The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is working to develop cost-effective processes for producing ethanol from cellulosic biomass. Their goal is to reduce ethanol production costs to $0.60/gallon within 15 years. Current estimated costs are about $1.50/gallon. Several large demonstration projects are underway using various feedstocks like bagasse, municipal solid waste, and rice straw. BCI appears to be the leading company working with NREL to commercialize the technology through projects starting in 2001-2002. Significant advances will still be needed in pretreatment methods, enzyme production, and fermentation organisms to achieve cost targets.
MYRA Business School, Mysore Business education in emerging markets - integra...MYRA School of Business
Business Education in Emerging Markets - Integrating Environmental Issues for Business Success. Major consumer brand owners and retailers are adding ‘ecologically-friendly’ attributes to their products and thereby building a sustainable relationship with the clients.
Bp methanol presentation to China ndrc for methanol as fuels 2006Steve Wittrig
Presentation made to China National Development and Reform Commission at their request by Scott Charpentier and Steve Wittrig on the global experience and guidance to China for methanol as a transport fuel.
MYRA Business School, Mysore Business education in emerging markets - integra...MYRA School of Business
Business Education in Emerging Markets - Integrating Environmental Issues for Business Success. Major consumer brand owners and retailers are adding ‘ecologically-friendly’ attributes to their products and thereby building a sustainable relationship with the clients.
Bp methanol presentation to China ndrc for methanol as fuels 2006Steve Wittrig
Presentation made to China National Development and Reform Commission at their request by Scott Charpentier and Steve Wittrig on the global experience and guidance to China for methanol as a transport fuel.
Nat’l Press Club | Cellulosic Ethanol | 2014.04.29FuelsAmerica
The Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) has worked as intended to spawn investment in the advanced biofuel sector — but the continued growth of this industry is at significant risk because of the U.S. EPA’s proposal to gut the RFS and increase the amount of oil in gasoline.
MYRA Business School, Mysore Business education in emerging markets - integra...MyRA School of Business
Business Education in Emerging Markets - Integrating Environmental Issues for Business Success. Major consumer brand owners and retailers are adding ‘ecologically-friendly’ attributes to their products and thereby building a sustainable relationship with the clients.
Low Carbon China - Innovation Beyond Efficiencypolicysolutions
Radical innovation is essential to achieve green growth. This paper presents three case studies of business model innovation: fertilizer, lighting services and end-of-life treatment of tires. It makes the case that a culture of innovation is the basis for a low-carbon economy, which demands that we individually and collectively:
• Aspire to transformational, not incremental change;
• Adopt new behaviors and think differently.
English translation of Mandarin original (in press with the Chinese journal Plant Engineering Consultants)
MADEIRA 2008 - Congresso Internacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico Sustentável da Indústria de Base Florestal e de Geração de Energia, 10 e 11 de Dezembro, Hotel Plaza São Rafael, Porto Alegre, RS.
The growing use of energy that underlies current economic growth puts unsustainable pressure on natural resources and on the environment.
What options do we have for switching to a cleaner and more efficient energy future? How much will it cost? And what policies could achieve this?
Nat’l Press Club | Cellulosic Ethanol | 2014.04.29FuelsAmerica
The Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) has worked as intended to spawn investment in the advanced biofuel sector — but the continued growth of this industry is at significant risk because of the U.S. EPA’s proposal to gut the RFS and increase the amount of oil in gasoline.
MYRA Business School, Mysore Business education in emerging markets - integra...MyRA School of Business
Business Education in Emerging Markets - Integrating Environmental Issues for Business Success. Major consumer brand owners and retailers are adding ‘ecologically-friendly’ attributes to their products and thereby building a sustainable relationship with the clients.
Low Carbon China - Innovation Beyond Efficiencypolicysolutions
Radical innovation is essential to achieve green growth. This paper presents three case studies of business model innovation: fertilizer, lighting services and end-of-life treatment of tires. It makes the case that a culture of innovation is the basis for a low-carbon economy, which demands that we individually and collectively:
• Aspire to transformational, not incremental change;
• Adopt new behaviors and think differently.
