Recent Trend in Electromagnetic Radiation and Compliance Assessments for 5G C...IJECEIAES
The deployment of the 5G networks will feature high proliferation of radio base station (RBS) in order to meet the increasing demand for bandwidth and also to provide wider coverage that will support more mobile users and the internet-of-things (IoT). The radio frequency (RF) waves from the large-scale deployment of the RBS and mobile devices will raise concerns on the level of electromagnetic (EM) radiation exposure to the public. Hence, in this paper, we provide an overview of the exposure limits, discuss some of the effects of the EM emission, reduction techniques and compliance assessment for the 5G communication systems. We discuss the open issues and give future directions.
Amplitude and phase modulation for ultrasonic wireless communicationijwmn
Short range wireless communications have been used more and more frequently in our life. But the
electromagnetic fields waves also have some disadvantages. One of these disadvantages is health problems.
Many studies shows the electromagnetic field waves using for communication may damage our health. And
in most hospitals, they also have bans on the use of mobile phones and wide area networks because of
Electromagnetic Interference. So this paper studied the use of ultrasound for wireless communication in
air, instead of using electromagnetic field wave. In order to find an advisable modulation method for
ultrasound wireless communication, Amplitude modulation method and Phased modulation method has
been test.
This aim of this paper is to investigate the specific absorption rate (SAR) distribution in a human head by
using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculations, due to exposure to EMF radiation from a
mobile phone at frequencies 900 MHz Mobile Phone model with a λ/2 monopole antenna and a hand head
phone model dimensions are 100 mm x 50 mm x 20 mm. The head model used is a sphere with a diameter
of 18 cm. The FDTD grid size used in the computation was 2.5 mm. The distance between the antenna and
head was 5 mm. To simplify the FDTD simulation, the SAR in the head was calculated without the effect of
the human body. It was found that the SAR induced in the head decreases with the distance from the
radiating source.
A Model for Monitoring GSM Base Station Radiation Safety in NigeriaIJERA Editor
A guideline for measuring the radio frequency (RF) emissions from the base transceiver stations deployed by Global System Mobile Communications operators in Nigeria is proposed. The guide includes the procedures for measuring the emitted RF power and for determining whether or not the emission exceeds the maximum permissible limits in Nigeria airspace.
Measurement of Electromagnetic Waves Radiated from Base Transceiver Stations...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Recent Trend in Electromagnetic Radiation and Compliance Assessments for 5G C...IJECEIAES
The deployment of the 5G networks will feature high proliferation of radio base station (RBS) in order to meet the increasing demand for bandwidth and also to provide wider coverage that will support more mobile users and the internet-of-things (IoT). The radio frequency (RF) waves from the large-scale deployment of the RBS and mobile devices will raise concerns on the level of electromagnetic (EM) radiation exposure to the public. Hence, in this paper, we provide an overview of the exposure limits, discuss some of the effects of the EM emission, reduction techniques and compliance assessment for the 5G communication systems. We discuss the open issues and give future directions.
Amplitude and phase modulation for ultrasonic wireless communicationijwmn
Short range wireless communications have been used more and more frequently in our life. But the
electromagnetic fields waves also have some disadvantages. One of these disadvantages is health problems.
Many studies shows the electromagnetic field waves using for communication may damage our health. And
in most hospitals, they also have bans on the use of mobile phones and wide area networks because of
Electromagnetic Interference. So this paper studied the use of ultrasound for wireless communication in
air, instead of using electromagnetic field wave. In order to find an advisable modulation method for
ultrasound wireless communication, Amplitude modulation method and Phased modulation method has
been test.
This aim of this paper is to investigate the specific absorption rate (SAR) distribution in a human head by
using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculations, due to exposure to EMF radiation from a
mobile phone at frequencies 900 MHz Mobile Phone model with a λ/2 monopole antenna and a hand head
phone model dimensions are 100 mm x 50 mm x 20 mm. The head model used is a sphere with a diameter
of 18 cm. The FDTD grid size used in the computation was 2.5 mm. The distance between the antenna and
head was 5 mm. To simplify the FDTD simulation, the SAR in the head was calculated without the effect of
the human body. It was found that the SAR induced in the head decreases with the distance from the
radiating source.
A Model for Monitoring GSM Base Station Radiation Safety in NigeriaIJERA Editor
A guideline for measuring the radio frequency (RF) emissions from the base transceiver stations deployed by Global System Mobile Communications operators in Nigeria is proposed. The guide includes the procedures for measuring the emitted RF power and for determining whether or not the emission exceeds the maximum permissible limits in Nigeria airspace.
