This document summarizes a study on the health effects of radiation from mobile phone towers on nearby inhabitants in Aizawl, Mizoram, India. Power density measurements found levels were higher near a mobile tower compared to an area without a tower. Questionnaires assessed 13 health symptoms in both areas, finding significantly more complaints of sleep disruption, headache, cramp and muscle pain near the tower. Women reported more headache and muscle pain than men near the tower. The study suggests inhabitants near mobile towers experience more health issues than those without nearby towers.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
Amplitude and phase modulation for ultrasonic wireless communicationijwmn
Short range wireless communications have been used more and more frequently in our life. But the
electromagnetic fields waves also have some disadvantages. One of these disadvantages is health problems.
Many studies shows the electromagnetic field waves using for communication may damage our health. And
in most hospitals, they also have bans on the use of mobile phones and wide area networks because of
Electromagnetic Interference. So this paper studied the use of ultrasound for wireless communication in
air, instead of using electromagnetic field wave. In order to find an advisable modulation method for
ultrasound wireless communication, Amplitude modulation method and Phased modulation method has
been test.
RESEARCH REVIEW FOR POSSIBLE RELATION BETWEEN MOBILE PHONE REDIATION AND BRAI...ijitcs
The aim of this paper is to introduce a research review for the effect of Mobile phone radiation on human
health and the possible relation between Mobile phone radiation and brain tumor. Mobile phones become
increasingly prevalent throughout our society. In the year 2016, it was estimated that there were 4 billion
cellular phone users worldwide; the number is growing by one million every month in the US. The goal of
this paper is to give a brief overview and also discuss the biological effects of the exposure to mobile
phones radiation. Many effects have been reported with the use of mobile phones on human organisms due
to the exposure to electromagnetic radiation. Concerns about the links between using the mobile phones
and biological effects, in particular, the brain tumors have been under research. As the other radio signals
transmition devices, cellular phone emits radiofrequency energy, which can heat the brain tissues and
cause damage to the brain cells. But even mobile phones operates at power level below the level at which
such heating effects occur, long term exposure to low level RF from mobile phones could cause other types
of health effects, such as brain cancer, due to energy absorption in the brain tissues. Some human
biological experiments, such as Aly et al. 2014, Aly, et al. 2008 indicates, the average time for the human
cells to respond to the effect of RF radiation was approximately 2.5 min, Hardell et al.2002, and Repacholi
et al.1997 indicated increased risk with exposure to mobile phones radiation. The British Association
festival of science was told recently that using a mobile telephone mor
Measurement of Electromagnetic Waves Radiated from Base Transceiver Stations...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
Amplitude and phase modulation for ultrasonic wireless communicationijwmn
Short range wireless communications have been used more and more frequently in our life. But the
electromagnetic fields waves also have some disadvantages. One of these disadvantages is health problems.
Many studies shows the electromagnetic field waves using for communication may damage our health. And
in most hospitals, they also have bans on the use of mobile phones and wide area networks because of
Electromagnetic Interference. So this paper studied the use of ultrasound for wireless communication in
air, instead of using electromagnetic field wave. In order to find an advisable modulation method for
ultrasound wireless communication, Amplitude modulation method and Phased modulation method has
been test.
RESEARCH REVIEW FOR POSSIBLE RELATION BETWEEN MOBILE PHONE REDIATION AND BRAI...ijitcs
The aim of this paper is to introduce a research review for the effect of Mobile phone radiation on human
health and the possible relation between Mobile phone radiation and brain tumor. Mobile phones become
increasingly prevalent throughout our society. In the year 2016, it was estimated that there were 4 billion
cellular phone users worldwide; the number is growing by one million every month in the US. The goal of
this paper is to give a brief overview and also discuss the biological effects of the exposure to mobile
phones radiation. Many effects have been reported with the use of mobile phones on human organisms due
to the exposure to electromagnetic radiation. Concerns about the links between using the mobile phones
and biological effects, in particular, the brain tumors have been under research. As the other radio signals
transmition devices, cellular phone emits radiofrequency energy, which can heat the brain tissues and
cause damage to the brain cells. But even mobile phones operates at power level below the level at which
such heating effects occur, long term exposure to low level RF from mobile phones could cause other types
of health effects, such as brain cancer, due to energy absorption in the brain tissues. Some human
biological experiments, such as Aly et al. 2014, Aly, et al. 2008 indicates, the average time for the human
cells to respond to the effect of RF radiation was approximately 2.5 min, Hardell et al.2002, and Repacholi
et al.1997 indicated increased risk with exposure to mobile phones radiation. The British Association
festival of science was told recently that using a mobile telephone mor
Measurement of Electromagnetic Waves Radiated from Base Transceiver Stations...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Assessment of electromagnetic radiations from communication transmission towe...eSAT Journals
Abstract The effects of exposure from electromagnetic radiations of wireless cellular transmission towers to human health have attracted the attention of many researchers. Different works have revealed the harmful of electromagnetic radiation exposure to human health based on distance from the source and period of exposure. As one stays closer and at a pro-longed period from the transmission sites, the possibility of being affected by the radiation source becomes higher. In this work, we review some of the works on assessment of electromagnetic radiation exposure and propose measures for determining safety zones based on the cases of cellular transmission towers in the Tanzania environment to avoid extended exposure to electromagnetic radiation. Key words- Cellular transmission towers; Electromagnetic radiations; Health effects; Exposure limits
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation with shorter wavelength. Microwaves travel in a straight line and are reflected by the conducting surfaces.
