The document discusses the author's theory of "cosmo physics" which proposes that hydrogen ions are the fundamental building blocks of the universe. Key points:
1) The Milky Way galaxy originated from a "hydrogen ion disc" that expelled hydrogen gas to form stars, planets, and other elements via nuclear fusion.
2) Only hydrogen ions can pass through black holes, as they are the sole carriers of "power" without charge. Other ions get their charge from hydrogen.
3) Hydrogen ions in the disc attain an "infinite" or "enhanced" state without the disturbance of protons and electrons. This allows them to travel the universe.
The document summarizes the development of atomic theory over time. It describes the early ideas of Democritus and Dalton's contributions, including defining atoms and the key points of his atomic theory. Later discoveries included the electron by Thomson, the nuclear model from Rutherford's gold foil experiment, discovery of the proton, neutron discovered by Chadwick, and development of quantum mechanics to better explain atomic structure.
Democritus first proposed the idea of atoms in 400 BC as the smallest indivisible particles of matter. In the early 1800s, John Dalton developed the first modern atomic theory, proposing that all matter is made of atoms that are identical for a given element. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, scientists like J.J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, and others discovered subatomic particles like electrons and the nucleus through experiments such as cathode ray tubes and bombarding atoms with alpha particles. These discoveries led to the modern understanding of atoms as a dense nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons in orbits.
The document summarizes the development of the atomic model over time based on experimental evidence. It describes J.J. Thomson's discovery of the electron in 1897 and the Plum Pudding model. Rutherford's gold foil experiment in 1911 showed that the atom has a small, dense, positively charged nucleus. The discovery of the proton in 1886 and neutron in 1932 showed that the nucleus contains these particles. Later experiments revealed that electrons orbit in allowed energy levels and quantum numbers were developed to describe these states.
- Rutherford discovered the nuclear model of the atom through alpha particle scattering experiments, finding that atoms have a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons.
- Bohr developed the Bohr model to explain atomic spectra, proposing that electrons orbit in fixed energy shells and jump between them, emitting photons of specific frequencies.
- Later, de Broglie hypothesized that electrons exhibit wave-like properties, and Heisenberg developed the uncertainty principle, establishing the foundations of quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics describes electrons as probability waves defined by quantum numbers.
This document provides information about chemical compounds and chemical reactions. It defines key terms like atoms, molecules, chemical bonds and ions. It describes the types of chemical bonds including ionic bonds formed by electron transfer, covalent bonds formed by electron sharing, and polar covalent bonds where bonding electrons are shared unequally. Metallic and coordinate covalent bonds are also discussed. The document explains ion formation and gives examples of naming and writing formulas for ionic and covalent compounds.
Ernst Rutherford conducted an experiment where he fired alpha particles at a thin gold foil. Most passed straight through but some were scattered back at wide angles. This was unexpected and led Rutherford to propose that atoms have a small, dense nucleus containing positive charge. Later, models showed this could explain the scattering if alpha particles passed close enough to the nucleus to be strongly repelled by its positive charge. This nuclear model revolutionized understanding of atomic structure.
This chapter discusses the structure of the atomic nucleus. Key points include:
- Ernest Rutherford discovered the nucleus through gold foil experiments in 1911.
- The nucleus is very small but dense, containing protons and neutrons (nucleons).
- Some nuclei are radioactive and decay through alpha, beta, or gamma emission.
- The half-life is the time for half of a radioactive substance to decay.
- Nuclear fission and fusion can release binding energy and be used for energy.
The document summarizes the development of atomic theory over time. It describes the early ideas of Democritus and Dalton's contributions, including defining atoms and the key points of his atomic theory. Later discoveries included the electron by Thomson, the nuclear model from Rutherford's gold foil experiment, discovery of the proton, neutron discovered by Chadwick, and development of quantum mechanics to better explain atomic structure.
Democritus first proposed the idea of atoms in 400 BC as the smallest indivisible particles of matter. In the early 1800s, John Dalton developed the first modern atomic theory, proposing that all matter is made of atoms that are identical for a given element. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, scientists like J.J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, and others discovered subatomic particles like electrons and the nucleus through experiments such as cathode ray tubes and bombarding atoms with alpha particles. These discoveries led to the modern understanding of atoms as a dense nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons in orbits.
The document summarizes the development of the atomic model over time based on experimental evidence. It describes J.J. Thomson's discovery of the electron in 1897 and the Plum Pudding model. Rutherford's gold foil experiment in 1911 showed that the atom has a small, dense, positively charged nucleus. The discovery of the proton in 1886 and neutron in 1932 showed that the nucleus contains these particles. Later experiments revealed that electrons orbit in allowed energy levels and quantum numbers were developed to describe these states.
- Rutherford discovered the nuclear model of the atom through alpha particle scattering experiments, finding that atoms have a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons.
- Bohr developed the Bohr model to explain atomic spectra, proposing that electrons orbit in fixed energy shells and jump between them, emitting photons of specific frequencies.
- Later, de Broglie hypothesized that electrons exhibit wave-like properties, and Heisenberg developed the uncertainty principle, establishing the foundations of quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics describes electrons as probability waves defined by quantum numbers.
This document provides information about chemical compounds and chemical reactions. It defines key terms like atoms, molecules, chemical bonds and ions. It describes the types of chemical bonds including ionic bonds formed by electron transfer, covalent bonds formed by electron sharing, and polar covalent bonds where bonding electrons are shared unequally. Metallic and coordinate covalent bonds are also discussed. The document explains ion formation and gives examples of naming and writing formulas for ionic and covalent compounds.
Ernst Rutherford conducted an experiment where he fired alpha particles at a thin gold foil. Most passed straight through but some were scattered back at wide angles. This was unexpected and led Rutherford to propose that atoms have a small, dense nucleus containing positive charge. Later, models showed this could explain the scattering if alpha particles passed close enough to the nucleus to be strongly repelled by its positive charge. This nuclear model revolutionized understanding of atomic structure.
This chapter discusses the structure of the atomic nucleus. Key points include:
- Ernest Rutherford discovered the nucleus through gold foil experiments in 1911.
- The nucleus is very small but dense, containing protons and neutrons (nucleons).
- Some nuclei are radioactive and decay through alpha, beta, or gamma emission.
- The half-life is the time for half of a radioactive substance to decay.
- Nuclear fission and fusion can release binding energy and be used for energy.
1. Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus, while electrons surround the nucleus in orbitals.
2. Early atomic models included Thomson's "plum pudding" model and Rutherford's nuclear model. Rutherford's gold foil experiment provided evidence that the atom's mass and positive charge are concentrated in a small, dense nucleus.
3. Bohr refined Rutherford's model by proposing that electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed, quantized energy levels. When electrons change orbits, photons are emitted or absorbed with energies corresponding to the energy level transitions.
The document discusses the origins of the chemical elements. It explains that the first four elements (hydrogen, helium, lithium, and beryllium) were produced during nucleosynthesis shortly after the Big Bang. Elements up to iron were later created through nuclear fusion in stars. Elements heavier than iron, up to and including uranium, were produced during supernovae. The document outlines the nuclear fusion processes that occur in stars at different stages to produce these heavier elements, which are then dispersed into nebulae and can form new stars and planets.
