One of the trends of research in sustainability is focused on the development of coir fibre reinforced epoxy
composites. Many researchers have been investigated the effects of coir fibre fibrillation
on the tensile strength. The sorting treatment to this coir based on the uniformity of
diameters and the fiber was cut between 10-20 mm. The preliminary treatment was
done by cooking the coir in 5% NaOH solution in 80∘C for approximately 10-15 minutes.
This process then can be addressed to the fibrillation process. This process was carried
out by using a high-speed blender at 5 and 10 minutes, respectively. After that, the
composite was formed by hand lay-up, with the composition coir volume fraction and
matrix of 20:80. The results show that the treated Coir can increase the composite
tensile strength upto 14%. The highest tensile Strength was obtained for EAC 10-10
composite on vial volume of 30% fiber and 70% epoxy i.e.53.70 MPa.
Investigation of Wear Behavior of Rice Husk Filled Cotton Fiber Reinforced Po...ijtsrd
Usage of natural fiber reinforced polymeric composites has drastically increased in recent years for industrial applications. In this investigation, Composite specimens were prepared with polyester resin, cotton polyester resin, and cotton polyester resin with rice husk filler. The hand layup method was used to prepare composite sheets with specially prepared steel die. The specimens were prepared as per ASTMG99 standards and Friction coefficient and wear rate were measured for the proposed materials under dry sliding contact with steel counter face. Pin on disc wear testing machine used to perform the proposed tribological measurement and 20,40, and 60N applied normal loads. Suganth. V | Gabriel. A | Dr. S. Velumani "Investigation of Wear Behavior of Rice Husk Filled Cotton Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33635.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/33635/investigation-of-wear-behavior-of-rice-husk-filled-cotton-fiber-reinforced-polyester-composites/suganth-v
This document summarizes research on optimizing the mechanical properties of bamboo fiber reinforced epoxy composites using response surface methodology. Bamboo fiber mats were mixed with varying amounts of nano-silica and epoxy resin to create composite samples. Mechanical tests evaluated properties like tensile, flexural, and impact strength. Response surface methodology was used to determine the optimal composite composition. A quadratic regression model found the 32H composite, with 3 layers of bamboo fiber and 2% nano-silica, performed best in tensile tests and had high energy absorption. The study concluded a composite with 2 wt.% silica and 2 layers of natural bamboo fiber provided high quality mechanical properties.
IRJET- Synthesis and Analyse the Physical Properties of Sugarcane Bagasse Gla...IRJET Journal
This document describes research into synthesizing and analyzing the physical properties of sugarcane bagasse glassfiber epoxy composites. Specimens of the composite material were created using compression molding. The specimens were then tested for their mechanical properties, including tensile strength, flexural strength, impact resistance, and hardness, according to ASTM standards. The results of the mechanical tests on the sugarcane bagasse glassfiber epoxy composite were analyzed and discussed.
IRJET- Effect of Mercerization of Mechanical Behavior of Banana Fiber Reinfor...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the effect of mercerization (treatment with sodium hydroxide solution) on the mechanical properties of banana fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Two sets of composites were fabricated - one with untreated banana fiber and one with banana fiber treated with NaOH solution. Composites containing 3-15% fiber by weight were tested for tensile strength, flexural strength, hardness, and impact energy. The research aims to study how fiber treatment and fiber content affect mechanical properties.
EVALUATION OFTENSILE PROPERTIESOF EPOXY RESIN BASED COMPOSITES REINFORCED WIT...IAEME Publication
In recent times the concern for the environmental pollution and the prevention of nonrenewable
and non- biodegradable resources has promoted research in the field of green
technologies, eco friendly, non polluting materials which can maximize energy and resource
savings. In the present work Jute fibres reinforced with biaxial glass fibres in epoxy matrix,
alongside Banana fibres reinforced with biaxial glass fibres in epoxy matrix and Flax fibres
reinforced with biaxial glass fibres in epoxy matrix was prepared and mechanical properties were
evaluated and compared for two weight fractions, the samples were prepared by using the hand
lay-up process and applying pressure at room temperature. The samples were subjected to tensile
testing was performed on the samples to investigate the mechanical properties and to suggest a
material which could compete with synthetic materials and still be easily disposed. Results of
wear test showed that with increasing reinforcement concentration the wear rate decreases but
with increasing speed, sliding distance the wear increases, additional interesting observation was
that banana hybrid composite showed less wear than all the other composites.
This document evaluates the tensile properties of epoxy resin composites reinforced with different natural fibers like jute, banana, and flax fibers, as well as uniaxial glass fibers. Samples were prepared with two different weight fractions using hand lay-up and tested for tensile properties. Results showed that wear rate decreased with higher reinforcement concentration but increased with higher speed and sliding distance. Additionally, banana fiber hybrid composites exhibited less wear than the other composites. The study aimed to design sustainable composite materials that can compete with synthetic materials while being environmentally friendly.
Fabrication and Testing of Bio Fiber-Glass Hybrid CompositesIRJET Journal
This document discusses the fabrication and testing of flax, hemp, and glass fiber reinforced hybrid composites. Various composites were made including flax fiber composite, hemp fiber composite, flax-glass hybrid composite, hemp-glass hybrid composite, and a three fiber flax-hemp-glass hybrid composite. The composites were tested for mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural, hardness, and impact strength. Testing showed that the flax fiber composite had the highest tensile strength and modulus, while the hemp fiber composite had the highest flexural strength and modulus. Incorporating glass fibers into the flax and hemp fiber composites improved their mechanical properties. The three fiber hybrid composite's
IRJET - A Review on Multi-Layered Armour using Sugarcane Bagasse WasteIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of sugarcane bagasse waste as a material for multi-layered ballistic armor. It first discusses sugarcane bagasse composites, including their mechanical properties and prior research examining their reinforcement in polymer matrices. It then discusses multi-layered armor systems, noting that they provide weight advantages over monolithic plates but can have reduced ballistic resistance. The document surveys previous research comparing the performance of mono-layered and multi-layered armor configurations. Finally, it discusses the potential use of sugarcane bagasse composites as the secondary layer in a multi-layered armor system.