Voltage Transients and Health - Is There a Connection?Mikko Ahonen
Discussion about voltage transients and harmonic overwaves (aka "dirty electricity"). How 'smart grids" and "smart meters" could be made more healthier and sustainable. What 'Power Factor Correction' really means. Based on my research paper and presentation at The 4th International HYVITE Symposium on Wellbeing Technology, 9th June 2010 in Tampere, Finland.
ANALYTICAL STUDY FOR MEASURING THE ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF THE GSM SYSTE...IJCNCJournal
This paper discusses three subjects. In the first section Study And Evaluation Of Mobile Network While in
the second section, Radiated Power Density ability of cellular stations. In the third section compare the
results with the International Standards and safety limits recommended by the ICNIRP to ensure
compliance with the terms and the extent of their impact on human health, on the other hand, through the
results of theoretical analysis and benchmark Mathematical Analysis And Practical Measurement.
A Model for Monitoring GSM Base Station Radiation Safety in NigeriaIJERA Editor
A guideline for measuring the radio frequency (RF) emissions from the base transceiver stations deployed by Global System Mobile Communications operators in Nigeria is proposed. The guide includes the procedures for measuring the emitted RF power and for determining whether or not the emission exceeds the maximum permissible limits in Nigeria airspace.
EWER: “ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE EXPOSURE REDUCTION” SERVICE FOR SENSITIVE USERS W...IJCNCJournal
Nowadays, with the rapid development of science and technology and the ever-increasing demand in every field, wireless sensor networks are emerging as a necessary scientific achievement to meet the demand of human in modern society. The wireless sensor network (WSN) is designed to help us not lose too much energy, workforce, avoid danger and they bring high efficiency to work. Various routing protocols are being used to increase the energy efficiency of the network, with two distinct types of protocols, homogenous and heterogeneous. In these two protocols, the SEP (Stable Election Protocol) is one of the most effective heterogeneous protocols which increase the stability of the network. In this paper, we propose an approaching the εFCM algorithm in clustering the SEP protocol which makes the WSN network more energy efficient. The simulation results showed that the SEP-εFCM proposed protocol performed better than the conventional SEP protocol
'...the concerned authorities should...bring it to the notice of the people at large that there is no reason for them to fear [Wi-Fi mobile towers]...'
REVIEWS
Review: Weak radiofrequency radiation exposure from mobile phone radiation
on plants
Malka N. Halgamuge
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
ABSTRACT
Aim: The aim of this article was to explore the hypothesis that non-thermal, weak, radiofrequency
electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) have an effect on living plants. Subject and methods: In this study,
we performed an analysis of the data extracted from the 45 peer-reviewed scientific publications
(1996–2016) describing 169 experimental observations to detect the physiological and morpho-
logical changes in plants due to the non-thermal RF-EMF effects from mobile phone radiation.
