The document presents the results of a study that measured electromagnetic radiation from GSM mobile phone base stations in Akure, Nigeria. Radiation measurements were taken from 5-50 meters away from base stations operated by four major cellular providers in Nigeria. The results showed that:
1) Across all base station operators and distances measured, the average radiation levels were approximately 0.002-0.0003% of international safety standards, indicating no significant health risks.
2) Radiation levels decreased with increasing distance from base stations but did not correlate directly with operating frequency.
3) The study found radiation exposures from GSM networks in Akure to be safe and within international safety guidelines based on short, medium, and long-term
Discovering the spatial locations of the radio frequency radiations effects a...IJECEIAES
Nowadays, smart devices have become a major part of human life, and this need has led to an increase in the demand for these devices, prompting major telecommunications companies to compete with each other to acquire the bulk of this market. This competition led to a significant increase in the number of mobile towers, to expand the coverage area. Each communication tower has transmitters and receivers to connect subscribers within the mobile network and other networks. The receivers and transmitters of each mobile tower operate on radio frequency waves. These waves can cause harm to humans if the body tissues absorb the radiation resulting from these waves. Headache, discomfort, and some other diseases are among the effects resulting from the spatial proximity to the mobile towers. In this paper, a model based on geographic information systems (GIS) software is proposed for the purpose of discovering the area of exposure to radio frequency radiation. This model can assists mitigate the opportunities of exposure to these radiations, thus reducing its danger. Real data of the levels of electromagnetic pollution resulting from mobile towers were analyzed during this study and compared with international safety standards.
ANALYTICAL STUDY FOR MEASURING THE ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF THE GSM SYSTE...IJCNCJournal
This paper discusses three subjects. In the first section Study And Evaluation Of Mobile Network While in
the second section, Radiated Power Density ability of cellular stations. In the third section compare the
results with the International Standards and safety limits recommended by the ICNIRP to ensure
compliance with the terms and the extent of their impact on human health, on the other hand, through the
results of theoretical analysis and benchmark Mathematical Analysis And Practical Measurement.
Specific Absorption Rate Assessment of Multiple Microstrip Patch Antenna ArrayTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Interaction between electromagnetic field (EMF) radiated from multiple antennas and human body
is crucial to be explored as multiple antennas are the essential implemented devices to achieve the
requirements of the future evolved fifth generation (5G) technology. Thus, this article presents a significant
study of the radiated EMF effect from a single, and multiple antennas towards human through the
assessment of specific absorption rate (SAR). The single antenna, 1 x 2, 1 x 3 and 1 x 4 arrays of
microstrip patch antennas are designed to cover mobile operating frequencies of 0.8, 0.85, 0.9, 1.8, 2.1
and 2.6 GHz. Two types of human head phantoms are implemented in this study, which are specific
anthropomorphic mannequin (SAM) and Voxel head model that placed close to single antenna or antenna
array to investigate the penetration of EMF towards the human tissue. The single antenna or antenna array
is placed with fixed distance of 10 mm from the phantom, which excited by maximum allowable power of
19 dBm in CST Microwave Studio 2016. The effect of the radiated EMF that quantified by SAR parameter,
which depicts satisfying results against the established standard limits at averaged 1g and 10g mass of
tissues for all designated frequencies that utilized for single and multiple antennas.
Recent Trend in Electromagnetic Radiation and Compliance Assessments for 5G C...IJECEIAES
The deployment of the 5G networks will feature high proliferation of radio base station (RBS) in order to meet the increasing demand for bandwidth and also to provide wider coverage that will support more mobile users and the internet-of-things (IoT). The radio frequency (RF) waves from the large-scale deployment of the RBS and mobile devices will raise concerns on the level of electromagnetic (EM) radiation exposure to the public. Hence, in this paper, we provide an overview of the exposure limits, discuss some of the effects of the EM emission, reduction techniques and compliance assessment for the 5G communication systems. We discuss the open issues and give future directions.
EWER: “ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE EXPOSURE REDUCTION” SERVICE FOR SENSITIVE USERS W...IJCNCJournal
Nowadays, with the rapid development of science and technology and the ever-increasing demand in every field, wireless sensor networks are emerging as a necessary scientific achievement to meet the demand of human in modern society. The wireless sensor network (WSN) is designed to help us not lose too much energy, workforce, avoid danger and they bring high efficiency to work. Various routing protocols are being used to increase the energy efficiency of the network, with two distinct types of protocols, homogenous and heterogeneous. In these two protocols, the SEP (Stable Election Protocol) is one of the most effective heterogeneous protocols which increase the stability of the network. In this paper, we propose an approaching the εFCM algorithm in clustering the SEP protocol which makes the WSN network more energy efficient. The simulation results showed that the SEP-εFCM proposed protocol performed better than the conventional SEP protocol
Amplitude and phase modulation for ultrasonic wireless communicationijwmn
Short range wireless communications have been used more and more frequently in our life. But the
electromagnetic fields waves also have some disadvantages. One of these disadvantages is health problems.
Many studies shows the electromagnetic field waves using for communication may damage our health. And
in most hospitals, they also have bans on the use of mobile phones and wide area networks because of
Electromagnetic Interference. So this paper studied the use of ultrasound for wireless communication in
air, instead of using electromagnetic field wave. In order to find an advisable modulation method for
ultrasound wireless communication, Amplitude modulation method and Phased modulation method has
been test.
Discovering the spatial locations of the radio frequency radiations effects a...IJECEIAES
Nowadays, smart devices have become a major part of human life, and this need has led to an increase in the demand for these devices, prompting major telecommunications companies to compete with each other to acquire the bulk of this market. This competition led to a significant increase in the number of mobile towers, to expand the coverage area. Each communication tower has transmitters and receivers to connect subscribers within the mobile network and other networks. The receivers and transmitters of each mobile tower operate on radio frequency waves. These waves can cause harm to humans if the body tissues absorb the radiation resulting from these waves. Headache, discomfort, and some other diseases are among the effects resulting from the spatial proximity to the mobile towers. In this paper, a model based on geographic information systems (GIS) software is proposed for the purpose of discovering the area of exposure to radio frequency radiation. This model can assists mitigate the opportunities of exposure to these radiations, thus reducing its danger. Real data of the levels of electromagnetic pollution resulting from mobile towers were analyzed during this study and compared with international safety standards.
