Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a chronic progressive condition that affects the pumping power of your heart muscles. While often referred to simply as “heart failure,” CHF specifically refers to the stage in which fluid builds up around the heart and causes it to pump inefficiently. You have four heart chambers.
Vitamin D is an important prohormone for optimal intestinal calcium absorption for mineralization of bone. Because the vitamin D receptor is present in multiple tissues, there has been interest in evaluating other potential functions of vitamin D, particularly, in cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Cross-sectional studies have reported that vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of CVD, including hypertension, heart failure, and ischemic heart disease. Initial prospective studies have also demonstrated that vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of developing incident hypertension or sudden cardiac death in individuals with preexisting CVD. Very few prospective clinical studies have been conducted to examine the effect of vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes. The mechanism for how vitamin D may improve CVD outcomes remains obscure; however, potential hypotheses include the downregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, direct effects on the heart, and vasculature or improvement of glycemic control. This review will examine the epidemiologic and clinical evidence for vitamin D deficiency as a cardiovascular risk factor and explore potential mechanisms for the cardioprotective effect of vitamin D.
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a chronic progressive condition that affects the pumping power of your heart muscles. While often referred to simply as “heart failure,” CHF specifically refers to the stage in which fluid builds up around the heart and causes it to pump inefficiently. You have four heart chambers.
Vitamin D is an important prohormone for optimal intestinal calcium absorption for mineralization of bone. Because the vitamin D receptor is present in multiple tissues, there has been interest in evaluating other potential functions of vitamin D, particularly, in cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Cross-sectional studies have reported that vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of CVD, including hypertension, heart failure, and ischemic heart disease. Initial prospective studies have also demonstrated that vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of developing incident hypertension or sudden cardiac death in individuals with preexisting CVD. Very few prospective clinical studies have been conducted to examine the effect of vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes. The mechanism for how vitamin D may improve CVD outcomes remains obscure; however, potential hypotheses include the downregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, direct effects on the heart, and vasculature or improvement of glycemic control. This review will examine the epidemiologic and clinical evidence for vitamin D deficiency as a cardiovascular risk factor and explore potential mechanisms for the cardioprotective effect of vitamin D.
This lecture presents the 1-Updated recommendations regarding definition and proper diagnosis of HTN. 2-Updated guidelines for threshold of BP to start treatment and targets of treatment. 3- Updated recommendations on CV risk assessment and management. 4-Hypertension and comorbidities: updated guidelines
SGLT2 inhibitors in Heart failure: A prized addition to HF treatment optionsahvc0858
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www.ahvc.com.sg
Management of CAD in Diabetes the cardiovascular equivalent is challenging.The slides take you from the epidemiology,ADD,and CV benefit and how to manage CAD
This lecture presents the 1-Updated recommendations regarding definition and proper diagnosis of HTN. 2-Updated guidelines for threshold of BP to start treatment and targets of treatment. 3- Updated recommendations on CV risk assessment and management. 4-Hypertension and comorbidities: updated guidelines
SGLT2 inhibitors in Heart failure: A prized addition to HF treatment optionsahvc0858
Early Diabetes and Dyslipidaemia Treatment Optimisation.
Presentation by Dr Chan Wan Xian
Cardiologist, Echocardiologist
Heart Failure Intensivist
Asian Heart & Vascular Centre
www.ahvc.com.sg
Management of CAD in Diabetes the cardiovascular equivalent is challenging.The slides take you from the epidemiology,ADD,and CV benefit and how to manage CAD
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Cardiovascular disease are becoming a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries and they are also emerging as prominent national health problem in developing countries.
Coronary artery disease has become the major cause of early death and disability in the population.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) can also be used interchangeably with the terms atherosclerotic heart disease or ischemic heart disease.
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Non modifiable risk factors
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Atherosclerosis is an artery disease that occur because of bad cholesterol and it is cure by healthy diet and healthy lifestyle and some medications. And its a condition that occur in diabetic patient, obesity, high blood pressure. It is because of plaque formation in Wall of arteries.
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This document is designed as an introductory to medical students,nursing students,midwives or other healthcare trainees to improve their understanding about how health system in Sri Lanka cares children health.
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Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardso...rightmanforbloodline
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COVID-19 PCR tests remain a critical component of safe and responsible travel in 2024. They ensure compliance with international travel regulations, help detect and control the spread of new variants, protect vulnerable populations, and provide peace of mind. As we continue to navigate the complexities of global travel during the pandemic, PCR testing stands as a key measure to keep everyone safe and healthy. Whether you are planning a business trip, a family vacation, or an international adventure, incorporating PCR testing into your travel plans is a prudent and necessary step. Visit us at https://www.globaltravelclinics.com/
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The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
The positive impact of SGRT – The Berkshire Cancer Centre experience
Atherosclerosis
1.
2. 1
• CORONARY HEART DISEASES: A GENERAL VIEW
2
• ATHEROSCLEROSIS : GENERAL VIEW
3
• PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS
4
• RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ATHEROSCLEROSIS
5
• CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
6
• CARDIAC REMODELING
7
• DIAGNOSIS/ MEDICAL TESTS
8
• PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS
(OBJECTIVES)
9
• DRUGS AND MEDICINES RECOMMENDED
10
• NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT AND DIETARY
GUIDELINES
11
• CONCLUSION
12
• REFERENCES
3.
4. • Lifestyles of populations across the world
have changed dramatically in the 20th
century. These changes (collectively
termed as epidemiological transition)
have been brought about by a number of
developments in science and technology
that now affect every facet of human
existence.
