Superoxide dismutase
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Superoxide dismutase is an enzyme that helps break down potentially harmful oxygen molecules in cells. This might prevent damage to tissues. It is being researched to see if it can help conditions where harmful oxygen molecules are believed to play a role in disease.
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superoxide dissmutase
1. The document discusses superoxide dismutase (SOD), an antioxidant enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of superoxide radicals. It describes the three main types of SOD found in humans, plants, and fungi based on their metal cofactors, as well as their cellular locations and structures.
2. SOD plays important roles in reducing oxidative stress and regulating signaling pathways involved in processes like apoptosis, aging, and disease. The expression and functions of SODs have been studied in plants for improving stress tolerance and crop yields.
3. The document outlines methods for extracting and analyzing SOD from the plant Arabidopsis and the fungus Chaetomium thermophilum using gel electrophoresis and activity staining to
superoxide dismutase (sod)
superoxide dismutase is a metal containing antioxidant enzyme that reduce harmful free radicals of oxygen formed during normal metabolic cell processes to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide.
Superoxide Dismutase (Group 13)
1. Superoxide dismutase is an enzyme that catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. There are four main types of SOD enzymes, including copper/zinc SOD, manganese SOD, iron SOD, and nickel SOD.
2. Iron SOD is found in prokaryotes like bacteria and chloroplasts. It is thought to be the most primitive form due to its presence in anaerobic bacteria. Thermophilic, mesophilic, and psychrophilic forms of iron SOD show adaptations in structure to thrive at different temperatures.
3. Multiple sequence alignment of iron SOD from different organisms shows conserved residues and regions
Metal ion in medicine
Metal ions are used in medicine for both diagnostic and treatment purposes. Some metals like technetium, gadolinium, and iron are used in medical imaging techniques like MRI. Platinum compounds like cisplatin are commonly used to treat cancers by binding to DNA and interfering with cell division. While effective, metals can cause side effects if levels become unbalanced or toxicity occurs from treatment. Precise application of metal ions exploits their properties for medical benefit.
Role of metal ions
Metal ions play important roles in male reproduction. Certain metal ions like calcium, zinc, and chromium are essential for processes like sperm formation and hormone metabolism. However, toxic metals like lead, cadmium, and mercury can accumulate in male reproductive organs and cause oxidative damage, reducing sperm quality. The effects of both essential and toxic metals are influenced by their bioavailability and interactions with other nutrients in the body.
Free radicals
Free radicals are atoms, molecules, or ions with unpaired electrons that make them highly reactive. They are formed through processes like homolysis and oxidation-reduction reactions. Free radical stability is determined by factors like conjugation, hybridization, and hyperconjugation which disperse and stabilize the unpaired electron. Common examples of stable radicals include molecular oxygen and organic radicals within conjugated systems.
ROS and redox regulation
The document discusses oxidative stress and redox regulation. It defines oxidative stress as an imbalance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in cells. Reactive oxygen species are formed through normal metabolism but also during environmental stress. They can damage biomolecules and lead to diseases. Antioxidants help neutralize reactive oxygen species and may help prevent certain diseases. Redox regulation involves electron transfer processes like oxidation, which is the loss of electrons, and reduction, which is the gain of electrons. An example of redox regulation is the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, which is involved in cell survival signaling and can be activated under oxidative stress conditions through redox modification.
Ionophores
Ionophores are molecules that transport ions across biological membranes. They contain both hydrophilic regions that bind ions and hydrophobic regions that interact with membrane lipids. Ionophores are classified based on their mechanism of action as either mobile carrier ionophores which transport ion complexes, or channel-forming ionophores which introduce pores for ion passage. Examples include valinomycin which transports potassium ions, gramicidin A which forms channels for cation transport, and ionomycin which carries calcium ions into cells. Ionophores have important applications as antibiotics, in research to manipulate cellular physiology, and as feed additives to improve livestock growth and productivity.
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superoxide dissmutase
1. The document discusses superoxide dismutase (SOD), an antioxidant enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of superoxide radicals. It describes the three main types of SOD found in humans, plants, and fungi based on their metal cofactors, as well as their cellular locations and structures.
2. SOD plays important roles in reducing oxidative stress and regulating signaling pathways involved in processes like apoptosis, aging, and disease. The expression and functions of SODs have been studied in plants for improving stress tolerance and crop yields.
3. The document outlines methods for extracting and analyzing SOD from the plant Arabidopsis and the fungus Chaetomium thermophilum using gel electrophoresis and activity staining to
superoxide dismutase (sod)
superoxide dismutase is a metal containing antioxidant enzyme that reduce harmful free radicals of oxygen formed during normal metabolic cell processes to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide.