Investigation of Wear Behavior of Rice Husk Filled Cotton Fiber Reinforced Po...ijtsrd
Usage of natural fiber reinforced polymeric composites has drastically increased in recent years for industrial applications. In this investigation, Composite specimens were prepared with polyester resin, cotton polyester resin, and cotton polyester resin with rice husk filler. The hand layup method was used to prepare composite sheets with specially prepared steel die. The specimens were prepared as per ASTMG99 standards and Friction coefficient and wear rate were measured for the proposed materials under dry sliding contact with steel counter face. Pin on disc wear testing machine used to perform the proposed tribological measurement and 20,40, and 60N applied normal loads. Suganth. V | Gabriel. A | Dr. S. Velumani "Investigation of Wear Behavior of Rice Husk Filled Cotton Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33635.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/33635/investigation-of-wear-behavior-of-rice-husk-filled-cotton-fiber-reinforced-polyester-composites/suganth-v
This document summarizes research on optimizing the mechanical properties of bamboo fiber reinforced epoxy composites using response surface methodology. Bamboo fiber mats were mixed with varying amounts of nano-silica and epoxy resin to create composite samples. Mechanical tests evaluated properties like tensile, flexural, and impact strength. Response surface methodology was used to determine the optimal composite composition. A quadratic regression model found the 32H composite, with 3 layers of bamboo fiber and 2% nano-silica, performed best in tensile tests and had high energy absorption. The study concluded a composite with 2 wt.% silica and 2 layers of natural bamboo fiber provided high quality mechanical properties.
IRJET- Synthesis and Analyse the Physical Properties of Sugarcane Bagasse Gla...IRJET Journal
This document describes research into synthesizing and analyzing the physical properties of sugarcane bagasse glassfiber epoxy composites. Specimens of the composite material were created using compression molding. The specimens were then tested for their mechanical properties, including tensile strength, flexural strength, impact resistance, and hardness, according to ASTM standards. The results of the mechanical tests on the sugarcane bagasse glassfiber epoxy composite were analyzed and discussed.
IRJET- Effect of Mercerization of Mechanical Behavior of Banana Fiber Reinfor...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the effect of mercerization (treatment with sodium hydroxide solution) on the mechanical properties of banana fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Two sets of composites were fabricated - one with untreated banana fiber and one with banana fiber treated with NaOH solution. Composites containing 3-15% fiber by weight were tested for tensile strength, flexural strength, hardness, and impact energy. The research aims to study how fiber treatment and fiber content affect mechanical properties.
EVALUATION OFTENSILE PROPERTIESOF EPOXY RESIN BASED COMPOSITES REINFORCED WIT...IAEME Publication
In recent times the concern for the environmental pollution and the prevention of nonrenewable
and non- biodegradable resources has promoted research in the field of green
technologies, eco friendly, non polluting materials which can maximize energy and resource
savings. In the present work Jute fibres reinforced with biaxial glass fibres in epoxy matrix,
alongside Banana fibres reinforced with biaxial glass fibres in epoxy matrix and Flax fibres
reinforced with biaxial glass fibres in epoxy matrix was prepared and mechanical properties were
evaluated and compared for two weight fractions, the samples were prepared by using the hand
lay-up process and applying pressure at room temperature. The samples were subjected to tensile
testing was performed on the samples to investigate the mechanical properties and to suggest a
material which could compete with synthetic materials and still be easily disposed. Results of
wear test showed that with increasing reinforcement concentration the wear rate decreases but
with increasing speed, sliding distance the wear increases, additional interesting observation was
that banana hybrid composite showed less wear than all the other composites.
This document evaluates the tensile properties of epoxy resin composites reinforced with different natural fibers like jute, banana, and flax fibers, as well as uniaxial glass fibers. Samples were prepared with two different weight fractions using hand lay-up and tested for tensile properties. Results showed that wear rate decreased with higher reinforcement concentration but increased with higher speed and sliding distance. Additionally, banana fiber hybrid composites exhibited less wear than the other composites. The study aimed to design sustainable composite materials that can compete with synthetic materials while being environmentally friendly.
Fabrication and Testing of Bio Fiber-Glass Hybrid CompositesIRJET Journal
This document discusses the fabrication and testing of flax, hemp, and glass fiber reinforced hybrid composites. Various composites were made including flax fiber composite, hemp fiber composite, flax-glass hybrid composite, hemp-glass hybrid composite, and a three fiber flax-hemp-glass hybrid composite. The composites were tested for mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural, hardness, and impact strength. Testing showed that the flax fiber composite had the highest tensile strength and modulus, while the hemp fiber composite had the highest flexural strength and modulus. Incorporating glass fibers into the flax and hemp fiber composites improved their mechanical properties. The three fiber hybrid composite's
IRJET - A Review on Multi-Layered Armour using Sugarcane Bagasse WasteIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of sugarcane bagasse waste as a material for multi-layered ballistic armor. It first discusses sugarcane bagasse composites, including their mechanical properties and prior research examining their reinforcement in polymer matrices. It then discusses multi-layered armor systems, noting that they provide weight advantages over monolithic plates but can have reduced ballistic resistance. The document surveys previous research comparing the performance of mono-layered and multi-layered armor configurations. Finally, it discusses the potential use of sugarcane bagasse composites as the secondary layer in a multi-layered armor system.
Mechanical properties analysis of basalt, hemp, carbon, and glass fiber- rein...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study that analyzed the mechanical properties of hybrid composites made from basalt, hemp, carbon, and glass fibers reinforced with an epoxy matrix. Five different fiber combinations were tested: C1 with layered hemp, basalt, glass, and carbon fibers; C2 with basalt, glass, and hemp fibers; C3 with basalt, hemp, and glass fibers; C4 with glass, hemp, and carbon fibers; and C5 with basalt, hemp, and glass fibers. The hemp and basalt fibers were treated with alkaline and silane solutions prior to composite fabrication to improve fiber-matrix adhesion. Mechanical testing showed that combination C1 had the
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IRJET- Synthesis and Analyse the Physical Properties of Sugarcane Bagasse Coc...IRJET Journal
The document discusses a study that synthesized and analyzed the physical properties of sugarcane bagasse-coconut coir-epoxy composites. Samples were manufactured with 40% fiber content and tested according to ASTM standards. Results showed that tensile strength and flexural strength were higher than for pure epoxy, indicating improved properties from the natural fiber reinforcement. The document also reviews previous literature on using natural fibers like jute and sisal to reinforce composites, and techniques like fiber surface treatments and compatibilizers to improve mechanical properties of natural fiber composites.