ANALYTICAL STUDY FOR MEASURING THE ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF THE GSM SYSTE...IJCNCJournal
This paper discusses three subjects. In the first section Study And Evaluation Of Mobile Network While in
the second section, Radiated Power Density ability of cellular stations. In the third section compare the
results with the International Standards and safety limits recommended by the ICNIRP to ensure
compliance with the terms and the extent of their impact on human health, on the other hand, through the
results of theoretical analysis and benchmark Mathematical Analysis And Practical Measurement.
Specific Absorption Rate Assessment of Multiple Microstrip Patch Antenna ArrayTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Interaction between electromagnetic field (EMF) radiated from multiple antennas and human body
is crucial to be explored as multiple antennas are the essential implemented devices to achieve the
requirements of the future evolved fifth generation (5G) technology. Thus, this article presents a significant
study of the radiated EMF effect from a single, and multiple antennas towards human through the
assessment of specific absorption rate (SAR). The single antenna, 1 x 2, 1 x 3 and 1 x 4 arrays of
microstrip patch antennas are designed to cover mobile operating frequencies of 0.8, 0.85, 0.9, 1.8, 2.1
and 2.6 GHz. Two types of human head phantoms are implemented in this study, which are specific
anthropomorphic mannequin (SAM) and Voxel head model that placed close to single antenna or antenna
array to investigate the penetration of EMF towards the human tissue. The single antenna or antenna array
is placed with fixed distance of 10 mm from the phantom, which excited by maximum allowable power of
19 dBm in CST Microwave Studio 2016. The effect of the radiated EMF that quantified by SAR parameter,
which depicts satisfying results against the established standard limits at averaged 1g and 10g mass of
tissues for all designated frequencies that utilized for single and multiple antennas.
Recent Trend in Electromagnetic Radiation and Compliance Assessments for 5G C...IJECEIAES
The deployment of the 5G networks will feature high proliferation of radio base station (RBS) in order to meet the increasing demand for bandwidth and also to provide wider coverage that will support more mobile users and the internet-of-things (IoT). The radio frequency (RF) waves from the large-scale deployment of the RBS and mobile devices will raise concerns on the level of electromagnetic (EM) radiation exposure to the public. Hence, in this paper, we provide an overview of the exposure limits, discuss some of the effects of the EM emission, reduction techniques and compliance assessment for the 5G communication systems. We discuss the open issues and give future directions.
EWER: “ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE EXPOSURE REDUCTION” SERVICE FOR SENSITIVE USERS W...IJCNCJournal
Nowadays, with the rapid development of science and technology and the ever-increasing demand in every field, wireless sensor networks are emerging as a necessary scientific achievement to meet the demand of human in modern society. The wireless sensor network (WSN) is designed to help us not lose too much energy, workforce, avoid danger and they bring high efficiency to work. Various routing protocols are being used to increase the energy efficiency of the network, with two distinct types of protocols, homogenous and heterogeneous. In these two protocols, the SEP (Stable Election Protocol) is one of the most effective heterogeneous protocols which increase the stability of the network. In this paper, we propose an approaching the εFCM algorithm in clustering the SEP protocol which makes the WSN network more energy efficient. The simulation results showed that the SEP-εFCM proposed protocol performed better than the conventional SEP protocol
Amplitude and phase modulation for ultrasonic wireless communicationijwmn
Short range wireless communications have been used more and more frequently in our life. But the
electromagnetic fields waves also have some disadvantages. One of these disadvantages is health problems.
Many studies shows the electromagnetic field waves using for communication may damage our health. And
in most hospitals, they also have bans on the use of mobile phones and wide area networks because of
Electromagnetic Interference. So this paper studied the use of ultrasound for wireless communication in
air, instead of using electromagnetic field wave. In order to find an advisable modulation method for
ultrasound wireless communication, Amplitude modulation method and Phased modulation method has
been test.
This aim of this paper is to investigate the specific absorption rate (SAR) distribution in a human head by
using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculations, due to exposure to EMF radiation from a
mobile phone at frequencies 900 MHz Mobile Phone model with a λ/2 monopole antenna and a hand head
phone model dimensions are 100 mm x 50 mm x 20 mm. The head model used is a sphere with a diameter
of 18 cm. The FDTD grid size used in the computation was 2.5 mm. The distance between the antenna and
head was 5 mm. To simplify the FDTD simulation, the SAR in the head was calculated without the effect of
the human body. It was found that the SAR induced in the head decreases with the distance from the
radiating source.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
K Coverage Probability of 5G Wireless Cognitive Radio Network under Shadow Fa...ijeei-iaes
Land mobile communication is burdened with typical propagation constraints due to the channel characteristics in radio systems.Also,the propagation characteristics vary form place to place and also as the mobile unit moves,from time to time.Hence,the tramsmission path between transmitter and receiver varies from simple direct LOS to the one which is severely obstructed by buildings,foliage and terrain.Multipath propagation and shadow fading effects affect the signal strength of an arbitrary Transmitter-Receiver due to the rapid fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of signal which also determines the average power over an area of tens or hundreds of meters.Shadowing introduces additional fluctuations,so the received local mean power varies around the area –mean.The present section deals with the performance analysis of fifth generation wireless cognitive radio network on the basis of signal and interference level based k coverage probability under the shadow fading effects.
Impact of Next Generation Cognitive Radio Network on the Wireless Green Eco s...ijeei-iaes
Land mobile communication is burdened with typical propagation constraints due to the channel characteristics in radio systems.Also,the propagation characteristics vary form place to place and also as the mobile unit moves,from time to time.Hence,the tramsmission path between transmitter and receiver varies from simple direct LOS to the one which is severely obstructed by buildings, foliage and terrain. Multipath propagation and shadow fading effects affect the signal strength of an arbitrary Transmitter-Receiver due to the rapid fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of signal which also determines the average power over an area of tens or hundreds of meters. Shadowing introduces additional fluctuations, so the received local mean power varies around the area –mean. The present paper deals with the performance analysis of impact of next generation wireless cognitive radio network on wireless green eco system through signal and interference level based k coverage probability under the shadow fading effects.
