural practices, and experimental approaches are also addressed. Recommended strategies include preventive management and exclusion using row covers between planting and flowering.
The Effect of Dipel and Spruzit Biopesticides on Metcalfa pruinosa (Say, 1830...IJEAB
Metcalfa pruinosa (Say) is one of the important harmful insect species of the coastal areas of Eastern Black Sea Region. This insect poses a danger by feeding on the juices of hundreds of plants in the region. This study was designed to create a fight strategy against M.pruinosa, which has posed an intense danger in Artvin - Kemalpaşa in recent years, and the effect of Spruzit Neu and Dipel biopesticides on the nymphs and adults of the insect was investigated, and the applicability of these biopesticides was revealed. The study was conducted in the summer season of 2016 when the nymphs and adults of the insect are abundant in the region. In in vitro conditions, the Spruzit Neu (Pyrethrum) and Dipel DF (Bacillu thuringiensis) biopesticides were sprayed at different doses (DiPel® DF BT 100gr / 100lt, Dipel® DF BT 300gr / 100lt, Dipel® DF BT 500gr / 100lt ve Spruzit® Neu) on the nymphs and adults of the insect. The adults and nymphs were checked with 2-day intervals, and the results were assessed according to the One-Way Variance Analysis (ANOVA) and the Duncan Test. It was determined that the most effective applications for the nymphs were Dipel DF 300gr/100lt and 500gr/100lt. It was also determined that the most effective applications for the adult individuals were Spruzit Neu 600ml/100lt and Dipel DF 500gr/100lt doses. The highest death rates in the nymphs were determined in Spruzit Neu 600ml/100lt dose as 72,5%; and in Dipel DF dose as 80%. These rates were determined in Pyrethrum 600 ml/100lt dose as 78%, and in Dipel DF 500 gr/100lt dose as 75%. As a conclusion, it was determined that both biopesticides are influential on the nymphs and adults of M.pruinosa. However, it was also determined that the fight will be more influential in the nymph period of the insect.
Understanding the Rearing of mosquito in laboratory and Mosquito Vector Surve...Muhammad Kamran (Sial)
This document summarizes four research projects:
1) A study on the tolerance of the American bollworm pest to Bt cotton, including experimental procedures to assess tolerance.
2) A mosquito survey in Sargodha, Pakistan that found the highest populations of Culex mosquitoes in the Y block area.
3) A project to understand mosquito rearing protocols and investigate the repellent effects of plant oils on Culex mosquitoes. Precautions and procedures for rearing mosquitoes in the laboratory are described.
4) References are listed but not described.
Biological control of cassava green mites in AfricaJawwad Mirza
Typhlodromalus aripo, a predatory mite introduced from Brazil, has been established across Africa to biologically control the cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa, a serious pest of cassava. Studies in Benin show that T. aripo inhabits the apices of cassava plants during the day, providing it shelter, and forages on leaves at night where it preys on M. tanajoa. Since the introduction of T. aripo, densities of M. tanajoa have dropped significantly. Population dynamics of both species generally follow rainfall patterns, with two peaks per year. Long-term studies indicate T. aripo has persisted for years in
molecular-determination-and-characterization-of-phytoplasma-16s-rrna-gene-in-...Adam Juma
This study sought to detect and identify phytoplasma strains infecting wild grasses in western Kenya using the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. DNA was extracted from 646 wild grass samples and tested for phytoplasmas using nested PCR. Two subgroups of phytoplasmas (16SrXI and 16SrXIV) were detected infecting eight grass species near infected Napier fields. Only one phytoplasma (16SrXI) was related to the phytoplasma causing Napier stunt disease. There was a strong association between phytoplasma infection proportions and grass species. The study identified potential wild host reservoirs of phytoplasmas that could threaten important crops and pose challenges for managing Napier stunt disease
Colorado Potato Beetle: Organic Control OptionsElisaMendelsohn
The document summarizes organic control options for the Colorado potato beetle, a major pest of potatoes. It can completely defoliate potato crops if left uncontrolled. Cultural controls like crop rotation and physical barriers like trenches and row covers can help reduce beetle populations. Varieties that mature early may avoid peak beetle levels. Natural enemies provide some control but are rarely effective alone in commercial fields. Botanical insecticides including rotenone and neem products can help control beetles in early crop stages.
Cassava green mite a case study of biological controlJawwad Mirza
This document discusses the classical biological control of the cassava green mite, an invasive pest of cassava in Africa. It describes the mite's origin in South America and introduction to Africa in the 1970s, where it spread to 27 countries by 1985, reducing cassava yields by up to 80%. Efforts by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture beginning in the 1980s introduced several predatory mite species from South America as biological controls. The most successful was Typhlodromalus aripo introduced to Benin in 1993, which spread to 21 countries, reducing pest mite populations by 90% and increasing cassava yields by 35% within one season, providing an estimated $60 million economic benefit annually.
ABSTRACT- Survey conducted in two summer season. 24 coccoidean species were recorded. They are belonging to the family Pseudococidae (5 species) and Monophlebidae (19 species). Among these Dysmicoccus brevipes, Dysmicoccus neobrevipes and Geococcus coffeae were three root mealybug species recorded. Associate incidence was found among certain species range i.e., Ferrisia virgata, Paracoccus marginatus, Pseudococcus longispinus, Icerya seychellarum and Coccidohystrix insolita from different spots of the district. Anoplolepis gracilipes and Solenopsis geminata and Oecophylla smaragdina were ants observed with different mealybugs colony.
Key-words- Season, Mealybug, Polyphagous, Floral diversity, Thrissur district
Alternate host plants, hibernation sites and survivalAlexander Decker
1) The study surveyed cotton farms from 2001-2005 to determine alternate host plants, hibernation sites, and survival strategies of Cylas puncticollis, a cotton pest.
2) C. puncticollis was found on 8 plant families including Malvaceae. The highest damage ratings were on Ipomoea eriocarpa and related plants. Field trials found it preferentially fed on Hibiscus cannabinus (kenaf) over cotton, okra, and roselle.