Measurement of Electromagnetic Waves Radiated from Base Transceiver Stations...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
EWER: “ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE EXPOSURE REDUCTION” SERVICE FOR SENSITIVE USERS W...IJCNCJournal
Nowadays, with the rapid development of science and technology and the ever-increasing demand in every field, wireless sensor networks are emerging as a necessary scientific achievement to meet the demand of human in modern society. The wireless sensor network (WSN) is designed to help us not lose too much energy, workforce, avoid danger and they bring high efficiency to work. Various routing protocols are being used to increase the energy efficiency of the network, with two distinct types of protocols, homogenous and heterogeneous. In these two protocols, the SEP (Stable Election Protocol) is one of the most effective heterogeneous protocols which increase the stability of the network. In this paper, we propose an approaching the εFCM algorithm in clustering the SEP protocol which makes the WSN network more energy efficient. The simulation results showed that the SEP-εFCM proposed protocol performed better than the conventional SEP protocol
Specific Absorption Rate Assessment of Multiple Microstrip Patch Antenna ArrayTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Interaction between electromagnetic field (EMF) radiated from multiple antennas and human body
is crucial to be explored as multiple antennas are the essential implemented devices to achieve the
requirements of the future evolved fifth generation (5G) technology. Thus, this article presents a significant
study of the radiated EMF effect from a single, and multiple antennas towards human through the
assessment of specific absorption rate (SAR). The single antenna, 1 x 2, 1 x 3 and 1 x 4 arrays of
microstrip patch antennas are designed to cover mobile operating frequencies of 0.8, 0.85, 0.9, 1.8, 2.1
and 2.6 GHz. Two types of human head phantoms are implemented in this study, which are specific
anthropomorphic mannequin (SAM) and Voxel head model that placed close to single antenna or antenna
array to investigate the penetration of EMF towards the human tissue. The single antenna or antenna array
is placed with fixed distance of 10 mm from the phantom, which excited by maximum allowable power of
19 dBm in CST Microwave Studio 2016. The effect of the radiated EMF that quantified by SAR parameter,
which depicts satisfying results against the established standard limits at averaged 1g and 10g mass of
tissues for all designated frequencies that utilized for single and multiple antennas.
Assessment of electromagnetic radiations from communication transmission towe...eSAT Journals
Abstract The effects of exposure from electromagnetic radiations of wireless cellular transmission towers to human health have attracted the attention of many researchers. Different works have revealed the harmful of electromagnetic radiation exposure to human health based on distance from the source and period of exposure. As one stays closer and at a pro-longed period from the transmission sites, the possibility of being affected by the radiation source becomes higher. In this work, we review some of the works on assessment of electromagnetic radiation exposure and propose measures for determining safety zones based on the cases of cellular transmission towers in the Tanzania environment to avoid extended exposure to electromagnetic radiation. Key words- Cellular transmission towers; Electromagnetic radiations; Health effects; Exposure limits
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Cognitive Radio: An Emerging trend for better Spectrum UtilizationEditor IJCATR
Due to the rapid development of wireless communications in recent years, the demand on wireless spectrum has been growing dramatically, resulting in the spectrum scarcity problem. Works have shown that the fixed spectrum allocation policy commonly adopted today suffer from the low spectrum utilization problem. Both academic and regulatory bodies have focused on dynamic spectrum access to fully utilize the scarce spectrum resource. Cognitive radio, with the capability to flexibly adapt its parameters, has been proposed as the enabling technology for unlicensed secondary users to dynamically access the licensed spectrum owned by legacy primary users on a negotiated or an opportunistic basis. In this paper we present a volumetric survey on various methods used to adapt changes used in cognitive radio.
A compact dual-band semi-flexible antenna at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz for wearabl...journalBEEI
In this work, a compact dual-band semi-flexible antenna operating at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz for the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band is presented. The antenna is fabricated on a semi-flexible substrate material, Rogers Duroid RO3003™ with a low-profile feature with dimensions of 30×38 mm2 which makes it a good solution for wearable applications. Bending investigation is also performed over a vacuum cylinder and the diameters are varied at 50 mm, 80 mm and 100 mm, that represents the average human arm’s diameter. The bending investigation shows that reflection coefficients for all diameters are almost similar which imply that the antenna will operate at the dual-band resonant frequencies, even in bending condition. The simulated specific absorption rate (SAR) in CST MWS® software shows that the antenna obeys the FCC and ICNIRP guidelines for 1 mW of input power. The SAR limits at 2.45 GHz for 1 g of human tissue is simulated at 0.271 W/kg (FCC standard: 1.6 W/kg) while for 10 g is at 0.0551 W/kg (ICNIRP standard: 2 W/kg. On the other hand, the SAR limits at 5.8 GHz are computed at 0.202 W/kg for 1 g and 0.0532 W/kg for 10 g.