A STUDY ON THE ABRASION RESISTANCE, COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND HARDNESS OF BANA...IAEME Publication
The abundance of natural fibres, particularly banana fibres in India as an agricultural waste and the good properties offered by them like tensile strength, wear resistance, hardness, bio-degradability and eco-friendliness make it a good substitute to the non-biodegradable, toxic and costly synthetic fibres in many engineering applications. India is a lead producer of Banana fibre. The main challenge faced by researchers in the development of natural fibre composites is the attainment of a good interfacial bonding, so as to transfer the load effectively from matrix to fibre. To achieve the desired level of fibre-matrix interphase strength, the fibres are given four different surface treatments- alkalization, benzoylation, permanganate treatment and fibre surface impregnation with rubber.
Fabrication, experimental investigation of jute fiber reinforced epoxy compos...Adib Bin Rashid
A special type of jute fiber woven mat was introduced by a hand loom. Epoxy jute
fiber composites were fabricated using the woven fiber mat. A series of jute-hybrid epoxy composites based on the arrangement of the direction of jute fibers, and additional material were introduced to ensure the elevated mechanical properties of the composites. Improved
mechanical properties were found in some cases of hybrid epoxy composites. It is discussed that the mechanical behavior is related to the fiber orientation, types of additional materials used in hybrid materials. The purpose of this study is to propose a simple technical method to prepare woven jute fiber mat by hand loom, and to produce epoxy jute fiber, hybrid composite materials to exhibit the elevated mechanical properties.
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Hemp-Bagasse Fibers Reinforced with Epoxy...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the mechanical properties of hemp-bagasse fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Composite laminates were fabricated using hemp, bagasse, and E-glass fibers in epoxy resin. The fibers were treated with alkali before being incorporated into laminates at 10% and 20% volume fractions using hand layup. Tensile, flexural, and hardness tests were conducted according to ASTM standards. The results showed that the 10% volume fraction laminate had higher ultimate tensile strength of 42MPa and the 20% fraction had higher flexural strength of 77.9MPa. Hardness was also evaluated. The study demonstrated that hybrid natural fiber composites can
IRJET- Mechanical Characterization of Glass Fiber Reinforced Composite Co...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research into mechanical characterization of glass fiber reinforced composites containing nanoparticles. Specifically, it investigates adding small amounts (1wt% and 2wt%) of two types of nanoclays (Cloisite 30B and Cloisite 15A) directly into an epoxy resin matrix reinforced with woven glass fibers. The nanoclay-epoxy mixtures were stirred and ultrasonicated to ensure uniform dispersion of nanoparticles. Composite plates were then manufactured via vacuum molding and tested to analyze effects on mechanical properties like fatigue resistance and impact strength. Previous related studies finding improvements from nanoclay additions are also reviewed.
Experiments were conducted on jute fiber reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites
to optimize the content of fiber in the composite. It was found to be 40wt%. In the present
study, effects of hybridizing glass fibers and carbon in the optimized jute fiber reinforced
PP composite have been studied. The properties such as tensile, flexural and impact with
respect to randomly oriented jute, glass and carbon fiber variations in the PP matrix are
considered. Jute, glass and carbon fibers reinforced PP matrix composites with different
fiber contents were prepared by injection molding. Matrix content is kept as 60wt%. The
hybridization of the fibers considered by weight fraction for jute and glass is 20:20, for
jute and carbon is 20:20 and jute, glass and carbon is 20:10:10. Results showed that
tensile, flexural and impact properties have been improved with glass fiber hybridization
and further improvement in these properties are observed with carbon fiber hybridization.
When glass and carbon fibers are added in 10:10 weight percentage the considered
mechanical properties have been found to be nearer to the composite with 20 wt% of
carbon.
CHARACTERIZATION OF BANANA FIBER/PISTACIA VERA SHELL CELLULOSE REINFORCED COM...IAEME Publication
The main objective of the work is to add value to the agricultural residue by fabricating a partially biodegradable composite that shows the best combination of properties. To achieve this, Pistacia Vera shells are opted and cellulose is extracted from it, of both nano and micro sized. Such cellulose is added as filler, to the long banana fibers reinforced polyester composite. Also, this novel material is characterized by testing tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and thermal conductivity. Peak Tensile strength for Pistacia Vera shell banana fiber/nanocellulose reinforced composite is found to be 19% higher than banana fiber based composite. Similarly, Flexural, Impact strength and Thermal conductivity results also exhibited good synergism.
Mechanical Behaviour of Agricultural Residue Reinforced CompositesScientific Review SR
The increasing awareness and the quest for newer materials have given renewed interest to the
development of green composites. This article focuses on the potential use of abundantly available waste
agricultural residue for the preparation of composites. The mechanical properties of Rice straw fibers reinforced
with Polyester resin, Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic polyester resin are studied and compared. Hand Layup
technique is used to prepare the samples on which flexural and impact studies are made. Samples are made using
different volumetric compositions of fiber and resin. The results show that the Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic
resin offer good mechanical properties when compared to the polyester resin. Both these resins show similar
behavior with respect fiber loading. The flexural strength decreases with increasing fiber loading for polyester
resin and increasing trend is observed for both vinyl ester and isophthalic resin. Impact strength increases for the
increase in fiber loading up to a certain limit and then decreases. It can be concluded from this study that the
agro-waste materials are attractive reinforcements from the standpoint of their mechanical properties.
