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Xinyu Shang
Reading journal week1
In the article Immigration and Livelihood, 1840s to 1930s, the key reason why the Asians moved to the United States was to look for jobs. The Asians were desperate for jobs and were ready to work even if they received low salaries. On the other hand, their employers loved the situation since they made a lot of profits. The first Asians to enter the United States made it through the Manila galleon trade. “An act for the governance of masters and servants” (Chan, 1991 p25). However, other communities felt as if the Asians brought competition, which could result in a reduction of job opportunities. Some of these were the Euro-Americans employees who saw the Asians as their competitors. Others were the nativists for all levels who were aggressive to them since they stopped them for restless reasons to prevent their coming.
Azuma Introduction tells that people who were born in Japan and later on shifted to America for studies had the right to express their views without any restrictions. Both the Tateishi and the Hoashi had not gotten a chance to become leaders in the Japenese colonist community, and they were not even recognized in America. “East is West West is East” (Azuma, 2005 p9). However, their routes were not highly valued compared to their expressions, especially during their times. These two communities had the capability of offering their shared predicament comprehensibly in public. Linking with the article on Mercantilists, Colonialists, and Laborers, the dilemma of these communities living through the claimed the separation for the East-West separation and linked binaries. The article also concentrates on the global history of Japanese immigrants and the procedure of creating the racial process. Additionally, the collective impacts of the organizational and figurative regulators control the experience of a marginal group that was viewed as a racial project.Chapter one talks about theoretical groups and how they are confusing. There was considerable confusion on whether the Japanese who relocated to the United States were there to colonize the U.S, or they had just come as immigrants. “Going to America” (Azuma, 2005 p23). The difficulty categorized the historical course of Japanese relocation to the United States as a varied nature of the early Issue community. It is clear that later on, after the Japanese had shifted to the United States, they implemented their capitalist economy, which brought more confusion concerning the issue of immigration and colonization. Therefore, this was one of the intercontinental histories of Japanese immigration in the American West, which brought about the contradiction issue.
On the Takaki talks about how the Chinese moved to one of the cities in the United States known as California. It happened to be a movement that had been formed by several people from various nations. These were inclusive of the Korean, Chinese, Filipino, and Japanese. “Cheap .
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Reconstruction After The Civil War Essay.pdfMelissa Bailey
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Reconstruction After The Civil War Essay.pdfMelissa Bailey
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Running head APARTHEID AND RACIAL SEGREGATION1APARTHEID AND RA.docxhealdkathaleen
Running head: APARTHEID AND RACIAL SEGREGATION 1
APARTHEID AND RACIAL SEGREGATION 2
Apartheid and Racial Segregation
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Apartheid and Racial Segregation
Before the Second World War, the Western countries were not as critical of discrimination based on race; this was the period that the colonization of Africa took place. The 2nd World War highlighted the issues of racism, which resulted in the world calling for decolonization and turning away from such regulations (Lucas, 2018). It was in this period that apartheid was introduced by the NP (National Party) in South Africa as an extension of the policy of racial segregation. The application of apartheid was facilitated by the enactment of the 1950 Act of Population Registration, which categorized every South Africa either as Asian, mixed-race, white, or black.
Apartheid entailed a social structure whose primary purpose was to severely disadvantage the blacks who were the majority in South Africa. This policy advocated for the separate development of the various racial groups within South Africa. To assist in the enforcement of apartheid, the government reinforced the subsisting pass laws that required the blacks to carry documentation to authorizing their access within the restricted areas (Orten, 2015). Moreover, the government enacted other legislation that prohibited interaction between different races, limited every race to specific forms of jobs, introduced distinct educational standards, and denied the participation of the blacks within the national administration.
The primary difference between racial segregation and the policy of apartheid in South Africa was that apartheid legislated segregation. Apartheid was perceived to be much worse in comparison to racial segregation since it was established during a period in which other nations throughout the world were transitioning from racist rules. Apartheid can be compared to racial segregation within the United States (Serdar Ornek). In the US, the initial step toward making racial segregation official was through the introduction of Black Codes, which were legislations enacted around 1865 in the South (Serdar Ornek). These laws dictated significant aspects of the lives of the black individuals, such as where they could live and work. Ultimately, segregation became an official policy following its enforcement by an array of Southern legislations through the Jim Crow legislation. The primary purpose of these laws was to keep the African Americans within an inferior status by inhibiting their access to facilities for the public in addition to ensuring that they lived separately from the whites. These laws encompassed the segregation of everything, including residential areas, schools, public parks, jails, and cemeteries (Orten, 2015). The following essay analyzes the policy of apartheid in South Africa in addition to comparing it to the racial segregation policy in the United States.
...
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Ask Michael E. Mark about his company’s procedures for making a big .docxrandymartin91030
Ask Michael E. Mark about his company’s procedures for making a big capital investment, and he is likely to refer you to the Flextronics International Corporate Policy Manual. It has 80 pages – all of them blank. Although Marks is Flextronics’ chairman and CEO, he says he sometimes lets subordinates such as Humphrey W. Porter, the head of Flextronics’ European operations, do multi-million dollar acquisitions without showing him the paperwork. He disdains staff meetings at his San Jose (Calf.) headquarters, and he refuses to draw up an organization chart delineating his managers’ responsibilities.
One might think Marks’ style is too casual for a growing conglomerate. This is a giant that owns dozens of factories scattered over four continents and has big contracts with some of the most demanding corporate customers on earth, from Cisco Systems Inc. to Siemens. In recent years it has acquired manufacturing plants, design firms, and component makers in the United States, Europe and Asia. It also has landed huge manufacturing contracts with Motorola Inc. and Microsoft Corp.
As Marks sees it, the business of global contract manufacturing is all about speed. The time it takes to get a prototype into mass production and onto retail shelves across the globe can determine whether a leading-edge digital gadget succeeds or flops. And with the Internet and corporate makeovers rapidly reconfiguring entire industries, Marks thinks it’s a bigger sin to miss important opportunities than to make a mistake or two. So he doesn’t want to tie down his top managers with bureaucracy. One of Marks’ favorite dictums: “It’s not the big who eat the small. It’s the fast who eat the slow.”
So far Marks has managed to craft the right balance. A Harvard MBA who had run several small electronics makers, Marks helped engineer a takeover of Singapore domiciled Flextronics in 1993, when it was nearly bankrupt. After turning the company around, he began to rebuild. Flextronics became a favored supplier to companies like Cisco, 3Com, and Palm. Flextronics is poised to become the world’s second-largest contract manufacturer, after Milpitas (Calif.) based Solectron Corp. Beside the industrial parks in Hungary, it also has huge manufacturing campuses in Mexico, China and Brazil.
The basketball hoop hanging in Marks’ modest, somewhat disheveled office seems to sum up his self-image. Marks is a passionate player – even though he stands all of 5 ft. 2 in. Likewise, in the business world Marks seems determined to prove a point. One way or another, he’s convinced he can retain the agile management style of a start-up, while making Flextronics a global enterprise that can play in the big leagues.
1. Based on your reading of the case, describe Marks’ leadership process, style, behavior and the text term that best defines it. Do you think he is successful because of or in spite of his leadership approach?
2. What leadership theories covered in the chapter.
ask an expertwww.NursingMadeIncrediblyEasy.com JanuaryFe.docxrandymartin91030
ask an expert
www.NursingMadeIncrediblyEasy.com January/February 2017 Nursing made Incredibly Easy! 55
Be a legislative advocate
By Lisa Lockhart, MHA, MSN, RN, NE-BC
Q: As nurses, when we feel
strongly about a practice issue,
should we consider lobbying?
A: The American Nurses Association
(ANA) believes that it’s our responsibility
as nursing professionals to be involved in
advocating for patient safety, care stan-
dards, and healthy work environments.
The ANA is a strong voice for America’s
nurses and is among the most powerful
lobbying groups in Washington, D.C. Not
alone in its fi ght for nursing quality and
safety, the ANA is joined and supported
by our professional organizations, state
boards of nursing, and advocacy groups.
These include the American Academy of
Nursing, the American Nurses Credential-
ing Center, and the American Nurses
Foundation.
Participating in your local, specialty,
or state organizations can help you give
voice to your concerns as an engaged pro-
fessional. You have the ability to build,
shape, and alter current laws, effectively
changing legislation by joining forces with
your peers. To simply complain about
staffi ng ratios, the Affordable Care Act,
and unhealthy work environments is just
that—complaining. But by being involved,
we have a large and potentially powerful
voice for safety and quality when you con-
sider that we’re 3.6 million strong!
Our power as an educated workforce
must be harnessed and used purposefully
to effect change. The Institute of Medicine
and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
understood this when they launched The
Future of Nursing report. This doesn’t
necessarily mean that you have to go to
Washington and lobby; it means advocating
at the organizational, state, or federal level.
Stay abreast of what’s going on in your
state and nationally, be an active participant
in professional organizations, vote for legis-
lators who share your healthcare policy and
regulation views, and join internal commit-
tees where nurses at your facility review
policies and procedures. You can make a
difference.
If you decide to give lobbying a try, here
are tips on how to lobby Congress from the
American Academy of Ambulatory Nursing:
“• keep it short and to the point
• don’t forget to say ‘thank you’
• get to know the legislator’s staff (It’s
frequently more productive to speak to
a staff member than the lawmakers
themselves.)
• tell the whole story by acknowledging
when something is diffi cult and when
there’s opposition
• timing is everything (It’s important to
know Congressional procedures, so men-
tion proper deadlines and don’t ask for
requests at the last minute.)
• have a one-page written draft of what
you want available to leave or send to the
legislator
• be professional even when the answer
is ‘no;’ regroup and wait for another
chance.” ■
REFERENCES
American Nurses Associ.
Ask clarifying or thought provoking questions.Provide personal or .docxrandymartin91030
Ask clarifying or thought provoking questions.
Provide personal or professional examples that further illustrate relevant social psychological concepts identified in your classmate’s post.
Supply additional information that might influence your classmate’s interpretation. For example, recommend resources that further support their position or identify possible alternative explanations.
.
Asian American ResearchHello class, I hope this finds you all we.docxrandymartin91030
Asian American Research
Hello class, I hope this finds you all well!
For this week and the last we have been looking at an overview of Asian American Theatre, some of its origins, traditions, the rise of xenophobia against specific yet different Asian cultural groups, and Asian immigration over the last 150 years, as well as a brief look at where this culturally specific kind of Theatre and cinema stands today nationally and more locally with respect to the kinds of stories that are being told that are from an Asian P.O.V. as well as the actors that are cast to play these roles in the last 80 years of cinema, television and theater.
Consider your own overall outlook, knowledge and familiarity (including from our class) with Asian history in the U.S. and the potential struggles that Asian Americans have endured in the last century(s) with the mass migrations in the middle of the 1800’s, the struggle of the Gold and Railroad industries, the rise of wars and conflicts that set Asian Americans and immigrants against the prevailing attitudes in the U.S. about race in the last 150 years.
Looking at the Asian American experience in the U.S. is important as we consider the building blocks of our nation, with railroads, industry, wars, working and labor rights, internment camps during WWII, the deep culture of education and rich traditionalism that is so socially important to the overall history of this group of study, and the important contributions that we as a society have enjoyed from key figures in Asian American history.
We can all speak with a certain level of experience and knowledge, either directly or indirectly, to what we think would be important elements and issues to discuss within the Asian American culture.
Your assignment for this week is to research our topic of Asian American Arts and find an article or video link that deals with this topic in some way and then respond to it with a response paper.