"Mobile phones are an important part of daily life; thus, the rate of usage of mobile phones is increasing on a daily basis. Because they work in connection with base stations, number of base stations has to be boosted as long as the trend in the use of them continues. Because each base station runs by radiating electromagnetic waves, this is consideration source of distribution for many people from a medical point of view.
In this work we explained the radiofrequency and microwave radiation out from some mobile telephones towers studies and Measurements were done in many countries in the world in Sudan capital Khartoum , Malaysia, Gaza and Turkish capital Ankara.
"
Multiband Microstrip Antenna for Wi-MAX Application-A studyIJERA Editor
The wireless revolution is transforming the existing global telecommunications networks into an integrated system providing a broad class of communication services to customers anywhere, anytime in motion or fixed. An antenna is an important device in wireless communication system as its performance will have direct effect on the total system. The continuous shrinking of size of the electronic systems demands small size of antenna elements which can cater the need of multiband operation in order to fit properly in wireless devices without compromising the radiation properties of the antenna. This paper presents a review of the research work done by various authors on the topic multiband microstrip antenna for Wi-MAX application in the recent past.
EWER: “ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE EXPOSURE REDUCTION” SERVICE FOR SENSITIVE USERS W...IJCNCJournal
Nowadays, with the rapid development of science and technology and the ever-increasing demand in every field, wireless sensor networks are emerging as a necessary scientific achievement to meet the demand of human in modern society. The wireless sensor network (WSN) is designed to help us not lose too much energy, workforce, avoid danger and they bring high efficiency to work. Various routing protocols are being used to increase the energy efficiency of the network, with two distinct types of protocols, homogenous and heterogeneous. In these two protocols, the SEP (Stable Election Protocol) is one of the most effective heterogeneous protocols which increase the stability of the network. In this paper, we propose an approaching the εFCM algorithm in clustering the SEP protocol which makes the WSN network more energy efficient. The simulation results showed that the SEP-εFCM proposed protocol performed better than the conventional SEP protocol
Specific Absorption Rate Assessment of Multiple Microstrip Patch Antenna ArrayTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Interaction between electromagnetic field (EMF) radiated from multiple antennas and human body
is crucial to be explored as multiple antennas are the essential implemented devices to achieve the
requirements of the future evolved fifth generation (5G) technology. Thus, this article presents a significant
study of the radiated EMF effect from a single, and multiple antennas towards human through the
assessment of specific absorption rate (SAR). The single antenna, 1 x 2, 1 x 3 and 1 x 4 arrays of
microstrip patch antennas are designed to cover mobile operating frequencies of 0.8, 0.85, 0.9, 1.8, 2.1
and 2.6 GHz. Two types of human head phantoms are implemented in this study, which are specific
anthropomorphic mannequin (SAM) and Voxel head model that placed close to single antenna or antenna
array to investigate the penetration of EMF towards the human tissue. The single antenna or antenna array
is placed with fixed distance of 10 mm from the phantom, which excited by maximum allowable power of
19 dBm in CST Microwave Studio 2016. The effect of the radiated EMF that quantified by SAR parameter,
which depicts satisfying results against the established standard limits at averaged 1g and 10g mass of
tissues for all designated frequencies that utilized for single and multiple antennas.
Assessment of electromagnetic radiations from communication transmission towe...eSAT Journals
Abstract The effects of exposure from electromagnetic radiations of wireless cellular transmission towers to human health have attracted the attention of many researchers. Different works have revealed the harmful of electromagnetic radiation exposure to human health based on distance from the source and period of exposure. As one stays closer and at a pro-longed period from the transmission sites, the possibility of being affected by the radiation source becomes higher. In this work, we review some of the works on assessment of electromagnetic radiation exposure and propose measures for determining safety zones based on the cases of cellular transmission towers in the Tanzania environment to avoid extended exposure to electromagnetic radiation. Key words- Cellular transmission towers; Electromagnetic radiations; Health effects; Exposure limits
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Cognitive Radio: An Emerging trend for better Spectrum UtilizationEditor IJCATR
Due to the rapid development of wireless communications in recent years, the demand on wireless spectrum has been growing dramatically, resulting in the spectrum scarcity problem. Works have shown that the fixed spectrum allocation policy commonly adopted today suffer from the low spectrum utilization problem. Both academic and regulatory bodies have focused on dynamic spectrum access to fully utilize the scarce spectrum resource. Cognitive radio, with the capability to flexibly adapt its parameters, has been proposed as the enabling technology for unlicensed secondary users to dynamically access the licensed spectrum owned by legacy primary users on a negotiated or an opportunistic basis. In this paper we present a volumetric survey on various methods used to adapt changes used in cognitive radio.