3) Hibernation sites included cotton plant debris, exposed roots, and cracked soils up to 75cm deep. Pupae and adults were collected from soil depths up to 15
Floating Row Covers Exclude Insects affecting Fall Grown Squash; Gardening Guidebook for Florida www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ University of Florida, For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/239851214 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/239851079 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/239851348 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239850440 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/239850233 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools, Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/23985111 ~
susceptibility of eucalyptus species and clones to red gum lerpIJEAB
Glycaspis brimblecombei is a sap-sucking insect that feeds on Eucalypts. The pest is native to Australia. The nymph feeds on eucalypt leaves and secretes honeydew with which they construct a waxy cover (called a lerp) around themselves. This cover is whitish and conical in shape and shelters the insects until the adult stage. The insect is considered a serious pest that causes leaf discoloration, severe leaf drop, twig dieback and some tree mortality on some Eucalyptus species. In October 2016, the red gum lerp psyllid was recorded for the first time in Mbizi forest plantation in Tanzania infesting Eucalyptus camaldulensis and different Eucalyptus clones. A study was conducted to determine the susceptibility of Eucalypt germplasm to the insect pest. Results showed that E. camaldulensis was more infested followed by GC 514, GC 167, GC 584, GC 15, GC 785 clones while GC 940 was the least infested. Eucalyptus grandis was not infested. Stakeholders can be able to use the susceptibility grouping of the Eucalyptus germplasm to determine what to plant in areas of red gum lerp psyllid infestation. Similar research work should be carried in all major host tree growing areas to determine susceptibility groups for the areas.
This document provides a preliminary proposal to study polypore fungi in forests on Haida Gwaii. The proposal involves studying polypore biodiversity and abundance across forest stands of different ages and management regimes using GPS-linked photography. It also proposes investigating nutrient transfer between polypore mycelia and ectomycorrhizal fungi using isotope labeling in laboratory microcosms. The proposal notes that polypores play an important role in forest ecology and many have medicinal properties, but they remain understudied.
Correlation between populations of xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vignicola build...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that aimed to understand the correlation between populations of the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vignicola and symptom development on infected cowpea plants. Fourteen cowpea seed lots from different sources were tested, some treated with different fungicides. The initial pathogen populations from seeds were quantified and population buildup over time was monitored from leaf and stem samples. Results showed no correlation between pathogen population levels and disease incidence or severity. The study recommends assessing pathogen populations alongside disease incidence rather than severity to better understand disease epidemiology.
Seasonal Incidence of Campoletis chloridae Uchida–A Larval Parasitoid of ...Scientific Review SR
Study on seasonal incidence of Campoletis chloridae Uchida, a larval parasitoid of Helicoverpa
armigera (Hubner), in chickpea crop was conducted at Kanpur during rabi 2007 -08. The parasitoid made its first
appearing during 3
rd
standard meteorological week of the year in different date of sowing and verities varied
between 4.4 to 93.3 %. The verity Udai sown at November 11-2007 D1 and D2 November 28 was Mean ± SD
44.75 ± 31.93 and 42.61 ± 27.65, verity Avarodhi date of sown of October 21 2007 D1 and November 17 2007
D2 was Mean ± SD 32.43 ±29.22 and 36.36 ± 29.22 and verity Pragati date of sowing November 17 2007 D1
was Mean ± SD 31.47 ± 31.47 ± 26.79 during December, January, February and March respectively. The per cent
parasitization of C. chloridae showed a negative correlation with means temperature, sunshine hours and relative
humidity. Where a significant positive correlation was found between per cent parasitization rainfall and wind
velocity.
Assessment of Pest Severity and Biological Parameters of Bactrocera minax in ...AI Publications
Chinese Citrus fly, Bactrocera(Tetradacus) minax(Enderlein), univoltine fruit fly species, is a serious insect pest in Nepal, Bhutan, China, India causing 100% fruit drop in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.) orchards in severe case. Four elevation ranges: 1400-1474masl, 1475-1549masl, 1550-1624masl and >1624masl of Ramechhap district were taken for the study of severity of infestation by this fly species in November 2018. A subsequent rearing was conducted at Agriculture and Forestry University, Chitwan, Nepal upto April 2019 to assess various developmental parameters of Bactrocera minax starting from larval stage in infested sweet oranges to the adult flies. Elevation range had the most significant effect (P<0.05) on pest severity (2017/18). Pest severity had strong relationship on elevation of orchards (R2=0.6638). Maximum pest severity (37.12%) was found in 1550-1624masl and minimum (2.90%) in 1400-1474masl. Maximum mean maggots/fruit (6.40±1.25) at 1550-1624masl and minimum (3.95±0.92) at 1475-1549masl were recorded. Post-pupal mortality was higher than pre-pupal mortality. Maximum pre-pupal mortality (11.13±5.24%) at >1624masl and the minimum (2.08±1.46%) at 1550-1624masl were recorded while 1475-1549masl and 1400-1474masl had the respective minimum (25.81±7.59%) and maximum (36.08±9.17%) post-pupal mortality. Most adult flies emerged by 2nd week of March lasting 115 days for adult eclosion. Sex ratio (male: female) was maximum (2.5) at 1400-1474masl and minimum (1.2) at >1624masl. Without feeding an adult fly survived upto 3 days. It can be speculated that besides other meteorological factors, elevation affects geographical distribution of fly and its subsequent biological parameters.
Chemical and ecological control methods for Epitrix spp.GJESM Publication
Very little information exists in regards to the control options available for potato flea beetles, Epitrix spp. This short review covers both chemical and ecological options currently available for control of Epitrix spp. Synthetic pyrethroids are the weapon of choice for the beetles. However, the impetus in integrated pest management is
to do timely (early-season) applications with something harsh which will give long-term protection at a time when there are not a lot of beneficials in the field. Finding the balance for control of Epitrix spp. is proving difficult.
First report of the parasitic infection in two snail species from Burkina Fas...Open Access Research Paper
Trematodiases are important yet neglected tropical diseases, caused by trematode parasites with a multi-host life cycle, which typically involves a snail intermediate host. The many knowledge gaps regarding the trematode life cycles, pathology, and epidemiology complicate effective control. This work was initiated to inventory parasites as part of the “One Health” initiative, where human and animal trematodes are considered equally important, in order to map their distribution, detect high-risk locations and improve disease control. This paper describes the occurrence of parasitic infections in the Ouagadougou reservoirs. These reservoirs are under intensive market gardening. The infra- and component community of digenetic trematodes and other parasites in a freshwater gastropod community were examined over a 5-month period. A total of 1031 Thiaridae snails was collected. Among them, 109 belonging to 2 species were infected by larval trematodes. Seven different types of cercaria were found: xiphidiocercaria, furcocercous, megalurous cercaria, monostome cercaria, Armatae xiphidiocercaria, echinostome cercaria and gymnocephalus cercaria. In addition to trematode infections, nematode and oligochaete (Chaetogaster limnaei limnaei) infections have been reported during this investigation. The association of Chaetogaster limnaei limnaei with the snail intermediate host may be of value as a control measure against economically important parasitic diseases such as fascioliasis and schistosomiasis..