This can be topics of:
1. The Issue of "Yellow Casting" and it's affects on modern Cinema
2. Insufficient roles for Asians in Cinema, T.V. and Theatre
3. Pay gap for Asian actors compared to white actors,
4. How many of the common stereotypes that we discussed are still seen and expressed in film and TV. today.
5. Highlighting an Individual Artist and their impact on pop culture and elevating Asian culture in some way:
- Director(s)
- Actor(s)
- Playwright(s)/Screenwriter(s)
- Any article or video you feel are relevant to our topic and this assignment that
you can write a reaction to in line with this assignment
Please upload your link with your 2-3 page reaction paper. (double space / MLA format)
.
ASIAN CASE RESEARCH JOURNAL, VOL. 23, ISSUE 1, 153–191 (2019).docxrandymartin91030
ASIAN CASE RESEARCH JOURNAL, VOL. 23, ISSUE 1, 153–191 (2019)
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This case was prepared by
Dr. Ivy S. N. Chen of Hong
Kong Polytechnic Univer-
sity, Professor Sherriff T. K.
Luk of Emlyon Business
School, France, and Dr.
Jinghui Tao of Nanjing
University of Finance and
Economics, as a basis for
classroom discussion rather
than to illustrate either effec-
tive or ineffective handling of
an administrative or business
situation.
Please send all correspon-
dence to Dr. Ivy S. N. Chen,
Department of Management
and Marketing, Hong Kong
Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
E-mail: [email protected]
Kerry Logistics — Paving the
New Silk Road
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Asian Americans had been excluded from entering the U.S. for more th.docxrandymartin91030
Asian Americans had been excluded from entering the U.S. for more than half a century through the litany of anti-Asian immigration legislation passed in the years (1882, 1917, 1924, 1934) leading up to WWII. How did the 1965 Immigration Act (Hart-Cellar Act) change this situation? Why have so many well-educated Asians immigrated into the U.S. after the passage of this act? To what extent will Asian immigrants continue to enter the U.S. in the 21
st
century? Drawing upon evidence presented in the course reading (Fong's chapter), make a case that Asian immigrants will continue to come in a steady pace to the U.S., or slow down significantly, or halt altogether.
.
Asia; Opera and Society and a DilemmaPlease respond to t.docxrandymartin91030
Asia; Opera and Society and a Dilemma
Please respond to the following,
using sources under the Explore heading
as the basis of your response.
Describe two (2) examples of how either black slaves or white abolitionists used literature or the visual arts as a form of protest against slavery. Compare this to a modern example of art used for social protest.
.
005 Essay Example Proposal Proposals Examples ~ Thatsnotus. Research Proposal Topics by Writing a Research Proposal - Issuu. Business Proposal Essay Ideas – Telegraph. A List Of Writing Ideas And Topics For Proposal Essays, Updated. 015 Essay Example Proposal Topics Topic List Good Great College .... Business proposal topics. 30 Research Proposal Topics to Prepare a Good .... A Complete List Of Proposal Essay Topics | Total Assignment Help. Best Research Proposal Topics for Every Student. 017 Proposal Essay Topics Templates Research Uk ~ Thatsnotus.
Running head APARTHEID AND RACIAL SEGREGATION1APARTHEID AND RA.docxhealdkathaleen
Running head: APARTHEID AND RACIAL SEGREGATION 1
APARTHEID AND RACIAL SEGREGATION 2
Apartheid and Racial Segregation
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Apartheid and Racial Segregation
Before the Second World War, the Western countries were not as critical of discrimination based on race; this was the period that the colonization of Africa took place. The 2nd World War highlighted the issues of racism, which resulted in the world calling for decolonization and turning away from such regulations (Lucas, 2018). It was in this period that apartheid was introduced by the NP (National Party) in South Africa as an extension of the policy of racial segregation. The application of apartheid was facilitated by the enactment of the 1950 Act of Population Registration, which categorized every South Africa either as Asian, mixed-race, white, or black.
Apartheid entailed a social structure whose primary purpose was to severely disadvantage the blacks who were the majority in South Africa. This policy advocated for the separate development of the various racial groups within South Africa. To assist in the enforcement of apartheid, the government reinforced the subsisting pass laws that required the blacks to carry documentation to authorizing their access within the restricted areas (Orten, 2015). Moreover, the government enacted other legislation that prohibited interaction between different races, limited every race to specific forms of jobs, introduced distinct educational standards, and denied the participation of the blacks within the national administration.
The primary difference between racial segregation and the policy of apartheid in South Africa was that apartheid legislated segregation. Apartheid was perceived to be much worse in comparison to racial segregation since it was established during a period in which other nations throughout the world were transitioning from racist rules. Apartheid can be compared to racial segregation within the United States (Serdar Ornek). In the US, the initial step toward making racial segregation official was through the introduction of Black Codes, which were legislations enacted around 1865 in the South (Serdar Ornek). These laws dictated significant aspects of the lives of the black individuals, such as where they could live and work. Ultimately, segregation became an official policy following its enforcement by an array of Southern legislations through the Jim Crow legislation. The primary purpose of these laws was to keep the African Americans within an inferior status by inhibiting their access to facilities for the public in addition to ensuring that they lived separately from the whites. These laws encompassed the segregation of everything, including residential areas, schools, public parks, jails, and cemeteries (Orten, 2015). The following essay analyzes the policy of apartheid in South Africa in addition to comparing it to the racial segregation policy in the United States.
...
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How To Write A Good Analytical Essay. You Can Write Analytical Essay In Simpl...Heidi Marshall
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Similar to Asam100bbXinyu ShangReading journal week1In the article Im.docx (14)
Ask Michael E. Mark about his company’s procedures for making a big .docxrandymartin91030
Ask Michael E. Mark about his company’s procedures for making a big capital investment, and he is likely to refer you to the Flextronics International Corporate Policy Manual. It has 80 pages – all of them blank. Although Marks is Flextronics’ chairman and CEO, he says he sometimes lets subordinates such as Humphrey W. Porter, the head of Flextronics’ European operations, do multi-million dollar acquisitions without showing him the paperwork. He disdains staff meetings at his San Jose (Calf.) headquarters, and he refuses to draw up an organization chart delineating his managers’ responsibilities.
One might think Marks’ style is too casual for a growing conglomerate. This is a giant that owns dozens of factories scattered over four continents and has big contracts with some of the most demanding corporate customers on earth, from Cisco Systems Inc. to Siemens. In recent years it has acquired manufacturing plants, design firms, and component makers in the United States, Europe and Asia. It also has landed huge manufacturing contracts with Motorola Inc. and Microsoft Corp.
As Marks sees it, the business of global contract manufacturing is all about speed. The time it takes to get a prototype into mass production and onto retail shelves across the globe can determine whether a leading-edge digital gadget succeeds or flops. And with the Internet and corporate makeovers rapidly reconfiguring entire industries, Marks thinks it’s a bigger sin to miss important opportunities than to make a mistake or two. So he doesn’t want to tie down his top managers with bureaucracy. One of Marks’ favorite dictums: “It’s not the big who eat the small. It’s the fast who eat the slow.”
So far Marks has managed to craft the right balance. A Harvard MBA who had run several small electronics makers, Marks helped engineer a takeover of Singapore domiciled Flextronics in 1993, when it was nearly bankrupt. After turning the company around, he began to rebuild. Flextronics became a favored supplier to companies like Cisco, 3Com, and Palm. Flextronics is poised to become the world’s second-largest contract manufacturer, after Milpitas (Calif.) based Solectron Corp. Beside the industrial parks in Hungary, it also has huge manufacturing campuses in Mexico, China and Brazil.
The basketball hoop hanging in Marks’ modest, somewhat disheveled office seems to sum up his self-image. Marks is a passionate player – even though he stands all of 5 ft. 2 in. Likewise, in the business world Marks seems determined to prove a point. One way or another, he’s convinced he can retain the agile management style of a start-up, while making Flextronics a global enterprise that can play in the big leagues.
1. Based on your reading of the case, describe Marks’ leadership process, style, behavior and the text term that best defines it. Do you think he is successful because of or in spite of his leadership approach?
2. What leadership theories covered in the chapter.
ask an expertwww.NursingMadeIncrediblyEasy.com JanuaryFe.docxrandymartin91030
ask an expert
www.NursingMadeIncrediblyEasy.com January/February 2017 Nursing made Incredibly Easy! 55
Be a legislative advocate
By Lisa Lockhart, MHA, MSN, RN, NE-BC
Q: As nurses, when we feel
strongly about a practice issue,
should we consider lobbying?
A: The American Nurses Association
(ANA) believes that it’s our responsibility
as nursing professionals to be involved in
advocating for patient safety, care stan-
dards, and healthy work environments.
The ANA is a strong voice for America’s
nurses and is among the most powerful
lobbying groups in Washington, D.C. Not
alone in its fi ght for nursing quality and
safety, the ANA is joined and supported
by our professional organizations, state
boards of nursing, and advocacy groups.
These include the American Academy of
Nursing, the American Nurses Credential-
ing Center, and the American Nurses
Foundation.
Participating in your local, specialty,
or state organizations can help you give
voice to your concerns as an engaged pro-
fessional. You have the ability to build,
shape, and alter current laws, effectively
changing legislation by joining forces with
your peers. To simply complain about
staffi ng ratios, the Affordable Care Act,
and unhealthy work environments is just
that—complaining. But by being involved,
we have a large and potentially powerful
voice for safety and quality when you con-
sider that we’re 3.6 million strong!
Our power as an educated workforce
must be harnessed and used purposefully
to effect change. The Institute of Medicine
and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
understood this when they launched The
Future of Nursing report. This doesn’t
necessarily mean that you have to go to
Washington and lobby; it means advocating
at the organizational, state, or federal level.
Stay abreast of what’s going on in your
state and nationally, be an active participant
in professional organizations, vote for legis-
lators who share your healthcare policy and
regulation views, and join internal commit-
tees where nurses at your facility review
policies and procedures. You can make a
difference.
If you decide to give lobbying a try, here
are tips on how to lobby Congress from the
American Academy of Ambulatory Nursing:
“• keep it short and to the point
• don’t forget to say ‘thank you’
• get to know the legislator’s staff (It’s
frequently more productive to speak to
a staff member than the lawmakers
themselves.)
• tell the whole story by acknowledging
when something is diffi cult and when
there’s opposition
• timing is everything (It’s important to
know Congressional procedures, so men-
tion proper deadlines and don’t ask for
requests at the last minute.)
• have a one-page written draft of what
you want available to leave or send to the
legislator
• be professional even when the answer
is ‘no;’ regroup and wait for another
chance.” ■
REFERENCES
American Nurses Associ.
Ask clarifying or thought provoking questions.Provide personal or .docxrandymartin91030
Ask clarifying or thought provoking questions.
Provide personal or professional examples that further illustrate relevant social psychological concepts identified in your classmate’s post.
Supply additional information that might influence your classmate’s interpretation. For example, recommend resources that further support their position or identify possible alternative explanations.
.
Asian American ResearchHello class, I hope this finds you all we.docxrandymartin91030
Asian American Research
Hello class, I hope this finds you all well!
For this week and the last we have been looking at an overview of Asian American Theatre, some of its origins, traditions, the rise of xenophobia against specific yet different Asian cultural groups, and Asian immigration over the last 150 years, as well as a brief look at where this culturally specific kind of Theatre and cinema stands today nationally and more locally with respect to the kinds of stories that are being told that are from an Asian P.O.V. as well as the actors that are cast to play these roles in the last 80 years of cinema, television and theater.
Consider your own overall outlook, knowledge and familiarity (including from our class) with Asian history in the U.S. and the potential struggles that Asian Americans have endured in the last century(s) with the mass migrations in the middle of the 1800’s, the struggle of the Gold and Railroad industries, the rise of wars and conflicts that set Asian Americans and immigrants against the prevailing attitudes in the U.S. about race in the last 150 years.