Superoxide Dismutase (Group 13)
1. Superoxide dismutase is an enzyme that catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. There are four main types of SOD enzymes, including copper/zinc SOD, manganese SOD, iron SOD, and nickel SOD.
2. Iron SOD is found in prokaryotes like bacteria and chloroplasts. It is thought to be the most primitive form due to its presence in anaerobic bacteria. Thermophilic, mesophilic, and psychrophilic forms of iron SOD show adaptations in structure to thrive at different temperatures.
3. Multiple sequence alignment of iron SOD from different organisms shows conserved residues and regions
Metal ion in medicine
Metal ions are used in medicine for both diagnostic and treatment purposes. Some metals like technetium, gadolinium, and iron are used in medical imaging techniques like MRI. Platinum compounds like cisplatin are commonly used to treat cancers by binding to DNA and interfering with cell division. While effective, metals can cause side effects if levels become unbalanced or toxicity occurs from treatment. Precise application of metal ions exploits their properties for medical benefit.
Role of metal ions
Metal ions play important roles in male reproduction. Certain metal ions like calcium, zinc, and chromium are essential for processes like sperm formation and hormone metabolism. However, toxic metals like lead, cadmium, and mercury can accumulate in male reproductive organs and cause oxidative damage, reducing sperm quality. The effects of both essential and toxic metals are influenced by their bioavailability and interactions with other nutrients in the body.
Free radicals
Free radicals are atoms, molecules, or ions with unpaired electrons that make them highly reactive. They are formed through processes like homolysis and oxidation-reduction reactions. Free radical stability is determined by factors like conjugation, hybridization, and hyperconjugation which disperse and stabilize the unpaired electron. Common examples of stable radicals include molecular oxygen and organic radicals within conjugated systems.
ROS and redox regulation
The document discusses oxidative stress and redox regulation. It defines oxidative stress as an imbalance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in cells. Reactive oxygen species are formed through normal metabolism but also during environmental stress. They can damage biomolecules and lead to diseases. Antioxidants help neutralize reactive oxygen species and may help prevent certain diseases. Redox regulation involves electron transfer processes like oxidation, which is the loss of electrons, and reduction, which is the gain of electrons. An example of redox regulation is the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, which is involved in cell survival signaling and can be activated under oxidative stress conditions through redox modification.
Ionophores
Ionophores are molecules that transport ions across biological membranes. They contain both hydrophilic regions that bind ions and hydrophobic regions that interact with membrane lipids. Ionophores are classified based on their mechanism of action as either mobile carrier ionophores which transport ion complexes, or channel-forming ionophores which introduce pores for ion passage. Examples include valinomycin which transports potassium ions, gramicidin A which forms channels for cation transport, and ionomycin which carries calcium ions into cells. Ionophores have important applications as antibiotics, in research to manipulate cellular physiology, and as feed additives to improve livestock growth and productivity.
Metalloproteins .pptx
This document discusses several types of metalloproteins and their functions. It begins by defining metalloproteins as proteins bound by at least one metal ion, with the metal ions usually coordinated by nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen atoms in the protein. Several examples of metalloproteins are provided, including their metal components and functions. For example, ferritin stores iron, carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the interconversion of carbon dioxide and water, and hemocyanin and hemerythrin are dioxygen carriers in mollusks/arthropods and marine invertebrates respectively. The roles of metalloproteins in processes like the electron transport chain and nitrogen fixation in plants are also summarized.
Lipid peroxidation
Oxygen is vital for life but can also produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) like superoxide radicals. There are multiple sources of ROS in the body, including lipid peroxidation of fatty acids and reactions with transition metals. ROS cause damage through reaction chains, but the body has antioxidant defenses like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase that neutralize ROS and prevent oxidative damage to biomolecules and tissues. ROS imbalances are implicated in diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis, and aging.
Structure and Catalytic Function of Superoxide Dismutase.pptx
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a metalloenzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of the toxic superoxide radical into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. There are three major types of SOD depending on the metal cofactor: copper-zinc SOD found in eukaryotes including humans, iron SOD found in prokaryotes and mitochondria, and manganese SOD also found in mitochondria. A fourth type uses nickel as its cofactor and is found in some prokaryotes. All SODs use similar catalytic mechanisms involving the oxidation and reduction of the metal cofactor to neutralize superoxide radicals via dismutation reactions.