Squash Bug and Squash Vine Borer: Organic ControlsGardening
This document discusses organic control methods for squash bug and squash vine borer, which are major pests of cucurbit crops. It describes the life cycles and characteristics of each pest. It outlines a three-level approach to organic pest management according to the USDA National Organic Program standards. Level 1 involves cultural and systems-based practices like crop rotation and field sanitation. Level 2 includes mechanical controls like row covers and traps. Level 3 uses biological and botanical pesticides allowed on the National Organic List. The document discusses various organic controls for each pest, including row covers, host plant resistance, and biological controls. It provides details on planning, monitoring, and integrating multiple control strategies to manage these pests organically
Diversity of hymenopteran parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) associated w...arboreo.net
This research evaluated the diversity of hymenopteran
parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) at different
reforestation sites of Tectona grandis. Insects were collected with Malaise traps from October 2009 to September 2010.
One collected a total of 414 Chalcididae specimens
distributed in 3 genera and 16 species. Brachymeria and
Conura were the most representative genera with 14 species.
The site bordered by pasture vegetation presented a higher
number of collected specimens when compared to the other sites. Brachymeria pandora and Ceyxia ventrispinosa
occurred as super dominant, super abundant, super frequent and constant species.
1) The life cycle of the black truffle Tuber melanosporum is still not fully understood. It is known to be heterotallic, requiring two mating types (MAT1 and MAT2) for sexual reproduction. 2) When substrate containing truffle spores is added to soil near trees, truffle production increases in that localized area after two years, suggesting the spores act as male elements. 3) The authors hypothesize that the first spores to germinate form ectomycorrhizal associations as female individuals, while other spores remain dormant in the soil bank and later germinate to act as male elements, explaining observations of truffle fruiting on young trees.
This document summarizes a capstone project that studied pollinator values at three sites - the DiTullio Homestead, Water Tower Hill, and Roger's Landing. The author recorded plant species and their pollinator values on a scale of 0-3 at each site using 1m x 1m plots. The results provide information on the best pollinator plants and habitats for bees and other insects at each location. The goal was to identify high-value plants suitable for home gardens to attract native pollinators.
Reproductive Parameters of Diastocera trifasciata (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleopte...AkesseNarcice
This work is the first which describes the details of the stages of the development, reproductive parameters. It provides the durations of the different stages of development of this species
Diastocera trifasciata, formerly known as Analeptes trifasciata, which causes crop losses in many West African cashew nut producing countries
Candidate attractants for bactrocera invadens male flies from gynandropsis gy...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the attractiveness of the plant Gynandropsis gynandra to the fruit fly Bactrocera invadens. Field observations found that male B. invadens were strongly attracted to G. gynandra plants from 6:30am to 12:30pm. Using gas chromatography and electroantennogram detection, two compounds - 4-methyl-3-penten-2-one and 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone - were identified from G. gynandra and B. invadens gut extracts that elicited antennae response in male B. invadens. Wind tunnel bioassays also found that these two
The Biological Control of Pests Research Unit (BCPRU) conducts research on developing biological and environmentally-friendly pest management methods. It works on mass production and delivery of beneficial organisms, as well as classical biocontrol of invasive pests. Current research includes rearing economically important insect species, identifying compounds for invasive ant control, and using pathogens to manage invasive plants. The BCPRU is working to improve mass production methods for predatory mites and ladybird beetles to control spider mites and aphids. It is also studying the social immunity of fire ants to identify better biological control agents, and developing methods to microencapsulate the fungus Trichoderma for controlling insect pests.
1) The study evaluated biocontrol agents including Trichoderma spp., Paecilomyces spp., and Gliocladium virens for controlling root infection caused by Macrophomina phaseolina in okra plants.
2) In dual assays, all biocontrol agents inhibited the mycelial growth of M. phaseolina, with Paecilomyces variotii and Trichoderma harzianum being the most effective.
3) In pot experiments, plants treated with P. variotii and T. harzianum showed the highest growth and lowest root infection, increased seed germination, and reduced plant mortality compared to the untreated control.
Morphological diversity, pathogenicity and biofungicides efficacity on Cercos...Open Access Research Paper
Fungal diseases are one of major constraints on groundnut production in Burkina Faso. Among these diseases, early leaf spot caused by Cercospora arachidicola (Hori.) is one of the most important economic diseases of groundnut. Aim of contributing to search effective control methods against this disease, we undertook the present study, which consisted in (i) study morphological diversity of different Cercospora arachidicola isolates (ii) study the level of pathogenicity of Cercospora arachidicola strains identified (iii) evaluate the efficacy of some bio-fungicides on the strains identified. The study was carried out in 14 villages in the Hauts Bassins and Boucle du Mouhoun regions of Burkina Faso with regard to prospecting and sample collection, and at the INERA Bobo Dioulasso plant pathology laboratory for isolation, identification, pathogenicity and biofungicide efficacy testing. A total of five strains of Cercospora arachidicola were identified. The pathogenicity test was used to classify the five strains according to their virulence. In decreasing order of virulence, the strains were Fara, Darsa, Logo, Santi and Kod. In vitro evaluation of biofungicide efficacy shows that PLANSAIN biofungicide provides better control of Cercospora arachidicola strains. Trichoderma hazanium, the active ingredient in PLANSAIN, inhibits the radial growth of Cercospora arachidicola strains to a greater extent.
Colorado Potato Beetle: Organic Control OptionsGardening
This document provides information on organic control options for the Colorado potato beetle (CPB), a major pest of potatoes. It summarizes several cultural, physical and biological control strategies including crop rotation, flaming, row covers, traps, mulching and varietal resistance. It also discusses the use of natural enemies, botanical insecticides like neem and pyrethrum, and biopesticides including Bacillus thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana for managing CPB populations organically.
Floating Row Cover & Transparent Mulch to Reduce Insect Populations, Virus Diseases & Increase Yield in Cantaloupe; Gardening Guidebook for Florida www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ Florida Master Gardeners, Florida State University, For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/239851214 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/239851079 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/239851348 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239850440 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/239850233 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools, Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/23985111 ~
Effect of Host Plant Resistance on Thrips DevelopmentRepository Ipb
This document summarizes research on resistance to thrips in pepper plants. The researchers tested 32 pepper accessions and found some were highly resistant, medium resistant, or susceptible to thrips. Their results showed that resistance affected oviposition rate and larval survival of thrips but not adult survival. Resistant accessions blocked thrips larval development. Certain compounds correlated with resistance levels and some are known to affect insects. Resistance was found to operate through antibiosis rather than antixenosis or morphological traits. Metabolites were detected that correlated with resistance and may be involved in the resistance mechanism.