The document provides a history of the development of atomic structure models from ancient Greek philosophers' ideas of indivisible atoms to the modern quantum mechanical model. It describes key experiments and findings such as Thomson's discovery of electrons, Rutherford's gold foil experiment, and Bohr's model of electron orbits that led to modern atomic theory. The emission spectra of elements provided evidence that electrons exist in specific energy levels and orbitals within atoms.
The document discusses the history and development of atomic theory from ancient Greek philosophers like Democritus and Leucippus, who first proposed the idea of indivisible particles called atoms, to modern scientists like Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr who contributed key discoveries and models that led to our current understanding. It explains concepts like atoms, elements, isotopes, atomic number, atomic mass, ions, and different atomic models including the plum pudding model, Bohr model, and electron cloud model.
Lesson 4 Not Indivisible (The Structure of the Atom)Simple ABbieC
Learning Competencies
At the end of the lesson, you will have to:
1. point out the main ideas in the discovery of the structure of the atom and its subatomic particles
2. cite the contributions of J.J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, Henry Moseley, and Niels Bohr to the understanding of the structure of the atom
3. describe the nuclear model of the atom and the location of its major components (protons, neutrons, and electrons)
This document discusses atomic structure and models of the atom. It describes Bohr's model of the atom from 1913 which represented electrons orbiting the nucleus in specific energy levels similar to planets orbiting the sun. It then introduces the electron cloud model which depicts electrons as existing in a probable "cloud" location around the nucleus rather than defined orbits, since their exact location cannot be known. The document also discusses electron configurations, ground states, and how atomic spectra provided evidence for Bohr's model.
Heisgnberg principle, energy levels & atomic spectraNoor Fatima
Heisgnberg principle, energy levels & atomic spectra word document full discription on these topics avaivale can be used as presentations or assignments. hope so it may help
This document provides an overview of the structure of an atom. It discusses:
1) Early atomic models including Thomson's model of a uniform positive charge with embedded electrons, and Rutherford's model with a small, dense nucleus and orbiting electrons.
2) The three main subatomic particles - protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have no charge, and electrons have a negative charge.
3) Key atomic properties including atomic number, the number of protons; mass number, the sum of protons and neutrons; and atomic weight, the relative weight of an atom compared to hydrogen.
4) Isotopes, atoms of the same element with the
An entry in the 'schools for you' project. By Aneesh Bapat, class 8 from Abhinav Vidyalaya English Medium High School, Pune, India.About the various theories by different scientists about the structure of the atom.
Uranium-235 undergoes fission, releasing 0.1% of its mass as energy. A 100 MW power plant would require 96 grams of Uranium-235 to undergo fission per day. Coal provides 32.6 MJ/kg upon burning, so a similar power plant would use 265 metric tons of coal per day. Nuclear fusion in the Sun converts four protons into a helium nucleus, releasing 24.7 MeV of energy. Radioactive decay changes the atomic number and mass number in predictable ways. The half-life of an isotope is the time for half of a sample to decay.
This document discusses the history of atomic theory and models of the atom. It describes early philosophers' ideas that matter is made of fundamental particles called atoms. In the 1800s, John Dalton proposed atoms as tiny, indivisible spheres that combine to form compounds. J.J. Thomson's experiments in the late 1800s showed atoms contain even smaller, negatively charged particles called electrons. Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment in 1911 demonstrated atoms have a small, dense nucleus containing positive charge. Later models incorporated the discoveries of protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei, and quantum theory explained electron behavior.
1. Stellar nucleosynthesis explains how elements heavier than lithium were formed through nuclear reactions in stars and stellar explosions.
2. Big Bang nucleosynthesis formed the light elements hydrogen, helium, and lithium in the first few minutes after the Big Bang through fusion reactions as the universe rapidly expanded and cooled.
3. Further evidence for the Big Bang model includes the cosmic microwave background radiation and relative abundances of light elements observed today which match predictions from Big Bang nucleosynthesis.
Structure of atom(11th standard Maharashtra state board)Freya Cardozo
The document discusses the structure of the atom and the discovery of subatomic particles like electrons, protons, and neutrons. It describes experiments done by scientists like J.J. Thompson, Ernest Rutherford, and James Chadwick that led to the discovery of these fundamental particles. Key findings include the discovery of electrons as negatively charged particles in cathode rays, Rutherford's discovery of the nucleus through alpha particle scattering experiments, and Chadwick's discovery of the neutron through experiments with beryllium radiation.
This document provides a history of atomic structure models from ancient Greek philosophers to modern physics. It summarizes Democritus' idea of indivisible atoms, Dalton's billiard ball model of atoms, Thomson's plum pudding model, and Rutherford's nuclear model based on his gold foil experiment. It then describes Bohr's planetary model with quantized electron orbits and energy levels. Later models like Sommerfeld's addressed limitations like explaining hydrogen's fine structure. The document traces how atomic structure models evolved as new experimental evidence emerged.
The document discusses the atomic structure and models of the atom. It begins with an acknowledgement and table of contents. It then covers Dalton's atomic theory, subatomic particles like electrons and protons, cathode rays and the discovery of electrons. It discusses the charge to mass ratio of electrons, the discovery of protons and neutrons, and models of the atom including Thomson's model and Rutherford's nuclear model. It also addresses isotopes, limitations of models, wave nature of radiation, and the electromagnetic spectrum.
Niels Bohr developed the Bohr model of the atom which showed the atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons. He discovered that electrons travel in separate orbits around the nucleus and that the number of electrons in the outer orbit determines the properties of an element. The Bohr model likened the atom to a solar system with electrons in discrete orbits and energy levels, and it helped explain atomic spectra and the periodic table. Marie and Pierre Curie discovered the radioactive elements radium and polonium through their studies of uranium and thorium, helping establish the field of radioactivity.
This document provides an overview of radiation physics and related topics. It defines radiation physics as dealing with electromagnetic energy and matter. It describes the basic properties and forms of matter and energy. Classical physics laws such as conservation of energy and momentum are discussed. Modern physics concepts like mass-energy equivalence are introduced. The periodic table and its organization of elements is summarized. Common radiation units and their definitions are provided. Finally, the document defines atoms and their basic structure, including subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. It also introduces the concept of radioactivity and definitions of related terms like half-life.
This lesson plan outlines a science class on the atomic structure. It includes general and specific objectives of the lesson, a knowledge pre-test, and an outline of the presentation. The presentation will discuss early atomic models proposed by Thomson and Rutherford, and the drawbacks of Rutherford's model. It will then explain Niels Bohr's model of the atom, including his postulates that electrons orbit in discrete energy levels and absorb or emit energy in quantized amounts when changing orbits. Students will learn about the distribution of electrons in shells and orbits in atoms.
The classic way to increase rate in LLDPE blown films is to add 10-25% LDPE. It works, but it compromises toughness. Now there is a new option. Blend less than 5% of TOPAS COC to achieve high rates and bubble stability, with very little impact on properties.
This document summarizes upcoming CSS features like Box Alignment Level 3, CSS Grid Layout, CSS Shapes, CSS Feature Queries, and CSS Custom Properties. It explains what each feature does at a high level and provides example code snippets. The document also encourages developers to get involved by filing issues on browser bug trackers, requesting new features, and creating blog posts/demos to help drive adoption of these new CSS specifications.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
1. Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus, while electrons surround the nucleus in orbitals.
2. Early atomic models included Thomson's "plum pudding" model and Rutherford's nuclear model. Rutherford's gold foil experiment provided evidence that the atom's mass and positive charge are concentrated in a small, dense nucleus.