A Model for Monitoring GSM Base Station Radiation Safety in NigeriaIJERA Editor
A guideline for measuring the radio frequency (RF) emissions from the base transceiver stations deployed by Global System Mobile Communications operators in Nigeria is proposed. The guide includes the procedures for measuring the emitted RF power and for determining whether or not the emission exceeds the maximum permissible limits in Nigeria airspace.
Nowadays, there has been an increase and dependent items that affect the quality of the signals
such as the properties of substances in the buildings, objects and humans’ movements, electronic equipment. In
this study, the effects of electromagnetic interference on the functional usage of mobile communications are
examined. The indoor and outdoor attenuation characteristics of 2G, 3G and 4G frequency bands are
investigated. Field strength measurements are conducted in university campusopenarea, along a corridorfield
in a fivestoreyuniversitybuilding, in different floors, and rooms, where normal incidence on plane boundary is of
main concern. This study investigates multilayer model for building structures. The evaluation of measured
values together with the simulated results is compared with literature outcomes. In addition, dependency with
the frequency, power of the waves and existence of trees on the transmission path are also discussed.
RESEARCH REVIEW FOR POSSIBLE RELATION BETWEEN MOBILE PHONE REDIATION AND BRAI...ijitcs
The aim of this paper is to introduce a research review for the effect of Mobile phone radiation on human
health and the possible relation between Mobile phone radiation and brain tumor. Mobile phones become
increasingly prevalent throughout our society. In the year 2016, it was estimated that there were 4 billion
cellular phone users worldwide; the number is growing by one million every month in the US. The goal of
this paper is to give a brief overview and also discuss the biological effects of the exposure to mobile
phones radiation. Many effects have been reported with the use of mobile phones on human organisms due
to the exposure to electromagnetic radiation. Concerns about the links between using the mobile phones
and biological effects, in particular, the brain tumors have been under research. As the other radio signals
transmition devices, cellular phone emits radiofrequency energy, which can heat the brain tissues and
cause damage to the brain cells. But even mobile phones operates at power level below the level at which
such heating effects occur, long term exposure to low level RF from mobile phones could cause other types
of health effects, such as brain cancer, due to energy absorption in the brain tissues. Some human
biological experiments, such as Aly et al. 2014, Aly, et al. 2008 indicates, the average time for the human
cells to respond to the effect of RF radiation was approximately 2.5 min, Hardell et al.2002, and Repacholi
et al.1997 indicated increased risk with exposure to mobile phones radiation. The British Association
festival of science was told recently that using a mobile telephone mor
Propagation Path Loss Modeling and Outdoor Coverage Measurements Review in Mi...IJECEIAES
The global bandwidth inadequacy facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks, and mmWave band is one of the promising candidates due to wide spectrum. This paper presents propagation path loss and outdoor coverage and link budget measurements for frequencies above 6 GHz (mm-wave bands) using directional horn antennas at the transmitter and omnidirectional antennas at the receiver. This work presents measurements showing the propagation time delay spread and path loss as a function of separation distance for different frequencies and antenna pointing angles for many types of real-world environments. The data presented here show that at 28 GHz, 38 GHz and 60 GHz, unobstructed Line of Site (LOS) channels obey free space propagation path loss while non-LOS (NLOS) channels have large multipath delay spreads and can utilize many different pointing angles to provide propagation links. At 60 GHz, there is more path loss and smaller delay spreads. Power delay profiles PDPs were measured at every individual pointing angle for each TX and RX location, and integrating each of the PDPs to obtain received power as a function of pointing angle. The result shows that the mean RMS delay spread varies between 7.2 ns and 74.4 ns for 60 GHz and 28 GHz respectively in NLOS scenario.
Channel fading attenuation based on rainfall rate for future 5G wireless com...IJECEIAES
In this paper, the effect of heavy rainfall on the propagation of a 38-GHz in a tropical region was studied and analyzed. Real measurement was collected, with a path length of 300 meters, for a (5G) radio linkage in Malaysia, installed at the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Johor Bahru campus. The employed system entails an Ericsson MINI-Link 38 E-0.6 mm, with a horizontal polarization (HP) antenna at the top integrated with a rain gauge and a data logger. Daily registered samples with a single minute span, for a full study period of 1 month, were collected and evaluated. The obtained rain rate was found as 56 mm/hr with a specific rain attenuation of 18.4 dB/km for 0.01% of the time. In addition to that, a calculated average rain attenuation of 5.5 dB for the transmission path of 300 meters length, was calculated. Based on these findings, a recommendation to update the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) specification of the rain attenuation for Malaysia is proposed. Based on the results, we suggest shifting the zone classification of Malaysia from zone P to zone N-P. Therefore, accurate design for future 5G systems would rely on more precise estimated attenuation levels leading to enhanced performance.
Capacity Improvement of Cellular System Using Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR)IJEEE
Today wireless communication is mostly used rather than wired communication, due to remote location reach ability, less fault occurrence, less time to commissioning and low cost etc. But wireless network has less frequency spectrum to cover the whole world. To improve the capacity of cellular system in a limited spectrum without major technological changes, frequency is reused in cells. But it offers interferences mostly for cell edge users. To solve the problem of spectral congestion and user capacity, fractional frequency reuse is used. This paper gives idea about different frequency reuse factors, fractional frequency reuse and super cell with sectoring to improve the capacity of cellular system.
Safety zone determination for wireless cellular tower a case study from tan...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Safety zone determination for wireless cellular towers has attracted attention from many researchers in the last decade. This is caused
by the rapid growth of the wireless cellular industry which has led to the installation of towers even in the residential areas. There are
many reports and ongoing researches regarding the biological and thermal effects of wireless cellular electromagnetic fields
exposures to people. Cancer, hyperthermia, neural and behaviour effects of people exposed to these electromagnetic fields have been
reported.