A compact dual-band semi-flexible antenna at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz for wearabl...journalBEEI
In this work, a compact dual-band semi-flexible antenna operating at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz for the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band is presented. The antenna is fabricated on a semi-flexible substrate material, Rogers Duroid RO3003™ with a low-profile feature with dimensions of 30×38 mm2 which makes it a good solution for wearable applications. Bending investigation is also performed over a vacuum cylinder and the diameters are varied at 50 mm, 80 mm and 100 mm, that represents the average human arm’s diameter. The bending investigation shows that reflection coefficients for all diameters are almost similar which imply that the antenna will operate at the dual-band resonant frequencies, even in bending condition. The simulated specific absorption rate (SAR) in CST MWS® software shows that the antenna obeys the FCC and ICNIRP guidelines for 1 mW of input power. The SAR limits at 2.45 GHz for 1 g of human tissue is simulated at 0.271 W/kg (FCC standard: 1.6 W/kg) while for 10 g is at 0.0551 W/kg (ICNIRP standard: 2 W/kg. On the other hand, the SAR limits at 5.8 GHz are computed at 0.202 W/kg for 1 g and 0.0532 W/kg for 10 g.
"Mobile phones are an important part of daily life; thus, the rate of usage of mobile phones is increasing on a daily basis. Because they work in connection with base stations, number of base stations has to be boosted as long as the trend in the use of them continues. Because each base station runs by radiating electromagnetic waves, this is consideration source of distribution for many people from a medical point of view.
In this work we explained the radiofrequency and microwave radiation out from some mobile telephones towers studies and Measurements were done in many countries in the world in Sudan capital Khartoum , Malaysia, Gaza and Turkish capital Ankara.
"
Multiband Microstrip Antenna for Wi-MAX Application-A studyIJERA Editor
The wireless revolution is transforming the existing global telecommunications networks into an integrated system providing a broad class of communication services to customers anywhere, anytime in motion or fixed. An antenna is an important device in wireless communication system as its performance will have direct effect on the total system. The continuous shrinking of size of the electronic systems demands small size of antenna elements which can cater the need of multiband operation in order to fit properly in wireless devices without compromising the radiation properties of the antenna. This paper presents a review of the research work done by various authors on the topic multiband microstrip antenna for Wi-MAX application in the recent past.
RF & BTS Parameter Collection
Deployment Plan
EMF calculation using formulae (software based)
EMF testing using specialized EMF testers
Identify RF restricted areas where over-exposure is a possibility
Documentation & Report generation
IEEE CS Keynote at 20th Annual Conference on Advanced Computing and Communications (ADCOM 2014), Bangaluru, India, September 19, 2014 by Prof. Raj Jain. The talk covers What are Things?, Internet of Things, Sample IoT Applications, What’s Smart?, 4 Levels of Smartness, Internet of Brains, Why IoT Now?, Funding, Google Trends, Research Funding for IoT, Business Opportunities, Venture Activities in IoT, Recent IoT Products, IoT Research Challenges, Internet of Harmful Things, Beacons, Power per MB, Datalink Issues, Ant-Sized IoT Passive Radios, Networking Issues, Last 100m Protocols, Recent Protocols for IoT, Legacy IoT Protocols, Standardization, Fog Computing, Micro-Clouds on Cell-Towers, The Problem Statement, Services in a Cloud of Clouds.
At the end of this presentation you will be able to:
Define evidence-based practice
Describe process & outline steps of EBP
Understand PICO elements & search strategy
Identify resources to support EBP
The focus of this presentation is nursing practice, although it is still of value to physicians and other health care professionals.
Yesterday Pierluigi Paganini, CISO Bit4Id and founder Security Affairs, presented at the ISACA Roma & OWASP Italy conference the state of the art for the Internet of Things paradigm. The presentation highlights the security and privacy issues for the Internet of Things, a technology that is changing user’s perception of the technology.