Twenty-nine different species of plants were considered in this work. Results: Our analysis
demonstrates that the data from a substantial amount of the studies on RF-EMFs from mobile
phones show physiological and/or morphological effects (89.9%, p < 0.001). Additionally, our
analysis of the results from these reported studies demonstrates that the maize, roselle, pea,
fenugreek, duckweeds, tomato, onions and mungbean plants seem to be very sensitive to RF-
EMFs. Our findings also suggest that plants seem to be more responsive to certain frequencies,
especially the frequencies between (i) 800 and 1500 MHz (p < 0.0001), (ii) 1500 and 2400 MHz (p <
0.0001) and (iii) 3500 and 8000 MHz (p = 0.0161). Conclusion: The available literature on the effect
of RF-EMFs on plants to date observed the significant trend of radiofrequency radiation influence
on plants. Hence, this study provides new evidence supporting our hypothesis. Nonetheless, this
endorses the need for more experiments to observe the effects of RF-EMFs, especially for the
longer exposure durations, using the whole organisms. The above observation agrees with our
earlier study, in that it supported that it is not a well-grounded method to characterize biological
effects without considering the exposure duration. Nevertheless, none of these findings can be
directly associated with human; however, on the other hand, this cannot be excluded, as it can
impact the human welfare and health, either directly or indirectly, due to their complexity and
varied effects (calcium metabolism, stress proteins, etc.). This study should be useful as a reference
for researchers conducting epidemiological studies and the long-term experiments, using whole
organisms, to observe the effects of RF-EMFs.
ARTICLE HISTORY
Received 6 May 2016
Accepted 1 August 2016
KEYWORDS
Base station; mobile phones;
physiological and
morphological changes;
plant growth; plants;
radiofrequency
electromagnetic fields;
RF-EMF
Introduction
The number of mobile phones users was increased from
about 2.2 to 5.9 billion between 2005 and -2011 (Key global
telecom indicators, 2012). Approximately four mobile
phone service providers exist in a given geographical area
(Hyland, 2005). Consequently, the number of base stations
was al.
Assessment of electromagnetic radiations from communication transmission towe...eSAT Journals
Abstract The effects of exposure from electromagnetic radiations of wireless cellular transmission towers to human health have attracted the attention of many researchers. Different works have revealed the harmful of electromagnetic radiation exposure to human health based on distance from the source and period of exposure. As one stays closer and at a pro-longed period from the transmission sites, the possibility of being affected by the radiation source becomes higher. In this work, we review some of the works on assessment of electromagnetic radiation exposure and propose measures for determining safety zones based on the cases of cellular transmission towers in the Tanzania environment to avoid extended exposure to electromagnetic radiation. Key words- Cellular transmission towers; Electromagnetic radiations; Health effects; Exposure limits
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation with shorter wavelength. Microwaves travel in a straight line and are reflected by the conducting surfaces.
Voltage Transients and Health - Is There a Connection?Mikko Ahonen
Discussion about voltage transients and harmonic overwaves (aka "dirty electricity"). How 'smart grids" and "smart meters" could be made more healthier and sustainable. What 'Power Factor Correction' really means. Based on my research paper and presentation at The 4th International HYVITE Symposium on Wellbeing Technology, 9th June 2010 in Tampere, Finland.
ANALYTICAL STUDY FOR MEASURING THE ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF THE GSM SYSTE...IJCNCJournal
This paper discusses three subjects. In the first section Study And Evaluation Of Mobile Network While in
the second section, Radiated Power Density ability of cellular stations. In the third section compare the
results with the International Standards and safety limits recommended by the ICNIRP to ensure
compliance with the terms and the extent of their impact on human health, on the other hand, through the
results of theoretical analysis and benchmark Mathematical Analysis And Practical Measurement.
A Model for Monitoring GSM Base Station Radiation Safety in NigeriaIJERA Editor
A guideline for measuring the radio frequency (RF) emissions from the base transceiver stations deployed by Global System Mobile Communications operators in Nigeria is proposed. The guide includes the procedures for measuring the emitted RF power and for determining whether or not the emission exceeds the maximum permissible limits in Nigeria airspace.
EWER: “ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE EXPOSURE REDUCTION” SERVICE FOR SENSITIVE USERS W...IJCNCJournal
Nowadays, with the rapid development of science and technology and the ever-increasing demand in every field, wireless sensor networks are emerging as a necessary scientific achievement to meet the demand of human in modern society. The wireless sensor network (WSN) is designed to help us not lose too much energy, workforce, avoid danger and they bring high efficiency to work. Various routing protocols are being used to increase the energy efficiency of the network, with two distinct types of protocols, homogenous and heterogeneous. In these two protocols, the SEP (Stable Election Protocol) is one of the most effective heterogeneous protocols which increase the stability of the network. In this paper, we propose an approaching the εFCM algorithm in clustering the SEP protocol which makes the WSN network more energy efficient. The simulation results showed that the SEP-εFCM proposed protocol performed better than the conventional SEP protocol
'...the concerned authorities should...bring it to the notice of the people at large that there is no reason for them to fear [Wi-Fi mobile towers]...'