This study evaluated the effects of the slug repellent nemaslug on three common garden invertebrate species: slugs, snails, and earthworms. Specimens of each species were collected and divided into tanks, with half receiving nemaslug treatment and half serving as controls. The specimens were observed over time, and any deaths or changes in weight were recorded. Nemaslug only caused mortality in slugs and did not significantly impact the weight of earthworms. While nemaslug is effective against slugs as intended, the study found that snail populations actually increased the most with nemaslug application. As earthworms are generally beneficial to soil health, the
Impact of wheat-rapeseed perimeter crop and environmental factors on the occu...Innspub Net
The wheat aphid species individually and collectively cause severe damage to the wheat crop qualitatively and quantitatively. The incidence of these aphids is influenced by a number of biotic factors such as host plant resistance, availability of the natural enemies and the major abiotic factors such as temperature, humidity and rainfall. In the present investigation, the incidence and abundance of wheat aphid species were recorded with rapeseed as a perimeter crop. The results showed that wheat was infested by two major aphid species, bird cherry oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi and green peach aphid, Myzus persicae with rapeseed as a perimeter crop. The results further suggested that the level of infestation in wheat with perimeter crop remained low compared to check, influenced by the presence of natural enemies, however, the level of infestation of M. persicae remained highly influenced by the high level of infestation in rapeseed. In light of the above experimental results we concluded that the rapeseed influenced the population of R. padi and deterred S. avenae, however, encouraged M. persicae to infest wheat crop.
Evaluation of rice genotypes for resistance to the stalk-eyed fly (Diopsis lo...Innspub Net
Globally, rice production is limited by abiotic and biotic factors. Of the insect pests attacking rice, the stalk-eyed fly is the most abundant. Major rice growing districts in Uganda are affected, and varieties grown by farmers are susceptible. The objective of this study was to identify sources of resistance to stalk-eyed flies among improved rice genotypes in Uganda. Fifty genotypes from the Africa Rice Centre, IRRI, South Korea and the National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI) in Uganda were screened under cage and field conditions at NaCRRI. Trials were laid out in an alpha lattice design, with 3 replications, for both experiments. Natural infestation (D. longicornis or D. apicalis) was used in the field while cage trials utilized artificial infestation with D. longicornis. Data on deadhearts were collected from seedling to tillering stages, at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Analyses of variance were performed using restricted maximum likelihood. Infestation levels for 31 (62%) rice genotypes were the same under both field and cage conditions, 4 (8%) genotypes showed higher susceptibility in the cage than in the field and 15 (30%) were more resistant in the cage than in the field. Genotypes NERICA 4, TXD306, NM7-22-11-B-P-1-1 and K85 were identified as the most resistant varieties. F3 genotypes (GSR IR1- 5-S14-S2-Y1 x K85, Gigante x NERICA4, NERICA4 x Gigante, NERICA1x NERICA4, NERICA4 x NERICA6, and NERICA4 x SUPA) were also found resistant. These genotypes were recommended for release and further advancement, respectively.
This study was carried out on the mycoflora associated with seeds of different citrus species. Citrus seed material was collected from districts of Punjab, i.e. Multan, Sargodha and Khanpur. Standard methods were applied for the isolation and identification of fungi. A total of 11 fungi including Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Dreschslera tetramera, Alternaria alternata, Curvularia lunata, Macrophomina phaseolina, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani, Fusarium moniliforme, Rhizopus and Penicillium spp were isolated from the seeds of citrus. For control of isolated seed-born fungi, 3 recommended fungicides such as Ridomil Gold, Bavistin, Score and two chemical Salicylic acid and Boric acid, were used at 20, 30, 40 mg/10 mL and 5, 6, 7 μL/10 mL, respectively and chemical with 20, 30, 40 mg/10 mL. All these fungicide and chemicals significantly reuced with population of all fungi present in naturally infected seed samples. Ridomil Gold and Salicylic acid were found to be the best for the control of se d-born fungi of citrus seed at 40 mg/10 mL. The isolation and identification of different mycotoxins is essential to study health status of the citrus consumers and to safeguard the standards of WTO.
This study evaluated the effect of pyriproxyfen, an insect growth regulator, on the development and survival of Anopheles gambiae larvae under forested and deforested conditions in Tanzania. The study found that pyriproxyfen increased larval mortality rates and developmental time and decreased pupation and adult emergence rates more in the forested area compared to the deforested area. The presence of tree canopy cover in the forested area appeared to enhance the efficacy of pyriproxyfen against An. gambiae larvae. The findings suggest that maintaining or increasing forest cover could help improve the effectiveness of larvicides for malaria vector control.
Similar to 4a2014_Fitzpatrick_Research_Report (20)
1. Decision-Making for Management of Cranberry Tipworm,
Dasineura oxycoccana:
Responses of Tipworm and Parasitoid Populations to Insecticide
Applications on Cranberry Farms
Report by Sheila M. Fitzpatrick, Ph.D.
Research Entomologist
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agassiz, BC, Canada
Submitted to BC Cranberry Marketing Commission on November 14, 2014
Warren Wong, photographer
Female parasitoid Aprostocetus sp. near Marylandensis (left) next to female cranberry
tipworm Dasineura oxycoccana (right).
2. 2
Table of Contents
Page
Executive Summary 3
Introduction 4
Methods 6
Results 7
Graphs of Farm 4 results from 2014 and 2013 9-12
Graphs of Farm 6 results from 2014 and 2013 14-17
Graphs of Farm 7 results from 2014 and 2013 19-22
Photographs of parasitoids of cranberry tipworm 23
Photographs of probable parasitoid of cranberry tipworm 24
Photographs of prototype emergence trap for cranberry tipworm 26
Discussion 27
Acknowledgements 29
References 30
Appendix: Graphs of climate data from Abbotsford Airport in 2013 and 2014 31-32
3. 3
Executive Summary
This research report documents the effects of registered insecticides on cranberry
tipworms and parasitoids in 2014 on three cranberry farms; compares the effects with those
documented in 2013; and describes the prototype of a trap that will be used to study
emergence of cranberry tipworm from overwintering sites in the soil.
Results support the hypothesis that applications of Movento (spirotetramat) in 2013
reduced the overwintering population of cranberry tipworms and consequently reduced
the number of egg-laying females in spring 2014. The overwintering populations of the
parasitoids Aprostocetus and Platygaster were also reduced, probably because of the
decrease in tipworm hosts.
Movento, which was used on two of the three farms in 2014, reduced the percentage of
shoots infested with immature tipworms and the number of live immatures per shoot.