3. Bohr refined Rutherford's model by proposing that electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed, quantized energy levels. When electrons change orbits, photons are emitted or absorbed with energies corresponding to the energy level transitions.
The document discusses the origins of the chemical elements. It explains that the first four elements (hydrogen, helium, lithium, and beryllium) were produced during nucleosynthesis shortly after the Big Bang. Elements up to iron were later created through nuclear fusion in stars. Elements heavier than iron, up to and including uranium, were produced during supernovae. The document outlines the nuclear fusion processes that occur in stars at different stages to produce these heavier elements, which are then dispersed into nebulae and can form new stars and planets.
The document provides a history of the development of atomic structure models from ancient Greek philosophers' ideas of indivisible atoms to the modern quantum mechanical model. It describes key experiments and findings such as Thomson's discovery of electrons, Rutherford's gold foil experiment, and Bohr's model of electron orbits that led to modern atomic theory. The emission spectra of elements provided evidence that electrons exist in specific energy levels and orbitals within atoms.
The document discusses the history and development of atomic theory from ancient Greek philosophers like Democritus and Leucippus, who first proposed the idea of indivisible particles called atoms, to modern scientists like Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr who contributed key discoveries and models that led to our current understanding. It explains concepts like atoms, elements, isotopes, atomic number, atomic mass, ions, and different atomic models including the plum pudding model, Bohr model, and electron cloud model.
Lesson 4 Not Indivisible (The Structure of the Atom)Simple ABbieC
Learning Competencies
At the end of the lesson, you will have to:
1. point out the main ideas in the discovery of the structure of the atom and its subatomic particles
2. cite the contributions of J.J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, Henry Moseley, and Niels Bohr to the understanding of the structure of the atom
3. describe the nuclear model of the atom and the location of its major components (protons, neutrons, and electrons)
This document discusses atomic structure and models of the atom. It describes Bohr's model of the atom from 1913 which represented electrons orbiting the nucleus in specific energy levels similar to planets orbiting the sun. It then introduces the electron cloud model which depicts electrons as existing in a probable "cloud" location around the nucleus rather than defined orbits, since their exact location cannot be known. The document also discusses electron configurations, ground states, and how atomic spectra provided evidence for Bohr's model.
Heisgnberg principle, energy levels & atomic spectraNoor Fatima
Heisgnberg principle, energy levels & atomic spectra word document full discription on these topics avaivale can be used as presentations or assignments. hope so it may help
This document provides an overview of the structure of an atom. It discusses:
1) Early atomic models including Thomson's model of a uniform positive charge with embedded electrons, and Rutherford's model with a small, dense nucleus and orbiting electrons.
2) The three main subatomic particles - protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have no charge, and electrons have a negative charge.
3) Key atomic properties including atomic number, the number of protons; mass number, the sum of protons and neutrons; and atomic weight, the relative weight of an atom compared to hydrogen.
4) Isotopes, atoms of the same element with the
An entry in the 'schools for you' project. By Aneesh Bapat, class 8 from Abhinav Vidyalaya English Medium High School, Pune, India.About the various theories by different scientists about the structure of the atom.
Uranium-235 undergoes fission, releasing 0.1% of its mass as energy. A 100 MW power plant would require 96 grams of Uranium-235 to undergo fission per day. Coal provides 32.6 MJ/kg upon burning, so a similar power plant would use 265 metric tons of coal per day. Nuclear fusion in the Sun converts four protons into a helium nucleus, releasing 24.7 MeV of energy. Radioactive decay changes the atomic number and mass number in predictable ways. The half-life of an isotope is the time for half of a sample to decay.
This document discusses the history of atomic theory and models of the atom. It describes early philosophers' ideas that matter is made of fundamental particles called atoms. In the 1800s, John Dalton proposed atoms as tiny, indivisible spheres that combine to form compounds. J.J. Thomson's experiments in the late 1800s showed atoms contain even smaller, negatively charged particles called electrons. Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment in 1911 demonstrated atoms have a small, dense nucleus containing positive charge. Later models incorporated the discoveries of protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei, and quantum theory explained electron behavior.
1. Stellar nucleosynthesis explains how elements heavier than lithium were formed through nuclear reactions in stars and stellar explosions.
2. Big Bang nucleosynthesis formed the light elements hydrogen, helium, and lithium in the first few minutes after the Big Bang through fusion reactions as the universe rapidly expanded and cooled.
3. Further evidence for the Big Bang model includes the cosmic microwave background radiation and relative abundances of light elements observed today which match predictions from Big Bang nucleosynthesis.
Structure of atom(11th standard Maharashtra state board)Freya Cardozo
The document discusses the structure of the atom and the discovery of subatomic particles like electrons, protons, and neutrons. It describes experiments done by scientists like J.J. Thompson, Ernest Rutherford, and James Chadwick that led to the discovery of these fundamental particles. Key findings include the discovery of electrons as negatively charged particles in cathode rays, Rutherford's discovery of the nucleus through alpha particle scattering experiments, and Chadwick's discovery of the neutron through experiments with beryllium radiation.
This document provides a history of atomic structure models from ancient Greek philosophers to modern physics. It summarizes Democritus' idea of indivisible atoms, Dalton's billiard ball model of atoms, Thomson's plum pudding model, and Rutherford's nuclear model based on his gold foil experiment. It then describes Bohr's planetary model with quantized electron orbits and energy levels. Later models like Sommerfeld's addressed limitations like explaining hydrogen's fine structure. The document traces how atomic structure models evolved as new experimental evidence emerged.
The document discusses the atomic structure and models of the atom. It begins with an acknowledgement and table of contents. It then covers Dalton's atomic theory, subatomic particles like electrons and protons, cathode rays and the discovery of electrons. It discusses the charge to mass ratio of electrons, the discovery of protons and neutrons, and models of the atom including Thomson's model and Rutherford's nuclear model. It also addresses isotopes, limitations of models, wave nature of radiation, and the electromagnetic spectrum.
Niels Bohr developed the Bohr model of the atom which showed the atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons. He discovered that electrons travel in separate orbits around the nucleus and that the number of electrons in the outer orbit determines the properties of an element. The Bohr model likened the atom to a solar system with electrons in discrete orbits and energy levels, and it helped explain atomic spectra and the periodic table. Marie and Pierre Curie discovered the radioactive elements radium and polonium through their studies of uranium and thorium, helping establish the field of radioactivity.
This document provides an overview of radiation physics and related topics. It defines radiation physics as dealing with electromagnetic energy and matter. It describes the basic properties and forms of matter and energy. Classical physics laws such as conservation of energy and momentum are discussed. Modern physics concepts like mass-energy equivalence are introduced. The periodic table and its organization of elements is summarized. Common radiation units and their definitions are provided. Finally, the document defines atoms and their basic structure, including subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. It also introduces the concept of radioactivity and definitions of related terms like half-life.
This lesson plan outlines a science class on the atomic structure. It includes general and specific objectives of the lesson, a knowledge pre-test, and an outline of the presentation. The presentation will discuss early atomic models proposed by Thomson and Rutherford, and the drawbacks of Rutherford's model. It will then explain Niels Bohr's model of the atom, including his postulates that electrons orbit in discrete energy levels and absorb or emit energy in quantized amounts when changing orbits. Students will learn about the distribution of electrons in shells and orbits in atoms.