REVIEWS
Review: Weak radiofrequency radiation exposure from mobile phone radiation
on plants
Malka N. Halgamuge
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
ABSTRACT
Aim: The aim of this article was to explore the hypothesis that non-thermal, weak, radiofrequency
electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) have an effect on living plants. Subject and methods: In this study,
we performed an analysis of the data extracted from the 45 peer-reviewed scientific publications
(1996–2016) describing 169 experimental observations to detect the physiological and morpho-
logical changes in plants due to the non-thermal RF-EMF effects from mobile phone radiation.
Twenty-nine different species of plants were considered in this work. Results: Our analysis
demonstrates that the data from a substantial amount of the studies on RF-EMFs from mobile
phones show physiological and/or morphological effects (89.9%, p < 0.001). Additionally, our
analysis of the results from these reported studies demonstrates that the maize, roselle, pea,
fenugreek, duckweeds, tomato, onions and mungbean plants seem to be very sensitive to RF-
EMFs. Our findings also suggest that plants seem to be more responsive to certain frequencies,
especially the frequencies between (i) 800 and 1500 MHz (p < 0.0001), (ii) 1500 and 2400 MHz (p <
0.0001) and (iii) 3500 and 8000 MHz (p = 0.0161). Conclusion: The available literature on the effect
of RF-EMFs on plants to date observed the significant trend of radiofrequency radiation influence
on plants. Hence, this study provides new evidence supporting our hypothesis. Nonetheless, this
endorses the need for more experiments to observe the effects of RF-EMFs, especially for the
longer exposure durations, using the whole organisms. The above observation agrees with our
earlier study, in that it supported that it is not a well-grounded method to characterize biological
effects without considering the exposure duration. Nevertheless, none of these findings can be
directly associated with human; however, on the other hand, this cannot be excluded, as it can
impact the human welfare and health, either directly or indirectly, due to their complexity and
varied effects (calcium metabolism, stress proteins, etc.). This study should be useful as a reference
for researchers conducting epidemiological studies and the long-term experiments, using whole
organisms, to observe the effects of RF-EMFs.
ARTICLE HISTORY
Received 6 May 2016
Accepted 1 August 2016
KEYWORDS
Base station; mobile phones;
physiological and
morphological changes;
plant growth; plants;
radiofrequency
electromagnetic fields;
RF-EMF
Introduction
The number of mobile phones users was increased from
about 2.2 to 5.9 billion between 2005 and -2011 (Key global
telecom indicators, 2012). Approximately four mobile
phone service providers exist in a given geographical area
(Hyland, 2005). Consequently, the number of base stations
was al.
Survey of emf emitted by lab equipments in pharmacy labs of southeast univers...eSAT Journals
Abstract The aim of this survey is to investigate whether the Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) emitted by various lab equipments affects the students. There is a standard threshold value recommended by WHO for both electric and magnetic fields. Electro-Magnetic Fields commonly known as Non Ionizing Radiation is emitted from high power transmission lines, computer monitor/video display unit, radio waves of different frequencies (extremely low frequency to microwaves), telecommunication, satellite, radar etc. which causes health hazards to living system and environment. The WHO/ International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC) has classified radio frequency electromagnetic field as possibly carcinogenic to humans. There has been no such study performed in Bangladesh. The data were collected from various labs of department of pharmacy at Southeast University in Dhaka, Bangladesh. These labs are Pharmaceutical, Cosmetology and Biopharmaceutical Lab, Pharmacology Lab, Organic Pharmacy and Pharmacognosy Lab, Inorganic Pharmacy Lab and Microbiology Research Lab. Both threshold values of Electric and Magnetic fields were measured for various electronic equipments. Also the maximum value of the magnetic field results showed that in many cases the magnetic field radiated from the different sources are greater than the threshold limit which are the main point of our findings. As a result of the long time efforts of world scientist community WHO formed ICNIRP in 1969. Key Words: EMF, NIR, DNA, EMC, AML and ICNIRP
Discovering the spatial locations of the radio frequency radiations effects a...IJECEIAES
Nowadays, smart devices have become a major part of human life, and this need has led to an increase in the demand for these devices, prompting major telecommunications companies to compete with each other to acquire the bulk of this market. This competition led to a significant increase in the number of mobile towers, to expand the coverage area. Each communication tower has transmitters and receivers to connect subscribers within the mobile network and other networks. The receivers and transmitters of each mobile tower operate on radio frequency waves. These waves can cause harm to humans if the body tissues absorb the radiation resulting from these waves. Headache, discomfort, and some other diseases are among the effects resulting from the spatial proximity to the mobile towers. In this paper, a model based on geographic information systems (GIS) software is proposed for the purpose of discovering the area of exposure to radio frequency radiation. This model can assists mitigate the opportunities of exposure to these radiations, thus reducing its danger. Real data of the levels of electromagnetic pollution resulting from mobile towers were analyzed during this study and compared with international safety standards.
