An entry in the 'schools for you' project. By Aneesh Bapat, class 8 from Abhinav Vidyalaya English Medium High School, Pune, India.About the various theories by different scientists about the structure of the atom.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
4. Atomic models
This model of the
atom may look familiar
to you. This is the Bohr
model. In this model,
the nucleus is orbited
by electrons, which are
in different energy
levels.
A model uses familiar ideas to
explain unfamiliar facts
observed in nature.
A model can be changed as new
information is collected.
5. DemocritusThis is the Greek
philosopher Democritus
who began the search for a
description of matter more
than 2400 years ago.
He asked: Could matter
be divided into smaller
and smaller pieces
forever, or was there a
limit to the number of
times a piece of matter
could be divided?
400 BC
6. Atomos
His theory: Matter could
not be divided into smaller
and smaller pieces forever,
eventually the smallest
possible piece would be
obtained.
This piece would be
indivisible.
He named the smallest
piece of matter “atomos,”
meaning “not to be cut.”
7. Atomos
To Democritus, atoms
were small, hard particles
that were all made of the
same material but were
different shapes and sizes.
Atoms were infinite in
number, always moving
and capable of joining
together.
8. Dalton’s Model
In the early 1800s, the
English Chemist John
Dalton performed a
number of experiments
that eventually led to the
acceptance of the idea of
atoms.
9. Dalton’s Theory
He deduced that all elements
are composed of atoms.
Atoms are indivisible and
indestructible particles.
Atoms of the same element
are exactly alike.
Atoms of different elements
are different.
Compounds are formed by the
joining of atoms of two or
more elements.
10.
11. Thomson’s Plum Pudding Model
In 1897, the
English scientist J.J.
Thomson provided
the first hint that
an atom is made of
even smaller
particles.
12. Thomson Model
He proposed a model of the
atom that is sometimes called
the “Plum Pudding” model.
Atoms were made from a
positively charged substance
with negatively charged
electrons scattered about,
like raisins in a pudding.
13. Thomson concluded that the
negative charges came from within
the atom.
A particle smaller than an atom had
to exist.
The atom was divisible!
Thomson concluded that the
negative charges came from within
the atom.
A particle smaller than an atom had
to exist.
The atom was divisible!
Thomson called the negatively
charged “corpuscles,” today known
as electrons.
Since the gas was known to be
neutral, having no charge, he
reasoned that there must be
positively charged particles in the
atom.
But he could never find them.
Thomson called the negatively
charged “corpuscles,” today known
as electrons.
Since the gas was known to be
neutral, having no charge, he
reasoned that there must be
positively charged particles in the
atom.
But he could never find them.
14.
15. In the years 1909-1911 Ernest
Rutherford conducted some
experiments to search the
problem of alpha particles
scattering by the thin gold-leaf.
The experiment caused the
creation of the new model of
atom -
16. The Experiment
Rutherford suggested :
to hit the gold-leaf with fast alpha particles
The particles felt on the gold-leaf .
The whole experiment was in a metal lining
was covered with the glass plate. The instrument
was attached to the footing .
The gold leaf was about 5*10-7 meter thick..
17. •Rutherford came to the opinion that atom consisted
of a nucleus.
•The nucleus contains the whole positive charge and
almost the whole atom's mass.
•Around the nucleus, light electrons are circling.
•Electrons circle around the nucleus on orbits.
•The orbits depend on electrons energy.
•In atoms of the same element, electrons circle on the
18. He concludedHe concluded
that, an atomthat, an atom
consists of:consists of:
(i) Nucleus which is small in size but carries the
entire mass i.e. contains all the neutrons and
protons.
(ii) Extra nuclear part which contains electrons.
This model was similar to the solar system.
19. Bohr Model
In 1913, the Danish
scientist Niels Bohr
proposed an
improvement. In his
model, he placed each
electron in a specific
energy level.
20. Bohr’s Model
According to Bohr’s
atomic model,
electrons move in
definite orbits around
the nucleus, much like
planets circle the sun.
These orbits, or energy
levels, are located at
certain distances from
the nucleus.
21. The Wave Model
Today’s atomic model is
based on the principles of
wave mechanics.
According to the theory of
wave mechanics,
electrons do not move
about an atom in a
definite path, like the
planets around the sun.