This motivates the research to determine safety zones from wireless cellular towers to assure safety to those living in the vicinity of
these towers. A model for safety zone determination is developed. The model takes the received power at the object, power transmitted
by the transmitter and gain of the transmitter as inputs to determine the safe distance from the radiation of a wireless cellular
transmitter. The power density received by the object and its geographical location from the radiation source are measured using the
selective radiation meter. Transmitted power and the gain of the transmitter together with the height of the tower were obtained from
the respective wireless cellular network operator. Based on the geographical location of the object, the distance from the radiation
source was calculated using the haversine formula. These inputs are then used to determine the safety zone based on the standards
and guidelines developed by WHO and ICNIRP.
Keywords - Safety zone; Power density; wireless cellular tower; Exposure limits.
This aim of this paper is to investigate the specific absorption rate (SAR) distribution in a human head by
using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculations, due to exposure to EMF radiation from a
mobile phone at frequencies 900 MHz Mobile Phone model with a λ/2 monopole antenna and a hand head
phone model dimensions are 100 mm x 50 mm x 20 mm. The head model used is a sphere with a diameter
of 18 cm. The FDTD grid size used in the computation was 2.5 mm. The distance between the antenna and
head was 5 mm. To simplify the FDTD simulation, the SAR in the head was calculated without the effect of
the human body. It was found that the SAR induced in the head decreases with the distance from the
radiating source.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
K Coverage Probability of 5G Wireless Cognitive Radio Network under Shadow Fa...ijeei-iaes
Land mobile communication is burdened with typical propagation constraints due to the channel characteristics in radio systems.Also,the propagation characteristics vary form place to place and also as the mobile unit moves,from time to time.Hence,the tramsmission path between transmitter and receiver varies from simple direct LOS to the one which is severely obstructed by buildings,foliage and terrain.Multipath propagation and shadow fading effects affect the signal strength of an arbitrary Transmitter-Receiver due to the rapid fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of signal which also determines the average power over an area of tens or hundreds of meters.Shadowing introduces additional fluctuations,so the received local mean power varies around the area –mean.The present section deals with the performance analysis of fifth generation wireless cognitive radio network on the basis of signal and interference level based k coverage probability under the shadow fading effects.
Impact of Next Generation Cognitive Radio Network on the Wireless Green Eco s...ijeei-iaes
Land mobile communication is burdened with typical propagation constraints due to the channel characteristics in radio systems.Also,the propagation characteristics vary form place to place and also as the mobile unit moves,from time to time.Hence,the tramsmission path between transmitter and receiver varies from simple direct LOS to the one which is severely obstructed by buildings, foliage and terrain. Multipath propagation and shadow fading effects affect the signal strength of an arbitrary Transmitter-Receiver due to the rapid fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of signal which also determines the average power over an area of tens or hundreds of meters. Shadowing introduces additional fluctuations, so the received local mean power varies around the area –mean. The present paper deals with the performance analysis of impact of next generation wireless cognitive radio network on wireless green eco system through signal and interference level based k coverage probability under the shadow fading effects.
A Model for Monitoring GSM Base Station Radiation Safety in NigeriaIJERA Editor
A guideline for measuring the radio frequency (RF) emissions from the base transceiver stations deployed by Global System Mobile Communications operators in Nigeria is proposed. The guide includes the procedures for measuring the emitted RF power and for determining whether or not the emission exceeds the maximum permissible limits in Nigeria airspace.
Nowadays, there has been an increase and dependent items that affect the quality of the signals
such as the properties of substances in the buildings, objects and humans’ movements, electronic equipment. In
this study, the effects of electromagnetic interference on the functional usage of mobile communications are
examined. The indoor and outdoor attenuation characteristics of 2G, 3G and 4G frequency bands are
investigated. Field strength measurements are conducted in university campusopenarea, along a corridorfield
in a fivestoreyuniversitybuilding, in different floors, and rooms, where normal incidence on plane boundary is of
main concern. This study investigates multilayer model for building structures. The evaluation of measured
values together with the simulated results is compared with literature outcomes. In addition, dependency with
the frequency, power of the waves and existence of trees on the transmission path are also discussed.
RESEARCH REVIEW FOR POSSIBLE RELATION BETWEEN MOBILE PHONE REDIATION AND BRAI...ijitcs
The aim of this paper is to introduce a research review for the effect of Mobile phone radiation on human
health and the possible relation between Mobile phone radiation and brain tumor. Mobile phones become
increasingly prevalent throughout our society. In the year 2016, it was estimated that there were 4 billion
cellular phone users worldwide; the number is growing by one million every month in the US. The goal of
this paper is to give a brief overview and also discuss the biological effects of the exposure to mobile
phones radiation. Many effects have been reported with the use of mobile phones on human organisms due
to the exposure to electromagnetic radiation. Concerns about the links between using the mobile phones
and biological effects, in particular, the brain tumors have been under research. As the other radio signals
transmition devices, cellular phone emits radiofrequency energy, which can heat the brain tissues and
cause damage to the brain cells. But even mobile phones operates at power level below the level at which
such heating effects occur, long term exposure to low level RF from mobile phones could cause other types
of health effects, such as brain cancer, due to energy absorption in the brain tissues. Some human
biological experiments, such as Aly et al. 2014, Aly, et al. 2008 indicates, the average time for the human
cells to respond to the effect of RF radiation was approximately 2.5 min, Hardell et al.2002, and Repacholi
et al.1997 indicated increased risk with exposure to mobile phones radiation. The British Association
festival of science was told recently that using a mobile telephone mor
Propagation Path Loss Modeling and Outdoor Coverage Measurements Review in Mi...IJECEIAES
The global bandwidth inadequacy facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks, and mmWave band is one of the promising candidates due to wide spectrum. This paper presents propagation path loss and outdoor coverage and link budget measurements for frequencies above 6 GHz (mm-wave bands) using directional horn antennas at the transmitter and omnidirectional antennas at the receiver. This work presents measurements showing the propagation time delay spread and path loss as a function of separation distance for different frequencies and antenna pointing angles for many types of real-world environments. The data presented here show that at 28 GHz, 38 GHz and 60 GHz, unobstructed Line of Site (LOS) channels obey free space propagation path loss while non-LOS (NLOS) channels have large multipath delay spreads and can utilize many different pointing angles to provide propagation links. At 60 GHz, there is more path loss and smaller delay spreads. Power delay profiles PDPs were measured at every individual pointing angle for each TX and RX location, and integrating each of the PDPs to obtain received power as a function of pointing angle. The result shows that the mean RMS delay spread varies between 7.2 ns and 74.4 ns for 60 GHz and 28 GHz respectively in NLOS scenario.