English translation of Mandarin original (in press with the Chinese journal Plant Engineering Consultants)
MADEIRA 2008 - Congresso Internacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico Sustentável da Indústria de Base Florestal e de Geração de Energia, 10 e 11 de Dezembro, Hotel Plaza São Rafael, Porto Alegre, RS.
The growing use of energy that underlies current economic growth puts unsustainable pressure on natural resources and on the environment.
What options do we have for switching to a cleaner and more efficient energy future? How much will it cost? And what policies could achieve this?
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Assessment of future prospects for biofuels for bp beyond petroleum strategy 2000 ts wittrig
1. Bioethanol Status
General Overview/Executive Summary
On May 23, I visited the bioethanol/biotechnology teamat the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
(NREL) in Golden, Colorado. This group is the nexus for the technology development and
commercialization efforts in the US for creating processes forethanol from cellulosic biomass (e.g.,
agricultural wastes,forest thinnings,municipal solid waste/sewage sludge,energy crops). NREL is the
primary government laboratory for bioethanoland biotechnology. They have a large (approx. 5000 sq ft,
$12 MM) integrated bioethanoldemo plant; several laboratories for bioengineering, product
characterization and process development; and a team of engineers working on process
simulation/economics to compare the various processes in development and to guide the research. In
addition, they manage several DOE grants to companies working on various aspects of the technology and
have technology partnerships with most of the substantialprecommercial demonstrations of bioethanol
production.
Their general goal in bioethanolis to reduce the cost of production of ethanolto $0.60/gal within 15 years
(equivalent to cost of production of sugarat $0.04/lb). Achieving this goal will require very significant
advances in feedstockcost and reliability, pretreatment and enzyme costs,fermentation technology and
process integration. Current estimated costs for the most promising technology (enzymatic hydrolysis)are
about $1.50/gal. See Figure 1 for their projections of costs if they achieve the technical targets they have
set out (I have a very detailed draft of their technology plans and objectives for anyone that’s interested.)
Figure 1
Bioethanol Cost Projections, From NREL Presentation
For those that want a bottomline assessment early on in this report, my opinion is that these cost targets are
going to be very tough to meet for a stand alone, moderately sized facility that only produces ethanoland
electricity (the base case portrayed in Figure 1). The overall program has the same “feel” as many of the
synthetic fuel programs that we worked on in the late 70’s and early 80’s. That is, brave targets set out for
several different aspects of the technology along with plausible research programs for achieving each one
$0.00
$0.20
$0.40
$0.60
$0.80
$1.00
$1.20
$1.40
$1.60
$1.80
Base Case Best of
Industry
Year 2005 Year 2010 Year 2015
EthanolProductionCost($/gal)
$15 / dry
ton
$25 / dry
ton
$40 / dry
ton
2. but, overall, a low composite probability of being able to make all the targets and construct a successful
integrated process out of it.
That being said, there are several factors that could lead to this becoming important technology and,
potentially, a very large source of ethanol. I list some examples below.
Other, more valuable, products from the sugars produced in the first step. Industry input to NREL in
the last year has been strongly along the lines that the sugars produced in the firs t hydrolysis step are
significantly cheaper than from corn or sugarcane and that the highest value use of those sugars is not
necessarily to “degrade” (i.e., ferment) them all to fuel grade ethanol. This has caused a general
rethinking of the approach that they were taking to maximizing ethanolyield from a range of sugars
through complex bioengineering of fermentation organisms. For instance,the Arkenol plant is now
aimed at a split of producing citric acid and ethanol. As this general idea develops, biotechnology may
lead to the potential for several high value products at sufficient scale to support substantialindustry
with ethanol as a large volume byproduct.
Revenue from waste management. For example, the Masada plant will take in municipal solid waste at
$50/ton tipping fee and sewage sludge at $85/ton. Only about 20% of the projected revenue of the
plant is from sales of ethanol. This allows a much more “relaxed” set of constraints on ethanolyield
and therefore, presumably, less sophisticated and more robust processing and biotechnology (e.g.,
converting only the glucose using standard fermentation organisms).