Looking at the Asian American experience in the U.S. is important as we consider the building blocks of our nation, with railroads, industry, wars, working and labor rights, internment camps during WWII, the deep culture of education and rich traditionalism that is so socially important to the overall history of this group of study, and the important contributions that we as a society have enjoyed from key figures in Asian American history.
We can all speak with a certain level of experience and knowledge, either directly or indirectly, to what we think would be important elements and issues to discuss within the Asian American culture.
Your assignment for this week is to research our topic of Asian American Arts and find an article or video link that deals with this topic in some way and then respond to it with a response paper.
This can be topics of:
1. The Issue of "Yellow Casting" and it's affects on modern Cinema
2. Insufficient roles for Asians in Cinema, T.V. and Theatre
3. Pay gap for Asian actors compared to white actors,
4. How many of the common stereotypes that we discussed are still seen and expressed in film and TV. today.
5. Highlighting an Individual Artist and their impact on pop culture and elevating Asian culture in some way:
- Director(s)
- Actor(s)
- Playwright(s)/Screenwriter(s)
- Any article or video you feel are relevant to our topic and this assignment that
you can write a reaction to in line with this assignment
Please upload your link with your 2-3 page reaction paper. (double space / MLA format)
.
ASIAN CASE RESEARCH JOURNAL, VOL. 23, ISSUE 1, 153–191 (2019).docxrandymartin91030
ASIAN CASE RESEARCH JOURNAL, VOL. 23, ISSUE 1, 153–191 (2019)
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This case was prepared by
Dr. Ivy S. N. Chen of Hong
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sity, Professor Sherriff T. K.
Luk of Emlyon Business
School, France, and Dr.
Jinghui Tao of Nanjing
University of Finance and
Economics, as a basis for
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tive or ineffective handling of
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situation.
Please send all correspon-
dence to Dr. Ivy S. N. Chen,
Department of Management
and Marketing, Hong Kong
Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
E-mail: [email protected]
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OR.
Asian Americans had been excluded from entering the U.S. for more th.docxrandymartin91030
Asian Americans had been excluded from entering the U.S. for more than half a century through the litany of anti-Asian immigration legislation passed in the years (1882, 1917, 1924, 1934) leading up to WWII. How did the 1965 Immigration Act (Hart-Cellar Act) change this situation? Why have so many well-educated Asians immigrated into the U.S. after the passage of this act? To what extent will Asian immigrants continue to enter the U.S. in the 21
st
century? Drawing upon evidence presented in the course reading (Fong's chapter), make a case that Asian immigrants will continue to come in a steady pace to the U.S., or slow down significantly, or halt altogether.
.
Asia; Opera and Society and a DilemmaPlease respond to t.docxrandymartin91030
Asia; Opera and Society and a Dilemma
Please respond to the following,
using sources under the Explore heading
as the basis of your response.
Describe two (2) examples of how either black slaves or white abolitionists used literature or the visual arts as a form of protest against slavery. Compare this to a modern example of art used for social protest.
.
Ashry 1Nedal AshryProf. GuzikENGL 301B15 February 20.docxrandymartin91030
Ashry 1
Nedal Ashry
Prof. Guzik
ENGL 301B
15 February 2020
Education and Technology
The benefits of technology cannot be denied in how they help students getting their work done both in and outside of the classroom. Technology also saves students time by helping them submit their work when it’s due. Even with these great benefits, using screen-based-devices can distract students from staying focused. Handwriting notes is more efficient than typing it because the notes will be more specific. In this essay, I will discuss the benefits of screen-based-devices in education and their disadvantages. I will discuss a potential policy which California State University Long Beach should adopt in order to prevent students from multitasking and staying focused on getting one task done at a time. Administrators and instructors should develop ways to help students stay engaged in class by providing them with a productive environment for learning with the use of screen-based-devices.
Students who try to multitask can’t get things done in a timely manner since their brain can’t process two different things at the same time. According to Dr. Adam Gazzaley, who is a neuroscientist at the University of San Francisco, the prefrontal cortex faces challenges when the brain tries to process multiple tasks at the same time. Studies show that the brain works in harmony with the prefrontal cortex when one task is being accomplished. However, as soon as students start multitasking, the right hemisphere and left hemisphere of the brain are forced to work independently which stops them from getting things done on time. However, if they focus on doing schoolwork or taking notes individually from start to finish, they won’t be worried or concerned about checking their devices. In order for the prefrontal cortex to process things in harmony with the rest of the brain, students should minimize the use of screen-based-devices while they are in class or doing homework so that they can get tasks done on a timely manner.
Another disadvantage about screen-based-devices is the ability to retain information during lectures. Students spend the entire class time taking notes on their electronic devices without paying full attention to the material being taught. I have experienced this issue myself when I would be taking notes during class, and when I went home to study. I had a hard time understanding my notes because I didn’t spend as much time paying attention during class. With some professors drawing diagrams or not having uniform notes, I would not be able to copy down the information on my screen-based-device as quickly or in a manner that would make as much sense as what the professor wrote on the board. I also would get distracted as soon as I received a notification from either Facebook, Twitter or when I receive an important email. I would often find myself switching from one screen to another and oftentimes forget that I am in class. It came to a point where I prefer.
Ashford Graduate Intro Week Six Discussion Two 2 Examples.docxrandymartin91030
Ashford Graduate Intro Week Six Discussion Two: 2 Examples
Example One:
The purpose of this discussion is to compare and contrast a popular mainstream article
on cyber bullying with an article on the same topic in peer-reviewed scientific literature.
Cyber bullying is certainly a very important issue in the modern world, where we are, in
many ways, more connected and able to interact with each other technologically than ever
before. With the overall volume of social networking among youths and adolescents up, the
dangers posed by online abuse and bullying has come to the forefront in public awareness
and has become a topic often discussed in the mass media. With multiple high profile cases
of adolescents committing suicide as a result of constant cyber bullying, it is clear that the
issue is a serious one with deep psychological effects.
The two articles used in this discussion are a USA Today article by Robin Erb, entitled
Social-media abuse rampant in middle, high school, and an entry from a 2013 edition of
the Journal of Youth and Adolescence entitled, Cyber bullying and internalizing
difficulties: Above and beyond the impact of traditional form of bullying.
The most striking difference between the two articles can be found in the use of
language. The USA Today article is well-written, but it is done so in a manner that is
clearly intended to be easily consumable for both parents and potential young readers. The
scholarly article, naturally, is much more matter-of-fact and is clearly not designed for the
casual reader, void of the colorful language and first-person accounts heavily featured in
Erb’s piece. For instance, terms such as “throwing shade” are mentioned, and one quote
reads, “teenagers have these squishy little half-formed brains” (Erb, 2015). This use of
casual language is not brought up to belittle the article in any way, because it actually is
written in a way in which the average reader is much more likely to read the article to its
completion and also more likely to understand the content once they are finished than is the
more complex journal entry. However, for someone who is truly interested in the topic and
wants to explore it more fully, the journal entry provides a much deeper insight into the
psychological effects of cyber bullying and how those psychological effects correlate with
real-world consequences. It also brings up a few factors and concepts that are not openly
discussed in the USA Today article, such as the fact that evidence shows that “students
who are cyber victimized are less likely to report or seek help than teens who were
victimized by more traditional means” (Bonnano & Hymel, 2013, p. 695).
Perhaps the most important commonality between these two articles, besides the overall
topic itself, is the intent of the work. While the information is disseminated in a very
different manner, the overall message may be the same. Both articles are meant to bring .
Ashford 6 - Week 5 - Final ProjectFinal ProjectImagine that you.docxrandymartin91030
Ashford 6: - Week 5 - Final Project
Final Project
Imagine that you work for a health department and have been asked to make a presentation to a group of health care professionals on the role and responsibilities of community and public health.
After reviewing the materials throughout the course and based on what you have learned, create a PowerPoint presentation of at least six slides that covers the following topics:
Describe the role of community and public health in the well-being of populations.
Describe the public health organizational structure.
Examine the legal and ethical dimensions of public and community health services.
Analyze funding of public and community health services.
Discuss the role of communication in community and public health programs.
Creating the Final
The Final Presentation:
Must be created using a screencast program such as Jing, Screencast-O-Matic, Screenr, or other audio/video program.
Must be a minimum of six PowerPoint slides in length (excluding title and reference slide), and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Must include a title slide with the following:
Title of presentation
Student’s name
Course name and number
Instructor’s name
Date submitted
Must include a succinct thesis that is presented on the opening slide.
Must address the topics with critical thought.
Must use at least four scholarly sources (not including the course text), including a minimum of two from academic journals found in the Ashford University Library. Other sources should be obtained from appropriate epidemiological information.
Must document all sources in APA style, as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Must include a separate reference slide, formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
.
ASD Services ResourcesAutism ResourcesFlorida Department of H.docxrandymartin91030
ASD Services Resources
Autism Resources/Florida Department of Health (www.floridahealth.gov.)
American Autism Association (www.myautism.org.)
Bloom Autism Services. ABA Therapy in South Florida (www.inbloomautims.com.
National Autism Association (https://nationalautimsassociation.org.)
Miami Dade County Autism Support Groups.
South Florida/Autism Speaks (www.autismspeaks.org.)
CAP4Kids Miami. Special Needs/Autism (https://cap4kids.org.)
The Autism Society of Miami Dade (www.ese.dadeschools.net.)
University of Miami Center for Autism and Related Disabilities (CARD)
Family Life Broward and Miami Dade. Miami Dade Special Needs Resources and Activities Guide (2019). (https://southfloridafamilylife.com.)
Running head: HIGHER EDUCATION 2
HIGHER EDUCATION 2
The Morrill Land-Grant Acts, Title V, Gratz v. Bollinger, and Grutter v. Bollinger
Student’s Name
Course Code
Institution Affiliation
Date
The Morrill Land-Grant Acts had the most significant positive impact on students' access to higher education. This is because this act made it possible for the new states in the west to put up colleges for their students. The institutions that were established gave a chance to a lot of farmers and other working-class people who could not previously access higher education. Since the land was the most readily available resource, it was given for these states to establish colleges. According to Christy (2017), even though some individuals misused the earnings from those lands, the Morrill land-grant Act gave the foundation of a national system of state colleges and universities. Finances from the lands even helped existing institutions, helped build new institutions, and other states were able to charter new schools.
Grutter v. Bollinger & Gratz v. Bollinger had the most influence in shaping how higher education institutions recruit and retain students from diverse backgrounds. This is because this ruling recognizes the benefits of diversity in education and validates any reasonable means which can be used to achieve that diversity. The verdict is even supported by a lot of studies which show that student body diversity promotes learning outcomes, and 'better prepares students for an increasingly diverse workforce and society…'" (The Civil Rights Project, 2010). Grutter vs. Bollinger laid a foundation for the diversity we see today in universities and colleges. Garces (2012) asserts that in our current world, which is diverse, access to higher education is what determines our legitimacy and strength. This all has been made possible by the Grutter v. Bollinger & Gratz v. Bollinger. The ruling helped break down stereotypes and for students to understand others from different races.
References
Christy, R. D. (2017). A century of service: Land-grant colleges and universities, 1890-1990. Routledge.
Garces, L. M. (2012). Necessary but not sufficient: The impact of Grutter v. Bollinger on student of color enrollment in graduate and profess.
ASCI 615
Aviation/Aerospace Accident
Investigation and Analysis
Data Collection Part II
Overview
• Records Review
• Electronic Evidence
CVR
FDR
ATC data
Weather
Aircraft Records
Crew Records
• Accident Photography
• Witness Interviews
Records Review
• Records are not as glamorous as wreckage, but may
tell a large part of the story. Personnel training and
qualification, aircraft maintenance and modification,
and company policies and procedures all help build a
picture of the operation prior to the accident
• Operations Specialist –
Gather personnel, medical, and training records of aircrew
involved.