Channel fading attenuation based on rainfall rate for future 5G wireless com...IJECEIAES
In this paper, the effect of heavy rainfall on the propagation of a 38-GHz in a tropical region was studied and analyzed. Real measurement was collected, with a path length of 300 meters, for a (5G) radio linkage in Malaysia, installed at the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Johor Bahru campus. The employed system entails an Ericsson MINI-Link 38 E-0.6 mm, with a horizontal polarization (HP) antenna at the top integrated with a rain gauge and a data logger. Daily registered samples with a single minute span, for a full study period of 1 month, were collected and evaluated. The obtained rain rate was found as 56 mm/hr with a specific rain attenuation of 18.4 dB/km for 0.01% of the time. In addition to that, a calculated average rain attenuation of 5.5 dB for the transmission path of 300 meters length, was calculated. Based on these findings, a recommendation to update the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) specification of the rain attenuation for Malaysia is proposed. Based on the results, we suggest shifting the zone classification of Malaysia from zone P to zone N-P. Therefore, accurate design for future 5G systems would rely on more precise estimated attenuation levels leading to enhanced performance.
Capacity Improvement of Cellular System Using Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR)IJEEE
Today wireless communication is mostly used rather than wired communication, due to remote location reach ability, less fault occurrence, less time to commissioning and low cost etc. But wireless network has less frequency spectrum to cover the whole world. To improve the capacity of cellular system in a limited spectrum without major technological changes, frequency is reused in cells. But it offers interferences mostly for cell edge users. To solve the problem of spectral congestion and user capacity, fractional frequency reuse is used. This paper gives idea about different frequency reuse factors, fractional frequency reuse and super cell with sectoring to improve the capacity of cellular system.
Safety zone determination for wireless cellular tower a case study from tan...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Safety zone determination for wireless cellular towers has attracted attention from many researchers in the last decade. This is caused
by the rapid growth of the wireless cellular industry which has led to the installation of towers even in the residential areas. There are
many reports and ongoing researches regarding the biological and thermal effects of wireless cellular electromagnetic fields
exposures to people. Cancer, hyperthermia, neural and behaviour effects of people exposed to these electromagnetic fields have been
reported.
This motivates the research to determine safety zones from wireless cellular towers to assure safety to those living in the vicinity of
these towers. A model for safety zone determination is developed. The model takes the received power at the object, power transmitted
by the transmitter and gain of the transmitter as inputs to determine the safe distance from the radiation of a wireless cellular
transmitter. The power density received by the object and its geographical location from the radiation source are measured using the
selective radiation meter. Transmitted power and the gain of the transmitter together with the height of the tower were obtained from
the respective wireless cellular network operator. Based on the geographical location of the object, the distance from the radiation
source was calculated using the haversine formula. These inputs are then used to determine the safety zone based on the standards
and guidelines developed by WHO and ICNIRP.
Keywords - Safety zone; Power density; wireless cellular tower; Exposure limits.
Similar to Assessment Of Electromagnetic Radiation Effects And Safety Issues Of GSM-900 And GSM-1800 Radio Frequencies A Case Study Of Akure, Nigeria (20)
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
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Assessment Of Electromagnetic Radiation Effects And Safety Issues Of GSM-900 And GSM-1800 Radio Frequencies A Case Study Of Akure, Nigeria
1. FUTAJEET 9 (1) (2015) (35-41)
Assessment of Electromagnetic Radiation Effects and Safety Issues
of GSM-900 and GSM-1800 Radio Frequencies –
A Case Study of Akure, Nigeria
Popoola, J. J., Akinfenwa, D. O., and Animasahun, I. O.
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
A B S T R A C T
Keywords:
Ionizing radiation,
Cellular network,
Cells,
Frequency Re-use,
GSM,
BaseStations
Correspondence:
E-mail address: jidejulius2001@gmail.com;
jjpopoola@futa.edu.ng
1. Introduction
In wireless communication, transmissions of signals such as
voice, data and images from the sending end to the receiving end
require a medium. Radio spectrum is the primary medium for
transmitting signals in wireless environment. It is divided into different
portions called frequency bands. Each of these frequency bands has its
own properties and characteristics which distinguishes them from each
others as well as determining their specific application. However,
irrespective of their application, whenever the radio spectrum is used
for signal transmission, there is generation of electromagnetic
radiationwhichcanbeionizingor non-ionizing.
According to Mousa (2011), while ionizing radiation has
enough energy to remove bound electrons from the orbit of an atom
such that it becomes an ionized atom which can cause health hazard,
the non-ionizing radiation does not have the sufficient energy to ionize
the atom. This implies that while very high frequency, such as X-ray,
are classified as ionizing radiation because of their strong ionization
and penetration power, the electromagnetic radiation generated by RF
transmitters, which includes radiation from the mobile phone
transmitters, is classified as Non-Ionisation Radiation (NIR).Although
theradiationfromthemobilephonebasestationsislow,theconcernsis
that there may be aggregated NIR levels generated by more than one
base stations installed in close proximity in order to enhance high
connectivityandreliableinformationtransfer.