This aim of this paper is to investigate the specific absorption rate (SAR) distribution in a human head by
using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculations, due to exposure to EMF radiation from a
mobile phone at frequencies 900 MHz Mobile Phone model with a λ/2 monopole antenna and a hand head
phone model dimensions are 100 mm x 50 mm x 20 mm. The head model used is a sphere with a diameter
of 18 cm. The FDTD grid size used in the computation was 2.5 mm. The distance between the antenna and
head was 5 mm. To simplify the FDTD simulation, the SAR in the head was calculated without the effect of
the human body. It was found that the SAR induced in the head decreases with the distance from the
radiating source.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Recent Trend in Electromagnetic Radiation and Compliance Assessments for 5G C...IJECEIAES
The deployment of the 5G networks will feature high proliferation of radio base station (RBS) in order to meet the increasing demand for bandwidth and also to provide wider coverage that will support more mobile users and the internet-of-things (IoT). The radio frequency (RF) waves from the large-scale deployment of the RBS and mobile devices will raise concerns on the level of electromagnetic (EM) radiation exposure to the public. Hence, in this paper, we provide an overview of the exposure limits, discuss some of the effects of the EM emission, reduction techniques and compliance assessment for the 5G communication systems. We discuss the open issues and give future directions.
Explore the complexities of mobile tower radiation, from non-ionizing emissions to health debates, regulatory measures, and risk mitigation strategies.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a button
B05130914
1. IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) www.iosrjen.org
ISSN (e): 2250-3021, ISSN (p): 2278-8719
Vol. 05, Issue 01 (January. 2015), ||V3|| PP 09-14
International organization of Scientific Research 9 | P a g e
Health Effects of High And Low Power Densities of Mobile Phone
Tower Radiation On Nearby Inhabitants – Case Study
Lalrinthara Pachuau, Zaithanzauva Pachuau
Department of Physics,Pachhunga University College, Mizoram University.
Department of Physics, Mizoram University.
Abstract : - In the present paper, we presented the study of complaints on thirteen (13) different health
symptoms faced by inhabitants living near mobile tower – Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM
900) and those inhabitants living in the area where there is no mobile tower. The study was conducted in two
different localities in Aizawl city in the year 2014. For the study, questionnaires were conducted in both the
localities. Power densities were measured in different places in both the localities. Frequency spectrum was
taken in each locality. Health complaints between the two localities were compared. It was found that power
density is much higher in the area where there is mobile tower than the area where there is no mobile tower.
Inhabitants living near mobile tower are having more health complaints than those inhabitants living in the area
where there is no mobile tower. Responses from inhabitants who participated in the questionnaires from both the
localities were statistically analysed and compared by performing Kruskal Walli’s t-test. Out of the thirteen (13)
different symptoms studied it was found that the comparisons are statistically significant with p < 0.05 in four
(4) symptoms. Women were statistically more affected (p < 0.05) than male in headache and muscle pain.
Keywords: - frequency spectrum, mobile tower radiation, power density, RF radiation.
I. INTRODUCTION
Cellular wireless telephones have become ubiquitous. Wireless technology is based on extensive
networks of base stations that connect the users through Radio Frequency (RF) signals. Over the last decade,
there has been a great deal of concern about possible health consequences caused by human exposure to RF in
general and radiations from base stations in particular[1],[2],[3]
. It is believed that mobile phones produce RF
energy of non-ionizing radiation which is too low to heat the body’s tissues, and hence is unlikely to have the
same impact on human health as those produced by ionizing radiations such as X-rays[4]
. Nonetheless, there is
still a need to determine the level of health risks caused by RF radiations. Many studies address the impact of
mobile phone radiations on human body, only a few consider the effect of human exposure to base stations
although such an effect may be greater as more body parts can absorb RF energy2
.
With the significant increase in mobile phone usage, possible health risks related to RF exposure have become
the subject of considerable attention[3],[5]
. This includes effect from exposure to both cell phones and base
stations. Health concerns can be divided into two main categories : short term and long term effects. The short
term effect includes brain electrical activity, cognitive function, sleep, heart rate and blood pressure[6]
. However,
the long term effects includes tinnitus, headache, dizziness, fatigue, sensations of warmth, dysesthesia of the
scalp, visual symptoms, memory loss and sleep disturbance, muscle problem and epidemicological effects
including cancer and brain tumours[7],[8]
.