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Anticancer Activity of Metal Complexes.pptx
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This document discusses the use of metal complexes as anticancer agents. It begins by introducing medicinal inorganic chemistry and its focus on using metal complexes for therapy. It then discusses cancer and how cisplatin was the first metal complex approved as an anticancer drug in 1978. Cisplatin works by binding to DNA, but it lacks selectivity and causes side effects. Researchers are studying other metal complexes like ruthenium and rhenium complexes that may be more selective in targeting cancer cells through reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial effects. Imaging techniques are being used to study the localization and effects of these metal complexes in cells.Metal complexes in therapeutic use of non chelated compounds
1. The document discusses various metal complexes that are used as therapeutic agents, including cisplatin, ruthenium complexes, and gold complexes which are used as anticancer agents.
2. Bismuth complexes are mentioned as being used as antimicrobial agents to treat conditions caused by H. pylori bacteria.
3. Early metal complexes mentioned include salvarsan, an arsenic-containing drug used to treat syphilis, and osmium tetraoxide which was used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
Metallo enzymes- B.Sc semester-6
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Oxidative stress occurs when there is an excessive level of reactive oxygen species that overwhelm the body's antioxidant defenses. This can damage lipids, proteins, DNA and lead to diseases like atherosclerosis, heart disease, arthritis, obesity, and cancer. The body has antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase, as well as antioxidant vitamins and minerals that help counteract oxidative stress. However, when oxidative stress is prolonged or severe, it can contribute to disease development and progression.
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plastocyanin
Plastocyanin is a copper-containing protein involved in electron transfer during photosynthesis. It carries electrons from cytochrome f to photosystem I. The structure of plastocyanin has been characterized through X-ray crystallography, revealing a beta-barrel structure and trigonal copper binding site. Plastocyanin cycles between its reduced and oxidized states as it transfers electrons between cytochrome f and photosystem I via specific reaction pathways. As an essential component of photosynthesis, plastocyanin plays an important role in environmental processes.
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Oxidative stress and disease
Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in the body, leading to oxidative damage of DNA, proteins, and lipids. It has been implicated in aging and many diseases such as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancers. Antioxidants like vitamins A, C, E, and enzymes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and the glutathione system help combat oxidative stress. The glutathione system consists of glutathione, NADPH, and related enzymes that are essential for its proper function. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency can impair the glutathione system.
Oxidative stress and antioxidants
Oxidative stress occurs due to an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body. Free radicals like reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) can be generated endogenously through normal metabolism or exogenously through environmental exposures. They damage cells and tissues through lipid peroxidation and reactions with DNA, proteins, and other molecules. Antioxidants help reduce oxidative stress by scavenging or preventing the formation of free radicals. Common antioxidants include enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase as well as vitamins C and E. However, antioxidants can also act as pro-oxidants in high amounts or conditions of high oxygen pressure.
Reactive oxygen species
This document discusses reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their role in periodontal tissue damage. It begins with an introduction to periodontal diseases and defines ROS and free radicals. It describes the various ROS like superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and lists sources of free radicals. Oxidative stress is defined. Mechanisms of tissue injury caused by ROS affecting proteins, lipids, DNA are outlined. Methods to measure ROS and oxidative damage in biological samples are presented. The role of ROS in periodontal tissue damage is discussed based on Halliwell's postulates. Several studies measuring local ROS in periodontitis are summarized. The antioxidant defense system and various antioxidants like vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids,
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This document discusses several types of metalloproteins and their functions. It begins by defining metalloproteins as proteins bound by at least one metal ion, with the metal ions usually coordinated by nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen atoms in the protein. Several examples of metalloproteins are provided, including their metal components and functions. For example, ferritin stores iron, carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the interconversion of carbon dioxide and water, and hemocyanin and hemerythrin are dioxygen carriers in mollusks/arthropods and marine invertebrates respectively. The roles of metalloproteins in processes like the electron transport chain and nitrogen fixation in plants are also summarized.
Lipid peroxidation
Oxygen is vital for life but can also produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) like superoxide radicals. There are multiple sources of ROS in the body, including lipid peroxidation of fatty acids and reactions with transition metals. ROS cause damage through reaction chains, but the body has antioxidant defenses like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase that neutralize ROS and prevent oxidative damage to biomolecules and tissues. ROS imbalances are implicated in diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis, and aging.
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This seminar discusses oxygen free radicals and their scavengers. It defines free radicals as atoms or groups of atoms with unpaired electrons that are highly reactive. The body produces free radicals during normal processes like energy production, but they can also be generated by external factors like pollution and smoking. Free radicals can damage cells by stealing electrons from nearby molecules and initiating chain reactions. The body has antioxidant defenses against free radicals like superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and catalase that neutralize them. However, excessive free radical production or insufficient antioxidants can lead to oxidative stress and cell/tissue damage implicated in diseases.