The classic way to increase rate in LLDPE blown films is to add 10-25% LDPE. It works, but it compromises toughness. Now there is a new option. Blend less than 5% of TOPAS COC to achieve high rates and bubble stability, with very little impact on properties.
This document summarizes upcoming CSS features like Box Alignment Level 3, CSS Grid Layout, CSS Shapes, CSS Feature Queries, and CSS Custom Properties. It explains what each feature does at a high level and provides example code snippets. The document also encourages developers to get involved by filing issues on browser bug trackers, requesting new features, and creating blog posts/demos to help drive adoption of these new CSS specifications.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
My books- Hacking Digital Learning Strategies http://hackingdls.com & Learning to Go https://gum.co/learn2go
Resources at http://shellyterrell.com/classmanagement
What happens when the digital tools and platforms we make and use for communication and entertainment are hijacked for terrorism, violence against the vulnerable and nefarious transactions? What role do designers and developers play? Are we complicit as creators of these technologies and products? Should we police them or fight back? As Portfolio Lead for Northern Lab, Northern Trust's internal innovation startup focused on client and partner experience, Antonio will share a mix of provocative scenarios torn from today's headlines and compelling stories where activism and technology facilitated peace—and war.
As a call-to-action for designers and developers to engage in projects capable of transformational change, he'll explore the question: How might technology foster new experiences to better accelerate social activism and make the world a smarter, safer place?
The reality for companies that are trying to figure out their blogging or content strategy is that there's a lot of content to write beyond just the "buy now" page.
An atom consists of a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons. The nucleus contains over 99% of the atom's mass and is made up of protons and neutrons held together by the strong nuclear force. Radioactive decay occurs when an unstable nucleus emits radiation, changing into a different element. There are three main types of decay: alpha decay which emits a helium nucleus, beta decay which emits an electron or positron, and gamma decay which emits high energy photons during nuclear excitation.
The atomic nucleus is at the center of atoms and is composed of protons and neutrons. It was discovered in 1911 by Ernest Rutherford based on experiments showing that atoms have small, dense, positively charged nuclei. The nucleus contains nearly all of an atom's mass. Protons and neutrons are bound together in the nucleus by the strong nuclear force. Nuclear chemistry deals with the composition, properties, and reactions of atomic nuclei. Key discoveries included the neutron by Chadwick in 1932 and the development of nuclear models showing electrons orbiting the positively charged nucleus.
Here are the key rules for writing electron configurations:
1. Electrons fill the lowest available energy level first. They fill sublevels in the order s, p, d, f.
2. Each orbital in a sublevel can hold a maximum of two electrons, one with spin up and one with spin down.
3. The first energy level (K shell) holds up to 2 electrons. The second energy level (L shell) holds up to 8 electrons. The third energy level (M shell) holds up to 18 electrons. And so on as we go to higher principal quantum numbers.
4. Write the electron configuration with the closest noble gas as a prefix followed by the remaining electrons. For example,
The document discusses how heavier elements are formed in stars through nuclear fusion reactions. It begins by outlining the key terms and concepts, including fusion, stellar nucleosynthesis, and the proton-proton chain reaction. It then explains several important nuclear fusion processes that occur in stars, such as the triple alpha process, alpha ladder, CNO cycle, and how these lead to the formation of carbon, oxygen, and heavier elements up to iron. The document also describes stages in the life of stars, from main sequence stars to red giants and supernovae, which generate even heavier elements through rapid neutron capture processes.
CHEMISTRY: SLIDES FOR MIDDLE SCHOOL TEACHERS.pptxAdarLzaro
This document provides an overview of chemistry concepts including the structure of atoms, chemical bonding, states of matter, and reading chemical formulas. It discusses key ideas such as:
- Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. The number of protons determines the element.
- Chemical bonds form through the transfer or sharing of electrons between atoms. Ionic bonds form between oppositely charged ions, and covalent bonds form through shared pairs of electrons.
- Matter exists in solid, liquid, gas, or plasma states depending on the strength of interactions between particles and temperature. Changes between these states involve heat.
- Chemical formulas represent the elements and ratios present in a compound. Formulas indicate physical state and
The document summarizes the evolution of the universe from the Big Bang to the development of modern humans. It describes how nuclear fusion in stars formed heavier elements, which were dispersed by supernovae. Nebulae from stellar debris condensed to form solar systems like our own. On Earth, simple life evolved over billions of years into complex organisms, including human ancestors that gained full behavioral modernity around 50,000 years ago. Modern civilization has developed over the last 10,000 years through advances in agriculture, science, and technology.
The document discusses various topics relating to stellar characteristics and evolution. It begins by explaining blackbody radiation and Wien's law, which show the relationship between an object's temperature and the wavelength of its peak emission. This allows astronomers to determine a star's surface temperature from its spectrum. The rest of the document discusses stellar classification schemes, the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, the life cycles of different types of stars such as red giants and white dwarfs, and phenomena like supernovae, pulsars, and binary star systems. Spectral analysis provides insights into stellar physics and evolution.
Formation of the Elements and Nuclear Reactions.pptxJaneEntuna
Nuclear reactions like fusion and fission are responsible for the formation of elements in our universe. (1) Fusion occurs in stars and during the Big Bang, fusing lighter elements into heavier ones. (2) Fission and radioactive decay transmute elements over time. (3) Elements heavier than iron are primarily formed in supernovae, which generate the extreme temperatures and pressures required.
Formation of the Elements and Nuclear Reactions (1).pptxrenliejanep
Nuclear reactions such as fusion and fission are responsible for the formation of elements in our universe. Fusion occurs during stellar nucleosynthesis and the Big Bang, fusing lighter elements into heavier ones. Elements heavier than iron are formed during supernovae through further fusion. Radioactive elements decay through alpha, beta, or gamma decay, transmuting into more stable elements. Nuclear reactions can be represented by balanced nuclear equations that take into account protons, neutrons, and mass numbers.
Formation of the Elements and Nuclear Reactions.pptxYnaAngela1
There are three main types of nucleosynthesis that occur in the universe: Big Bang, stellar, and supernova. Big Bang nucleosynthesis produced hydrogen and helium shortly after the formation of the universe. Stellar nucleosynthesis occurs through nuclear fusion reactions inside stars, building heavier elements up to iron. The heaviest elements are produced during supernova nucleosynthesis through fusion in exploded massive stars. Nuclear fission and radioactive decay also contribute to element formation on Earth through natural processes in the core and crust.
This document discusses several topics relating to nuclear reactions and radioactivity:
- Half-life is defined as the time it takes for the radioactivity of a specific isotope to fall to half its original value. It can be demonstrated using a decay curve. Radiocarbon dating uses carbon-14 decay to determine the age of organic materials.
- Nuclear fission and fusion are two types of nuclear reactions. Fission involves splitting a heavy nucleus into lighter nuclei, while fusion combines low mass nuclei into a heavier nucleus.
- A nuclear reaction occurs when an atom's nucleus changes by gaining or releasing particles or energy. Induced reactions are initiated artificially in a laboratory. Chain reactions are self-sustaining nuclear
This document discusses several topics relating to nuclear reactions and radioactivity:
- It defines half-life as the time it takes for the radioactivity of a specific isotope to fall to half its original value. Half-life can be demonstrated using a decay curve.
- It explains that radiocarbon dating determines the age of an element by measuring the amount of carbon-14 remaining in the element.