In May 2011, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified RF field as possibly
carcinogenic to human (group 2B) based on increased risk for glioma, a malignant type of brain cancer
associated with wireless phone use[9]
.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The mobile base station in Maubawk was erected in 2007 in Aizawl, Mizoram, India. The present study
was carried out in 2014, i.e. the inhabitants had been exposed to RF radiation for a period of seven (7) years.
Whereas in Lawipu, there is no mobile tower ever.
2.1 Questionnaire
To study the health hazards and problems faced by the inhabitants living close to the base station (all
living within 100m), questionnaire surveys were conducted on 13 different symptoms at two different localities
in Aizawl city. The questionnaire was similar to that developed for the study on mobile phone users by Santini
et al [10]
. The surveys were conducted in two different localities – Maubawk and Lawipu where the inhabitants
had been exposed and not exposed respectively. In Maubawk a tower is installed on a roof top in 2007, whereas
in Lawipu there is no mobile phone tower, the nearest tower is located in another locality called Maubawk
2. Health Effects of High And Low Power Densities of Mobile Phone Tower Radiation On Nearby
International organization of Scientific Research 10 | P a g e
which is about 1 km away. Questionnaires from those inhabitants living within 100m from the tower are
considered in Maubawk (as another tower comes within 100 m if we go farther). The health complaints of both
the localities are compared. The level of complaints for the studied symptoms was expressed by using a scale of
: 0 = never, 1 = sometimes, 2 = often, 3 = very often.
2.2 Power density measurement
The amount of energy passing through unit area per unit time is called Power density (Pd). If the
transmitter is isotropic, it radiates energy uniformly in all directions. The power of a transmitter that is radiated
from an isotropic antenna will have a uniform power density in all directions. The power density at any distance
(R) from an isotropic antenna is the transmitter power divided by the surface area of a sphere (4πR2
) at that
distance. The surface area increases by the square of the radius, therefore power density decreases by the square
of the radius.
Power density form an isotropic antenna is given by
2
4
t
d
P
P
R
---------------------------------------- (1)
Where Pt = Transmitter power (peak or average depending on how Pd is to be specified), R = radius of the
sphere.
If G be gain of the antenna which is the ratio of power radiated in the desired direction as compared to
the power radiated from the antenna, and let n be the number transmitter, we have[11]
2
4
t
d
nPG
P
R
----------------------------------------- (2)
If the antenna gain is given in dB rather than dimensionless number, it can be convert back to dimensionless
number by using the formula
10
[10]
x
G
------------------------------------------- (3)
Where x is the antenna gain given in dB, G is the antenna gain expressed in dimensionless number.
Power density measurement was carried out at different houses in both the localities. No mobile phone was
turned on in the vicinity while taking readings. Background radiation was measured to be -60 dBm in Maubawk,
- 78dBm in Lawipu. At the same time, absolute power (in dBm) was measured at each site. The main purpose of
the measurement is to ensure that RF field emission from each site does not exceed the safe public limits and to
find whether there is relation between the health complaints and the measured power densities.
Power density measurement was done with the instrument HF-60105V4, manufactured by Aaronia, Germany.
2.3 Frequency spectrum
Frequency spectrum of the RF radiation has been taken at both the localities. The frequency peak for
each measurement had been recorded. The same instrument HF-60105V4, manufactured by Aaronia, Germany
was used to analyse frequency spectrum. The instrument is capable of measuring non-ionizing radiation for
frequency in the range of 1 MHz - 9.4 GHz.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1 Analysis of questionnaire
Analysis of the questionnaire from all the participants is given in Table I. Scale numbers 2 and 3 are
given more considerations. From the table it has been observed that health complaints are very few in Lawipu in
comparison to that of Maubawk. It has been observed that those living within 100 m from the base station in
Maubawk are having more health complaints than those in Lawipu who are exposed to very weak RF Radiation.
In table II, comparisons of health complaints between male and female in Maubawk are given. In figs. 1 & 2
comparisons between health complaints of inhabitants of Lawipu and Maubawk are given (for all the males and
females participated in the questionnaire). From each locality fifty (50) individuals each were participated. In
Maubawk, 24 males and 26 females, and in Lawipu the same number 24 males and 26 females participated in
the questionnaire.
The detail analysis of comparison of questionnaires between Maubawk and Lawipu is given in table III.