Get copies of operating procedures, flying schedules, and
training procedures from the owner/operator.
Records Review (Cont.)
• Maintenance Specialists –
Gather aircraft, engine, appliance, maintenance, servicing, and overhaul
records.
Gather personnel and training records for maintainers involved with the
accident aircraft.
Gather records on maintenance procedures, policies, and training.
Gather the same records for any organization that did outsourced
maintenance.
• Air Traffic Control Specialist –
Gather copies of all ATC voice and radar tapes.
Gather copies of local ATC policies and procedures.
Gather personnel and training records of local ATC personnel if
involvement in the accident is suspected.
Records Review (Cont.)
• Human Factors Specialist –
Gather and analyze crew issues including medical records,
schedule, crew rest, off-duty activities, nutrition, hydration,
etc.
May involve interviews with family members to establish
activities leading up to the aircraft.
Research previous work done on human-machine interface
and ergonomics in the aircraft.
• Weather Specialist – FAA requires special weather
observation to be taken at the time of the accident.
Gather this as well as weather forecast provided to
the aircrew.
Records Review (Cont.)
• Survival Specialist –
Gather information from first responders and rescue
personnel on condition and location of survivors, condition
and location of casualties, and type and severity of injuries.
Gather emergency response procedures and established
plans (E.g., Airport Emergency Plan)
Gather data “CREEP” data (covered in a later module)
Gather information from operator on assigned seat location
for each individual on the aircraft, both crew and
passengers.
Records Analysis
• Personnel records (crew and maintenance) –
Look for the obvious first: medical problems, training deficiencies,
qualification issues, personal problems.
Analyze training received and adequacy of training for the job
Analyze currency of training
Make sure the people involved were trained, qualified, and
current to be doing the job they were doing for both crew and
maintenance
Make sure the people involved were capable of doing wha.
ASCM 631 – Integrative Supply Chain Management – Midterm Examination
Multiple Choice Questions. Choose the one alternative that best answers the question. 2 points each.
1)
Successful supply chain management requires which of the following decision phases?
1)
_______
A)
Supply chain strategy/design
B)
Supply chain operation
C)
Supply chain planning
D)
all of the above
E)
A and B only
2)
Supply chain surplus involves what two parts?
2)
_______
A)
Reliable transportation and supply chain cost
B)
Manufacturing cost and selling price
C)
Customer value and high quality products
D)
Customer value and supply chain cost
3)
Successful supply chain management requires many decisions relating to the flow of information, product, and funds. These decisions fall into three categories or phases. Which of the following is NOT one of these categories?
3)
_______
A)
Supply Chain Strategy and Design
B)
Supply Chain Operation
C)
Supply Chain Alliances
D)
Supply Chain Planning
4)
Customer arrival refers to
4)
_______
A)
the customer informing the retailer of what they want to purchase and the retailer allocating product to the customer.
B)
the process where product is prepared and sent to the customer.
C)
the process where the customer receives the product and takes ownership.
D)
the point in time when the customer has access to choices and makes a decision regarding a purchase.
E)
none of the above
5)
Which of the following is not a process in the customer order cycle?
5)
_______
A)
Customer order fulfillment
B)
Customer arrival
C)
Customer order receiving
D)
Customer order entry
E)
All are processes in the customer order cycle.
6)
Supply chain responsiveness includes the ability to do which of the following?
6)
_______
A)
Handle supply uncertainty
B)
Match supply chain responsiveness with the implied uncertainty of demand
C)
Ensure that all functional strategies within the supply chain support the supply chain's level of responsiveness
D)
Understand customers and supply chain uncertainty
E)
none of the above
7)
The key weakness of the ________ view is that different functions within a firm may have conflicting objectives.
7)
_______
A)
Intrafunctional scope
B)
Intercompany scope
C)
Intraoperation scope
D)
Interfunctional scope
8)
Supply chain responsiveness includes the ability to do which of the following?
8)
_______
A)
Meet short lead times
B)
Ensure that all functional strategies within the supply chain support the supply chain's level of responsiveness
C)
Match supply chain responsiveness with the implied uncertainty of demand
D)
Understand customers and supply chain
E)
all of the above
9)
A supply chain strategy involves decisions regarding all of the following except
9)
_______
A)
operating facilities.
B)
transportation.
C)
inventory.
D)
information flows.
E)
new product development.
10)
Pricing directly affects revenues but.
asapnursingProvide a Topic of Health Promotion Paper for App.docxrandymartin91030
asap
nursing
Provide a Topic of Health Promotion Paper for Approval
Health Topic
1. Describe a single health promotion/disease prevention problem from the Healthy People 2020 Objectives Introduction to population or problem. Describe incidence, prevalence, epidemiology, cost burden etc.,
2. Description of specific population, program or organization Discuss how the policy is intended for a specific population, program or organization.
3. Specific legislators involved Identify and discuss specific legislators involved in the policy development and policy, practice and outcomes.
4. Discuss how the policy influences clinical practice and is used to promote best outcomes. Policy, practice and the inter-professional team. Examine how the policy can be used by the inter-professional team to ensure coordinated.
Use of primary sources and evidence that is not older than 5 years. Writing, grammar and APA application Scholarly grammar, use of APA 6th edition.
.
Asap Essay Need, it needs to be 4-5pages long. I really want to get .docxrandymartin91030
Asap Essay Need, it needs to be 4-5pages long. I really want to get A+.... Please help...... NO PLAGIARISM...OR SPELLING MISTAKES..... IF FOUND YOU WILL BE IN TROUBLE........
Topic--There are probably a few things that have changed since you were in high school. Write an essay that might seve as a call to action.What would you change about high school systems in general and specially.
Please make sure that there is good introduction.. good attention in the intro... good transition... and there better be thesis....
Make sure there is a thesis...
Plagiarism
is the "wrongful appropriation" and "purloining and publication" of another
author
's "language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions," and the representation of them as one's own
original work
.
[1]
[2]
The idea remains problematic with unclear definitions and unclear rules.
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
The modern concept of plagiarism as
immoral
and
originality
as an
ideal
emerged in Europe only in the 18th century, particularly with the
Romantic movement
.
DO IT RIGHT OR MONEY BACK...
.
ASB 100Spring 2019Writing Assignment 3In this assignme.docxrandymartin91030
ASB 100
Spring 2019
Writing Assignment 3
In this assignment, you must select a topic, condition, or problem related to ‘water, sanitation, and hygiene’ or climate change that you consider to be a global health priority. This priority needs to be specific rather than a general concept such as ‘climate change.’
After describing the issue and justifying why it is a priority, design a health intervention to address the issue. The intervention must include at least two components: an educational component (e.g. dealing with beliefs and behavior); and an infrastructure or policy component (for example new construction, policy to limit emissions, etc.). For each component, state what you would do as well, why and how your intervention would have an effect, and how you would measure success (e.g. increasing handwashing rates).
You are encouraged to use visuals to help explain your intervention or to provide examples of your interventions. If you use images from the internet, please provide the website where you found the image.
Make sure that you address the ‘who, what, where, when, and why’ issues in both your justification as well as your proposed intervention. For example, do you focus on areas that lack access to adequate sanitation versus places where the quality of services may be an issue? Do you focus on areas that are at highest risk of climate change impacts, or areas that contribute the most to greenhouse gases? Do you focus on urban or rural areas? For the educational component, do you provide ads on tv, billboards, or in schools? Do you focus on adults, teenagers, or children? Do you propose policy at the global or national level?
You must include at least one unique source for each section of the proposal (justification, education/behavior, infrastructure/policy). You may use the same author or institution for each section (such as the World Health Organization), but the documents must be unique for each part. Please make sure that you identify the source of any information you use by using in-text citations (e.g. the WHO (2016) states…), and well as identifying any direct quotations with quotation marks (“”).
Topic:
Justification: (approximately 200 words)
Educational / Behavioral Component: (approximately 300-400 words)
Infrastructure / Policy Component: (approximately 300-400 words)
Citations:
· Ulrich, D. & Smallwood, N. 2004. Capitalizing on capabilities. Harvard Business Review, 82(6):119-127 (C)
· Porter, M. E. (2001). The value chain and competitive advantage. Understanding business processes, Chapter 5, pp. 50-59. The reading is available online at the following link.
· https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=lNEl9R4MWawC&oi=fnd&pg=PT54&dq=porter+value+chain&ots=XCm72AmYMJ&sig=gYW0LThqprzbiDfB1NNnPxIEKA8#v=onepage&q=porter%20value%20chain&f=false
· Porter’s Value Chain Analysis: https://www.toolshero.com/management/value-chain-analysis-porter/
www.hbr.org
A R T I C L E
H B R S
P.
asapnursingHealth policy unfolds daily and drives clinical p.docxrandymartin91030
asap
nursing
Health policy unfolds daily and drives clinical practice in the US. The student will investigate current policies or legislation underway for a specific health-related issue. The Student will develop a scholarly APA formatted supported by evidence. The rubric:
1. Introduction to population or problem (incidence, prevalence, epidemiology, cost burden etc)
2. Description of how the policy is intended for a specific population, program or organization
3. Specific legislators involved in the policy development and dissemination
4. Identify the role of the APRN in assisting with the policy or refuting the policy – this requires the evidence to support opinion, ideas and/or concepts.
5. Discuss how the policy influences clinical practice and is used to promote best outcomes
6. Examine how the policy can be used by the interprofessional team to ensure coordinated and comprehensive care for the specific population
7. Conclusion – summarize findings
8. APA format – use of primary peer-reviewed references as much as possible
.
As youre reading On the Fireline, take good notes about wha.docxrandymartin91030
As you're reading
On the Fireline,
take good notes about what you're reading. Focus on the main concepts/questions I've outlined below
What is Desmond's research question? In other words, what is the purpose of his book? Why is his study important?
What theoretical frameworks does Desmond draw from to think about his analysis?
In what ways in the U.S. Forest Service an institution in the firefighters' lives and work?
How does the firefighters' social location shape the ways they view wildland firefighting and their interactions with their fellow firefighters?
Discussion1
Discuss the research methods Desmond used for his study. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the methods he chose? Why did he choose these methods? Would you have chosen the same methods? Why/why not?
Discussion2
What is country competence and how does it impact the ways in which the firefighters approach firefighting? According to Desmond, what is habitus and what is the significance of habitus for country competence? Discuss an example of habitus in your own life.
.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
Asam100bbXinyu ShangReading journal week1In the article Im.docx
1. Asam100bb
Xinyu Shang
Reading journal week1
In the article Immigration and Livelihood, 1840s to 1930s, the
key reason why the Asians moved to the United States was to
look for jobs. The Asians were desperate for jobs and were
ready to work even if they received low salaries. On the other
hand, their employers loved the situation since they made a lot
of profits. The first Asians to enter the United States made it
through the Manila galleon trade. “An act for the governance of
masters and servants” (Chan, 1991 p25). However, other
communities felt as if the Asians brought competition, which
could result in a reduction of job opportunities. Some of these
were the Euro-Americans employees who saw the Asians as
their competitors. Others were the nativists for all levels who
were aggressive to them since they stopped them for restless
reasons to prevent their coming.
Azuma Introduction tells that people who were born in Japan
and later on shifted to America for studies had the right to
express their views without any restrictions. Both the Tateishi
and the Hoashi had not gotten a chance to become leaders in the
Japenese colonist community, and they were not even
recognized in America. “East is West West is East” (Azuma,
2005 p9). However, their routes were not highly valued
compared to their expressions, especially during their times.