- It describes nuclear fission as the splitting of a large nucleus into two smaller nuclei, releasing energy. Nuclear fusion is when two low mass nuclei join together to form a larger nucleus.
- It provides examples of nuclear reactions, such as those induced by bombarding a nucleus with subatomic particles, and defines
This document discusses the development of atomic models from ancient Greek ideas to Rutherford's gold foil experiment and Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom. It introduces Dalton's atomic theory and developments like the plum pudding model, discovery of the electron, Rutherford's nuclear model, and Bohr's explanation of emission spectra. Key concepts covered include atomic structure, isotopes, atomic notation, and forces that hold the nucleus together.
This document discusses the development of atomic models from ancient Greek ideas to Rutherford's gold foil experiment and Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom. It introduces Dalton's atomic theory and developments like the plum pudding model, discovery of the electron, Rutherford's nuclear model, and Bohr's explanation of emission spectra. Key concepts covered include atomic structure, isotopes, atomic notation, and forces that hold the nucleus together.
Atoms are the smallest particle of an element and consist of subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms form elements and can combine through chemical bonds to form compounds with new properties. Elements and their atoms can exist in different states of matter and undergo nuclear reactions that convert matter into energy or vice versa according to Einstein's mass-energy equivalence formula.
The document discusses how all the elements were formed in the universe. It explains that shortly after the Big Bang, the first light elements like hydrogen and helium formed. Later, in the cores of stars, nuclear fusion processes fused these light elements into heavier elements up to iron. The most massive stars ended their lives as supernovae, which fused even heavier elements and dispersed them throughout the universe. Some rare light elements like lithium and beryllium were produced through cosmic ray bombardment of interstellar gas. All elements found on Earth and in our bodies were originally produced in earlier generations of stars and supernovae.
The document discusses the historical development of atomic models from Dalton to Bohr and beyond. It introduces John Dalton's early model of atoms as indivisible particles with no internal structure in 1863. Later models incorporated the discoveries of the electron by J.J. Thomson in 1897 and the nuclear structure of atoms by Ernest Rutherford in 1911. Niels Bohr's 1913 model proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed, quantized energy levels. This laid the foundations for understanding atomic emission spectra and the quantum mechanical model that later replaced Bohr's model.
Within stars, fusion reactions fuse lighter elements like hydrogen into heavier elements like helium. This occurs when the intense heat and pressure at a star's core overcome the electromagnetic forces that normally keep atoms apart. The mass that is "lost" during fusion is converted to energy according to Einstein's equation E=mc^2. In our Sun, the proton-proton chain reaction fuses four hydrogen atoms into one helium atom over four steps, releasing energy in the process. More massive stars can undergo further fusion of heavier elements like carbon and oxygen through late stages of their lifecycles before culminating in a supernova explosion.
The document discusses the fundamental particles and forces that make up atoms. It describes how atoms were discovered to be made up of even smaller particles, including electrons discovered by J.J. Thomson and the nuclear model developed by Rutherford based on experiments by Rutherford, Geiger, and Marsden. The document also discusses the three main subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, and electrons), isotopes, radioactive decay, and the four main forces (electromagnetic, strong nuclear, weak, and gravity) that act inside atoms.
Stellar Nucleosynthesis by Tarun P. Roshan, CHSTRIVER
- Hydrogen and helium were formed in the early universe after the Big Bang, while all other elements have been synthesized through nuclear fusion processes inside stars.
- Stars generate energy through nuclear fusion reactions like the proton-proton chain or CNO cycle, which fuse hydrogen into helium. Further reactions like the triple-alpha process fuse helium into carbon.
- As stars evolve and age, heavier elements are produced through successive nuclear fusion processes up to iron, which has the highest binding energy. Elements heavier than iron are produced through s-process and r-process neutron capture.
- When stars run out of nuclear fuel and can no longer fuse elements, their cores collapse in supernova explosions, seeding the
Introduction
Mantra Yoga is an exact science. "Mananat trayate iti mantrah- by the Manana (constant thinking or recollection) of which one is protected or is released from the round of births and deaths, is Mantra." That is called Mantra by the meditation (Manana) on which the Jiva or the individual soul attains freedom from sin, enjoyment in heaven and final liberation, and by the aid of which it attains in full the fourfold fruit (Chaturvarga), i.e., Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha. A Mantra is so called because it is achieved by the mental process.
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Tracking "The Blessing" - Christianity · Spiritual Growth · Success
Do you ever feel like your Bible highlighting isn't quite enough to ignite lasting spiritual growth? Have you struggled to retain key takeaways from your Bible study sessions?
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In this video, you'll gain insights on:
How highlighting key verses and themes can enhance memory and retention of Scripture (we see a few key ones, here!)
Studies have shown that highlighting can significantly improve information recall. Highlighting key points visually reinforces them in your mind, leading to better long-term memory.
How to personalize your Bible study through strategic highlighting. Don't just highlight everything!
This video will teach you how to strategically highlight based on what resonates with you, focusing on central themes, recurring ideas, or connections between different passages.
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How connecting highlighted passages can reveal deeper biblical truths. By highlighting these connections, you can see the bigger picture and uncover the underlying messages within Scripture.
By the end of this video, you'll be equipped to unlock the hidden potential within your highlighted Bible and embark on a transformative spiritual growth journey! Don't forget to like and subscribe for more inspiring content on deepening your faith.
Note: For Christians seeking to enrich their Bible study and deepen their faith, as well as any other spiritual seeker of truth and growth.
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Lesson 12 - The Blessed Hope: The Mark of the Christian.pptxCelso Napoleon
Lesson 12 - The Blessed Hope: The Mark of the Christian
SBS – Sunday Bible School
Adult Bible Lessons 2nd quarter 2024 CPAD
MAGAZINE: THE CAREER THAT IS PROPOSED TO US: The Path of Salvation, Holiness and Perseverance to Reach Heaven
Commentator: Pastor Osiel Gomes
Presentation: Missionary Celso Napoleon
Renewed in Grace
The Book of Revelation, filled with symbolic and apocalyptic imagery, presents one of its most striking visions in Revelation 9:3-12—the locust army. Understanding the significance of this locust army provides insight into the broader themes of divine judgment, protection, and the ultimate triumph of God’s will as depicted in Revelation.
Heartfulness Magazine - June 2024 (Volume 9, Issue 6)heartfulness
Dear readers,
This month we continue with more inspiring talks from the Global Spirituality Mahotsav that was held from March 14 to 17, 2024, at Kanha Shanti Vanam.
We hear from Daaji on lifestyle and yoga in honor of International Day of Yoga, June 21, 2024. We also hear from Professor Bhavani Rao, Dean at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, on spirituality in action, the Venerable BhikkuSanghasena on how to be an ambassador for compassion, Dr. Tony Nader on the Maharishi Effect, Swami Mukundananda on the crossroads of modernization, Tejinder Kaur Basra on the purpose of work, the Venerable GesheDorjiDamdul on the psychology of peace, the Rt. Hon. Patricia Scotland, KC, Secretary-General of the Commonwealth, on how we are all related, and world-renowned violinist KumareshRajagopalan on the uplifting mysteries of music.
Dr. Prasad Veluthanar shares an Ayurvedic perspective on treating autism, Dr. IchakAdizes helps us navigate disagreements at work, Sravan Banda celebrates World Environment Day by sharing some tips on land restoration, and Sara Bubber tells our children another inspiring story and challenges them with some fun facts and riddles.