For the analysis Kruskal-Walli’s t-test is used. It has been observed that the health complaints are significant (p
< 0.05, where p is significant level) in different four (4) health symptoms – Sleep disruption, Headache, Cramp
and Muscle pain out of the studied thirteen (13) symptoms. Out of the three (3) significant symptoms, two (2) of
them – Sleep disruption and cramp are significant (p < 0.05) only on scale 2 and 3 respectively. Headache and
Muscle pain each are significant on both scales 2 and 3. The significance shows that the inhabitants living in the
3. Health Effects of High And Low Power Densities of Mobile Phone Tower Radiation On Nearby
International organization of Scientific Research 11 | P a g e
area where mobile tower is located are having more chance of developing those health problems than the
inhabitants living in the area where there is no mobile tower.
In eight (8) different health symptoms – Fatigue, Nausea, Sleep disruption, feeling of discomfort,
memory loss, visual disruption, hearing problem and dizziness no comparison were done as the response was
zero (0) in scale 2 or 3 in Lawipu from each of these symptoms.
Due to high significant variations of health complaints in Maubawk comparison between health complaints of
male and female has been done (table II). Statistical analysis of the comparison is given in table IV. It has been
found that in Headache and Muscle pain the comparisons are significant on both scales 2 and 3. Females are
having more complaints than male. The same trend was also observed by R.Santini [10]
and Lalrinthara Pachuau
and Zaithanzauva Pachuau [15]
.
Table I . Comparison of health complaints (on scales 2 and 3) between inhabitants in Lawipu and
Maubawk for all those who participated in Questionnaire.
Reference : 0 = never, 1= sometimes, 2 = often, 3 = very often.
Table II. Comparison of health complaints (on scales 2 and 3) between Male (M) and Female (F) inhabitants in
Maubawk. Reference : 0 = never, 1= sometimes, 2 = often, 3 = very often
Fig. 1 : Comparison of complaints between Lawipu and Maubawk for the scale of 2 (all the figures are in
percentage).
Sl.
No.
Symptom 2 3
Lawipu Maubawk Lawipu Maubawk
1. Fatigue 1 5 0 4
2. Nausea 2 4 0 5
3. Sleep disruption 2 8 0 5
4. Feeling of
discomfort
0 5 0 4
5. Headache 3 8 1 7
6. Cramp 2 5 1 6
7. Difficulty in
concentration
1 4 1 2
8. Memory loss 2 4 0 3
9. Skin problem 2 4 1 3
10. Visual disruption 1 3 0 3
11. Hearing problem 3 5 0 2
12. Dizziness 1 5 0 4
13. Muscle pain 3 11 2 12
Sl.
No.
symptoms 2 3
M F M F
1. Fatigue 2 3 2 2
2. Nausea 2 2 2 3
3. Sleep disruption 3 5 2 3
4. Feeling of discomfort 2 3 2 2
5. Headache 1 7 1 6
6. Cramp 2 3 2 4
7. Difficulty in
concentration
2 2 1 1
8. Memory loss 2 2 3 0
9. Skin problem 2 2 1 2
10. Visual disruption 1 2 2 1
11. Hearing problem 3 2 1 1
12. Dizziness 2 3 1 3
13. Muscle pain 2 9 3 9
4. Health Effects of High And Low Power Densities of Mobile Phone Tower Radiation On Nearby
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Fig. 2 : Comparison of complaints between Lawipu and Maubawk for the scale of 3 (all the figures are in
percentage).
3.2. Power density measurement
Power density of the mobile phone tower radiation from the selected tower was measured at twelve
(12) different randomly selected sites in Maubawk (within 100 m from the tower). The lowest measured value
was 133µW/m2
, highest measured value was 133.60 mW/m2
. The average value of the measured power density
was 10.45 mW/m2
. Most of the measured values are higher than that of the safety limits recommended by
Bioinitive Report 2012 (0.5 mW/m2
) [12]
, Salzburg resolution 2000 (1 mW/m2
), EU (STOA) 2001 (0.1mW/m2
)
[13]
. However, all the measured values were well below the current ICNIRP safe level (4700 mW/m2
) [13]
and the
current Indian Standard (450 mW/m2
) [14]
. In Lawipu, where there was no mobile tower, power density was
measured in twelve (12) different places selected randomly. The lowest measured value was 0.711µW/m2
, the
highest measured value was 22µW/m2
(which is 6072 times lower than the corresponding value in Maubawk).
The average value of the measured power density was 11 µW/m2
(which is 950 times lower than the
corresponding value in Maubawk), which is well below Bioinitive Report 2012 (0.5mW/m2
), Salzburg
resolution 2000 (1mW/m2
), EU (STOA) 2001 (0.1mW/m2
), the current ICNIRP safe level (4700mW/m2
) and
the current Indian Standard (450mW/m2
).