These two communities had the capability of offering their
shared predicament comprehensibly in public. Linking with the
article on Mercantilists, Colonialists, and Laborers, the dilemma
of these communities living through the claimed the separation
for the East-West separation and linked binaries. The article
also concentrates on the global history of Japanese immigrants
and the procedure of creating the racial process. Additionally,
the collective impacts of the organizational and figurative
2. regulators control the experience of a marginal group that was
viewed as a racial project.Chapter one talks about theoretical
groups and how they are confusing. There was considerable
confusion on whether the Japanese who relocated to the United
States were there to colonize the U.S, or they had just come as
immigrants. “Going to America” (Azuma, 2005 p23). The
difficulty categorized the historical course of Japanese
relocation to the United States as a varied nature of the early
Issue community. It is clear that later on, after the Japanese
had shifted to the United States, they implemented their
capitalist economy, which brought more confusion concerning
the issue of immigration and colonization. Therefore, this was
one of the intercontinental histories of Japanese immigration in
the American West, which brought about the contradiction
issue.
On the Takaki talks about how the Chinese moved to one of the
cities in the United States known as California. It happened to
be a movement that had been formed by several people from
various nations. These were inclusive of the Korean, Chinese,
Filipino, and Japanese. “Cheap labor” (Takaki, 1993 p132)
.They were supposed to shift to Hawaii, which was an American
territory. All these came here to look for labor for them to make
a living. They worked in an industry that produced sugar.
Hawaii was very different from other states such as California
in various perspectives, such as ethical wise. Chapter five
speaks on how the Japanese finally settled in the United States
in California to be specific. It also indicates the level of racism
that the Japanese experienced while in the United States. A
young man whose origin was Hawaai stated that he experienced
how badly the Japanese were treated in California. “But I didn’t
realize the situation until I had a real experience “(Takaki, 1993
p180). It was after he had gone to get a shave, and upon the
barber realizing his nationality, he refused to attend to him and
instead chased him out of his shape. The Japanese were also
mistreated as laborers by receiving peanuts and having poor
working conditions.
3. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1
Prediction, persuasion, and the jurisprudence of behaviourism
Contents
1. I Introduction
2. II Stacking the deck: ‘predicting’ the contemporaneous
3. III Problematic characteristics of the ECtHR textual
‘predictive’ model
4. IV Conclusion
5. Footnotes
Full Text
Listen
There is a growing literature critiquing the unreflective
application of big data, predictive analytics, artificial
intelligence, and machine-learning techniques to social
problems. Such methods may reflect biases rather than reasoned
decision making. They also may leave those affected by
automated sorting and categorizing unable to understand the
basis of the decisions affecting them. Despite these problems,
machine-learning experts are feeding judicial opinions to
algorithms to predict how future cases will be decided. We call
the use of such predictive analytics in judicial contexts a
jurisprudence of behaviourism as it rests on a fundamentally
Skinnerian model of cognition as a black-boxed transformation
of inputs into outputs. In this model, persuasion is passé; what
matters is prediction. After describing and critiquing a recent
study that has advanced this jurisprudence of behaviourism, we
question the value of such research. Widespread deployment of
prediction models not based on the meaning of important
precedents and facts may endanger the core rule-of-law values.
artificial intelligence; cyber law; machine learning;
4. jurisprudence; predictive analysis
I Introduction
A growing chorus of critics are challenging the use of opaque
(or merely complex) predictive analytics programs to monitor,
influence, and assess individuals’ behaviour. The rise of a
‘black box society’ portends profound threats to individual
autonomy; when critical data and algorithms cannot be a matter
of public understanding or debate, both consumers and citizens
are unable to comprehend how they are being sorted,
categorized, and influenced.[ 2]
A predictable counter-argument has arisen, discounting the
comparative competence of human decision makers. Defending
opaque sentencing algorithms, for instance, Christine
Remington (a Wisconsin assistant attorney general) has stated:
‘We don’t know what’s going on in a judge’s head; it’s a black
box, too.’[ 3] Of course, a judge must (upon issuing an
important decision) explain why the decision was made; so too
are agencies covered by the Administrative Procedure Act
obliged to offer a ‘concise statement of basis and purpose’ for
rule making.[ 4] But there is a long tradition of realist
commentators dismissing the legal justifications adopted by
judges as unconvincing fig leaves for the ‘real’ (non-legal)
bases of their decisions.
In the first half of the twentieth century, the realist disdain for
stated rationales for decisions led in at least two directions:
toward more rigorous and open discussions of policy
considerations motivating judgments and toward frank
recognition of judges as political actors, reflecting certain
ideologies, values, and interests. In the twenty-first century, a
new response is beginning to emerge: a deployment of natural
language processing and machine-learning (ML) techniques to
predict whether judges will hear a case and, if so, how they will
decide it. ML experts are busily feeding algorithms with the
opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States, the
European Court of Human Rights, and other judicial bodies as
well as with metadata on justices’ ideological commitments,
5. past voting record, and myriad other variables. By processing
data related to cases, and the text of opinions, these systems
purport to predict how judges will decide cases, how individual
judges will vote, and how to optimize submissions and
arguments before them.
This form of prediction is analogous to forecasters using big
data (rather than understanding underlying atmospheric
dynamics) to predict the movement of storms. An algorithmic
analysis of a database of, say, 10,000 past cumulonimbi
sweeping over Lake Ontario may prove to be a better predictor
of the next cumulonimbus’s track than a trained meteorologist
without access to such a data trove. From the perspective of
many predictive analytics approaches, judges are just like any
other feature of the natural world – an entity that transforms
certain inputs (such as briefs and advocacy documents) into
outputs (decisions for or against a litigant). Just as forecasters
predict whether a cloud will veer southwest or southeast, the
user of a ML system might use machine-readable case
characteristics to predict whether a rainmaker will prevail in the
courtroom.
We call the use of algorithmic predictive analytics in judicial
contexts an emerging jurisprudence of behaviourism, since it
rests on a fundamentally Skinnerian model of mental processes
as a black-boxed transformation of inputs into outputs.[ 5] In
this model, persuasion is passé; what matters is prediction.[ 6]
After describing and critiquing a recent study typical of this
jurisprudence of behaviourism, we question the value of the
research program it is advancing. Billed as a method of
enhancing the legitimacy and efficiency of the legal system,
such modelling is all too likely to become one more tool
deployed by richer litigants to gain advantages over poorer
ones.[ 7] Moreover, it should raise suspicions if it is used as a
triage tool to determine the priority of cases. Such predictive
analytics are only as good as the training data on which they
depend, and there is good reason to doubt such data could ever
generate in social analysis the types of ground truths
6. characteristic of scientific methods applied to the natural world.
While fundamental physical laws rarely if ever change, human
behaviour can change dramatically in a short period of time.
Therefore, one should always be cautious when applying
automated methods in the human context, where factors as basic
as free will and political change make the behaviour of both
decision makers, and those they impact, impossible to predict
with certainty.[ 8]
Nor are predictive analytics immune from bias. Just as judges
bring biases into the courtroom, algorithm developers are prone
to incorporate their own prejudices and priors into their
machinery.[ 9] In addition, biases are no easier to address in
software than in decisions justified by natural language. Such
judicial opinions (or even oral statements) are generally much
less opaque than ML algorithms. Unlike many proprietary or
hopelessly opaque computational processes proposed to replace
them, judges and clerks can be questioned and rebuked for
discriminatory behaviour.[ 10] There is a growing literature
critiquing the unreflective application of ML techniques to
social problems.[ 11] Predictive analytics may reflect biases
rather than reasoned decision making.[ 12] They may also leave
those affected by automated sorting and categorizing unable to
understand the basis of the decisions affecting them, especially
when the output from the models in anyway affects one’s life,
liberty, or property rights and when litigants are not given the
basis of the model’s predictions.[ 13]
This article questions the social utility of prediction models as
applied to the judicial system, arguing that their deployment
may endanger core rule-of-law values. In full bloom, predictive
analytics would not simply be a camera trained on the judicial
system, reporting on it, but it would also be an engine of
influence, shaping it. Attorneys may decide whether to pursue
cases based on such systems; courts swamped by appeals or
applications may be tempted to use ML models to triage or
prioritize cases. In work published to widespread acclaim in
2016, Nikolaos Aletras, Dimitrios Tsarapatsanis, Daniel
7. Preoţiuc-Pietro, and Vasileios Lampos made bold claims about
the place of natural language processing (NLP) in the legal
system in their article Predicting Judicial Decisions of the
European Court of Human Rights: A Natural Language
Processing Perspective.[ 14] They claim that ‘advances in
Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Machine Learning
(ML) provide us with the tools to automatically analyse legal
materials, so as to build successful predictive models of judicial
outcomes.’[ 15] Presumably, they are referring to their own
work as part of these advances. However, close analysis of their
‘systematic study on predicting the outcome of cases tried by
the European Court of Human Rights based solely on textual
content’ reveals that their soi-disant ‘success’ merits closer
scrutiny on both positive and normative grounds.
The first question to be asked about a study like Predicting
Judicial Decisions is: what are its uses and purposes? Aletras
and colleagues suggest at least three uses. First, they present
their work as a first step toward the development of ML and
NLP software that can predict how judges and other authorities
will decide legal disputes. Second, Aletras has clearly stated to
media that artificial intelligence ‘could also be a valuable tool
for highlighting which cases are most likely to be violations of
the European Convention of Human Rights’ – in other words,
that it could help courts triage which cases they should
hear.[ 16] Third, they purport to intervene in a classic
jurisprudential debate – whether facts or law matter more in
judicial determinations.[ 17] Each of these aims and claims
should be rigorously interrogated, given shortcomings of the
study that the authors acknowledge. Beyond these
acknowledged problems, there are even more faults in their
approach which cast doubt on whether the research program of
NLP-based prediction of judicial outcomes, even if pursued in a
more realistic manner, has anything significant to contribute to
our understanding of the legal system.
Although Aletras and colleagues have used cutting edge ML and
NLP methods in their study, their approach metaphorically
8. stacks the deck in favour of their software and algorithms in so
many ways that it is hard to see its relevance to either practising
lawyers or scholars. Nor is it plausible to state that a method
this crude, and disconnected from actual legal meaning and
reasoning, provides empirical data relevant to jurisprudential
debates over legal formalism and realism. As more advanced
thinking on artificial intelligence and intelligence augmentation
has already demonstrated, there is an inevitable interface of
human meaning that is necessary to make sense of social
institutions like law.
II Stacking the deck: ‘predicting’ the contemporaneous
The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) hears cases in
which parties allege that their rights under the articles of the
European Convention of Human Rights were violated and not
remedied by their country’s courts.[ 18] The researchers claim
that the textual model has an accuracy of ‘79% on
average.’[ 19] Given sweepingly futuristic headlines generated
by the study (including ‘Could AI [Artificial Intelligence]
Replace Judges and Lawyers?’), a casual reader of reports on
the study might assume that this finding means that, using the
method of the researchers, those who have some aggregation of
data and text about case filings can use that data to predict how
the ECtHR will decide a case, with 79 per cent accuracy.[ 20]
However, that would not be accurate. Instead, the researchers
used the ‘circumstances’ subsection in the cases they claimed to
‘predict,’ which had ‘been formulated by the Court itself.’[ 21]
In other words, they claimed to be ‘predicting’ an event (a
decision) based on materials released simultaneously with the
decision. This is a bit like claiming to ‘predict’ whether a judge
had cereal for breakfast yesterday based on a report of the
nutritional composition of the materials on the judge’s plate at
the exact time she or he consumed the breakfast.[ 22] Readers
can (and should) balk at using the term ‘prediction’ to describe
correlations between past events (like decisions of a court) and
contemporaneously generated, past data (like the circumstances
subsection of a case). Sadly, though, few journalists
9. breathlessly reporting the study by Aletras and colleagues did
so.