Discovering the spatial locations of the radio frequency radiations effects a...IJECEIAES
Nowadays, smart devices have become a major part of human life, and this need has led to an increase in the demand for these devices, prompting major telecommunications companies to compete with each other to acquire the bulk of this market. This competition led to a significant increase in the number of mobile towers, to expand the coverage area. Each communication tower has transmitters and receivers to connect subscribers within the mobile network and other networks. The receivers and transmitters of each mobile tower operate on radio frequency waves. These waves can cause harm to humans if the body tissues absorb the radiation resulting from these waves. Headache, discomfort, and some other diseases are among the effects resulting from the spatial proximity to the mobile towers. In this paper, a model based on geographic information systems (GIS) software is proposed for the purpose of discovering the area of exposure to radio frequency radiation. This model can assists mitigate the opportunities of exposure to these radiations, thus reducing its danger. Real data of the levels of electromagnetic pollution resulting from mobile towers were analyzed during this study and compared with international safety standards.
The seriousness of the health hazards due to radiation from the Cell towers has not been realized among the common man. Cell operators continue to claim that there are no health issues. Even organizations like WHO, ICNIRP, FCC, etc. have not recommended stricter safe radiation guidelines, whereas several countries have adopted radiation norms, which are 1/100th to 1/1000th of these values based on their studies. Cell phone industry is becoming another cigarette industry, which kept claiming that smoking is not harmful and now there are millions of people around the world who have suffered from smoking. In fact, cell phone/tower radiation is worse than smoking; as one cannot see it or smell it, and its effect on health is noted after a long period of exposure. Therefore, majority of people tend to have casualness towards personal protection. Unfortunately, ignorance and non-awareness adds to this misery and all of us are absorbing this slow poison unknowingly. Even if people are aware of the radiation hazard.
So this paper was concern with practical measurement of cell tower radiation and QoS along with realization of compliance distance for various antenna gain and bands. It was observed that operators were able to manage radiation level 1/100 to 1/1000 below the recommended value while maintaining QoS. So, so radiation norms can be further strengthened i.e. recommended power density at compliance distance may be f/20000 or less then it. It was observed that compliance distance for 6 carriers with 18dBi antenna gain and 43dBm EIRP was near about 12 meters from the tower and for 36 carriers this value reaches to 57.5 meter. It was also observed that compliance distance varies with antenna gain, transmitting power, frequency etc
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
Unconsidered but influencing interference in unmanned aerial vehicle cabling ...IJECEIAES
The increasing complexity of electrical and electronic systems in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has raised concerns regarding unwanted electromagnetic interference (EMI) due to limited compartment space. Recent studies have highlighted the UAV cabling as the primary pathway for interference. This paper presents a novel approach to investigating the effects of interference power, polarization angle, and distance from the interference source on EMI in UAV cable systems. Measurements and simulations were performed to analyze the influence of these factors on the radiation received by the cable. A linear dipole antenna, operating at a frequency of 905 MHz, served as the radiation source, while a single wire cable pair terminated with a 50-ohm resistor was employed as the victim. The findings reveal that the power transmitted by the source, the distance between the cable and the source, and the polarization angle have a significant impact on the electromagnetic interference received by the cable. Notably, a perpendicular orientation of the cable to the interference source (antenna) in the far-field yielded a reduction of up to 15 dBm in EMI. The results underscore the necessity for more sophisticated models and comprehensive measurements to fully comprehend the diverse factors affecting polarization losses in practical scenarios.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
ANALYTICAL STUDY FOR MEASURING THE ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF THE GSM SYSTE...IJCNCJournal
This paper discusses three subjects. In the first section Study And Evaluation Of Mobile Network While in
the second section, Radiated Power Density ability of cellular stations. In the third section compare the
results with the International Standards and safety limits recommended by the ICNIRP to ensure
compliance with the terms and the extent of their impact on human health, on the other hand, through the
results of theoretical analysis and benchmark Mathematical Analysis And Practical Measurement.
Nowadays, there has been an increase and dependent items that affect the quality of the signals
such as the properties of substances in the buildings, objects and humans’ movements, electronic equipment. In
this study, the effects of electromagnetic interference on the functional usage of mobile communications are
examined. The indoor and outdoor attenuation characteristics of 2G, 3G and 4G frequency bands are
investigated. Field strength measurements are conducted in university campusopenarea, along a corridorfield
in a fivestoreyuniversitybuilding, in different floors, and rooms, where normal incidence on plane boundary is of
main concern. This study investigates multilayer model for building structures. The evaluation of measured
values together with the simulated results is compared with literature outcomes. In addition, dependency with
the frequency, power of the waves and existence of trees on the transmission path are also discussed.