Populations of the parasitoids Aprostocetus and Platygaster were also reduced,
probably because of the decrease in tipworm hosts.
Diazinon, which was used instead of Movento on one farm in 2014, temporarily reduced
the percentage of shoots infested with tipworm immatures, but infestation increased
after several weeks because there was no systemic residual effect of Diazinon.
After the insecticide applications, additional mortality of tipworm immatures was
recorded in early August 2014 following several days of intense heat that was
apparently lethal to eggs and early instars.
The final prototype of the tipworm emergence trap was constructed from two white
plastic buckets, each 16 cm high. The bottoms were cut off both buckets. One bucket
was fitted with pegs made from sturdy wire stakes, which anchored the bucket to the
soil, and a groundcloth skirt that prevented light and insects from entering the bucket at
soil level. The second bucket was inserted into the first, and fitted with a mesh lid to
prevent escape of cranberry tipworm midges but allow water and sunlight to penetrate.
A double-sided yellow sticky card was suspended by a foldback clip on a length of dowel
within the top bucket. In the field, cranberry vines were carefully parted so that the
trap could be seated into the soil without covering vines. Traps were robust for three
months in the field.
4. 4
Introduction
Cranberry growers and integrated pest management consultants in British Columbia
have become familiar with the signs of infestation by cranberry tipworm, Dasineura oxycoccana
(Johnson) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Cupped, puckered, silvery leaves at the tips of cranberry
shoots indicate that a second or third instar larva is feeding or has fed on the bud at the apex of
the shoot tip. Damaged buds die and the plant often responds by producing side shoots from
buds at leaf axils below the apex (Tewari et al. 2013).
Cranberry tipworm is a relatively recent pest in British Columbia (Maurice et al. 2000),
so growers and pest management consultants are still learning how to manage it. Detection
and monitoring of cranberry tipworm is best done by collecting shoot tips regularly and
examining them under magnification to count the numbers of tipworm eggs, larvae and pupae
(Fitzpatrick 2012, 2013). Two methods of monitoring for adult tipworms have been tested but
the methods are cost-prohibitive (synthetic pheromone) or ineffective (white sticky traps)
(Fitzpatrick 2012, 2013).
The decision to apply an insecticide treatment against cranberry tipworm is based on
the detection of early stage immatures in 30% of collected shoots and the concurrent absence
of pollinators from the field (Fitzpatrick 2013). The 30% threshold is referred to as a working
threshold or an action threshold because it is based on experience of growers and pest
management consultants in British Columbia. The threshold is usually reached and exceeded
during the bloom period when pollinators are in the field and insecticide should not be applied.
Therefore, an operational compromise must be made, such that insecticide is applied after
bloom when more than 30% of collected shoots contain immature tipworms that can be in
early stages (egg and first instar) and later stages (second and third instar, prepupa1
and pupa)
(Fitzpatrick 2013).
Of the insecticides registered in Canada for management of cranberry tipworm, only
Movento (spirotetramat) penetrates through the leaf cuticle and is translocated to growing
shoots (Brück et al. 2009) where immature tipworms reside and feed. When applied by
chemigation, Movento killed the majority of feeding instars (Fitzpatrick 2013). Prepupae and
pupae, which do not feed, were not killed (Fitzpatrick 2013).
In 2013, which was the first year of Movento applications to bearing cranberry fields in
British Columbia, most of the tipworm populations experienced two distinct phases: an
increase during bloom (often to 60% or more of collected shoots), then a radical decline (to
20% or less) as a result of Movento (Fitzpatrick 2013). The reduced population in late summer
1
In this report, the term prepupa is synonymous with last-instar larva, and refers to a third instar larva that has
finished feeding and is preparing to enter the pupal stage.
5. 5
would have produced fewer overwintering individuals than usual, therefore the population of
cranberry tipworm adults emerging the following spring should have been lower than usual.
Two species of parasitoids, known by their genus names Aprostocetus and Platygaster
(Peach et al. 2012), occur naturally on British Columbia cranberry farms. These parasitoids seek
and infest tipworm hosts during the bloom period when insecticides cannot be applied, and
after bloom when fruit are forming (Fitzpatrick 2013).
The first objective of the present study arose from the need to quantify tipworm
populations in the year following Movento application(s). As written in the grant proposal, the
first objective is: to determine if the combined effects of Movento (spirotetramat) and
naturally occurring beneficial parasitoids reduce tipworm populations to low and sustainable
levels. To meet this objective, tipworm and parasitoid populations were monitored on a subset
of the cooperating farms that used Movento in the 2013 study (Fitzpatrick 2013). Comparisons
are drawn between the results of monitoring in 2013 and 2014.
Decision-making for management of cranberry tipworm would benefit from knowledge
of the timing of emergence after winter. Cranberry tipworm prepupae (i.e., last-instar larvae)
spend the winter in the soil (Tewari et al. 2013), in a state of suspended development called
diapause. In spring, adult tipworms emerge from pupation sites in the soil. The duration
(weeks, months) of emergence from the soil is not known. Post-diapause emergence of a
related insect, swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii, occurs in two large peaks, in mid-June and
early July, with a third, smaller peak in late August; and a small percentage of swede midges
overwinter for two years (Des Marteaux et al. 2014). It is possible that cranberry tipworm
emergence after diapause follows a similar pattern.
The second objective of the present study is: to determine if cranberry tipworm
population increases are due to reproduction by successive generations and to different
emergence times of overwintered tipworms. Work on this objective began by designing and
testing prototypes of traps for detecting adult tipworms that emerge from overwintering sites
in the soil.2
2
The third objective in the grant proposal, regarding voles and cranberry girdler, has been postponed.
6. 6
Methods
Objective 1: To determine if the combined effects of Movento (spirotetramat) and naturally
occurring beneficial parasitoids reduce tipworm populations to low and sustainable levels.
Three of the farms that cooperated in the previous year’s study (Fitzpatrick 2013) were
chosen as study sites for the 2014 study. These farms, numbered 4, 6 and 7 in the previous
study (Fitzpatrick 2013), are in Langley and Pitt Meadows. The cultivar Stevens is grown at each
site and the vines are at least 15 years old. Insecticide records were obtained from cooperating
growers throughout the growing season. These growers received pest management
information and recommendations from private IPM consultants.
The study site on each of the three farms was the same as in the 2013 study (Fitzpatrick
2013). In early May, at each study site, five yellow sticky card traps (10 x 16 cm; purchased
from Terralink Horticulture Inc. www.tlhort.com ) for trapping parasitoids were attached to
small wooden stakes and arranged in a transect across the field. There were 20-30 m between
traps in the transect. Yellow traps were placed such that the lower edge was 0-10 cm above
cranberry shoot tips.