Mechanical Behaviour of Agricultural Residue Reinforced CompositesScientific Review
The increasing awareness and the quest for newer materials have given renewed interest to the development of green composites. This article focuses on the potential use of abundantly available waste agricultural residue for the preparation of composites. The mechanical properties of Rice straw fibers reinforced with Polyester resin, Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic polyester resin are studied and compared. Hand Layup technique is used to prepare the samples on which flexural and impact studies are made. Samples are made using different volumetric compositions of fiber and resin. The results show that the Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic resin offer good mechanical properties when compared to the polyester resin. Both these resins show similar behavior with respect fiber loading. The flexural strength decreases with increasing fiber loading for polyester resin and increasing trend is observed for both vinyl ester and isophthalic resin. Impact strength increases for the increase in fiber loading up to a certain limit and then decreases. It can be concluded from this study that the agro-waste materials are attractive reinforcements from the standpoint of their mechanical properties.
IRJET- A Review on Coir Fiber Reinforced Polymer CompositeIRJET Journal
This document reviews coir fiber reinforced polymer composites. It begins with an introduction to natural fiber composites and their advantages over glass or carbon fibers. It then discusses coir fiber specifically, including its composition, properties, and how it is extracted from coconut husks. The review covers how coir fiber is used to reinforce polymers and the factors that influence composite properties, such as fiber treatment and polymer matrix. Applications are mentioned, including automotive, packaging, and construction materials. While coir fiber composites have benefits, challenges include cost and fiber-matrix bonding. Overall, the review finds that coir fiber reinforced polymers show promise as sustainable materials but require further development to optimize properties and lower costs.
STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF FIBER ORIENTATION ON PALF REINFORCED BISPHENOL COMP...IAEME Publication
The main advantage of a composite material over conventional material like a monolithic metal is the
combination of different properties which are seldom found in the conventional material. In recent years natural fibers
appear to be the outstanding materials which come as the viable and abundant substitute for the expensive and
nonrenewable synthetic fiber. Pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) is one of them that have also good potential as reinforcement
in thermoset composite. The objective of the present work is to investigate the effect of fiber orientation on the mechanical properties of PALF reinforced Bisphenol composite and explores the potential of using PALF as reinforcing
material.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- A Review on the Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibre Reinforced Poly...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the mechanical properties of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites. It discusses how the tensile properties of these composites are influenced by fiber loading and surface treatments. The tensile strength generally increases with fiber content up to a maximum, while the Young's modulus continuously increases. However, the hydrophilic nature of natural fibers causes incompatibility with hydrophobic polymer matrices. Surface treatments can make the fibers more hydrophobic and improve adhesion. Alkali treatment and acrylic acid treatment are effective modification methods.
Review Paper on Nanotechnology-enhanced fiber-reinforced polymer compositesAdib Bin Rashid
Incorporating nanoparticles can significantly improve the performance and functionality of fiberreinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Different techniques exist for processing, testing, and implementing nanocomposites in various industries. Depending on these factors, these materials can be tailored to suit the specific applications of the automotive and aerospace industries, defence industries, biomedical and energy sectors etc. Nanotechnology offers several potential benefits for composites, including improved mechanical properties, surface modification, and sensing capabilities. This paper discusses the different types of nanoparticles, nanofibers, and nano-coating that can be used for reinforcement, surface modification, and property enhancement in FRP composites. It also examines the challenges associated with incorporating nanotechnology into composites and provides recommendations for potential opportunities in future work. This
study is intended to offer a comprehensive understanding of the current research on using nanotechnology in FRP composites and its potential impact on the composites industry
Shellfish shell as a Bio-filler: Preparation, characterization and its effec...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
IRJET- Mechanical Characterization of Polymer Matrix Composites for Transport...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the fabrication and mechanical characterization of a polymer matrix composite tube for transportation safety applications. The tube was fabricated using a hand layup process with layers of Kevlar and glass fibers in an epoxy matrix. Compression testing of the tube showed that it withstood a maximum load of 58.4 kN and had a compressive strength of 82.13 MPa, indicating its potential use for energy absorption applications in automobiles. A literature review presented research on the mechanical properties of Kevlar and fiber-reinforced composites, highlighting their use in impact and ballistic resistance.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of E-Glass and Kenaf Fibre with Epoxy R...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental investigation of hybrid composites made from E-glass fibers, kenaf fibers, and epoxy resin. Specifically:
- Kenaf/fiber glass hybrid composites were manufactured using hand layup with varying fiber contents and the composites were tested for mechanical properties.
- The mechanical properties tested included compression strength, flexural strength, impact strength, hardness, and water absorption in sea water and distilled water.
- The results showed that the mechanical properties of the hybrid composites, such as compression and flexural strength, increased with fiber content up to 30% before leveling off or decreasing. Maximum impact strength was also found at 30% fiber content.
-
Optimal performance characteristics and reinforcement combinationsEmeka Christian
This document investigates the optimal performance characteristics of coconut fibre reinforced high-density polyethylene (HDPE) polymer matrix composites. Three particle sizes of coconut fibre were used as filler material in HDPE at volume fractions up to 40%. Composite samples were prepared via injection moulding and tested according to ASTM standards for tensile strength, elastic modulus, flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness. The results showed that at an optimum volume fraction and particle size, the coconut fibre reinforced HDPE composite achieved tensile strength of 28.6 MPa, elastic modulus of 800 MPa, flexural strength of 22.3 MPa, impact strength of 55.0 J/m, and hardness of 54.0 HR.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
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This document discusses a study that analyzed the mechanical properties of hybrid composites made from basalt, hemp, carbon, and glass fibers reinforced with an epoxy matrix. Five different fiber combinations were tested: C1 with layered hemp, basalt, glass, and carbon fibers; C2 with basalt, glass, and hemp fibers; C3 with basalt, hemp, and glass fibers; C4 with glass, hemp, and carbon fibers; and C5 with basalt, hemp, and glass fibers. The hemp and basalt fibers were treated with alkaline and silane solutions prior to composite fabrication to improve fiber-matrix adhesion. Mechanical testing showed that combination C1 had the
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IRJET- Synthesis and Analyse the Physical Properties of Sugarcane Bagasse Coc...IRJET Journal
The document discusses a study that synthesized and analyzed the physical properties of sugarcane bagasse-coconut coir-epoxy composites. Samples were manufactured with 40% fiber content and tested according to ASTM standards. Results showed that tensile strength and flexural strength were higher than for pure epoxy, indicating improved properties from the natural fiber reinforcement. The document also reviews previous literature on using natural fibers like jute and sisal to reinforce composites, and techniques like fiber surface treatments and compatibilizers to improve mechanical properties of natural fiber composites.