Possible government and/or“societal” credits or subsidies for consideration of greenhouse gas
avoidance (e.g., carbon credits), energy security, etc.
Larger scale. The current base case size of bioethanolplants is about 1/5 the ethanolproduction of the
largest corn based ethanolplants. This is due to the fact that the radius of collection for currently
proposed sources ofbiomass gets so large that the cost of feedstock becomes prohibitive. In the future,
if large scale concentrated reliable biomass sources become available (e.g., energy crops (land or sea
based),municipal waste), the conversion plants will become larger and benefit from economy of scale.
General conclusions for bioethanol:
This type of technology will not be producing substantialvolumes of ethanolin the next ten years.
The biotechnology is still developing to support it and the process integration is in an early stage (first
wave of substantialintegrated plants at semi commercial scale starting up in 2002). If everything goes
right (and that’s a pretty big if), we might have the first relatively competitive plants (probably still
subsidized at that point) at substantialscale starting up in 2007/2008. The industry will wait to see
performance from those plants before any substantialsubsequent build will take place.
In the longer term, this push for technology from governments and society in general is likely to lead
to advances in biotechnology/engineering and entreprenuerial niches that make projects happen based
on a variety of revenue sources beyond ethanol. This will be supported by trends toward sustainability,
greenhouse gas reduction,local energy security, agricultural interests and advances in genetic
engineering.
This is not something that is a short term threat to our ethanolbusiness nora short term source of
ethanol for oxygenated fuels. It is something that we should be thinking about now in terms of the
2010+ time frame. It is possibly the first wave of biotechnology based industry that could be of the
scale to have an important impact as a competitor for commodity petrochemicals (starting with acetic
acid, solvents and polylactic acid). It could build on the subsidized platform of corn-derived ethanolas
an oxygenated component of clean fuel for internal combustion engines. Eventually, it could develop
into a preferred base fuel (either for IC engines or fuel cells) based on producing a liquid fuel that has
much lower life cycle emissions of CO2.
The remainder of this report will be sections with more detail on various aspects ofthis technology for
those that wish to see more detail - General Economics and Leverage Points, Large Projects in Progress and
Interesting Miscellaneous Points of Interest
General Economics and Leverage Points
3. Figure 2 shows a general overview chart of the primary cost elements associated with the current state of
technology. As best I have determined, this graph represents current “best of industry” technology with
$25 per ton feedstock (i.e, very optimistic current status). I can confirm the exact case if that becomes
important in any decisions we want to make. Several points below:
Feedstockcost is a dominant element. $25 per ton is well below any current estimates for costs ofvery
large volume feedstocks (e.g., corn stover, energy crops). Current estimates are more along the lines of
$30-40 per ton.
Pretreatment and enzyme production (for cellulose breakdown) are the largest areas targeted for cost
reduction in the process. NREL is looking for a 10 X improvement in combined cost and effectiveness
of the cellulase enzymes. NREL is working on a significant improvement in cost and effectiveness of
pretreatment using countercurrent flow reactors.
A very large influence on the economics is the integration with power/steamproduction and the
assumptions on the cost and the ability to export electicity to the grid. If the project can be associated
with an existing power plant, most of the capex and distribution costs can be avoided and this can
significantly improve the overall economics. This is being explored in the Collins Pine Project.