In Nigeria, like other parts of the world, the use of mobile
phone commonly known as GSM has geometrically increased over
the last decade. This increase has equally lead to increase in both the
number of base stations and the amount of RF electromagnetic wave
people are being exposed to on a daily basis with all sorts of mobile
base stations installations and other wireless nodes around and
within residential buildings (Agarwal et al., 2009). Thus, there is
widespread concern on the potential adverse effects of mobile
phones base stations radiation and their associated NIR. These
potential effects on human health have stimulated the research
community to define more precisely the physical properties of the
radiation and to set the thresholds for their possible effects on human
health and environment (Yavuz et al., 2008).Some studies conducted
according to Iortile et al., (2014) showed that exposure levels of
about 3 kHz - 5 MHz generates painful nerves impulses while
exposure levels in ranges of gigahertz and megahertz leads to
temperature rise of the body and changes in the cellular
DeoxyriboNucleicAcid (DNA). Similarly, as previously reported in
Agarwal et al., (2009), recent epidemiologic studies have
highlighted the role of cell or mobile phone exposure on sperm
motility, morphology and viability. The authors reported that cell
phone use reduces male fertilization potential. Other known effects
of NIR fromthemobilephonerevealedthatexposureofdeveloping
As users of mobile phone are geometrically increasing all over the world, the numbers of Global System for Mobile
communications (GSM) base stations and operators are also growing, leading to increase in base stations
distribution everywhere in the neighbourhood. This widespread of base stations has increased both the numbers of
sources emitting electromagnetic fields, especially radio frequencies, and reactions concerns the effect of Radio
Frequency (RF) radiated from GSM masts or antenna on human health. In order to investigate this health issue,
measurement of RF emitted from four major GSM Operators' masts in Akure, Nigeria was conducted using RADEX
RD1706 radiation monitor. The data measured were analysed and compared to international standards to
scientifically establish possible adverse effect of RF radiation on human health. The result obtained shows that the
average measured radiation values are approximately 0.002%, 0.0008% and 0.0003% of the standard safe values on
the short-term, medium-term and long-term accumulated scales respectively, which implies that there is no
convincing scientific evidence that the RF radiation from GSM networks may cause adverse health effects. In
addition, the study shows that the radiation generated from the GSM masts or antenna is not directly proportional to
theoperatingfrequency.
35
2. rodents to RF electromagnetic fields may lead to an impartment of brain
cells depending on variables such as the target-specific absorption rate
and the duration and frequency of electromagnetic field exposure
(Chenetal.,2014).
However, some groups such as the International Commission on NIR
protection and mobile manufacturer forum that manufactures mobile
equipment and global systems for mobile communications operators
across the world insist that there are no discernible effects from the RF
radiated from mobile phone base stations (Shalangwa et al., 2011 and
Shalangwa, 2010). Similarly, scientific studies on the possible adverse
health effects from low level of RF radiation emanating from mobile
phones and mobile base station have not been found to be hazardous
even under long term exposure. This controversy on possible health
effects has brought about the formation of a number of international and
national regulations, standards and recommendations dealing with
electromagnetic exposure in the RF range. With this controversy and
the increasing numbers of mobile base stations and number of mobile
users worldwide, the needed area of research now is not to review the
standard level of permissible RF radiation but to scientifically confirm
these positions. This motivated the study presented in this paper, which
unlike most studies in this area brings in the concept of frequency
allocation as a deterministic factor for level of radiation each base
stationgenerates.
The study has two primary objectives, which are; (i) to
investigate and establish the relationship between the mobile phone
frequency allocation and radiation generation, and (ii) to measure
radiation from mobile phone base stations of the four main mobile
phone providers in Nigeria and compare the obtained data with the
standard values. This will help to determine whether the radiation
generated from those mobile phones base stations in Nigeria have
adverse effects on human health and environment or not. For sequential
and logical presentation of the study, the rest of this paper is organized
as follows. Section 2 presents brief review on both cellular network and
GSM operating frequencies. Detailed information on the methodology
employed in carrying out this study is presented in Section 3, while the
results obtained are presented and discussed in Section 4. The paper is
finallyconcludedinSection5 withsummaryof findings.
2. Cellular Network
A cellular communication system is a mobile network that
provides services by using large number of Base Stations (BSs), which
maintains the communication between the network and the mobile
users through a radio link. The BSs use limited power that covers only a
limited area, called a cell.This limited power makes it possible to re-use
the same frequency a few cells away from the base station without
causing interference (Ahaneku and Chijindu, 2013). In this way, a large
geographicalareacanbecoveredwithonlyalimitedsetof frequencies.
The major feature of a cellular communication system is the
ability to re-use frequencies to increase both its coverage and capacity.
The concept of frequency re-use implies that limited spectrum allocated
to the service can be partitioned into N non-overlapping channel sets,
whicharethenassignedinaregularrepeatedpatterntoahexagonalcell
Popoola et al. / FUTAJEET 9 (1) (2015) (35-41) 36
grid (Rahnema, 1993). The principle of frequency re-use in cellular
communication system arises from the fact that each cell is assigned a
group of channels, which needs to be properly plan to avoid
degradationbyco-channelinterference.
The cell size determination is usually based on the local
traffic distribution and demand (Rahnema, 1993). This implies that
the size of a cell varies according to the number of users that are to be
served as well as the amount of traffic per user. Hence, in urban areas
where there are much traffic the cell size will be smaller than in rural
areas where the traffic is relatively small. This means that the more
the concentration of traffic demand in an area, the smaller the cell has
to be sized in order to avail the frequency set to a smaller number of
roaming subscribers and thus limit the call blocking probability
within the cell (Rahnema, 1993). However, the smaller the cell is
sized, the more equipment will be required in the system as each cell
needs the necessary transceiver and switching equipment, known as
the base station subsystem, through which the mobile users or
terminals access the network over radio links (Adeniran, 2003).
Hence, the degree to which the allocated frequency spectrum is being
re-used over the cellular service area determines the spectrum
efficiency in cellular communication system. This means that the
smaller the cell size as well as the smaller the number of cells in the
re-usegeometry, thehigherwillbethespectrumusageefficiency.
The cells in cellular networks can be square, hexagonal,
circular or any regular shapes. The conventional shape, as shown in
Figure 1, is the hexagonal cells (Goldsmith, 2005). This is because
the shape in those cells is laid next to each other without any
overlapping, so that the signal propagation can cover the entire
geographical region without any gaps. Thus, each of the cells is
assigned with multiple frequencies, which have its own Base Station
(BS). The BS at the centre of each group of cells functions as the hub
for those cells. The elements that determine frequency re-use are the
re-use distance, D, and the re-use factor (Ahaneku and Chijindu,
2013). The re-use distance, D, is the minimum separation of identical
channels that have the same carrier frequency, at which there is
acceptable interference. It is defined mathematically as (Ahaneku
andChijindu,2013):
(1)
where D is the minimum required distance (re-use distance)
between any two co-channel cells in a cellular system, R is the
radius of the hexagonal cell and N is the number of individual cells
in a cell group or cluster size (Figure 1). However, the frequency
re-use factor is the factor that defines the rate of re-using the radio
resources. It is the reciprocal of cells which cannot use the same
chunk of frequencies/channels for communication.