Propagation Path Loss Modeling and Outdoor Coverage Measurements Review in Mi...IJECEIAES
The global bandwidth inadequacy facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks, and mmWave band is one of the promising candidates due to wide spectrum. This paper presents propagation path loss and outdoor coverage and link budget measurements for frequencies above 6 GHz (mm-wave bands) using directional horn antennas at the transmitter and omnidirectional antennas at the receiver. This work presents measurements showing the propagation time delay spread and path loss as a function of separation distance for different frequencies and antenna pointing angles for many types of real-world environments. The data presented here show that at 28 GHz, 38 GHz and 60 GHz, unobstructed Line of Site (LOS) channels obey free space propagation path loss while non-LOS (NLOS) channels have large multipath delay spreads and can utilize many different pointing angles to provide propagation links. At 60 GHz, there is more path loss and smaller delay spreads. Power delay profiles PDPs were measured at every individual pointing angle for each TX and RX location, and integrating each of the PDPs to obtain received power as a function of pointing angle. The result shows that the mean RMS delay spread varies between 7.2 ns and 74.4 ns for 60 GHz and 28 GHz respectively in NLOS scenario.
Safety zone determination for wireless cellular tower a case study from tan...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Safety zone determination for wireless cellular towers has attracted attention from many researchers in the last decade. This is caused
by the rapid growth of the wireless cellular industry which has led to the installation of towers even in the residential areas. There are
many reports and ongoing researches regarding the biological and thermal effects of wireless cellular electromagnetic fields
exposures to people. Cancer, hyperthermia, neural and behaviour effects of people exposed to these electromagnetic fields have been
reported.
This motivates the research to determine safety zones from wireless cellular towers to assure safety to those living in the vicinity of
these towers. A model for safety zone determination is developed. The model takes the received power at the object, power transmitted
by the transmitter and gain of the transmitter as inputs to determine the safe distance from the radiation of a wireless cellular
transmitter. The power density received by the object and its geographical location from the radiation source are measured using the
selective radiation meter. Transmitted power and the gain of the transmitter together with the height of the tower were obtained from
the respective wireless cellular network operator. Based on the geographical location of the object, the distance from the radiation
source was calculated using the haversine formula. These inputs are then used to determine the safety zone based on the standards
and guidelines developed by WHO and ICNIRP.
Keywords - Safety zone; Power density; wireless cellular tower; Exposure limits.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Assessment of Spatial Exposure to RF Radiation due to GSM 900 and GSM1800 – A...IOSR Journals
An assessment of radiofrequency exposure due to GSM 900 and GSM 1800 was carried out at 30
strategic locations in the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan with a frequency selective spectrum
analyzer (SPECTRAN HF 60105). The Spectrum analyzer was coupled to a calibrated Omnidirectional antenna
to obtain a spatial power density for each location. The mean power densities of 38.37μW/m2and 8.68μW/m2
and maximum power densities of 212.40μW/m2and 67.40μW/m2 were obtained for GSM 900 and GSM 1800
respectively. The standard deviation of 51.3 μW/m2 and 14.90μW/m2 were also obtained for GSM 900 and GSM
1800 respectively. GSM 900 and GSM 1800 respectively show compliance level of 0.0047% and 0.00075% with
the ICNIRP reference level.
The wireless Power Transmission is a useful and proper technology is used in various fields like electronic devices, implantable medical devices, industry and other fields, and has become a research hotspot at home and abroad. Because it enables the transmission of electrical energy from a power source to an electrical load across an air gap without interconnecting wires. This paper reviews the methods used in the wireless power transmission system, recent technologies, future and its application, merits as well as demerits. Mrs. Yogita Shailesh Kadam "Wireless Power Transmission System- A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57380.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/57380/wireless-power-transmission-system-a-review/mrs-yogita-shailesh-kadam
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
Radiofrequency power density measurements of telecommunication masts around some selected areas in delta state
1. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.4, No.15, 2014
77
Radiofrequency Power Density Measurements of
Telecommunication Masts around Some Selected Areas in Delta
State
Akpolile Franklin Anita1*
, Akpolile Franklin Daniel2
, Osalor Ojevwe Joy1
1, Department of Physics, Delta State University, P.M.B 1, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
2, Radiology Department, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
*Email of corresponding author: anilove12@yahoo.com
Abstract
The health implication associated with exposure from telecommunication masts is demanding attention due to
the expansion of networks and base station installation. This study measures the power density from various
telecommunication masts of the different network providers using a radiofrequency meter, an Electrosmog from
LESSEMF, USA at a radial distance of 360m around some selected areas in Delta State. The readings obtained
ranges from 0.03 µW/m-2
to 5.66 µW/m-2
.Comparing the result with the recommended international maximum
permissible exposure limit of 107
µW/m2
reveals that the exposure levels in these areas are low and as such not
able to produce significant health risks among the people of these areas.