To provide information on the numbers of tipworm eggs and larvae in cranberry shoots,
10 cranberry shoots were collected each week from within 1 metre of each yellow sticky card
trap. When tipworm damage (“cupping”) became apparent in the field, five cupped shoots and
five uncupped shoots were collected. By collecting a mixture of cupped and uncupped shoots,
we maximized the probability of collecting eggs and early instars (found in uncupped shoots) as
well as second and third instars and pupae (found in cupped shoots) (per Cook et al. 2012). The
collected shoots were placed into labelled containers and transported in a cooler to the
laboratory (AAFC-PARC Agassiz). The shoots were viewed through a stereomicroscope at 20X
magnification and the numbers of eggs, larvae (first, second, and third instar) and pupae were
recorded.
The yellow sticky card traps were collected from the field and replaced with fresh ones
each week until late September. Traps were transported to the lab in Agassiz where they were
examined through a stereomicroscope at 16X magnification. The numbers of Aprostocetus and
Platygaster parasitoids3
were recorded.
Counts of tipworms and parasitoids are displayed graphically and presented with graphs
from 2013 to compare the populations through the two growing seasons. On all graphs, the
data points are averages (means) of the total number sampled on each date. Dates of
insecticide application are included. Graphs of daily maximum and minimum temperatures and
3
Parasitoids belonging to a previously unrecorded species were also counted. See Results.
7. 7
daily rainfall at the nearby Abbotsford Airport are provided to assist with interpretation of the
insect data.
Objective 2: To determine if cranberry tipworm population increases are due to reproduction
by successive generations and to different emergence times of overwintered tipworms.
Students Kieryn Matthews and Warren Wong developed successive prototypes of a trap
designed to catch adult tipworms as they emerge from overwintering sites in the soil. Two-litre
plastic buckets were modified such that they could be fitted with yellow sticky card traps and
placed in tipworm-infested areas at the edges of cranberry beds without harming the cranberry
plants. Trap development is described and shown in Results.
Results
Objective 1: To determine if the combined effects of Movento (spirotetramat) and naturally
occurring beneficial parasitoids reduce tipworm populations to low and sustainable levels.
The results from Farm 4 in 2014 are illustrated on pages 9 - 10. For comparison, the
results from Farm 4 in 2013 are illustrated on pages 11 - 12.
The results from Farm 6 in 2014 are illustrated on pages 14 - 15. For comparison, the
results from Farm 6 in 2013 are illustrated on pages 16 - 17.
The results from Farm 7 in 2014 are illustrated on pages 19 - 20. For comparison, the
results from Farm 7 in 2013 are illustrated on pages 21 - 22.
On the graphs, arrows above dotted vertical lines indicate insecticide applications by
chemigation, as follows:
= Altacor = Delegate = Diazinon = Movento
Photos of parasitoids are on pages 23 - 24.
Graphs of temperature and rainfall in 2014 and 2013 are on pages 31 and 32.
8. 8
On Farm 4 in 2014, the average percentage of infested shoots containing live immatures
rose from zero on May 15 to 20% on June 12, decreased moderately, then increased to about
55% on July 3. During the same period in 2013, the average percentage of infested shoots
containing live immatures began at about 40%, declined to 20%, then rose steadily to over 80%
on July 4. The insecticide applications in 2013 – in particular the two Movento applications –
probably reduced the overwintering population of tipworms and led to a reduced population of
tipworms in spring 2014. In 2014, the Diazinon application on July 9 was followed by a
decrease in the percentage of shoots containing live immatures. (The grower’s decision to use
Diazinon instead of Movento was based on economics.)
In 2014, the average number of immature tipworms per 10 shoots remained below 5
until July 3, when there were about 8 immatures per 10 shoots. During the same period in
2013, the average number of immatures per 10 shoots rose from 5 on May 23 to a maximum of
30 on July 4. In 2014, the Diazinon application on July 9 was followed by a reduction in the
number of immatures to about 2 per 10 shoots. This number increased to a maximum of about
10 on August 7, then decreased to almost zero on August 14, and did not increase again. The
marked decrease on August 14 was probably due to extreme heat on August 11 (see Appendix
and explanation for Farm 6).
There was a noticeable difference in the stage distribution of immatures following
applications of Diazinon or Movento. In 2013, following the Movento spray on July 4, almost all
the immatures in shoots were eggs or first instars. In 2014, following the Diazinon spray on July
9, all stages from egg to pupa were found in the shoots. These results suggest that, in 2013,
Movento remained in the plants and killed first instars shortly after they began to feed. In
2014, Diazinon killed egg-laying adults but did not prevent first instars from developing into
second instars.
In 2014, the average percentage of infested shoots rose in September, when empty
cocoons were found in 40 to 80% of shoots. In September, our sampling changed because most
shoots had set a bud, and it was difficult to find shoots with vegetative tips. Therefore, 40 to
80% is probably an overestimate. The empty cocoons were found only in vegetative tips.
Empty cocoons indicate that a tipworm completed development, pupated and emerged as an
adult midge in the preceding weeks. In 2013, we did not sample in September, so it is not
possible to compare September 2013 with September 2014.
There were five-to ten-fold fewer parasitoids per yellow sticky card trap in 2014 than in
2013. Platygaster predominated in June, July and August of both years, while Aprostocetus was
more numerous in September 2014 (photos page 23). A previously unnoticed parasitoid,
Inostemma sp., was caught on yellow sticky card traps in July and September 2014 (photo page
24). The reduced number of parasitoids in 2014 is probably due to the reduced number of
immature tipworms available for parasitizing. Diazinon probably killed adult parasitoids,
whereas Movento is reported to be less lethal to them (see Discussion.)
13. 13
On Farm 6 in 2014, the average percentage of infested shoots containing live immatures
rose from zero on May 22 to 30% on June 12, decreased moderately, then increased to about
80% on July 3. The Diazinon application on June 2 would have killed adult tipworms, and might
have caused the moderate decrease in infested shoots on June 19. The Delegate application on
July 3 appears to have initiated a decrease in the percentage of infested shoots. In 2014, two
Movento applications (July 17 and 26) reduced the percentage of shoots containing live
immatures to about 20%. In 2013, the average percentage of infested shoots containing live
immatures began at about 10% on May 23, then increased steadily to over 80% on June 27 and
July 4. The Movento application in 2013 probably reduced the overwintering population of
tipworms and led to a lower population of tipworms in spring 2014.