A STUDY ON THE ABRASION RESISTANCE, COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND HARDNESS OF BANA...IAEME Publication
The abundance of natural fibres, particularly banana fibres in India as an agricultural waste and the good properties offered by them like tensile strength, wear resistance, hardness, bio-degradability and eco-friendliness make it a good substitute to the non-biodegradable, toxic and costly synthetic fibres in many engineering applications. India is a lead producer of Banana fibre. The main challenge faced by researchers in the development of natural fibre composites is the attainment of a good interfacial bonding, so as to transfer the load effectively from matrix to fibre. To achieve the desired level of fibre-matrix interphase strength, the fibres are given four different surface treatments- alkalization, benzoylation, permanganate treatment and fibre surface impregnation with rubber.
Fabrication, experimental investigation of jute fiber reinforced epoxy compos...Adib Bin Rashid
A special type of jute fiber woven mat was introduced by a hand loom. Epoxy jute
fiber composites were fabricated using the woven fiber mat. A series of jute-hybrid epoxy composites based on the arrangement of the direction of jute fibers, and additional material were introduced to ensure the elevated mechanical properties of the composites. Improved
mechanical properties were found in some cases of hybrid epoxy composites. It is discussed that the mechanical behavior is related to the fiber orientation, types of additional materials used in hybrid materials. The purpose of this study is to propose a simple technical method to prepare woven jute fiber mat by hand loom, and to produce epoxy jute fiber, hybrid composite materials to exhibit the elevated mechanical properties.
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Hemp-Bagasse Fibers Reinforced with Epoxy...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the mechanical properties of hemp-bagasse fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Composite laminates were fabricated using hemp, bagasse, and E-glass fibers in epoxy resin. The fibers were treated with alkali before being incorporated into laminates at 10% and 20% volume fractions using hand layup. Tensile, flexural, and hardness tests were conducted according to ASTM standards. The results showed that the 10% volume fraction laminate had higher ultimate tensile strength of 42MPa and the 20% fraction had higher flexural strength of 77.9MPa. Hardness was also evaluated. The study demonstrated that hybrid natural fiber composites can
IRJET- Mechanical Characterization of Glass Fiber Reinforced Composite Co...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research into mechanical characterization of glass fiber reinforced composites containing nanoparticles. Specifically, it investigates adding small amounts (1wt% and 2wt%) of two types of nanoclays (Cloisite 30B and Cloisite 15A) directly into an epoxy resin matrix reinforced with woven glass fibers. The nanoclay-epoxy mixtures were stirred and ultrasonicated to ensure uniform dispersion of nanoparticles. Composite plates were then manufactured via vacuum molding and tested to analyze effects on mechanical properties like fatigue resistance and impact strength. Previous related studies finding improvements from nanoclay additions are also reviewed.
Experiments were conducted on jute fiber reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites
to optimize the content of fiber in the composite. It was found to be 40wt%. In the present
study, effects of hybridizing glass fibers and carbon in the optimized jute fiber reinforced
PP composite have been studied. The properties such as tensile, flexural and impact with
respect to randomly oriented jute, glass and carbon fiber variations in the PP matrix are
considered. Jute, glass and carbon fibers reinforced PP matrix composites with different
fiber contents were prepared by injection molding. Matrix content is kept as 60wt%. The
hybridization of the fibers considered by weight fraction for jute and glass is 20:20, for
jute and carbon is 20:20 and jute, glass and carbon is 20:10:10. Results showed that
tensile, flexural and impact properties have been improved with glass fiber hybridization
and further improvement in these properties are observed with carbon fiber hybridization.
When glass and carbon fibers are added in 10:10 weight percentage the considered
mechanical properties have been found to be nearer to the composite with 20 wt% of
carbon.
CHARACTERIZATION OF BANANA FIBER/PISTACIA VERA SHELL CELLULOSE REINFORCED COM...IAEME Publication
The main objective of the work is to add value to the agricultural residue by fabricating a partially biodegradable composite that shows the best combination of properties. To achieve this, Pistacia Vera shells are opted and cellulose is extracted from it, of both nano and micro sized. Such cellulose is added as filler, to the long banana fibers reinforced polyester composite. Also, this novel material is characterized by testing tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and thermal conductivity. Peak Tensile strength for Pistacia Vera shell banana fiber/nanocellulose reinforced composite is found to be 19% higher than banana fiber based composite. Similarly, Flexural, Impact strength and Thermal conductivity results also exhibited good synergism.
Mechanical Behaviour of Agricultural Residue Reinforced CompositesScientific Review SR
The increasing awareness and the quest for newer materials have given renewed interest to the
development of green composites. This article focuses on the potential use of abundantly available waste
agricultural residue for the preparation of composites. The mechanical properties of Rice straw fibers reinforced
with Polyester resin, Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic polyester resin are studied and compared. Hand Layup
technique is used to prepare the samples on which flexural and impact studies are made. Samples are made using
different volumetric compositions of fiber and resin. The results show that the Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic
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4441-Article Text-20131-1-10-20190416.pdf
1. ICBSA 2018
International Conference on Basic Sciences and Its Applications
Volume 2019
Conference Paper
Microfibrillation of Coir Using High Speed
Blender to Improvement of Tensile Behavior
of Coir Reinforced Epoxy Composites
Indra Mawardi, Jufriadi, and Hanif
Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Street Medan-Banda
Aceh, Buketrata-Lhokseumawe, Aceh, 24301, Indonesia
Abstract
The trend of this research is focused on the development of coir fibre reinforced epoxy
composites. Many researchers have been investigated the effects of coir fibre fibrillation
on the tensile strength. The sorting treatment to this coir based on the uniformity of
diameters and the fiber was cut between 10-20 mm. The preliminary treatment was
done by cooking the coir in 5% NaOH solution in 80∘
C for approximately 10-15 minutes.