To their credit, though, Aletras and colleagues repeatedly
emphasize how much they have effectively stacked the deck by
using ECtHR-generated documents themselves to help the
ML/NLP software they are using in the study ‘predict’ the
outcomes of the cases associated with those documents. A truly
predictive system would use the filings of the parties, or data
outside the filings, that was in existence before the judgement
itself. Aletras and colleagues grudgingly acknowledge that the
circumstances subsection ‘should not always be understood as a
neutral mirroring of the factual background of the case,’ but
they defend their method by stating that the ‘summaries of facts
found in the “Circumstances” section have to be at least framed
in as neutral and impartial a way as possible.’[ 23] However,
they give readers no clear guide as to when the circumstances
subsection is actually a neutral mirroring of factual background
or how closely it relates to records in existence before a
judgment that would actually be useful to those aspiring to
develop a predictive system.
Instead, their ‘premise is that published judgments can be used
to test the possibility of a text-based analysis for ex ante
predictions of outcomes on the assumption that there is enough
similarity between (at least) certain chunks of the text of
published judgments and applications lodged with the Court
and/or briefs submitted by parties with respect to pending
cases.’[ 24] But they give us few compelling reasons to accept
this assumption since almost any court writing an opinion to
justify a judgment is going to develop a facts section in ways
that reflect its outcome. The authors state that the ECtHR has
‘limited fact finding powers,’ but they give no sense of how
much that mitigates the cherry-picking of facts or statements
about the facts problem. Nor should we be comforted by the fact
that ‘the Court cannot openly acknowledge any kind of bias on
its part.’ Indeed, this suggests a need for the Court to avoid the
types of transparency in published justification that could help
10. researchers artificially limited to NLP better understand it.[ 25]
The authors also state that in the ‘vast majority of cases,’ the
‘parties do not seem to dispute the facts themselves, as
contained in the “Circumstances” subsection, but only their
legal significance.’ However, the critical issues here are, first,
the facts themselves and, second, how the parties characterized
the facts before the circumstances section was written. Again,
the fundamental problem of mischaracterization – of
‘prediction’ instead of mere correlation or relationship – crops
up to undermine the value of the study.
Even in its most academic mode – as an ostensibly empirical
analysis of the prevalence of legal realism – the study by
Aletras and colleagues stacks the deck in its favour in important
ways. Indeed, it might be seen as assuming at the outset a
version of the very hypothesis it ostensibly supports. This
hypothesis is that something other than legal reasoning itself
drives judicial decisions. Of course, that is true in a trivial
sense – there is no case if there are no facts – and perhaps the
authors intend to make that trivial point.[ 26] However, their
language suggests a larger aim, designed to meld NLP and
jurisprudence. Given the critical role of meaning in the latter
discipline, and their NLP methods’ indifference to it, one might
expect an unhappy coupling here. And that is indeed what we
find.
In the study by Aletras and colleagues, the corpus used for the
predictive algorithm was a body of ECtHR’s ‘published
judgments.’ Within these judgments, a summary of the factual
background of the case was summarized (by the Court) in the
circumstances section of the judgments, but the pleadings
themselves were not included as inputs.[ 27] The law section,
which ‘considers the merits of the case, through the use of legal
argument,’ was also input into the model to determine how well
that section alone could ‘predict’ the case outcome.[ 28]
Aletras and colleagues were selective in the corpus they fed to
their algorithms. The only judgments that were included in the
corpus were those that passed both a ‘prejudicial stage’ and a
11. second review.[ 29] In both stages, applications were denied if
they did not meet ‘admissibility criteria,’ which were largely
procedural in nature.[ 30] To the extent that such procedural
barriers were deemed ‘legal,’ we might immediately have
identified a bias problem in the corpus – that is, the types of
cases where the law entirely determined the outcome (no matter
how compelling the facts may have been) were removed from a
data set that was ostensibly fairly representative of the universe
of cases generally. This is not a small problem either; the
overwhelming majority of applications were deemed
inadmissible or struck out and were not reportable.[ 31]
But let us assume, for now, that the model only aspired to offer
data about the realist/formalist divide in those cases that did
meet the admissibility criteria. There were other biases in the
data set. Only cases that were in English, approximately 33 per
cent of the total ECtHR decisions, were included.[ 32] This is a
strange omission since the NLP approach employed here had no
semantic content – that is, the meaning of the words did not
matter to it. Presumably, this omission arose out of concerns for
making data coding and processing easier. There was also a
subject matter restriction that further limited the scope of the
sample. Only cases addressing issues in Articles 3, 6, and 8 of
the ECHR were included in training and in verifying the model.
And there is yet another limitation: the researchers then threw
cases out randomly (so that the data set contained an equal
number of violation/no violation cases) before using them as
training data.[ 33]
III Problematic characteristics of the ECtHR textual ‘predictive’
model
The algorithm used in the case depended on an atomization of
case language into words grouped together in sets of one-, two-,
three-, and four-word groupings, called n-grams.[ 34] Then,
2,000 of the most frequent n-grams, not taking into
consideration ‘grammar, syntax and word order,’ were placed in
feature matrices for each section of decisions and for the entire
case by using the vectors from each decision.[ 35] Topics,
12. which are created by ‘clustering together n-grams,’ were also
created.[ 36] Both topics and n-grams were used to ‘to train
Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers.’ As the authors
explain, an ‘SVM is a machine learning algorithm that has
shown particularly good results in text classification, especially
using small data sets.’[ 37] Model training data from these
opinions were ‘n-gram features,’ which consist of groups of
words that ‘appear in similar contexts.’[ 38] Matrix
mathematics, which are manipulations on two-dimensional
tables, and vector space models, which are based on a single
column within a table, were programmed to determine clusters
of words that should be similar to one another based on textual
context.[ 39] These clusters of words are called topics. The
model prevented a word group from showing up in more than
one topic. Thirty topics, or sets of similar word groupings, were
also created for entire court opinions. Topics were similarly
created for entire opinions for each article.[ 40] Since the court
opinions all follow a standard format, the opinions could be
easily dissected into different identifiable sections.[ 41] Note
that these sorting methods are legally meaningless. N-grams and
topics are not sorted the way a treatise writer might try to
organize cases or a judge might try to parse divergent lines of
precedent. Rather, they simply serve as potential independent
variables to predict a dependent variable (was there a violation,
or was there not a violation, of the Convention).
Before going further into the technical details of the study, it is
useful to compare it to prior successes of ML in facial or
number recognition. When a facial recognition program
successfully identifies a given picture as an image of a given
person, it does not achieve that machine vision in the way a
human being’s eye and brain would do so. Rather, an initial
training set of images (or perhaps even a single image) of the
person are processed, perhaps on a 1,000-by-1,000-pixel grid.
Each box in the grid can be identified as either skin or not skin,
smooth or not smooth, along hundreds or even thousands of
binaries, many of which would never be noticed by a human
13. being. Moreover, such parameters can be related to one another;
so, for example, regions hued as ‘lips’ or ‘eyes’ might have a
certain maximum length, width, or ratio to one another (such
that a person’s facial ‘signature’ reliably has eyes that are 1.35
times as long as they are wide). Add up enough of these ratios
for easily recognized features (ears, eyebrows, foreheads, and
so on), and software can quickly find a set of mathematical
parameters unique to a given person – or at least unique enough
that an algorithm can predict that a given picture is, or is not, a
picture of a given person, with a high degree of accuracy. The
technology found early commercial success with banks, which
needed a way to recognize numbers on cheques (given the wide
variety of human handwriting). With enough examples of
written numbers (properly reduced to data via dark or filled
spaces on a grid), and computational power, this recognition can
become nearly perfect.
Before assenting too quickly to the application of such methods
to words in cases (as we see them applied to features of faces),
we should note that there are not professions of ‘face
recognizers’ or ‘number recognizers’ among human beings. So
while Facebook’s face recognition algorithm, or TD Bank’s
cheque sorter, do not obviously challenge our intuitions about
how we recognize faces or numbers, applying ML to legal cases
should be marked as a jarring imperialism of ML methods into
domains associated with a rich history of meaning (and, to use a
classic term from the philosophy of social sciences, Verstehen).
In the realm of face recognizing, ‘whatever works’ as a
pragmatic ethic of effectiveness underwrites some societies’
acceptance of width/length ratios and other methods to assure
algorithmic recognition and classification of individuals.[ 42]
The application of ML approaches devoid of apprehension of
meaning in the legal context is more troubling. For example,
Aletras and colleagues acknowledge that there are cases where
the model predicts the incorrect outcome because of the
similarity in words in cases that have opposite results. In this
case, even if information regarding specific words that triggered
14. the SVM classifier were output, users might not be able to
easily determine that the case was likely misclassified.[ 43]
Even with confidence interval outputs, this type of problem
does not appear to have an easy solution. This is particularly
troubling for due process if such an algorithm, in error,
incorrectly classified someone’s case because it contained
language similarities to another very different case.[ 44] When
the cases are obviously misclassified in this way, models like
this would likely ‘surreptitiously embed biases, mistakes and
discrimination, and worse yet, even reiterate and reinforce them
on the new cases processed.’[ 45] So, too, might a batch of
training data representing a certain time period when a certain
class of cases were dominant help ensure the dominance of such
cases in the future. For example, the ‘most predictive topic’ for
Article 8 decisions included prominently the words ‘son, body,
result, Russian.’ If the system were used in the future to triage
cases, ceteris paribus, it might prioritize cases involving sons
over daughters or Russians over Poles.[ 46] But if those future
cases do not share the characteristics of the cases in the training
set that led to the ‘predictiveness’ of ‘son’ status or ‘Russian’
status, their prioritization would be a clear legal mistake.
Troublingly, the entire ‘predictive’ project here may be riddled
with spurious correlations. As any student of statistics knows, if
one tests enough data sets against one another, spurious
correlations will emerge. For example, Tyler Vigen has shown a
very tight correlation between the divorce rate in Maine and the
per capita consumption of margarine between 2000 and
2009.[ 47] It is unlikely that one variable there is driving the
other. Nor is it likely that some intervening variable is affecting
both butter consumption and divorce rates in a similar way, to
ensure a similar correlation in the future. Rather, this is just the
type of random association one might expect to emerge once
one has thrown enough computing power at enough data sets.
It is hard not to draw similar conclusions with respect to Aletras
and colleagues’ ‘predictive’ project. Draw enough variations
from the ‘bag of words,’ and some relationships will emerge.
15. Given that the algorithm only had to predict ‘violation’ or ‘no
violation,’ even a random guessing program would be expected
to have a 50 per cent accuracy rate. A thought experiment easily
deflates the meaning of their trumpeted 79 per cent ‘accuracy.’
Imagine that the authors had continual real time surveillance of
every aspect of the judges’ lives before they wrote their
opinions: the size of the buttons on their shirts and blouses,
calories consumed at breakfast, average speed of commute,
height and weight, and so forth. Given a near infinite number of
parameters of evaluation, it is altogether possible that they
could find that a cluster of data around breakfast type, or button
size, or some similarly irrelevant characteristics, also added an
increment of roughly 29 per cent accuracy to the baseline 50 per
cent accuracy achieved via randomness (or always guessing
violation). Should scholars celebrate the ‘artificial intelligence’
behind such a finding? No. Ideally, they would chuckle at it, as
readers of Vigen’s website find amusement at random
relationships between, say, number of letters in winning words
at the National Spelling Bee and number of people killed by
venomous spiders (which enjoys a 80.57 per cent correlation).