Happy reading,
The editors
Astronism, Cosmism and Cosmodeism: the space religions espousing the doctrine...Cometan
This lecture created by Brandon Taylorian (aka Cometan) specially for the CESNUR Conference held Bordeaux in June 2024 provides a brief introduction to the legacy of religious and philosophical thought that Astronism emerges from, namely the discourse on transcension started assuredly by the Cosmists in Russia in the mid-to-late nineteenth century and then carried on and developed by Mordecai Nessyahu in Cosmodeism in the twentieth century. Cometan also then provides some detail on his story in founding Astronism in the early twenty-first century from 2013 along with details on the central Astronist doctrine of transcension. Finally, the lecture concludes with some contributions made by space religions and space philosophy and their influences on various cultural facets in art, literature and film.
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Lição 12: João 15 a 17 – O Espírito Santo e a Oração Sacerdotal | 2° Trimestr...OmarBarrezueta1
Esta lição é uma oportunidade para discutirmos um assunto multo mal interpretado no contexto cristão, que é o fato de algumas pessoas pensarem que o conhecer Jesus é ter a nossa vida mudada em todas as áreas, como se Deus tivesse o dever de transportar-nos deste mundo para um outro mundo onde muitas coisas maravilhosas que desejamos seriam reais. No entanto, a nossa fé não nos tira do mundo após nos convertermos; ao invés disso, permanecemos vivendo sob as mesmas circunstâncias. O propósito de Deus não é nos tirar do mundo, mas nos livrar das ações do maligno (Jo 17.15), Sendo assim, a vida eterna não significa estar fora da realidade deste mundo, mas conhecer o único Deus verdadeiro (Jo 17.3).
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The pervasiveness of Lying in today's World.pptxniwres
In our interconnected world, lies weave through the fabric of society like hidden threads. We encounter them in politics, media, personal relationships, and even within ourselves. The prevalence of deception raises profound questions about truth, trust, and the human condition.
Lucid Dreaming: Understanding the Risks and Benefits
The ability to control one's dreams or for the dreamer to be aware that he or she is dreaming. This process, called lucid dreaming, has some potential risks as well as many fascinating benefits. However, many people are hesitant to try it initially for fear of the potential dangers. This article aims to clarify these concerns by exploring both the risks and benefits of lucid dreaming.
The Benefits of Lucid Dreaming
Lucid dreaming allows a person to take control of their dream world, helping them overcome their fears and eliminate nightmares. This technique is particularly useful for mental health. By taking control of their dreams, individuals can face challenging scenarios in a controlled environment, which can help reduce anxiety and increase self-confidence.
Addressing Common Concerns
Physical Harm in Dreams Lucid dreaming is fundamentally safe. In a lucid dream, everything is a creation of your mind. Therefore, nothing in the dream can physically harm you. Despite the vividness and realness of the dream experience, it remains entirely within your mental landscape, posing no physical danger.
Mental Health Risks Concerns about developing PTSD or other mental illnesses from lucid dreaming are unfounded. As soon as you wake up, it's clear that the events experienced in the dream were not real. On the contrary, lucid dreaming is often seen as a therapeutic tool for conditions like PTSD, as it allows individuals to reframe and manage their thoughts.
Potential Risks of Lucid Dreaming
While generally safe, lucid dreaming does come with a few risks as well:
Mixing Dream Memories with Reality Long-term lucid dreamers might occasionally confuse dream memories with real ones, creating false memories. This issue is rare and preventable by maintaining a dream journal and avoiding lucid dreaming about real-life people or places too frequently.
Escapism Using lucid dreaming to escape reality can be problematic if it interferes with your daily life. While it is sometimes beneficial to escape and relieve the stress of reality, relying on lucid dreaming for happiness can hinder personal growth and productivity.
Feeling Tired After Lucid Dreaming Some people report feeling tired after lucid dreaming. This tiredness is not due to the dreams themselves but often results from not getting enough sleep or using techniques that disrupt sleep patterns. Taking breaks and ensuring adequate sleep can prevent this.
Mental Exhaustion Lucid dreaming can be mentally taxing if practiced excessively without breaks. It’s important to balance lucid dreaming with regular sleep to avoid mental fatigue.
Lucid dreaming is safe and beneficial if done with caution. It has many benefits, such as overcoming fear and improving mental health, and minimal risks. There are many resources and tutorials available for those interested in trying it.
Tales of This and Another Life - Chapters.pdfMashaL38
This book is one of the best of the translated ones, for it has a warning character for all those who find themselves in the experience of material life. Irmão X provides a shrewd way of describing the subtleties and weaknesses that can jeopardize our intentions, making us more attentive and vigilant by providing us with his wise pages, reminding us between the lines of the Master's words: "Pray and watch."
2. PREFACE
ENERGY ,E = mc² FAILED IN TRAVELLING THE UNIVERSE.
BECAUSE ENERGY HAVE LOSS DUE TO MAGNETIC FIELD
i.e, DUE TO PROTON AND ELECTRON. BUT CONSIDER AS
POWER, P=∞ SUCCES IN TRAVEL THE UNIVERSE TO
REACH THE SOURCE HYDROGEN DISC. AFTER REMOVING
PROTON AND ELECTRON FROM HYDROGEN ATOM.
3. COSMO PHYSICS
ABBREVATION
POWER - Producing Own Energy Restless.
ENERGY - Effect On Nuclei by Electron Revolving by Gyration.
QUANTUM - Quantity Usually Maintained. [ Quantity always present ]
EXPLANATION
LIGHT ENERGY - Proton energy need to give up or booster
[+, Charged ion]
DARK ENERGY - Electron Energy to disturb Proton [-, Charged ion]
NUCLEI POWER - maintain energy levels in proton and electron
[No Charge] [i.e, infinite ion (∞)]
COSMO PRINCIPLE
“POWER CAN NEITHER BE CREATED AND NOR BE
DESTROYED. BUT IT TRANSFER FROM ONE FORM TO OTHER
FORM”.
“EVERY ACTION HAS EQUAL AND OPPOSITE ACTION”
POWER P=∞
P – Power.
∞ – Infinity.
4. COSMO BALANCING LAW:
Case 1
“EVERY ACTION HAS EQUAL AND OPPOSITE REACTION”.
Case 2
“EVERY ACTION HAS EQUAL AND OPPOSITE ACTION”.
(or)
“EVERY ACTION HAS EQUAL REACTION”.
Pendulum bob oscillation
5. COSMO – “Control Oscillations and Motions”
QUANTUM
Principle Of Quantum:-
“WITHOUT PROTON AND ELECTRON NUCLEI CAN EXIST.
BUT WITHOUT NUCLEI NO EXISTENCE OF PROTON AND
ELECTRON.”
Power – Nuclei
Energy – Proton and Electron
Proton – North pole
Electron – south pole
Proton and electron revolve nuclei
Nuclei – base of an atom.
WHEN ENERGY
Energy E = Nuclei + Magnetic field.
Magnetic field = Proton + Electron.
6. Due to magnetic field gravitational pull occurs.
After neglecting of proton and electron.
WHEN POWER
Consider as power P = Nuclei
i.e Power P= ∞
Due to magnetic field nuclei attain loss
When neglecting of proton and electron, Nuclei attain gain
Nuclei become infinite.
Particle can travel the universe at infinite speed.
PROPERTY OF LIGHT:-
When white light is passed through prism it split into
seven colours “VIBGYOR”.