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The document discusses proteins that require metals to function, including enzymes, transport proteins, storage proteins, and signal transduction proteins. It describes how metals are used as cofactors in metalloenzymes, helping with electron transfer and substrate binding. Specific metalloenzymes discussed include carbonic anhydrase, pyruvate kinase, alpha-amylases, nitric oxide reductase, and zinc-containing enzymes. The roles of metals like calcium, magnesium, zinc, molybdenum, and iron in these enzyme active sites and their coordination geometries are summarized.
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This document provides an overview of metal complexes and organometallics. It discusses the structure, bonding, and applications of inorganic complexes and coordination compounds. Key topics covered include ligands, isomerism, crystal field theory, and the spectrochemical series. Organometallics such as metal carbonyls, ferrocene, and Grignard reagents are also introduced. Important applications of coordination compounds are highlighted in areas like extraction of metals, analytical chemistry, biology, medicine, and industry.
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This document provides an overview of copper complexes used as potential anti-cancer agents. It discusses the role of metal ions in biological systems and copper chemistry. It then describes various analytical techniques used to characterize copper complexes and ligands. Several types of copper complexes are mentioned, including copper(II) complexes of semicarbazones, macrocyclic ligands, and biomolecules. Issues related to toxicity in using metal complexes as drugs are also covered. The conclusion discusses the potential of copper complexes as anticancer drugs due to copper's role in cancer processes and its generally lower toxicity compared to non-essential metals.
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2. Bismuth complexes are mentioned as being used as antimicrobial agents to treat conditions caused by H. pylori bacteria.
3. Early metal complexes mentioned include salvarsan, an arsenic-containing drug used to treat syphilis, and osmium tetraoxide which was used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
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Many modern diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, liver disease, arthritis and neurodegenerative disease are related to aging, and aging is closely linked to oxidative stress. Intensive research is being conducted to understand the antioxidant defense mechanism, the mechanisms of aging itself, as well as their roles in human diseases. This slidedeck provides an update on how oxidative stress is linked to aging and how inflammation leads to aging through DNA damage, telomere dysfunction, cellular senescence and oxidative stress. Recent progress on the health benefits of antioxidants and examination of their potential mechanisms in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases are also covered. Various assay technologies to tackle the complex signaling pathways in this process will be introduced. Learn how you can apply these advanced tools to your research!
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Oxidative stress and disease
Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in the body, leading to oxidative damage of DNA, proteins, and lipids. It has been implicated in aging and many diseases such as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancers. Antioxidants like vitamins A, C, E, and enzymes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and the glutathione system help combat oxidative stress. The glutathione system consists of glutathione, NADPH, and related enzymes that are essential for its proper function. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency can impair the glutathione system.
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Free radicals are unstable chemical species that can damage cells. They are normally produced during cellular metabolism but can increase during oxidative stress, leading to cell injury. Free radicals react with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids, causing damage through lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and DNA lesions. Cells have antioxidant defenses and scavenging systems like catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase to remove free radicals, but excessive free radicals overwhelm these systems and cause pathological effects that contribute to conditions like cancer, aging and neurodegenerative diseases.
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free radicals and antioxidants.pptx
(1) Free radicals are highly reactive molecules with unpaired electrons that can cause oxidative damage. They are produced through normal metabolic processes and from environmental sources. (2) Antioxidants protect against free radical damage by neutralizing free radicals through enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. Key antioxidant enzymes include superoxide dismutase and catalase. Vitamins C and E are important non-enzymatic antioxidants. (3) Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in favor of free radicals, potentially leading to cell and tissue damage associated with various diseases if left unchecked.
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Superoxide dismutase
- 2. • Superoxide anion hydrogen peroxide + Dioxygen • O2 - radicals are produced by respiration or photosynthesis H2O and 2H+ OXIDATIVE STRESS Diabetes Mellitus Hypertension Ischemic Disease Cancer Neurodegenerative disease
- 3. Types of Superoxide Dismutase Name of the enzyme type Action and presence Co-factor present • Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase and intermembrane space of the mitochondria Copper (Cu) • manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) mitochondrial matrix Manganese (Mn) • extracellular Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD3) extracellular Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase Copper (Cu) • Dimer of identical subunits (homodimer) • Active sites face away from each other • 151 amino acid residues in each subunit • Copper ion acts as an electron transfer center in the active site • Zinc ion serves as a structural scaffold and a contributes to the positive charge of the active site attracting the O2-.