This process then can be addressed to the fibrillation process. This process was carried
out by using a high-speed blender at 5 and 10 minutes, respectively. After that, the
composite was formed by hand lay-up, with the composition coir volume fraction and
matrix of 20:80. The results show that the treated Coir can increase the composite
tensile strength upto 14%. The highest tensile Strength was obtained for EAC 10-10
composite on vial volume of 30% fiber and 70% epoxy i.e.53.70 MPa.
Keywords: coir, composites epoxy, fibrillation treatment, tensile strength
1. Introduction
Lately, the use of composite, especially in fiber-reinforced polymer composites has
increased. Fiber reinforced polymer composites have significant potential in the field
of engineering applications. The use of polymer composites cannot be separated from
several advantages, such as low production costs, low density, corrosion resistance,
insulators and manageable mechanics. The interface bond between fiber and matrix
polymer is very important for composite compositions [1-5]. The use of natural fiber
reinforced polymer composites with thermoplastic and thermoset matrices has been
applied in various fields, starting in agriculture to automotive. The use of natural fiber
begins in shifting synthetic fibers to reduce waste and utilization of natural resources
that are renewable and biodegradable. Coconut fiber is a fiber that has the potential to
be developed as a reinforcement in polymer composites. In his article Jayavani S et al. [6]
has reviewed several modified methods of coconut fiber, it starts from the use of alkalis
How to cite this article: Indra Mawardi, Jufriadi, and Hanif, (2019), “Microfibrillation of Coir Using High Speed Blender to Improvement of Tensile
Behavior of Coir Reinforced Epoxy Composites” in International Conference on Basic Sciences and Its Applications, KnE Engineering, pages 157–170.
DOI 10.18502/keg.v1i2.4441
Page 157
Corresponding Author:
Indra Mawardi
ddx_72@yahoo.com
Received: 19 February 2019
Accepted: 5 March 2019
Published: 16 April 2019
Publishing services provided by
Knowledge E
Indra Mawardi et al. This
article is distributed under the
terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use and
redistribution provided that the
original author and source are
credited.
Selection and Peer-review under
the responsibility of the ICBSA
Conference Committee.
2. ICBSA 2018
to the use of maleated as a coupling agent in thermoplastic and thermoset composites.
The results of the review of composite fiber reinforced composites showed that hybrid
composites had good mechanical properties. Polymer reinforced natural fiber composite
products can be applied to the manufacture of funiture products, building materials and
automotive products.
One of the natural fibers that has the potential to be developed as a composite rein-
forcement is coconut fiber. Coconut fiber is easily available and available in abundance.
Coconut fiber is an alternative fiber that can be utilized in various industrial fields. The
use of coconut fiber must be through chemical and mechanical treatment to improve the
mechanical properties of the composite later. Research on the use of coconut fiber has
been carried out by several previous researchers. Udaykumar et al. [7] has developed
a polymer composite containing short fiber coconut fiber. Composites using a matrix
of vinyl ester material with a heavy fraction of coconut fiber are 5%, 10%, 15% 20%,
and 25%. Composites are formed by hand lay-up and in order to obtain mechanical
properties, a bending test is carried out. Flexural properties increase with increasing
percentage of fiber, but at certain weight percentages can reduce flexural properties.
Optimal flexural properties are obtained from variations in coconut fiber weight of 20%
with a composite thickness of 4 mm. Composite reinforced coconut coir fiber with
chemical fiber initial treatment has been carried out. The mechanical properties of green
composites reinforced with coconut fiber with chemical initial treatment can improve
mechanical properties and interface bonding. It looks also from the results of electron
microscope (SEM) investigations which show an increase in fiber / matrix adhesion due
to chemical fiber treatment [8].
R. Narendar et al. [9] have been developing the environmental friendly coir pith–
based composites with a right balance of mechanical properties. Multilayered coir
pith/nylon fabric/epoxy hybrid composites fabricated by the hand lay-up technique
followed by compression moulding. A set of composites of same composition having
chemically treated coir pith also prepared. Mechanical properties of composites such
as tensile strength, impact strength, flexural strength, hardness, and abrasion resistance
were evaluated. The hybridization with nylon fabric and the chemical treatment of coir
pith enhances the mechanical properties of composites.
Hybrid fiber reinforced natural composites have also been developed by B. Bakri
[10]. Hybrid composite reinforced rope and glass fiber and also unsaturated polyester
resin as matrix composites. The hybrid composite is formed by the volume volume
fraction and with a matrix of 30:70. The fraction variations in the coir rope and glass
fiber volume are 10:20, 15:15 and 20:10. Impact tests on 15:15 fiber volume fraction
DOI 10.18502/keg.v1i2.4441 Page 158
3. ICBSA 2018
yield the highest impact energy and impact strength, when compared to the other two
variations, respectively 12.8 J and 177.1 kJ/m2
. Composite reinforced natural fibers such
as banana fiber, coconut fiber and sisal have also been studied using epoxy matrices.
The impact energy produced was 4 joule coir respectively, banana was 5, sisal was
4 joule [11]. Karthikeyan et al. [12] have investigated the effect of treatment of coco
fiber with sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). Epoxy composites are formed with variations in
fiber treatment using SLS concentrations of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%. As a comparison
test, fiber is also treated with NaOH. Epoxy composites using fiber treatment using
SLS which produce better impact energy than composites with NaOH fiber treatment.
Epoxy composites reinforced with coconut fiber with randomly oriented fibers produce
tensile strength of 31.08 MPa and impact strength of 11.49 kJ/m2
. This composite is
recommended for use in small loads [4]. Mechanical properties, the tensile strength
of epoxy composites with hemp fiber reinforcement has a better value compared to
epoxy composites reinforced with coconut fiber. This is inversely proportional to the
mechanical properties of flexural strength, where epoxy composites reinforced coconut
coir fibers are higher than those of hemp fiber reinforcement [13].
Junpeng D et al. [14] have conducted a research on the use of hybrid fibers as bio
composite reinforcement. Sisal fiber and coconut coir fibers are used as reinforcement
with polylactide (PLA) as a matrix. Fiber was varied by alkali treatment (ASF and ACF)
and without alkali treatment (USF and UCF). The results showed that the mechanical
properties of fiber-reinforced bio composite with alkali treatment had advantages, when
compared with the use of fiber without alkali treatment. PLA bio composite is reinforced
by ASF/ACF has superior mechanical properties at a ratio of 7: 3 for sisal fibers and
coconut fibers.