Before it is in hydrogen ion milky white fluid.but in three
dimension it is in red colour and act as base of milky way
7. In fourth Dimension red gas of hydrogen became milky
white fluid.
From milky white fluid several colours formed .
By the combination of “VIBGYOR” several colours like
grey, brown, etc., are formed.
Likewise “VIBGYOR” are formed from milky white fluid.
From the above phenomenon several planets and stars etc.,
are formed from milky white fluid of hydrogen.
In fourth Dimension it is pure white light.
By combination of seven colours the Milky Way is
formed.
Monochromatic to multichromatic property of Atoms.
Monochromatic - Hydrogen ion Disc
Multichromatic - Four Arms of Milky Way
8. Fusion done by Hydrogen ion Disc to form whole galaxy.
Several Elements are formed by Nuclei fusion of
Hydrogen ion.
Pure white light have the property of seven colours.
Likewise several Elements are formed by Hydrogen ion
Disc by Nuclei fusion.
Because Hydrogen ion Disc is “Fourth Dimension of
light” Have the ability to create the Galaxy Milkyway.
From monochromatic to multichromatic ions and Atoms
are designed by the super Natural power.
STRUCTURE OF HYDROGEN ATOM
•+ _
• - Nuclei hydrogen ion.
+ - Proton [+, Charged Particle]
- - Electron [-, Charged Particle]
Proton hatched to nuclei hydrogen ion.
9. Electron revolve by gyrating of negatively charged ion.
Nuclei - Power hydrogen ion.
Proton and electron, are bind together by a strong magneto electrostatic
force [M E F]
Hydrogen atom having one nuclei, one proton and one electron is called
soul of living beings.
Proton and Electron are one and one in numbers. Nuclei also one in
number [i.e, it’s not Element it is heart of soul.]
All bodies are made up of elements to form a structure [i.e, Muscular
System, Skeletal system, and circulatory system etc…]
But soul hydrogen atom is transferred from one host to other host to
activate whole system.
Plants, Animals, Flies, Birds, worms etc… also have soul hydrogen
atom to activate life.
10. Exit of soul hydrogen atom from any living beings results in death and
decay.
This phenomena is called as “TRANSFORMATION OF POWER
FROM ONE HOST TO OTHER HOST.”
Birth when power enters and death when power exit.
Hydrogen ion disc is the source of hydrogen ion and it activate
hydrogen atom and other atoms in the galaxy and in the earth.
From nuclei hydrogen ion to the Milky Way Galaxy, the power is
transferred.
Eg:-
CH4, C2H5, H2O etc… are Elements
H2O - Two molecule of hydrogen bond with one oxygen molecule.
All the above groups are called as Elements.
Human body, Animals body, Insect body, Worms’s body, Flies body
etc… are made up of elements with hydrogen to give structure.
11. Above is called as host or body. But have a base or core or soul
hydrogen atom to activate life.
Hydrogen atom is filled particle having own light [i.e, it is power]
Hydrogen atom is also called as “soul or Core or Base Atom of life.”
HYDRO - Water in Vapour
GEN - Generation
ION - Light in ‘ON’ state [∞ state]
Hydrogen ion disc is generation of life for all living beings.
Special features of hydrogen ion
Four dimension in nature
Having own sense , so it is called as real sensor.
Travel at infinite speed .
No other ion should not travel the universe.
Only hydrogen ion have the ability
• To travel
• To create elements
• To destroy elements
12. QUANTUM PHYSICS
Without four arms of milky way Nuclei Hydrogen Ion Exist. But
without nuclei hydrogen ion no existence of four arms of milky way.
13. HYDROGEN ION DISC
Disc having hydrogen ion in gaseous state, its called as “SUPER
NATURAL POWER”.
From hydrogen ion disc, Power is transferred to all the four arms of
Milky Way Galaxy.
But Every Stars, Planets etc… having individual nuclei of Hydrogen gas
ion for rotation.
HEAD OF CONTROL IS HYDROGEN ION DISC.
Hydrogen ion and other elements are bonded by a strong Magneto
Electrostatic force [M.E.F] to form Galaxy [i.e, Designed by “SUPER
NATURAL POWER”]
When white light is passed through a prism, it splits into seven colours.
By the combination of “VIBGYOR” Several elements are formed by
Nuclei fusion.
Nuclei fusion of Hydrogen ion with other elements to form the whole
milky way Galaxy. [i.e, other elements formed by nuclei fusion of
hydrogen ion.]
Monochromatic hydrogen ion into Multichromatic charged ions.
14. Because all living beings have colours of light in the body.
Elements also have colour.
Even Carbon is black, but it is made up of light.
Substance belongs to light and Nothing belongs to Dark.
BEST EXAMPLE :
Carbon is black matter it convert into Graphite and Diamond after a long
period under Earth. [i.e, it belong to light].
In carbon state it is black in colour.
In diamond state it is pure glassy nature.
Change of state from black to pure glassy nature likewise several
element are formed by Hydrogen ion.
It attain three state carbon state, graphite state and Diamond state.
15. By the above change of state indicate the conversion of matters. There is
no relationship between three states. Likewise several elements and
living beings are formed by Hydrogen ion disc. [By Nuclei fusion]
Carbon - black colour
Graphite - grayish colour
Diamond - pure glassy colour.
Science cannot determine the change of colour. No relationship
between the colours. How pure glassy colour come from black. It is Mystery of
Hydrogen ion Disc.
HYDROGEN ATOM STATE
Stable state of hydrogen ion is ∞
Unstable state of Proton +, ion is 1
Excited state of Electron -, is O
‘O’ - it is not zero. It is circle (Rotation)
Infinite state is also called as “ENHANCEMENT STATE OF ION”.
16. Hydrogen ion have OWN SENSE. So it is called as REAL SENSOR
Hydrogen ion having “EIGHTH SENSE” so it is “FOUR
DIMENSION”.
By conduction of Electron over Nuclei with proton it become nuclei ion
and attain infinity.
Conduction of Electron done by dark energy over light energy with ion
it become individual ion and attain “ENHANCEMENT STATE OF
NUCLEI ION”.
Nuclei become individual ion having specific property [i.e, individual
filled by light. Free from dark energy].
Dark Energy have solid state, but darkness or empty space have no
matter [i.e, Nothing]
Light Energy has liquid state, but it is charged positive ion by Nuclei
power.
Attain the state “ENLIGHTED.” [i.e, ENHANCEMENT LIGHTED.]
and reach hydrogen ion disc.
17. BY THIS PRINCIPLE LIGHT ALWAYS PRESENT IN INFINITE
STATE IN MILKY WAY GALAXY.
By this light is a THING and darkness is NOTHING.
BLACK HOLE :
Light cannot escape when it reach the point. [i.e, it COLLAPSE or
DEVIATE]
Generally Light have the property of wave in Nature.
Light have wave due to proton and electron from a source designed by
scientific method.
Source of light should not have wave [i.e Proton and Electron are
neglected]. Light purely from Nuclei only can Enter Black hole.
Because Black hole is Power Boundary.
Light free from Energy can enter Black hole.
Finally Nuclei source of light can Enter black hole.
Black Hole boundary are made up of carbon material. So its black but it
belongs to light ion. [i.e, Nuclei Carbon ions].
18. Inside center free space connected to hydrogen ion disc.
Any hydrogen ion from four arms it passes through black hole and reach
hydrogen ion disc to attain “ENHANCEMENT MODE.”