Figure 1: Hexagonal Cellular Structure illustrating
Frequency Re-use Principle
N
R
D 3
=
3. The second generation of cellular mobile radio system is
GSM. It was developed as a joint initiative by the members of the
Conference of European Posts and Telecommunications (CEPT)
administration (Adeniran, 2003). The aim of developing GSM was to
build a unified Pan-European network as well as to give the users a near
uniform service throughout all European countries. It comprises the
CEPT defined standardization of the services, functional/subsystem
interfaces, and protocol architecture, based on the use of worldwide
standards produced by Consultative Committee for International
Telephony and Telegraphy (CCITT) and Consultative Committee for
International Radio (CCIR), for a Pan-European digital land mobile
systemprimarilytoserveusers inmotorvehicles(Popoolaetal.,2009).
GSM consists of several transmitters, called the BSs. It
provides terminal mobility with personal mobility provided through
the insertion of a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) into the mobile
station or terminal (Rahnema, 1993). The personal number assigned to
the mobile user or terminal is carried by the SIM. In operation mode,
the RF signal transmitted by mobile terminal is received by the BS,
where it will be re-transmitted from the BS to another mobile terminal.
The transmitting and receiving are therefore done over slightly
differentfrequencies.
The second generation (2G) GSM was first introduced in 1992
in Nigeria. The generation is the first cellular telephone technology to
use digital encryption of conversations. It is also the first generation of
GSM to offer data services and Short Message Service (SMS) for text
messaging, but their data transfer rates are lower than those of their
successors. The third generation, also known as 3G network,
succeeded the 2G networks with faster data transfer rates and the first to
enable video calls. This capability makes 3G networks suitable for use
in modern smartphones, which require constant high-speed internet
connection for many of their applications. The 4G, which is the fourth
generation of mobile phone communications standards, is a successor
of the 3G. It provides ultra-broadband internet access for mobile
devices with high data transfer rates capability, which makes it suitable
for use in Universal Serial Bus (USB) wireless modems for laptops and
evenhomeinternetaccess.
Generally, there are five frequency bands designated by
InternationalTelecommunications Union (ITU) for the operation of the
GSM mobile phone: GSM-400, GSM-850, GSM-900, GSM-1800, and
GSM-1900 (Popoola et al., 2009). In Nigeria, GSM-900 and GSM-
1800 are currently being used (Popoola et al., 2009). The radio
channels are based on a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
structure that is implemented on Multiple Frequency sub-bands
(TDMA/FDMA). Each base station is equipped with a certain number
of these pre-assigned frequency/time channels. The TDMAstructure is
applied in both the forward (mobile station to the base transceiver or
network station) and reverse (base transceiver or network station to
mobile station) directions. On GSM-900, the forward or uplink
direction uses 890 – 915 MHz while the reverse or downlink direction
is on 935 – 960 MHz, providing 124 radio frequency channels spaced at
200 kHz and duplex spacing of 45 MHz. Also in Nigeria, according to
Popoola et al. (2009), GSM-1800 uses 1710 – 1785 MHz to send
informationfromthemobilestationtothebasetransceiverstation
37
(uplink) and 1805 – 1880 MHz for the other direction (downlink),
providing 374 channels at duplex spacing of 95 MHz. Full details on
other GSM frequency bands in use across the world is shown inTable
1.
There are five major GSM Operators in Nigeria: Etisalat,
MTel, Glo, MTN andAirtel. However, only four (Etisalat, Glo, MTN
and Airtel) of them are currently in operation. Hence, this study is
based on the radiation generated by these four GSM networks. The
detailsonthemethodologyemployedarepresentedinsection3.
3. Materialsand Methods
Thestudy presentedinthispaperwas conductedinAkure, the
capital of Ondo State, Nigeria. The city is situated in the South-
o o
Western part of Nigeria, on latitude 7.250 N and longitude 5.195 E to
assess the impact of radiation generated from GSM masts/antenna on
human and environment. Data for the study were obtained from both
primary and secondary sources. While the primary data were
obtained from radiation measurement carried out, internet was the
source of the secondary data. In carrying out the radiation
measurement activity, two materials or tools were used: radiation
meter and a measuring tape. The radiation meter shown in Figure 2
was used to determine the non-ionizing radiation density at the GSM
mast environment while the measuring tape was used to determine
the distance of radiation measurement from the GSM mast. Radiation
monitor (RADEX RD1706) was used in detecting and measuring the
levelofthenon-ionizingradiationalsoreferredtoasirradiation.
Figure 2: RADEX RD1706 Radiation Metre
Table 1: World-wide GSM Frequency Bands [Popoola et. al. (2009)]
Popoola et al. / FUTAJEET 9 (1) (2015) (35-41)
4. 38
The meter evaluates the radiation level by the magnitude of the
ambient equivalent of exposure rate of gamma radiation, also known as
dose rate, taking into account gamma radiation and the pollution of
objects by sources of beta particles. The measurements were taken at
ten different points, from 5 m to 50 m, from each mast as shown in
Figure 3 so as to determine the radiation generated variation with
distance. For each of the operators considered, measurements were
taking at five of their respective masts. Secondary data used were
gathered from the internet. The data obtained from the two sources
wereanalysedanddiscussed.
4. Results and Discussions
4.1 RadiationVariationwithDistance
The radiation pattern with distance obtained in the study for the
four GSM base stations: MTN, Etisalat,Airtel and Glo are presented in
Figure 4 (a) – (d) respectively. It is observed that the radiation patterns
are similar for all the BSs. However, there are variations in the radiation
levels at each distance as shown by the statistical analysis presented in
Table 2. Also, it was observed that the radiations at the same distance
but different BSs vary. For instance, MTN BS5 in Figure 4(a) seems to
have the highest level of radiation when compared to the rest of the
other MTN Bss. The same patterns are observed in Figures 4(b), 4(c)
and 4(d). Although the radiation obtained vary at random, careful
observation shows that it follows the inverse law of antenna radiated
power, which states that the radiated power from an antenna is
inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the antenna
(Kolawole, 2009). In other words, the radiated power from any given
antenna reduces as an observer moves farther away from the base
station.