In 2014, the average number of immature tipworms per 10 shoots remained below 5
until June 26, when there were about 10 immatures per 10 shoots. During the same period in
2013, the average number of immatures per 10 shoots rose from about one on May 23 to
about 11 on June 13, then to about 13 on June 27. In both years, the number of immatures per
10 shoots at the time of Delegate application was about 20. In 2014, the Delegate application
on July 3 was followed by a reduction in the number of immatures per 10 shoots. In 2014, the
Movento applications on July 17 and July 26 were followed by further reduction in the number
of immatures per 10 shoots, and these immatures were predominantly eggs and first instars.
They appeared shrivelled on August 14, 2014, following extreme heat on August 11 (H. van
Dokkumburg, personal communication; and see Appendix page 32). The systemic effect of
Movento, in combination with the heat, killed most of the feeding instars. The heat may also
have prevented eggs from hatching.
In 2014, very few empty cocoons were found in shoots whereas, in 2013, as many as
50% of shoots collected in July contained empty cocoons. Therefore, fewer tipworms
completed development, pupated and emerged as adult midges in 2014.
There were no parasitoids on yellow sticky traps during May, June and July of 2014.
Through August and September of 2014, the average number of Platygaster per trap was less
than one, as was the average number of Aprostocetus per trap (photos page 23). At the end of
September, the average number of Aprostocetus per trap increased to four. The reduced
number of parasitoids in 2014 compared with 2013 is probably due to the reduced number of
immature tipworms available for parasitizing (see Discussion).
18. 18
On Farm 7 in 2014, the average percentage of infested shoots containing live immatures
increased from about one on May 22 to about 70% on June 26 and July 3. This pattern was
similar to that recorded in 2013. The Altacor application on June 29 might have caused the
slight decrease in infested shoots on 10 July (but see next paragraph). The most pronounced
decrease in percent infested shoots followed the Movento application on July 14. Movento
was applied a second time on July 25. Its systemic effect, in addition to the extreme heat on
August 11 (see Appendix page 32), prevented resurgence of infested shoots in August and
September 2014. The application of Delegate on August 1 targeted other pests.
In 2014, the average number of immature tipworms per 10 shoots remained below 7
until June 26, when the number increased to about 15 immatures per 10 shoots. During the
same period in 2013, the average number of immatures per 10 shoots remained below 10 until
July 4, when the number increased to about 40 immatures per 10 shoots. In 2014, the Altacor
application might have caused the decrease in immatures in shoots recorded on July 10. An
alternative explanation is that competition between larvae in the shoots caused the decrease.
On June 26, most of the immatures were eggs; by July 3, the eggs had hatched and second
instars predominated in the shoots; and by July 10, third instars predominated. Cook et al.
(2012) found that the space and resources within a shoot tip will only support one or two third
instars, even though shoot tips can accommodate many eggs and early instars. In 2014, the
Movento applications on July 14 and July 25 further reduced the average number of immatures
per 10 shoots to less than five. These immatures were predominantly first instars. The
systemic effect of Movento, in combination with the heat on August 11 (see Appendix page 32),
killed most of the feeding instars. In late August through September, 2014, the number of
immatures in the shoots was virtually zero.
In 2014, few empty cocoons were found in shoots whereas, in 2013, as many as 50% of
shoots collected in July contained empty cocoons. Therefore, fewer tipworms completed
development, pupated and emerged as adult midges in 2014.
In 2014, Farm 7 had more parasitoids than Farms 4 or 6. Very few Platygaster were
trapped until August, when average numbers per yellow sticky card trap peaked at 10 on
August 21 (photo page 23). The pattern of Aprostocetus activity was similar but the peak of 6
parasitoids per trap was reached one week later on August 28 (photo page 23). A previously
unnoticed parasitoid, Inostemma sp., was caught on yellow sticky traps in July, 2014 (photo
page 24). The parasitoids trapped in late summer probably developed inside tipworm larvae
that were parasitized during the bloom period (see Discussion). In 2013, a peak of four
Platygaster per trap was recorded on June 27, then sampling ceased on August 1, so it is not
possible to know if catches increased through August and September 2013.
23. 23
PARASITOIDS OF CRANBERRY TIPWORM
Warren Wong, photographer
Aprostocetus sp. male (left) and female (right). Length varies from 1.0 – 2.0 mm.
Warren Wong, photographer
Platygaster sp. male. Length varies from 0.8 - 1.2 mm.
24. 24
PROBABLE PARASITOID OF CRANBERRY TIPWORM
Warren Wong, photographer
Inostemma female caught on yellow sticky trap (top) and emerged from a blueberry shoot
(bottom). Note the sting sheath extending from the abdomen over the thorax (see
Discussion). Approximate length of female is 1.0 – 1.5 mm.
25. 25
Objective 2: To determine if cranberry tipworm population increases are due to reproduction
by successive generations and to different emergence times of overwintered tipworms.
Students Kieryn Matthews and Warren Wong used plastic buckets with detachable lids
to construct successive prototypes of traps. The bucket with the lid attached measured 16 cm
high, and the lid was 16 cm in diameter. Trap bottoms were cut off, lids were fitted with no-
see-um mesh, and a dowel was positioned within the bucket, near the top, so that a yellow
sticky card could be attached, by a foldback clip, to the dowel. The earliest prototype was fitted
with wooden stakes to hold the trap in place in the cranberry bed.
On May 29, 2014, prototype traps were seated into tipworm-infested areas at field
edges. Farm 4 received 5 traps (a sixth was added in late July), and Farms 6 and 7 received one
each. After testing different methods of seating the traps, we decided it was best to gently part
the cranberry vines and seat the traps directly into the soil over cranberry runners and roots.
Thus the traps covered soil that might contain cranberry tipworm pupae. Water from rainfall
and irrigation could pass through the mesh at the top of the trap. Sunlight could penetrate the
mesh.
Later prototypes of the emergence trap included a skirt of ground cloth taped to the
bottom of the bucket, and three firm wire stakes as pegs. The cloth skirting prevented
tipworms and other insects from crawling into the trap from the bottom, and also kept sunlight
from entering the bottom of the trap. Any tipworms that emerged from pupae in the soil
would be guided up and toward the sky, and would encounter the double-sided yellow sticky
card. The wire pegs seated the trap firmly without harming the cranberry roots or runners.
The final prototype used one bucket with a mesh lid placed inside another bucket
without a lid. The inner bucket, with its lid, dowel, clip and yellow sticky card, could be lifted up
out of the second bucket, which was seated into the soil by pegs and cloth skirting. This
prototype facilitated replacement of the yellow sticky card without removal of the lid. On
earlier prototypes, we found that lids were hard to remove and often cracked after several
removals. Photographs of the trap prototypes are shown on page 26.