No other ion should not pass through Black Hole. Only soul can pass
through to reach hydrogen ion disc.
When soul reach hydrogen ion disc TIME IS CONSTANT.
MILKY WAY GALAXY :
In milky way galaxy, millions of stars elongated from central part
named “HYDROGEN ION DISC.”
Disc filled with hydrogen gas ions.
Inside the Mid Point of disc a shell called HYDROGEN ION SHELL.
At present, there is nothing inside the shell, so its black.
But shell is mid point of the Galaxy Milky Way.
19. From shell a large amount of hydrogen ion gas expelled out to form a
disc.
From Mid Point to disc, time is constant.
After the boundary of disc, time starts in four arms.
Because of Proton and Electron time starts in four Arm. [i.e, ENERGY
FIELD START FROM THAT BOUNDARY.]
Hydrogen ion disc is Static, But Stars, Planets, Black Holes etc… are in
motion to form a galaxy called MILKY WAY.
Hydrogen ion Disc - Constant. [Static]
Stars, Planets, Black Holes, etc… - Rotation
[Dynamic]
WHY LIGHT CANNOT ESCAPE THROUGH BLACK HOLE ?
BLACK HOLE - Only pass nuclei hydrogen ion, no entry for
hydrogen atom [i.e, IT SHOULD NOT ALLOW MAGNETIC FIELD
INSIDE.]
20. Neglecting of Proton and Electron from hydrogen atom it pass through `
Black Hole. [i.e, it should not allow Energy.]
But power pass through black hole to reach hydrogen ion Disc.
FATHER IS HYDROGEN ION DISC. MOTHER IS EARTH HAVING
MAGNETIC FIELD.
All the stars, Planets, have red gas of hydrogen gas ion as mid Point to
transfer energy to Proton and Electron.
Nuclei hydrogen ion disc controls all the four Arms.
Every action has induced by hydrogen ion disc and controlled by
hydrogen ion disc to SETTLE HYDROGEN IONS.
BEGINNING OF OUR GALAXY :
Ball with hydrogen are decided to create milky way Galaxy.
Cosmic ball decide and imagine the milky way Galaxy.
Shell open at a point and squeeze hydrogen gas ion to form a disc.
21. Before it is in hydrogen liquid ion state. [i.e] MILKY WHITE FLUID.
After the conversion of fluid into gas. It expelled out four arms, having
Stars, Planets, Black Holes etc…
INDIVIDUALITY of hydrogen disc to split into several elements, [i.e]
Stars, Planets and other elements. [By Nuclear fusion.]
Designed by the combination of hydrogen ion and other elements with
hydrogen to form a galaxy.
Revolving of Stars, Planets etc… are controlled by “SUPER NATURAL
POWER.”
Super natural power landed HYDROGEN CORE ON EARTH TO
CREATE LIFE.
Origin of species starts from single cell to Multicellular organisms.
A group of organisms are formed by nuclear fusion.
From Mono to hybrid varieties are formed and activate life on earth.
22. Battle, Race, for survival of species on earth.
Earth formed by Nuclear fusion of hydrogen core and form chemical
elements.
Hydrogen ion in Stars, Planets etc… are having different properties,
Elements having different properties and Soul having different
properties.
From mono to multiple of cells Form the species.
Species activation on earth done by his power.
Transfer of power from one host of species to other species.
START AND END OF MILKY WAY
[i.e] Beginning and end inside a ball of light.
After all Hydrogen ion reaches Hydrogen ion Disc, Convert into
Hydrogen Milky white fluid to fill the ball, and close the ball or shell.
Again attain the state and finally light inside the ball [i.e, INFINITY
STATE]
23. Finally ends in Ball [i.e, END OF MILKY WAY GALAXY.]
[i.e., Milky way Galaxy Starts and Ends in a ball] and darkness always
present in the universe.
HOW HYDROGEN ION REACH “HYDROGEN ION DISC” ?
By pressure difference in the Black Hole tube and hydrogen ion Disc.
Low pressure in the hydrogen ion disc.
High pressure at here the entrance of Black Hole.
When hydrogen ion in gaseous state reach Black Hole, it absorbs by
nuclei hydrogen ion disc to reach the DISTANCE QUICKLY.
Gaseous state of ion is like feather it absorbs by a huge mass of gaseous
hydrogen ion [i.e, HYDROGEN ION DISC.]
Enhancement state of life inside the hydrogen ion disc [i.e, NUCLEI
BULGE]
Because of no Proton and no Electron, no chance for disturb, so it attain
a ENHANCEMENT STATE OF LIFE.
24. Finally hydrogen ion only pass through Black Hole.
HOW HYDROGEN ION PASS THROUGH BLACK HOLE AND WHAT
ABOUT OTHER IONS ?
Except hydrogen ion, all other ions have charge given by hydrogen ion.
Only Hydrogen ions have OWN LIGHT, so it has no charge, it passes
through Black Hole.
Power transfer energy to all other ions, elements [i.e, it gives charge to
ions and Elements.]
No other elements should not have the ability to enter black hole. So
one and only hydrogen ion pass through black hole.
WHAT ABOUT HYDROGEN ION IN OTHER ELEMENTS ?
Eg :- CH4, C2H4, C2H6 etc.. have hydrogen molecule but it will neglect
other molecules when life in earth come to an end.
Until it cycles for need of life [i.e] it act as surrounding for living
creatures.
Lots of matter collected from Tamizh Literature, named
“THIRUVASAGAM”.
25. Literature shows the truth present behind the universe.
Comparing of hydrogen ion disc with matters of Thiruvasagam it
coincide.
From scientific point of view I see through the encyclopedia “WORLD
OF SCIENCE” Chapter “THE UNIVERSE.”
How light present in “ENHANCEMENT STATE” in the universe can
traced out from Thiruvasagam.
“THIRUVENBA” – Literature from which “MILKY STATE OF
FLUID HYDROGEN ION” had observed.
Hydrogen ion state, before it began can be observed from
“THIRUVENBA.”
I had not elobrately explain about chemical reaction and orgin of
species.
[i.e, only I state the “PHYSICS” principle involved in the galaxy Milky
Way.]
26. PHYSICS - PRINCIPLE OF HYDROGEN STATE ION IN
CONTROLLED STATE.
PRINCIPLE OF HYDROGEN ION DISC :-
“POWER CAN NEITHER BE CREATED AND NOR BE
DESTROYED, BUT IT CAN TRANSFER FROM ONE FORM TO
OTHER FORM.”
“EVERY ACTION HAS EQUALLY OPPOSITE ACTION.”
THIS PHYSICS IS ALSO CALLED AS “QUANTUM PHYSICS.”
Nuclear fusion is to create particle and nuclei fission is to destroy the
elements.
Heat, Velocity, Pressure, Elasticity, Equilibrium, Cold etc.. are physics
parameters.
Only hydrogen ion has the property to create elements. [i.e, by Nuclei
Fusion.]
On physics point of view, I analyse the Milky Way Galaxy.
This theory presented to “Super Natural Power” Analysers.
27. CONCLUSION
BY THIS THEORY NO OTHER PARTICLE OR VEHICLES SHOULD NOT
REACH THE SOURCE HYDROGEN ION DISC. ONE AND ONLY
PARTICLE REACH HYDROGEN DISC IS HYDROGEN ION.
BY
[ R.ARUNPRASAD]