In addition, the obtained results are in agreement with a report
presented in the Office of Utility Regulation (OUR) (OUR, 2005),
that there are numbers of factors that contribute to why different BSs
produce different radiation values. One of the reasons is as a result of
differences in their transmitter powers. Since different GSM
providers use different power levels based on the limitations
specified by their wireless telegraphy license, this account for usage
of different power from one BS to another depending on the
configuration of their network so as to optimize their quality of
service.
Another factor responsible for the variation in radiation
pattern obtained in this study may be as a result of differences in the
number of channels transmitting per time at a site. This is because in
the process of performing at maximum capacity, both radiation
power and radiation generated increased than under normal
operating condition when the traffic on the BS is minimal. In
addition, tilt and orientation of the antennas can have a significant
effectonthemeasuredfieldstrength.
Figure 4(a): Radiation variation with Distance for MTN Service
Provider
Figure 4(b): Radiation variation with Distance for Etisalat Service
Provider
Figure 4(c): Radiation variation with Distance for Airtel Service
Provider
Figure 4(d): Radiation variation with Distance for Glo Service
Provider
Popoola et al. / FUTAJEET 9 (1) (2015) (35-41)
5. 39
Table 3: Uplink and Downlink frequencies for GSM-900 and GSM-1800 in Nigeria [(NCC, 2016)]
Table 2: Measured Average Radiation Pattern Exposure
This is because antenna with high tilt will produce more power in the
vicinity of the site than those with low tilt. Hence, in built-up areas, high
antenna tilts are generally used by GSM operators to cover hot spots in
thecloseneighborhoodof thesite.
For better analysis, the comparative radiation pattern with
distance for the four GSM networks is presented pictorially in Figure 5.
This result shows that the radiation levels obtained for the four GSM
networks vary randomly. The overall comparative radiation pattern for
the four GSM operators was also evaluated in order to determine which
of the GSM operator radiates more NIR to the environment. The result,
as shown in Figure 6, shows the radiation pattern for both Airtel and
Etisalat are relatively higher while the radiation pattern for Glo is the
lowest and radiation pattern for MTN falls between Airtel and Etisalat
asasubsetandbetweenGloanothersubset.
Furthermore, Figure 6 shows variation in the radiation
generated by each of the GSM operator. Critical observation of the total
radiations obtained from the four GSM networks, when compare with
the frequency allocated to each of the GSM operator presented in Table
3, shows that there is no direct relationship between the overall
radiation generated by each GSM network and the operation frequency
operator by the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC). As
presented in Table 3, it is observed that the same bandwidths: 5 MHz
for GSM-900 and 15 MHz for GSM1800, were allocated to all the
four GSM operators in Nigeria but the frequency bands allocation
are quite different. For GSM-900 and GSM-1800, the overall result
of the radiation measurements conducted shows that the radiation
generated by each GSM network is not directed proportional to the
allocated frequency. This accounts for the result why Etisalet with
the low downlink or transmitter operating frequency band (935 – 940
MHz) in Table 3 generates the highest radiation when comparing
with Glo with the high downlink or transmitter operating frequency
band (945 – 950 MHz) for GSM-900 MHz. However, for GSM-
1800 in Table 2, the result shows that as the downlink or transmitter
operating frequency is increasing the radiation generates is also
increasing as shown in Figure 6. Thus, it can be inferred from the
result of this study that the radiation generated by GSM mast or BS is
not directly proportional to the operation frequency but varies with
the usage level of each network per time. This implies that the traffic
level on the GSM mast or BS determines the radiation level it will
generateandnottheoperationalallocatedfrequency.
Popoola et al. / FUTAJEET 9 (1) (2015) (35-41)
6. 40
4.2 RadiationEffectonHuman Health
The statistical analysis of the level of radiation exposure
obtained during measurement is presented in Table 2. The analysis
result shows that the obtained radiation exposures for the four GSM
operatorsarestatisticallycorrelated.Similarly,asimplifiedhourly
dosage radiation rate obtained from the internet is shown in Table 4.
Comparing the statisticalmeasure average radiation exposure shown
in Table 2 with the simplified hourly dosage radiation rate in Table 4,
it shows that despite the fact that some GSM masts are erected within
residentialcompoundsinthestudiedarea,, thelevelsof radiation
Table 4: Simplified Hourly Dosage Radiation Rates in Sv/h and mSv/h [(Shoebridge, 2012)]
Figure 5: Average Comparative Radiation with Distance for the Four GSM Operators
Figure 6: Comparative Radiation Pattern for the Four GSM Operators
Popoola et al. / FUTAJEET 9 (1) (2015) (35-41)
7. 41
from those BSs is still below the minimum recommended safety limit.
The comparative study shows that the average measured radiation
value is only 0.00165% of the standard value on a short-term scale.
Similarly, the comparative study shows that the average measured
radiation values are only 0.000825% and 0.00033% of the standard
values on a medium-term and long-term scales respectively. The result
therefore shows that even under long term or accumulated effects of the
radiation generated by GSM masts may not cause any adverse effect on
human health. Based on the measurement result, it is obvious that BSs
radiation from the four GSM operators in the studied area are well
below the international exposure limits and may have no adverse effect
on human health and environment. The result therefore shows that
there is no convincing scientific evidence that the RF radiation from
GSM networks cause adverse health effects.The result also buttress the
conclusion made in the study reported in Dasdag et al., (2014) that 900
MHz RF radiation did not have adverse effect on the enamel micro
hardnessof rats'teeth.
5. Conclusion
In this study, measurement of electromagnetic radiation from
four GSM Operators around the city ofAkure was carried out in twenty
different BSs sites located across the city. The data obtained were
analysed and compared to some international standard values. The
result obtained shows that the measured value is less than 0.002% of the
standard value on a short-term scale. Based on this finding, it is obvious
that there is no convincing scientific evidence that the RF radiation
from GSM networks may cause adverse effects on human health. Also
the result of the study shows that the RF radiation generated from the
GSM mast or BS has no direct relationship with the allocated
operationalfrequency.
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