This may seem unfair to Aletras and colleagues since they are
using so much more advanced math than Vigen is. However,
their models do not factor in meaning, which is of paramount
importance in rights determinations. To be sure, words like
‘burial,’ ‘attack,’ and ‘died’ do appear properly predictive, to
some extent, in Article 8 decisions and cause no surprise when
they are predictive of violations.[ 48] But what are we to make
of inclusion of words like ‘result’ in the same list? There is
little to no reasoned explanation in their work as to why such
words should be predictive with respect to the corpus, let alone
future case law.
This is deeply troubling, because it is a foundational principle
of both administrative and evidence law that irrelevant factors
should not factor into a decision. To be sure, there is little
reason the ECtHR would use such a crude model to determine
the outcome of cases before it or even to use it as a decision
16. aide. However, software applications often are used in ways for
which they were not intended. When they are billed as
predictive models, attorneys and others could likely use the
models for their own triage purposes. This is especially
dangerous when attorneys are generally not very familiar with
statistical analysis and ML. The legal community’s ability to
scrutinize such models, and correctly interpret their results, is
questionable.[ 49] Journalistic hype around studies like this one
shows that public understanding is likely even more
impaired.[ 50]
Aletras and colleagues are aware of many problems with their
approach, and, in the paper, they continually hedge about its
utility. But they still assert:
Overall, we believe that building a text-based predictive system
of judicial decisions can offer lawyers and judges a useful
assisting tool. The system may be used to rapidly identify cases
and extract patterns that correlate with certain outcomes. It can
also be used to develop prior indicators for diagnosing potential
violations of specific Articles in lodged applications and …
Asam100bb
Xinyu Shang
Reading journal week2
The beginning of the chapter narrates the rapport of the
immigrant Japanese among the Americans and the Japanese-
Americans in the early 1880s. The immigrant Japanese were
mostly low-incomed people with illegal wives who were being
pushed into prostitution by their husbands to make the ends
meet. Most of these people were poor laborers, brothel owners
and relied on unethical means of earning. They were involved in
gambling and addiction which created a narrative of all the
Japanese which affected the lives of the Japanese-Americans.
The last decade of the nineteenth century caused havoc on the
Japanese when the immigration officer declared them as illegal
contractors and was denied entry in America, just like Chinese.
17. Issei i.e. the first generation Japanese-Americans and the elite
immigrants saw this as a threat to their social image and a cause
for racial discrimination thus they made it very clear how they
are different from the Chinese. Issei leaders stated, How do
Japanese in America and the Chinese in America differ? First,
the Chinese in America represent the lower class of the Chinese
race, and the Japanese in America the upper class of the
Japanese race. Second, the Chinese are so backward and
stubborn that they refuse the American way. The Japanese, on
the other hand, are so progressive and competent as to fit right
into the American way of life….In no way do we, energetic and
brilliant Japanese men, stand below those lowly Chinese
(Azuma,ch2).
The divergence of the Japanese-Americans escalated as they
believed the shabbily clothed laborers do not represent the
Japanese and do not meet the standard American lifestyle. The
bubble of the Issei leaders burst when the San Francisco Board
of Health forcefully tackled the elite and vaccinated them in
their groins during the outbreak of Sinification. They began to
realize they were nonetheless better than the Chinese according
to the Americans. This led to the formation of the Japanese
Deliberative Council of America whose aim was to save the
national stature of the Japanese and increasing the rights of
imperial issues. A significant decrease in meager jobs like
mining and manual workers was observed in the twentieth
century among the Japanese. The Gentlemen’s Agreement was
signed between the American and Japanese governments which
terminated the influx of the dekasegi migrants into America.
This resulted in jeopardizing the economic sources of Issei
contractors who used to hire these laborers.
The political riots up roared in Japan in the early 1900s and the
socialist and the leftist groups took refuge in San Francisco.
The blasphemous leaflets against Emperor Meiji were
distributed in which the Diplomats try to cover up with the
American authorities but it was useless and thus Foreign
Ministers of Japan ordered the prosecution of the socialists
18. upon their return to Japan.
Meanwhile many reformative measures were being also taken
such as anti-gambling campaigns and educating the rural
masses. This was also being done to shed the narrative of being
associated with the corrupt Chinese. The women were being
tutored by the elite Issei Japanese to be more palatable to the
American taste. They were being subtly brainwashed to stay in
America, adopt their lifestyle and bear their children and be
more presentable to the Americans to be inclusive of the
American culture. Organizations such as the Japanese Young
Women's Christian Association (YWCA) were formed whose
sole purpose was to introduce the Japanese women as the
modern women who wear western attire and behave lady-like.
Another noticeable community of the diasporic Japanese in the
1920s had been molded who were not being accepted by the
Americans and rejected by the Japanese back home. They
suffered a great deal with racial subordination in the white
American regime. In areas like Walnut Groove, the Issei
farmers had started their successful journey by yielding the top-
quality produce, using the labor of Japanese farmers, which the
white farmers had overlooked and gained profits triple folds.
The Alien Land Law made the farmers more vulnerable and
were being exploited by the tenancy contracts by the hands of
white property owners. This made them more socially and
economically dependent on the Americans and thus they shifted
to shared-cropping which had less monetary benefits for the
farmers. The institutionalized racism and abuse made the
farmers give up on farming.
After the war years, the racial discriminatory lines were blurred
to some extent due to the growing population of the Japanese.
The debate to permit interracial interactions began beyond the
economic ties. America's dismissal of racial equality showed the
American hypocrisy and thus left an adverse impact on the
young Japanese.
19. Prepared at the end of the quarter, this is your chance to reflect
on the course and the work you have done over the past ten
weeks. This should be written in the style of a letter addressed
either to me or to you. The letters should do two things, namely:
reflect on the course and report/ reflect on the team(s) with
whom you worked during the course. The reflections should
discuss the readings and topics you found most meaningful,
struggles and victories that you had, the ways that elements
from the course connect to your life and/or your other courses,
and your thoughts on what you would do if you took another
course like this. The discussion of your team(s) is your chance
to tell me how things worked (or didn’t) with your classmates.
If everything went fine and everyone contributed, from your
perspective, then you can simply say that. If there were issues
with distribution of work, communication, unequal effort, or
other problems, then please include those. This will help me
adjust the grades for individuals on the team assignments.
Regardless, please also reflect on what you (or I) could do to
improve team projects in the future. The letter can be as long or
as short as you want it to be (though make sure to cover the
required elements).
Length: Probably not less than 1.5 pages, but as long as you
want beyond that Style: Letter
Citation: Mention the authors and use quotations marks if you
quote something
Xinyu Shang
ASAM 100 BB
20. Reading Journal
This reflection is premised on the YouTube video entitled, “A
community Grows
Despite Racism.” This is a 4 minutes 07 seconds video which
showcase the growth of the
Japanese community in American despite the several efforts and
legislations to
discriminate against them and limit their existence in the United
States. The Japanese
went to the US in search of jobs more than 100 years ago
whereby more than 3000
Japanese found their way into the United States. They migrated
to the Haiwai mainland
to work as farmers, plantation workers, fishermen, and railway
workers.
However, despite their hard work, the Japanese remained
unwelcome. For
example, Frank Miyamoto explains what made his father left
Carrington. He says that the
father found workplace harassment unpleasant as he was
discriminated against by the
White workers. The Japanese were threatened both workers and
their families. Besides
21. the harassment at work, the Americans passed laws that
discriminated against the
Japanese and even the Supreme Court (in 1922) ruled that the
Japanese could not be
naturalized in attempts to limit their growth. For example, the
anti-alien laws in
California were enacted (in 1913) to bar Japanese from owning
land. Congress also
passed the Immigration Act in 1924 which halted the Japanese
migration to the United
States.
Nonetheless, despite all these efforts to restrict the number of
the Japanese, the
community grew as the next generation was born. This
generation were US citizens by
birthrights and adapted to the American way of life as they
attended public schools and
grew up with their non-Japanese American children's
classmates. However,
discrimination of this new generation continued in restaurants,
theater and swimming
pools where they were treated differently as their fellow white
American children
22. counterparts even in 1940 CRO. This is explained by Frank
Yamasaki who gives an
account of how the new Japanese generation born in America
continued facing
discrimination. He gives an account of how he was surprised
when they had to be
discriminated against by the cashier because they were racially
different.
Therefore, from this video, we get to understand how
American’s were racists
against in other races more than 100 years ago. We get to learn
that despite the
discrimination and biased treatment against the Japanese, their
resolve to stay and grow
in America was never collapsed. They stayed foot and faced all
the challenges but
ultimately remained in America. The moral lesson we can learn
from this video is that
even if one is facing challenges, really tough ones in life, one
should always stay focused
on their goals. The Japanese could have decided to leave
America and get back home,
however, they would have meant that they gave up and hence
could have not have
23. managed to accomplish their very first goal of migrating into
the United States.
Therefore, this video presents me with a historically rich
knowledge of how the Japanese
found their way into the United States more 100 ago and how
this community persevered
to grow despite the apparent racism against them by their fellow
American counterparts.
Asam100bb
Xinyu Shang
Reading journal week3
On the reading A Shocking Fact of Life the author gives a
recount of their
historical past and a trail of events on how she realized that she
was a Japanese and not a
Yankee. She does not admit that she is not a Japanese till
revealed to her by her parents.
The author is told by her mother, “Your father and I have
Japanese blood, and so do you,
24. too” (A shocking fact of life 4). The parents to the narrator had
migrated to the U.S to
look for greener opportunities, especially education. The
narrator says, “Mother and her
sister sailed into the port looking like exotic tropical butterflies
( A shocking fact of life
6). This statement shows that they looked like foreigners. Also,
the author gives a recount
of the Japanese culture and the lifestyle of their family. The
author says “on mother’s bed
lay a beautiful silk comforter patterned with turquoise, apple-
green, yellow and purple
Japanese parasols ( A shocking fact of life 10).
On the The Stubborn Twig the author gives an account of the
Japanese culture
and how it instilled discipline through the hard way. The
narrator is unwilling to undergo
the Japanese education system because it is tough compared to
American grammar. The
Japanese learning system is embedded in strict disciplinary
actions. The mother to
narrator tells him, “Your father and I received harsher
discipline than that in Japan . . .
25. not only from schoolteachers but also from our own parents
(The stubborn twig 26). The
narrator is being forced to adopt the Japanese culture, which is
unwilling to admit. She is
reluctant to bow down to hotel patrons. The narrator was
concerned with learning the
Japanese culture but rather was interested in detective
magazines. Although the narrator
is interested in detective work, the police in her neighborhood
have a wrong way of
handling residents. They are corrupt, something that is against
Japanese culture, which
propagates honesty. Like the title “The Stubborn Twig” the
father to the narrator is
stubborn not to give bribery to the police. One of the policemen
puts it that “Oh, so
you’re going to be stubborn about it. Maybe you want to explain
everything to the Judge,
Charlie” ( The stubborn twig 36).
On the Lon Kurashige: The problem of Biculturalism author
claims culture
recognition is one of the integral aspects of a community
because it brings a sense of
26. ownership and identification among the mass culture. Though
cultural recognition is
essential, it becomes a challenge in a foreign land. People of a
common language or
culture try to create factions to present them in the broad multi-
language spectrum. The
author states “Hayashi found deep ambivalence among second-
generation Protestants
about choosing American and Japanese culture . . . supporting
Japan’s aggression in East
Asia (Kurashige 1634). In this reading, the author gives the
struggle between Americans
and Japanese, whereby Americans wanted to assimilate Japanese
into the American
culture. Japanese were not into the idea of American
assimilationist because it did not
propagate Japanese imperialism. The Japanese intended to have
a cultural recognition in
the U.S as the American culture had.