Our prototype traps remained in place from May 29 until September 18, 2014. The
traps stayed intact and did not interfere with farm operations. One or two cranberry tipworm
midges were caught on the yellow sticky cards in several of the emergence traps in late June
through early August, and in mid September. These results indicate that the emergence traps
will be effective for studying emergence of overwintered cranberry tipworms in 2015.
26. 26
PROTOTYPES OF EMERGENCE TRAP FOR CRANBERRY TIPWORM
Warren Wong, photographer
Top: Early prototype seated into cranberry vines near the edge of a field.
Bottom left: View into top of trap, showing dowel and foldback clip that holds the yellow
sticky card.
Bottom right: Final prototype showing top bucket with lid attached, inside support bucket
that has cloth skirting and wire pegs.
27. 27
Discussion
On two of the three farms that were monitored in this study, the percentage of shoots
infested with cranberry tipworm was noticeably lower in spring of 2014 than in spring of 2013.
On the third farm, the percentage of infested shoots was similar in 2014 and 2013.
On all three farms, the number of tipworm immatures per 10 shoots was lower in spring
2014 than in spring 2013.
These results support the hypothesis that Movento applications in 2013, which caused
extensive mortality of feeding stages in shoot tips (Fitzpatrick 2013), reduced the overwintering
population of cranberry tipworms and consequently reduced the number of egg-laying females
in spring 2014.
Following the bloom period in 2014, which lasted from late May through early July,
Movento applications on two of the three farms further reduced the percentage of shoots
infested with live immatures and the number of live immatures per 10 shoots. One of the three
farms applied Diazinon instead of Movento. The Diazinon application temporarily reduced
shoot infestation, but infestation increased three weeks later because there was no residual
systemic effect of Diazinon. Similarly, the July application of Delegate on one farm had only a
small suppressive effect on cranberry tipworm. On the farms where Movento was applied, very
few immatures developed beyond the first instar stage.
In 2014, several days of intense heat that peaked on August 11 appear to have killed all
immature stages in the shoots on all three farms. Air temperatures rose to 35o
C, so
temperatures in the unshaded shoot tips probably exceeded 40o
C. The heat killed immatures
that survived the application(s) of Movento or Diazinon.
There were noticeably fewer parasitoids (Aprosotocetus sp. and Platygaster sp.) caught
on sticky traps in 2014 than in 2013, particularly during the bloom period. This result suggests
that Movento applications in 2013 reduced the number of tipworm hosts available for
parasitizing and consequently reduced the overwintering population of parasitoids.
In spring 2014, there were fewer tipworm hosts available for parasitizing and
consequently fewer parasitoids developed through to emergence in late summer 2014. These
results suggest that Movento applications are indirectly driving down the population of
parasitoids.
The Movento label states that the product is toxic to certain beneficial insects.
Evaluations under field or semi-field conditions where adult hymenopteran parasitoids were
exposed to treated leaf surfaces concluded that the active ingredient spirotetramat was safe to
four species of hymenopteran parasitoids (Brück et al. 2009). In laboratory tests where adults
28. 28
of the parasitoid Encarsia citrana were confined with treated leaves in test tubes, parasitoid
survival was not reduced (Frank 2012). However, field studies or simple exposure tests in the
laboratory are not designed to assess sub-lethal or long-term effects of spirotetramat
(Movento) such as reduced mobility, fecundity or longevity that may result from direct
exposure or from developing in a host that has ingested the product (Frank 2012). In the case
of the hymenopteran parasitoids Aprostocetus sp. and Platygaster sp. in cranberry, sub-lethal
or long-term effects of Movento might be partly responsible for the decrease in populations in
2014.
The appearance of Inostemma sp. on yellow sticky card traps at Farms 4 and 7 raises the
possibility of a third species of parasitoid on cranberry tipworm. Inostemma sp. is a parasitoid
of blueberry gall midge (Sampson et al. 2006, 2013), which is a cryptic relative of cranberry
tipworm. Inostemma sp. females are readily distinguished by the unique sting sheath that
extends to the top of their heads (Sampson et al. 2013). The long stinger is used to place eggs
in a midge larva’s brain (Sampson et al. 2013). Males do not possess the sheath (Sampson et al.
2013). Inostemma sp. is rare in blueberry fields (Sampson et al. 2013). In British Columbia in
2014, one Inostemma female emerged from a blueberry shoot infested with blueberry gall
midge (Mathur, unpublished data; photo page 24). To determine if this parasitoid develops
within cranberry tipworm larvae, considerable numbers of tipworm-infested shoots would need
to be collected from cranberry fields and maintained under controlled conditions until
parasitoids emerged.
In response to the first objective of this study: evidence suggests that one or two
applications of Movento after bloom reduce tipworm populations in late summer through the
following winter and spring. Unfortunately, parasitoid populations are reduced as well. Low
populations of cranberry tipworm from mid-July through August should facilitate flower bud
development during that time.
The emergence trap designed by students Kieryn Matthews and Warren Wong will be
used in 2015 to study the seasonal patterns of cranberry tipworm emergence from
overwintering sites in the soil. Preliminary data suggest that some tipworms emerge in
September, at a time when there are few vegetative cranberry shoots. Further investigation
will reveal more information about the variability in seasonal patterns of emergence of
cranberry tipworms and their parasitoids.
In response to the second objective of this study: the emergence trap will be used in
2015 to detect cranberry tipworm midges as they emerge from overwintering sites in the soil.
The temporal pattern of tipworm emergence, in conjunction with the temporal pattern of
larval development in shoot tips, will provide information about the source of cranberry
tipworm infestations throughout the growing season. Management tactics can be adjusted
according to the information obtained.
29. 29
Acknowledgements
I thank all participating growers for their willingness to host the trials and discuss their
pest management practices. I am grateful for the excellent technical assistance of Snehlata
Mathur (research technician, AAFC-PARC), Kieryn Matthews (SFU Co-op student) and Warren
Wong (SFU Co-op student). I acknowledge the BC Cranberry Marketing Commission and the BC
Cranberry Growers Association for agreeing to fund this research in partnership with
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada under the Agri-Science Project (ASP). Thanks also to the
Lower Mainland Horticultural Improvement Association (LMHIA) for including the cranberry
association in the LMHIA-ASP grant.
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada provided the following in-kind contributions: use of
fleet vehicle; technical support; growth chambers and growth rooms; cameras, microscopes,
vials and other supplies; computer, software, network access and computer support.
30. 30
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