Cost Contribution by Process Area - Enzymatic Based ProcessCost Contribution by Process Area - Enzymatic Based Process
Figure 2
Bioethanol Cost Elements, From NREL Presentation
-$0.25 -$0.15 -$0.05 $0.05 $0.15 $0.25 $0.35 $0.45
Feedstock
Feed Handling
Pretreatment
Ethanol Fermentation
Enzyme Production
Product Purification
Stillage Treatment
Waste Water Treatment
Utilities
Storage
Cost per Gallon of Ethanol
Capital Raw Materials Process Electricity Grid Electricity Fixed Costs
Boiler/Turbogenerator
4. Large Projects in Progress
There are several large projects being advanced to prove early versions of bioethanol technology. They are
mostly based on niche opportunities for low cost feedstock, some government support,and investorinterest
in proving a leading technology for what is perceived as a very large volume opportunity. Bullet point
summaries of the major projects below:
BCI Jennings Project
20 million gallon per year ethanolfrom bagasse facility in Jennings, LA
$120 MM project
Goldman Sachs/Lehmann Bros coordinating bond financing, should be done within a month
Based on conversion of an old corn ethanol plant
Dilute acid hydrolysis in conjunction with U.S. patent No. 5,000,000 for recombinant E. coli
DOE has provided about 10% of the total capital to reduce the project risk
NREL has provided technology demonstration support
Estimated commercial operation date 2001 (probably slipping to 2002)
Masada NY Project
10 million gallon per year ethanolfrom municipal solid waste facility in Middletown, NY
Industrial revenue bonds,$200-$250 MM project
Majority of revenues from waste treatment; only about 20% of revenues from ethanol
Have acquired feedstockcommitments and site commitment
Permitting is underway
Need vendor and process guarantees
Estimated commercial operation date 2001 (probably slipping to 2002)
Gridley Project
20 million gallon per year rice straw and wood waste to ethanol project
$80 MM project
BCI-Gridley LLC is the owner/operator & BCI is the technology provider
NREL/BCI CRADA - a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement to demonstrate BCI
ethanol production technology at the bench and pilot scales
New biomass ethanolfacility to be co-located with the Ogden Pacific Power POPI biomass power
plant
NREL to coordinate production of lignin for combustion tests at Energy and Environmental Research
Center in North Dakota
Collins Pine Project
$1.1 million award from the CEC PIER Program second general solicitation
Collins Pine/BCI joint venture proposed
Convert softwood forest thinnings and mill residues to ethanol at Collins’ Chester, CA facility
(lumber mill and 12 MW biomass power plant)
Ethanol and biomass power integration issues will be investigated
Evaluate higher value products from softwood extractives
Arkenol
5. 8 million gallon per year rice straw to ethanol project
$100 MM project
Near Sacramento
Producing citric acid and ethanol
Key engineering, permitting, and financing activities are under way through a partnership with DOE,
which has committed $4 million
Interesting Miscellaneous Points of Interest
BCI appears to be the overall leader in developing and commercializing the technology. Two of
NREL top people in this area have left in the last few years to join BCI. They are leading three
different projects (Jennings, Gridley and Collins Pine). They are mentioned as the group with the most
savvy in putting togetherprojects and the business framework around them.
The two largest (dominant) players in the enzyme industry are Novo and Genencor (both in
California). All of their competitors are an order of magnitude smaller. NREL has been working with
both companies to convince them to carry out development projects to create cellulase enzyme systems
for bioethanol. Up until this year, neither company was willing to divert the resources from other
higher value projects. Earlier this year, both decided that the otheraspects of the bioethanol
technology were far enough along that it was worth the effort. Both submitted proposals in response to
a DOE RFP. Genencor was just awarded a $15 MM, 3 year contract to develop an enzyme system
with 10 X improvement in cost effectiveness compared to current performance. They believe that is a
plausible objective.
There are various classes offermentation organisms (ethanologens)basically divided into yeasts and
bacteria. The strategy appears to be to take the best performers and, through genetic engineering and
directed evolution, improve their characteristics with respect to the range of sugars they can convert,
their rates, their tolerance to inhibition and their capability to operate at progressively higher
temperatures. From my admittedly uninformed perspective on this, there don’t appear to be any clear
front runners in this race because there is still a long way to go and these things depend on the
pretreatment and the substrate/feedstock. They did mention three important groups - BCI’s E Coli,
NREL’s Zymomonas and Nancy Ho’s modified yeasts. It will be worth a visit to Purdue to see what
residual rights we have for ProfessorHo’s work. I will follow up on that.
They are also working on possible high value products that might be produced from lignin. At this
point, their processes and economics are based on burning the lignin to produce steam and electricity
to run the plant (and for exported electricity). They are working on depolymerization and
hydrodeoxygenation of the excess lignin to produce high octane fuel blending components. One area
of possible interest to us is that the product contains subtantialamounts of xylenes that might be useful
as a chemical feedstock.