On the Takao Ozawa vs. United States The process of obtaining
citizenship in the
U.S involves a broad spectrum of a legal framework. One can
become a U.S citizen by
27. birth, naturalization, or acquisition. Naturalization is the
process whereby a person not
born in the U.S voluntarily becomes a U.S citizen. The article
gives an account of what
grounds African natives, and Japanese would become U.S
citizens through naturalization
without discrimination. Before the revision of the naturalization
act, several acts such as
The Chinese Exclusion Act of May 6, 1882 (Ozawa v. United
States 6) excluded the
Chinese community from obtaining U.S citizenship through
naturalization.
Xinyu Shang
ASAM 100 BB
Reading Journal
The article, “In My World 1+1=3” by Yuki Kondo Shah gives
the experience of
Yuki Kondo who identifies as a multiracial. Yuki is a young
woman with a Bangladeshi
father and a Japanese mother. Yuki notes that when she was
28. young, living in Japan she
identified as a Japanese, however, upon relocating to the United
States when she was
seven, she struggled figuring out where she fits in. According to
Yuki, when growing up,
she always felt stuck between her two identities and she could
not clearly identify with
one side over the other. She notes that, “While I spent most of
my childhood being
Japanese and my college years identifying as a mixed-race
minority. I began my
professional career as an Asian America.” The experience of
Yuki, is one of many, where
it shows the dynamics of being Asian American in the United
States. Yuki chronicles the
conflicts that come with being a multiracial and the conflict that
comes with striking a
balance between the two races.
The article, “Who Studies The Asian American Movement? A
Historiographical
Analysis” by Diane Fujino studies the historiography of the
Asian American Movement.
The article focuses on the period from the late 1960s when
resistance by the Asian
29. Americans was regarded as a social movement to the 1970s
when the Asian American
Movement was on the decline. According to Fujino, the rise of
the Asian American
Movements was prompted by Asian revolutions, the Black
Power ideology and the Third
World. Such is because these events positioned the Asian
Americans as a model
minority. The AAM especially developed during the height of
Black Power and hence it
serves as a reflection of the radicalism that existed in the 1960s
and 1970s. The AAM
was championed by activists who sought to contest racism by
challenging the
racialization of the Asian Americans. Through their struggles,
these activists
demonstrated the existence of anti-Asian racism and also
challenged any sorts of
discrimination against the Asian Americans by advocating for a
more just society. Thus
helped to shape the pan-Asian and Third World identities.
Overall, the article offers a
30. very interesting account on how the Asian American Movement
played a major role in
bringing the concerns of the Asian Americans to light and in
fighting for better treatment
of the Asian Americans.
The article, “The Emergence of Yellow Power” by Gidra was
written in 1969
where it includes assertions of the Asian-American identity
based on the educational
experiences of different college students. The article thus serves
as the voice of the Asian
American Movement as it brings to light issues facing Asian
Americans that are often
sidelined by the mainstream media. The article is thus all about
self-expression and not
necessarily about stereotypes. Gidra allows for the different
authors to position cultural
and political issues in the United States within the larger Asian
American Movement.
Since the article is dominated by authors that are Asian
American in nature it focuses on
concerns like the incarceration of the Japanese Americans and
how each identity group of
the Asian Americans had its own unique experiences and dealt
31. with different struggles in
their struggle against the stigma imposed on them. By
discussing such concerns, the
authors discuss buried trauma and also express their hidden
emotions on the experiences
facing the Asian Americans. Overall, the article is very
insightful, it not only focuses on
the negative aspects that are associated with Asian Americans
rather it presents a new
perspective for the Gidra authors to acknowledge and embrace
their past, hence allowing
them to better reconcile their past, their present and their future.
Xinyu Shang
ASAM 100 BB
Reading Journal
The reading, “New York, New Life,” begins on page 70 and
introduces us to the
relationships or love life between Bill and Yuri. The main idea
from pages 70 to 72 is that
32. the love or relationships was at wartime where ladies were
hurriedly married and gave
full commitment to their husbands because they never knew if
their husbands would
come back. Many ladies were devastated by their men’s failure
to come up from the
wars. We see how Yuri kept on sending Bill letters as she
seduced him which led to their
hurried married within the 3 months. However, Yuri becomes
disappointed and annoyed
when the father-in-law asked the chaplain to postpone marriage
until she met him
describing the situation as Mr. Kochiyama’s condescension.
We learned that Bill’s father has to follow tradition which was
apparent in
samurai’s family which generally gave false pride in Yuri’s
viewpoint. Yuri was
opposed to the Japanese cultural life and said that the tradition
was biased to lower cadre
individuals. However, we also learned that this tradition
dictated what an “ideal wife”
would be, though Yuri remained ignorant of what it was to be
an “ideal wife” beyond
merely just saying that she hoped to be an “ideal wife” to Bill.
33. To Yuri, her main
objective is to help other people and hence views concerns of
financial management as
mundane/nuisance as she tells in the story offered on page 74-
75. What comes clear when
Yuri invited many soldiers for her brother to treat is that she
was ignorant and naïve
about the value of money.
Another idea was an apparent racial discrimination at
Hattiesburg (residential
discrimination) which affected Yuri’s personality as it
discriminated against Japanese
Americans who never welcomed including Black and Latino
soldiers. Yuri had to move
various times in Hattiesburg to get the house to live in at Earl
Finch (Godfather of the
442). This migratory experience of Yuri accounts for her
expanding awareness of racism
and race as she consciously engrossed her apprehensions
outwards making her to
constantly work as a Japanese American USO worker to find the
house for the Nisei
34. soldiers via her dedication and hard work which was
appreciated by Ishikawa. Yuri
played a key role as a promoter of the patriotic goalmouths of
the USO with the hope that
the Japanese American fight would ultimately open the doors
for the rest of her
community.
The marriage between Chiyo Ogata and Art brings the
comparison between
American and Japanese customs. We learn that Japanese custom
dictates that it remains
the duty of the firstborn son to care for the old parents whereas
American customs hold
that it is the daughter to care for an aging parent. Another
concern is the effects of the
postwar on Yuri where she could not even find a job because
she never belonged to a
major of a union in San Pedro as she awaited Bill’s return. She
could never find a job
because they were seen as Japanese and not as Americans. Yuri
was appreciated in the
reunion organized for her selfless work to help many people.
35. Xinyu Shang
ASAM 100 BB
Reading journal
The article, “Who Studies the Asian American Movement? A
Historiographical
Analysis” by Diane Fujino details the activism of Asian
Americans. The article is very
spectacular as it focuses on an area that has long been sidelined
which is the political
protest of the Asian Americans. In the article Fujino takes the
readers back to the late
1960s and early 1970s when the AAM (Asian American
Movement) gained traction and
was widely recognized as a social movement. The article notes
that the period between
the late 1960s and early 1970s was marked by activists
producing knowledge on the
existence of Asian Americans. The period between the late
1970s and late 1980s was
marked by a vacuum in Asian American Movement. The period
between the late 1980s
36. and late 1990s was dominated by a slow emergence in scholarly
works on Asian
American Movements and civil rights frameworks. The fourth
period from 2000 to the
present was marked by the full maturing of scholarly works
associated with Asian
American Movements which saw the connection of social,
political and national issues.
By exposing the different areas of struggle to the Asian
Americans the article helps to
bring to light major issues facing the Asian Americans like
racism, capitalism and sexism
not just abroad but also at home.
Unlike other historiographies, Fujino takes on a very unique
perspective by
including book chapters, dissertations and journal articles. The
inclusion of these research
studies helps to portray the significance of Asian Americans in
the Cold War. For
example Asian soldiers positioned by the American military
were fundamental to the
American empire building in the Asian Pacific region. Such
shows how the American
37. state officials attained global capitalist assimilation while
appealing to anti-colonialism
and antiracism hence supporting the position that
“decolonization was not antithetical to
the spread of U.S global power but intrinsic to it.” According to
Fujino, American shaped
the racialization of the Asian Americans, during the Cold War
where it rewarded
assimilation while disciplined Chinese and Korean radicals.
The article further addresses the problems of framing Asian
Americans in
education and related fields. It noted that the characterization of
Asian Americans as
model minorities or the oppressed minority only instills
problems in education and other
related fields. Overall, by focusing on the Asian American
Movement, Fujino seeks to
challenge racism by questioning the notion of racialization of
the Asian Americans. The
article is not so much a call to rescue but rather a depiction of
the struggles faced by the
Asian Americans and the call towards a more just society. The
article in my case is very
38. insightful as it beings to lights the efforts of the Asian
American Movement and how it
helped the Asian Americans to champion for better treatment of
themselves. The article is
significant in advocating for change and also in illustrating the
importance of doing away
with aspects like racism or discrimination as it marginalizes
certain ethnicities and makes
their integration into societal issues more difficult. Fujino did a
spending job with the
article and in portraying the efforts of AAM.
Asam100bb
Xinyu Shang
Reading journal week4
It has been a commonly held view that the Issei, even though
they had migrated to
the United States, held a strong patriotic sense for their own
country, especially in times
of crises or war. Some believe that it’s simply because they
were the first generation of
39. Japanese immigrants in the United States, while others view it
as a manifestation of their
accumulated anger. Although not being a unique case as the
likes of Irish, Polish ad
Jewish also largely supported their homeland, the Issei showed
their nationalism quite
strongly through even material means. In times of war, the Issei
made every possible
effort to support their homeland. For example, the use of
“comfort bags” as a token of
their appreciation and support was very common for Japanese
immigrants. Inspired by
this sentiment, the Japanese immigrants collected comfort bags
from their communities
throughout the United States and sent them to help their
homeland. However, this
contribution to the war soon took on other forms as the war
continued with no end in
sight. After the initial few years, it became a matter of
competition with the other
transnational Japanese communities as the Issei strove to be
recognized as the largest
contributors in the war.
40. The Issei made sure this was achieved by resorting to more
extreme methods such
as forcing even the reluctant and indifferent Japanese residents
to contribute to their
cause and feelings of nationalism. This behaviour especially
focused on the Nisai, since
they were born in the United States and didn't share the Issei's
patriotism for Japan.
However, this problem was also dealt with in the form of social
pressure. Though they
were now Americans by nationality, the Japanese immigrants
still lived in separate
communities and had their social structures and norms. This
fact was exploited by the
Issei, as they started taking records of all the donations given
by their residents. In their
social structure, due to the intense atmosphere of patriotism
driven by the Sino-Japanese
war, any individual not contributing to their cause was looked
down upon while those
that did rose in the social hierarchy. This phenomenon forced
even many of unwilling
and indifferent immigrants to donate even though they held no
41. ties to the war. Despite
their support of Japan in these times of crisis, it became
apparent to the Issei that their
country of residence didn’t see their homeland in a positive
light. They soon realized the
threat this posed when the danger of the Americans boycotting
Japanese exports, a
measure initiated by China, became clear. Again, motivated by
their feelings of
nationality and patriotism, the immigrants took it upon
themselves to “educate” the white
Americans on the full extent f the circumstances around the
Sino-Japanese War.
Even though the effort was sold in the image of their worry and
loyalty to Japan,
the immigrants were actually concerned about their
circumstances if the Americans
started viewing them in a bad light. Their main purpose was to
"educate" the population
of the United States by providing them with a new perspective
of the situation, one that
viewed Japan in a positive light. They showed this extensively
through forming
numerous committees, publishing journals, giving lectures in
42. various areas and even
educating the Nisai, who had little knowledge of their
homeland, of all they needed to
know in this effort.
The patriotic Issei felt compelled and free to take part in these
nationalistic
activities because of Japan's war with China alone. However,
later when America started
opposing their homeland as well, all the immigrants seized their
activities for the sake of
self-preservation. The issue had exceeded enough to risk their
own personal lives, which
outweighed their patriotic feeling.