- 4. Cu 2+ Cu 1+ 1. Superoxide binds to the Cu2+SOD complex 2. electron from the superoxide is transferred to reduced Cu2+, producing Cu1+SOD and O2 3. Another superoxide radical is reduced by Cu1+ and reacted with 2H+ giving H2O2 O2 - O2 H2O2 2H+ and O2 -
- 5. The redox potential of Mn-SOD with Mn3+/2+ lies between E°’ values of the oxidation of superoxide to oxygen and the reduction of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide.
- 7. Titania nanosheets : co- immobilization • Titania nanosheets – HRP and SOD • Poly-diallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDADMAC) and poly-styrene sulfonate (PSS) • Polyelectrolyte-based sequential adsorption technique electrostatic forces polyelectrolytes Carrier
- 8. 1) Enzyme mimic : imitating the function of natural enzymes 2) Manganese porphyrin SOD mimics with a manganese metal center surrounded by a porphyrin ring. 3) Increased biodistribution 4) Alkyl chains were lengthened for increased lipophilicity 5) Addition of oxygen to lengthy alkyl chains for reduced toxicity 6) BuOE encapsulated in mesoporous silica nanoparticles 7) Lipid-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles
- 9. Bacterial Sources : Caulobacter , Haemophilus, Pseudomonas, and Escherichia coli Eukaryotic sources : filamentous fungi and algae. Recombinant biotechnology Disadvantages i. Deficient in metal co-factor ii. In-vitro remetallization of the apoenzyme required iii. Codon bias iv. Glycosylation SOD production from filamentous fungi : Purified by fractional acetone precipitation followed by gel filtration chromatography on a Sephadex G-75 column, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE (diethylaminoethyl) cellulose-52 and Mono Q columns, and desalting on RP C18 column.
- 10. 1. 50-L Fermentor was charged with 15L of beer waste yeast suspension and 15L of nutrient solution. 2. Induction : 2% ethanol , air pressure increase (1 to 6 Bar) , H2O2 3. Aeration : 0.9 vvm at 28°C for 7h. 4. Centrifugation and Yeast cake is autolyse by addition of ethyl acetate 5. Purified chromatographically on carboxymethyl (CM) and lyophilized 6. SOD activity of 7.05×105 units 7. Specific activity of 8700 units/mg protein • ion-exchange chromatography on Q-Sepharose, gel filtration on Superdex-75, and immunoaffinity chromatography using anti-MnSOD antibody immobilized on Sepharose Suntory Ltd. (Japan) patented process
- 13. Current uses : 1) Cosmetic and manufacturing of other supplementary products to protect from free radical damage 2) Prolong the survival period of organs for transplantation, laundry ingredients to remove Amadori and Maillard products 3) Biosensors to detect superoxide anions (O2 -) 4) Bovine derived SOD commonly called as ORGOTEIN is available commercially to treat inflammation and radiation induced side effects
- 14. Therapeutic Potentials Of Superoxide Dismutase i. May regulate cancer progression and can be used as a novel target ii. Oxidative stress , proinflammatory response and apoptosis can be reduced in CF cells iii. Removal of O2 - and peroxynitrite (SOD mimetic) can help in the prevention of cellular energetic failure & tissue damage related with ischemia and perfusion iv. inhibitory agent of neutrophil-mediated inflammation v. Neurodegenerative diseases vi. Diabetes milletus
- 15. References • Therapeutic potentials of superoxide dismutase Review Article : H. Younus • Industrial Production of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD): A Mini Review Rajesh Kanna Gopal and Sanniyasi Elumalai • Sarah L. Schlichte, Svetlana Romanova, and Matthew C. Zimmerman Nanoformulation of the superoxide dismutase mimic, MnTnBuOE-2-PyP5+, prevents its acute hypotensive response • Co-Immobilization of Superoxide Dismutase with Catalase on Soft Microparticles Formed by Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Poly(Aspartic Acid) • Enas N.Danial Maha I. Alkhaaf Co-immobilisation of superoxide dismutase and catalase using an in vitro encapsulation protocol • James D. Crapo, Brian J. Day, and Irwin Fridovich. Development of Manganic Porphyrin Mimetics of Superoxide Dismutase Activity • Sarah L. Schlichte, Svetlana Romanova, [...], and Matthew C. Zimmerman Nanoformulation of the superoxide dismutase mimic, MnTnBuOE-2-PyP5+, prevents its acute hypotensive response