Keywords: Power density, Health risks, exposure
1. Introduction
Wireless telecommunication technologies have experienced a boost in its application over the past years with a
corresponding increase in the background radiation from its sources (Electromagnetic Radiation). This has
become a universal subject over time and has received much attention from the public with regards to its health
implications. The exposure from telecommunication masts can be classified as near field or far field depending
on its position to the antenna. Near field is the region in the field of the antenna that is located close to the
antenna and the electric and magnetic fields do not have a substantial plane wave character but varies from point
to point. On the other hand, the far field is that region of the antenna in which the angular field distribution does
not depend on the distance from the antenna (Dina, 2000) and this field is used for assessing public exposure
level and the radiation intensity reduces with distance thus obeying the inverse square law ( Bolaji and Idowu,
2012). Radiofrequency (RF) refers to all frequencies within the range 3 kHz to 300GHz carrying radio signals.
The transmission of these signals is rooted in Maxwell’s and Hertz work that was established in1873 at the
Maxwell’s equation for electromagnetic wave (EMW). The frequency from the antennas in the mast is related to
wavelength by the relation;
=
Where V = Speed of light through which the signals travel, f = frequency of antenna and λ= wavelength used in
considering antenna type. This equation shows the relationship between frequency and wavelength such that as
the frequency increases the wavelength reduces (Ushie et. al,). The amount of radiofrequency energy absorbed
by the body is measured using a dosimetric quantity called specific absorption rate (SAR) which is given as
= | |
Where S = Specific absorption rate in W/Kg, σ = Conductivity, ρ = Density and E = Electric field strength in
V/m. Several research work have been carried out regarding the assessment of radiofrequency power density of
telecommunication base stations in different cities and their findings are as follows; Jagbin and Dhamin (2012)
carried out an orientation studies of a cell phone mast to assess electromagnetic radiation exposure level and
came up with the findings that there are maximum and minimum exposure zones around a cell phone mast and
also described how power density changes with distance for different antennas with the peak power density
observed at a distance of 40m for most antenna orientations. Also, Ibitoye and Aweda (2011) conducted a
research on the assessment of radiofrequency power density distribution around GSM and broadcast antenna
mast in Lagos and observed that the power density varies between 0.219mW/m2
to 302.40 mW/m2
. Comparing
their result with international standard limits; it was noticed that their values were far below the limits.
Baltrenas and Buckus (2011) carried out a study on indoor measurement of the power density close to mobile
station antenna and observed that the values obtained were well below the maximum permissible exposure limits.
Bolaji and Idowu (2012) showed that low level exposure from mobile phone base stations are usually less than
most international guidelines and so should not be overlooked. Hence, despite the low exposures obtained from
the various studies carried out, the effect of radiation from telec1ommunication base stations and other
electromagnetic radiation sources should not be left unattended to. In 2013, Victor et.al carried out a research on
the assessment of radiofrequency radiation exposure levels from selected mobile base station in Lokoja and came
2. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.4, No.15, 2014
78
up with the findings that the RF exposure hazard index in the town of Lokoja was below the permitted RF
exposure limit to the general public recommended by ICRNIP. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to
measure and evaluate the radiofrequency power density distribution of some selected telecommunication masts
in Delta State.
2. Material and method
We used a random survey method to gather the data from the selected mast in each town. In this study, a
radiofrequency electrosmog from LESSEMF, USA with frequency ranging from 50 MHz – 3.5 GHz was used at
distances of 60m, 120m, 180m, 240m and 360m from the base of each mast to measure the power density
readings which was given in µW/m2
. Four towns and five network providers (MTN, GLO, AIRTEL, ETISALAT
and MULTILINKS) were considered for this study based on the proximity of residential buildings to the
telecommunication mast giving us a total of twenty-two base stations.