The mechanical properties of natural fiber-reinforced composites are strongly influ-
enced by the interface between fibers and matrices. In addition, the mechanical prop-
erties of composites are also strongly influenced by the type of fiber used, the volume
of fiber in the matrix, the orientation of the fiber and the type of matrix used. Addition of
coupling agent and chemical treatment can increase the interface between fibers and
matrix. [15]. Narendra et al. [16] have developed hybrid epoxy composites with coir pith
reinforcement and nylon fabric. The developed hybrid composites have better durability
when in humid conditions. Composite reinforced sisal fiber with 18% NaOH treatment
produced better tensile and flexural strength compared with sisal fibers with 5% and 10%
NaOH treatment [17]. Testing of mechanical properties for HDPE polymer composites
reinforced with sisal fibers has been investigated by [18]. The results of the study show
DOI 10.18502/keg.v1i2.4441 Page 159
4. ICBSA 2018
that mechanical properties increase with the fiber content in composite up to a certain
limit.
The addition of micro-Al2O3 to carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites has been
carried out. Dynamically composite crack toughness, impact strength and interlaminar
flexural strength (mode II). The addition of micro-Al2O3 to carbon fiber reinforced poly-
mer composites produced fracture toughness, impact strength, and optimum flexural
strength in a row of 522 J/m2
, 161.7 kJ/m2
and 759 MPa [19]. Leandro José da Silva
et al. [20] have designed a factorial of hybrid composites reinforced with natural fibers
with silica particle fillers. Hybrid composites reinforced sisal fibers with directional
orientation. This study aims to look at the effect of silica particles, maleate fiber, and
anhydride volume fractions on the mechanical properties of composites. The results
of the study showed that the micro silica particles did not have a significant effect on
flexural strength. Micro silica particles, volume fraction and addition of maleic anhydride
influence the flexural modulus. The characteristics of laminated composites increased
with the addition of 25% silica nanoparticles in the epoxy resin matrix [21]. Addition of
1% nanoclay (heavy fraction) to epoxy composites increases impact strength and tensile
strength. This is also followed by increasing the elastic modulus of the epoxy composite
[22, 23]. Research to see the effect of nanoclay on epoxy composites has been done.
Addition of nanoclay weighing 3 and 5% has increased composite compressive strength
by an amount of 22% and 36% [24]. The fibrillation treatment of coir for 10 minutes had
an impact on the flexural strength of the epoxy composite, with impact and flexural
strength of 24.45 kJ/m2
and 87.91 MPa [25]
Satender et al. [26] have examined the coir usage as an epoxy composite amplifier.
The different weight ratio of coir fibers to epoxy resin was investigated. The tensile
test, impact test and hardness test were conducted on the prepared specimens to
evaluate the mechanical properties. Regarding the experiment, the addition of coir fibers
increases the strength of composite; the composite with 7.5% fiber content shows
the maximum tensile and impact strength. Seenivas et al. [27] in his present work,
the mechanical properties (tensile, flexural, compression and hardness) are tested for
sisal/coir; sisal/hemp and sisal/flax fibers reinforced epoxy hybrid composites based on
the ASTM standard. Sisal/hemp fibers reinforced hybrid composite exhibits more tensile
and flexural strength than sisal/coir and sisal/flax fiber reinforced hybrid composites.
The mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced composites are strongly influenced
by fiber diameter and fiber length. The smaller the diameter of the fiber, the better
the interface bond will be. The better the interface between fibers and matrices will
increase the composite characteristics. The chemical fiber treatment is not good enough
DOI 10.18502/keg.v1i2.4441 Page 160
5. ICBSA 2018
to increase the interface bond. Microfibrillation of fibers mechanically needs to be
investigated to see the level of reduction in fiber diameter, especially coconut fiber.
The research objective is to observe the effect of microfibrillation of coconut coir in
semi-mechanical by using high-speed blender in order to reduce the fiber diameter to
increase the tensile stress of the coconut fiber reinforced composites.
2. Meterials and Methods
2.1. Materials
The coir fibers are from the local resources Aceh, Indonesia (Fig. 1). Alumina (Al2O3)
with a 99% purity rate is used as a filler. Eposchon type A is used as the epoxy resin
(bispenola epichlorohydrin), and type B for epoxy hardener (polyaminoamide) with a
ratio of 1: 1. All epoxy resin is supplied by PT. Justus Kimia Raya.
Figure 1: Coir Fibers.
2.2. Microfibrillation of fiber
Coir fiber husks are sorted in uniform diameter and cut 10-20 mm long. The fiber is boiled
in a 5% NaOH solution at 80 ∘
C for 10 minutes and 15 minutes. The pre-treatment fibers
are then continued to the fibrillation process. Semi-mechanically high-speed blender
carries out the fibrillation rate process. The Coir is blended at 20,000 rpm for 5 and
10 minutes to reduce fiber diameter. The fibrillated fibers then washed with aquades
and dried for 3 (three) days before composite printing. This process is related to Uetani
DOI 10.18502/keg.v1i2.4441 Page 161
6. ICBSA 2018
research [28] et al. that performs nanofibrillation using a high-speed blender. Nanofiber
with an average diameter of 15-20 nm was successfully prepared from a chitin substance
processed with a blender speed of 34000 rpm for 30 minutes with a fiber concentration
of 0.7% wt.
2.3. Composite fabrication
The process of forming a composite panel is done using a mold made of steel with the
hand lay up method. The formation process is carried out at room temperature. Epoxy
resin, alumina and hardener were mixed in a bowl to prepare the matrix materials. A
well-mixed mixture of matrix and coir was poured into the mold. Use of alumina 5%
by weight of epoxy. Compositions of the volume fraction of coir and matrix are 20:80,
30:70, and 40:60. The steps involved in the composites fabrication is shown in Fig. 2.
Figure 2: Steps fabrication of composites.