• Most human societies have moved from
agrarian diets and active lives to fast
foods and sedentary habits. Combined
with increasing tobacco use, these changes
have fuelled the epidemic of obesity,
diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and
cardiovascular diseases (CVD).
6. • Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most
common form of Cardiovascular diseases
(CVD) and caused by atherosclerosis in the
large and medium sized arteries that supply
the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients.
• Also called as coronary artery disease (CAD)
• In developed nations the rise in the burden of
CVD occurred over several decades due to a
long period of epidemiological transition.
• In India, perhaps because of the rapid pace of
economic development, epidemiological
changes have spanned a much shorter time. As
a consequence, cardiovascular disease (CVD)
has emerged as the leading cause of death all
over India, with coronary heart disease (CHD)
affecting Indians at least 5-6 years earlier than
their western counterparts.
7. Figure 2: The proportions of cardiovascular deaths caused by ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular
disease, inflammatory heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, hypertensive heart disease, and other
cardiovascular diseases in 2011. From- Epidemiological studies of Coronary Heart Disease and the
evolution of preventive cardiology Nathan D. Wong Nature Reviews Cardiology 11, 276–289 (2014)
Men Women
8.
9. • Atherosclerosis (also known as arteriosclerotic
vascular disease or ASVD) is a special form of
arteriosclerosis in which an artery wall thickens
as a result of invasion and accumulation of
WBCs.
• Atherosclerosis is a syndrome affecting arterial
blood vessels due to a chronic inflammatory
response of WBCs in the walls of arteries. This
is promoted by low-density lipoproteins (LDL,
plasma proteins that carry cholesterol and
triglycerides) without adequate removal of fats
and cholesterol from the macrophages by
functional high-density lipoproteins (HDL). It is
commonly referred to as a "hardening" or
furring of the arteries. It is caused by the
formation of multiple atheromatous plaques
within the arteries.
• Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease that remains
asymptomatic for decades.
• The incidence of atherosclerosis is difficult to
determine since it mainly an asymptomatic
condition. The pathological process begins in
childhood and continues throughout the life. In
the United Kingdom, the frequency of clinical
manifestations of atherosclerosis is high,
especially in the West of Scotland.
20. • Cardiac remodeling may be defined as genome expression, molecular, cellular and interstitial
changes that are manifested clinically as changes in size, shape and function of the heart after
cardiac injury.
• It occurs after myocardial infarction, pressure overload (aortic stenosis, hypertension),
inflammatory heart muscle (myocarditis), idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy or volume
overload (valvular regurgitation).
• The process of cardiac modeling is mainly influenced by hemodynamic load and
neurohormonal activation.
• The myocyte is the major cardiac cell involved in the remodeling process. Other components
involved include the interstitium, fibroblasts, collagen and coronary vasculture; relevant
processes also include ischemia, cell necrosis and apoptosis.
21.
22. • Blood tests
• Electrocardiogram
• Chest X-ray
• Ankle/ Brachial Index
• Echocardiography
• Magnetic Resonance
imaging (MRI)
• Position emission
tomography (PET)
27. 1
• Maintenance of
good nutrition
2
• Acceptability of
the program
3
• Proper rest to the
heart
28. Cardiac prudent diet
Diet should be low in saturated fats, Trans fats as well as cholesterol.
20kcal/kg body weight is recommended for obese patients in bed and 25kcal/kg body
weight for those near ideal body weight.
Fats should be 15-20% of total calories
Carbohydrate intake should be limited to 60 per cent of total energy in patients with
metabolic syndrome.
Normal allowances of protein are recommended (1gram/kg body weight).
Mega doses of niacin have been known to be an effective treatment of dyslipdemia
Diet should be rich in dietary fibre, MUFA and PUFA.
Vitamin B6, B12, and folic acid supplementation decreases the risk of cardiovascular
disease related to homocysteine risk factor.
200-300mg of Vitamin C reduces cholesterol
A restriction of sodium of 1600-2300 mg is satisfactory among patients with
atherosclerosis
Potassium helps to maintain cell fluid balance and plays a role in muscle contraction.
Low levels of this mineral have been associated with high blood pressure.
Magnesium helps muscles relax, affects the muscle tone of blood vessels and keeps
heart rhythm steady.
Low glycaemic index diets may preserve HDL cholesterol and thus have a potentially
positive effect in reducing CHD risk.
29. • A functional food is any food that has a
positive effect on a person’s health,
physical performance or state of mind.
• Reduces the risk of chronic diseases and
physiological benefits when eaten on a
regular basis in adequate amounts.
• Foods rich in antioxidants,
hypocholesterolemic agents and
phytochemicals protect from Coronary
Heart diseases.
• Antioxidants including Vitamin C, E β-
carotene have potential health benefits of
reducing cardiovascular diseases.
32. Atherosclerosis is the cause of more than 50% mortality in industrial countries.
Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries. Over
time, plaque hardens and narrows your arteries, limiting the flow of oxygen-rich
blood. This can lead to serious problems. Atherosclerosis is a disease in which
plaque builds up inside your arteries. Over time, plaque hardens and narrows
your arteries, limiting the flow of oxygen-rich blood. This can lead to serious
problems Atherosclerosis usually doesn't cause symptoms until it severely narrows
or totally blocks an artery. Many people don't know they have the disease until
they have a medical emergency. When symptoms do happen, they are specific to
the arteries affected by atherosclerosis. A physical examination, imaging, and other
diagnostic tests can tell if the patient have this disease. Treatments include
medicines, and medical procedures or surgery. Lifestyle changes can also help.
These include following a healthy diet, getting regular exercise, maintaining a
healthy weight, and quitting smoking.
33.
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