3. Result and discussion
The radiofrequency power density measured from different telecommunication masts are presented in tables
below;
Table 1: Measured power density in µW/m2
DIFFERENT
TELECOMMUNICATION
MAST
60.00m 120.00m 180.00m 240.00m 300.00m 360.00m
MAST1 (MTN) 3.52 4.27 4.16 2.64 1.49 1.01
MAST2 (GLO) 0.85 0.84 0.65 0.62 0.61 0.59
MAST3 (AIRTEL) 2.96 1.45 1.22 1.18 1.22 1.05
MAST4 (ETISALAT) 0.65 5.66 3.08 2.84 1.42 1.09
MAST5 (MULTILINKS) 0.14 0.05 0.06 0.44 0.25 0.27
MAST6 (MULTILINKS) 4.84 4.64 2.87 1.21 0.06 0.05
MAST7 (AIRTEL) 5.05 4.91 4.97 5.04 4.97 4.98
MAST8 ((ETISALAT) 0.14 0.25 0.14 0.10 0.11 0.09
MAST9 (GLO) 2.12 1.32 1.06 1.47 1.34 1.04
MAST10 (MTN) 4.11 1.78 1.97 2.72 2.17 3.62
MAST11 (ETISALAT) 4.85 3.36 0.58 0.38 0.44 0.57
MAST12 (AIRTEL) 1.36 2.95 2.77 2.26 1.50 1.39
MAST13 (GLO) 1.24 1.02 0.94 0.59 0.58 0.54
MAST14 (MTN) 2.98 3.08 2.20 1.92 1.72 1.47
MAST15 (MTN) 2.30 1.05 1.88 2.70 1.54 1.00
MAST16 (GLO) 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.04
MAST17 (AIRTEL) 0.50 0.54 0.46 0.30 0.28 0.18
MAST18 (ETISALAT) 0.32 0.46 0.57 1.63 1.50 1.26
MAST19 (MTN) 0.78 0.76 0.72 0.71 0.64 0.64
MAST20 (GLO) 1.51 4.70 1.69 2.27 1.07 1.00
MAST21 (ETISALAT) 0.35 0.38 0.48 0.85 0.84 0.53
MAST22 (MTN) 4.58 4.58 5.66 2.84 1.09 1.03
Table 2: Average power density of telecommunication masts classified based on the different network providers.
TELECOMMUNICATION
MAST BASED ON
NETWORK PROVIDERS
60m 120m 180m 240m 300m 360m
MTN 3.05 2.59 2.77 2.26 1.44 1.46
GLO 1.15 1.59 0.88 1.00 0.75 0.64
AIRTEL 2.47 2.46 2.36 2.20 1.99 1.98
ETISALAT 1.26 2.02 0.97 1.16 0.66 0.71
MULTILINKS 2.49 2.35 1.47 0.83 0.16 0.16
3. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.4, No.15, 2014
79
Fig. 1: A plot of average power density against distance.
From the figure above, Etisalat has the lowest power density at distances 300m and 360m while Mtn has the
highest value of power density at distances 60m and 180m respectively. It is also observed that the power density
decreases as the distance increases for all masts except for the following; Mtn at 180m,Glo and Multilink at
120m and 240m respectively. This variation is caused by influences from external radiation sources around. The
power density obtained in this study is found to be below the international commission for non ionizing radiation
protection (ICNIRP) which is given as 107
µ W/m-2
.
4. Conclusion
In this study, the measured power density is found to be below the set limit by ICNIRP and so no health
implication is feared but still caution has to be applied by those living close to telecommunication masts as
increasing the distance from the masts reduces radiation and also its threat to life when it falls accidentally as this
is becoming rampant nowadays.
References
Baltrenas Pranas and Buckus Raimandas (2011), “Indoor measurement of the power density close to mobile
station antenna”, The 8th
International Conference of Environmental Engineering, Vilnius, Lithuania.
Bolaji Ayinmode and Idowu Farai (2012), “Risks associated with low level radiofrequency exposure at close
proximities to mobile phone base stations”, Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 13, No. 2.
Dina Simunic (2000), “Measurement and exposure assessment for standard compliance”.
Ibitoye A.Z and Aweda A.M (2011), “Assessment of Radiofrequency power density distribution around GSM
and broadcast antenna masts in Lagos city, Nigeria”, Nigeria Quarterly Journal of Hospital Medicine, Vol. 21,
No. 1, Pp 35 – 40.
Jagbir Kaur and Dhami A.K (2012), “Orientation studies of a cell phone mast to assess electromagnetic radiation
exposure level”, International Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol.2, No 3.
Victor U. J. Nwankwo, Nnamdi N. Jibiri, Silas S. Dada, Abraham A. Onugba and Patrick Ushie(2013),
“Assessment of Radio-Frequency Radiation Exposure Levels from Selected Mobile Base Stations (MBS) in
Lokoja, Nigeria”, IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) Volume 3, Issue 2, Pp 48-55, e-ISSN: 2278-
4861.
Ushie, P. O,Victor U. J. Nwankwo, Ayinmode Bolaji and Osahun, O. D. (2013), “Measurement and Analysis of
Radiofrequency Radiation Exposure Level from Different Mobile Base Transceiver Stations in Ajaokuta and
Environs, Nigeria”, IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) Volume 3, Issue 6, Pp 17-21, e-ISSN: 2278-
4861.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
60m 120m 180m 240m 300m 360m
Average Power
density
(µW/m2)
Distances (m)
MTN
GLO
AIRTEL
MULTILINKS
ETISALAT
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