DOI 10.18502/keg.v1i2.4441 Page 162
7. ICBSA 2018
2.4. Testing of the composites
The fabricated composite is formed into a tensile test specimen. The tensile test was
carried out according to ASTM D3039 standard (Fig. 3) The fractured surface morphol-
ogy of the composite specimens was examined using scanning electron microscope
(SEM).
Figure 3: Dimensional specimen of tensile test.
3. Results and Discussions
Coir reinforced composites with various varieties of fiber microfibrillation treatment have
been carried out tensile testing. Composite epoxy with 10 minutes of fiber cooking and
blend for 5 minutes (EAC10-5), epoxy composites with 15 minutes of fiber cooking and
blend for 5 minutes (EAC15-5) and there are three comparators to see the results of fiber
treatment, epoxy (E), epoxy + Al2O3 (EA) and epoxy + Al2O3 + Coir without treatment
(EAC).
The results of tensile strength and tensile modulus of coir-reinforced composites with
fiber cooking treatment for 10 and 15 minutes and blender process for 5 min for various
variations of volume fraction are shown in Figs. 4 and 5.
Fig. 4 shows a coated fibrillated epoxy composite, EAC10-5 and EAC 15-5 having a 14%
increase in tensile strength compared with a coated fiber-reinforced epoxy composite
(EAC). The increased tensile strength is affected by its reduced factor fiber diameter after
undergoing fibrillation process using a high-speed blender (Fig. 5). The fiber diameter
becomes smaller will improve the interface between fiber and matrix.
The highest tensile strength occurs in the coated fiber-reinforced epoxy composite,
EAC10-5 with a composition of 30:70, ie 52.43 MPa. In the same composition (30:70), the
composite EAC10-5 produced 11% greater tensile strength than the EAC15-5 composite
of only 46.68 MPa. The occurrence of tensile strength reduction in coir-reinforced
DOI 10.18502/keg.v1i2.4441 Page 163
8. ICBSA 2018
Figure 4: Composite tensile strength with fiber fibrillation for 5 minutes.
(a) (b)
Figure 5: Coir before and after fibrillation: (a) Coir before fibrillation and (b) coir after fibrillation.
composites with longer cooking treatment, 15 minutes, due to degradation of the coir
structure. Coir degradation causes coir strength to decrease. This phenomenon can be
seen from the results of SEM (Fig. 6).
A similar phenomenon also occurs in epoxy composites reinforced coir with a 10
minute blender time. The coated composite epoxy composite with the EAC10-10 varia-
tion on the 30:70 composition has the highest tensile strength, which is 53.70 Mpa and
the lowest is 34.65 Mpa on the EAC15-10 composite with 20:80 fraction volume. The
coated-coated epoxy composites having fibrillation treatment, EAC10-10 and EAC 15-10
also experienced a 15% increase in tensile strength compared to coagulated coir-treated
composites (EAC) (Fig. 7).
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Figure 6: Coir structure due to fibrillation for 15 minutes.
Figure 7: Tensile strength composite with fiber blender for 10 minutes.
In this case, an increase in coir treatment cooked from 10 minutes to 15 minutes
can reduce tensile strength by up to 27%. Longer time stability will damage the fiber
structure thus lowering the tensile strength value of coir-reinforced epoxy composites.
When viewed from variations of composite-forming compositions, coir and epoxy
(20:80, 30:70, and 40:60) and fiber fibrillation treatment, the composition with volume
fraction of 30% fiber and 70% overall epoxy yielded higher tensile strength values
compared with the composition of 20:80 and 40:60 (Fig. 8). EAC10-10 coir-reinforced
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composites yield better tensile strength than composites with other treatment fibrillation
variations, EAC10-5, EAC15-5, and EAC15-10.
Figure 8: Comparison of composite tensile strength with treatmentfiber blender process for 5 and 10
minutes.
Microfibrillation manufacture of coir using high speed blender has produced tensile
strentgh from epoxy composites which is better than epoxy composites reinforced
with coir without microfibrillation process. Some results of comparative research have
conducted by [29] and [30]. Testing the mechanical properties of coir epoxy composites
for the formation of shell helmets has been carried out [29, 30]. It was observed that
the tensile strength of coir fiber/epoxy resincomposites was maximum at 30 wt% filler
loading (23.68 MPa). Investigation using natural fiber tools, namely bamboo with Poly
lactic acid (PLA) matrix has been carried out by [2]. Bamboo fibers, as a raw cellulose
source, were used to prepare microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) using a high speed blender
at 20,000 rpm for 60 minutes. It can be found that the addition of the MFC network in
the PLA resin can increase Young’s modulus and tensile strength from 2.4 to 3.1 GPa
and 32.8 to 38.7 MPa, respectively [30].
With a lifetime estimation of composites that is quite long, the results of this study were
very suitable to be applied to boat manufacturing, automotive products, helmet shells,
bullet-proof vests, and other environmentally friendly engineering products. The novelty
of the research is the method of boiling coir fiber and the length of the microfibrillation
process using a high-speed blender to produce the optimal diameter of coir.
Chemical treatment of coconut fiber (using NaOH) and followed by the fibrillation
process using high speed blender is an alternative process to reduce the dimensions
of fiber diameter. After fibrillation due to the reduced diameter of the fibre, the aspect
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ratio of the fiber increases and yields rough surface topography, which in turn offers a
better fibre-matrix interface. This results in obtaining the enhanced properties. In the
fracture surface, the fibers are disconnected and there is no marked out of the loop
due to the release of the fibers, named pull outs bonding (Fig.9).
Figure 9: Topography of pull out bonding on fracture surface.
4. Conclusions
The result of tensile strength test of epoxy composite reinforced coit, with coir treatment
by microfibrillation can be concluded:
1. The treatment of fiber fibrillation can increase the fiber-matrix interface, thereby
enhancing the mechanical properties of the composite
2. The highest tensile strength is produced by EAC10-10 composite on vial volume
of 30% fiber and 70% epoxy, ie 53.70 MPa.
3. Fiber fibrillation by cooking for 10 minutes and blending for 10 minutes produces
a coir structure that can increase the tensile strength of the composite.
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Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments are submitted to Kemenristekdikti for funding assistance provided
through a research grant with an applied product research scheme in 2018.
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