5. Health Effects of High And Low Power Densities of Mobile Phone Tower Radiation On Nearby
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Table III. Determination of significance level of the comparisons between health complaints of inhabitants of
Lawipu and Maubawk on scales 2 and 3 using Kruskal-Walli’s t-test.
Ref : NS = Not Significant, NC = No comparison, S = Significant
Sl.
No.
Symptom Scale t value df p
value
Remark
1. Fatigue 2 -2.058 18 0.054 NS
3 NC
2. Nausea 2 -0.949 18 0.355 NS
3 NC
3. Sleep disruption* 2 -3.182 18 0.005 S
3 NC
4. Discomfort 2 NC
3 NC
5. Headache* 2 -2.466 18 0.024 S
3 -3.286 18 0.004 S
6. Cramp* 2 -1.406 18 0.177 NS
3 -2.611 18 0.018 S
7. Difficulty in
concentration
2 -1.567 18 0.135 NS
3 -0.600 18 0.556 NS
8. Memory loss 2 -0.949 18 0.355 NS
3 NC
9. Skin problem 2 -0.949 18 0.355 NS
3 -1.095 18 0.288 NS
10. Visual disruption 2 -1.095 18 0.288 NS
3 NC
11. Hearing problem 2 -0.885 18 0.388 NS
3 NC
12. Dizziness 2 -2.058 18 0.054 NS
3 NC
13. Muscle pain* 2 -2.869 18 0.010 S
3 -3.536 18 0.002 S
Table IV. Determination of significance level of the comparisons between health complaints of Male and
Female inhabitants in Maubawk on scales 2 and 3 using Kruskal-Walli’s t-test.
Ref : NS = Not Significant, NC = No comparison, S = Significant
Sl.
No.
Symptom Scale t value df p
value
Remark
1. Fatigue 2 -0.493 18 0.628 NS
3 NC
2. Nausea 2
3 -0.493 18 0.628 NS
3. Sleep disruption 2 -0.885 18 0.388 NS
3 -0.493 18 0.628 NS
4. Discomfort 2 -0.493 18 0.628 NS
3
5. Headache* 2 -3.286 18 0.004 S
3 -2.611 18 0.018 S
6. Cramp 2 -0.493 18 0.628 NS
3 -0.949 18 0.355 NS
7. Difficulty in
concentration
2 NC
3 NC
8. Memory loss 2 NC
3 NC
9. Skin problem 2 NC
3 -0.600 18 0.556 NS
10. Visual disruption 2 -0.600 18 0.556 NS
3 0.600 18 0.556 NS
11. Hearing problem 2 0.493 18 0.628 NS
3 NC
12. Dizziness 2 -0.493 18 0.628 NS
3 -1.095 18 0.288 NS
13. Muscle pain* 2 -2.605 18 0.018 S
3 -2.151 18 0.045 S
3.3 Frequency spectrum
Frequency spectrum of the mobile tower was taken at both the localities and shown in figs. 3 and 4.
Many frequency peaks are observed at each site with peak frequencies at around 945MHz and 950MHz. In the
selected sites, other than RF radiation, the other electromagnetic signals present were of TV and radio, which lie
outside the GSM 900 frequency range. Hence, it has been assumed that the peaks observed were of RF radiation
only.
6. Health Effects of High And Low Power Densities of Mobile Phone Tower Radiation On Nearby
International organization of Scientific Research 14 | P a g e
Fig. 3 : Frequency spectrum taken in Lawipu
IV. CONCLUSION
It has been observed that in Maubawk the measured average value of power density is higher than that
of the safety limit recommendations of Bioinitiative 2012, Salzburg resolution 2000, EU (STOA) 2001; but well
below the safety limit recommendations of ICNIRP and the Department of Telecommunications, Govt. of India.
However it has been found that many inhabitants are still having health complaints on different symptoms after
the tower had been erected in 2007. The most common health complaint is muscle pain. The same trend was
also observed by R.Santini[10], Lalrinthara Pachuau & Zaithanzauva Pachuau[15]. In Lawipu, power density is
very low, the inhabitants are having very few health complaints. Whereas in Maubawk, power density is much
higher, health complaints are much more compared to those of Lawipu. As it is observed, muscle pain is
significant both in scales 2 and 3, the authors suggested that the effect of RF radiation on muscle be more
studied. We conclude that inhabitants exposed to high power densities are having more chance of developing the
studied health symptoms; hence mobile tower should not be located in populated area.
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Fig. 4 : Frequency spectrum taken in Maubawk