This document provides information on cardiopulmonary bypass, including:
1. The history of cardiopulmonary bypass, beginning with the first operation using bypass in 1951 and the first successful open heart procedure using bypass in 1953.
2. The basic components of a bypass system, including how blood is drained, oxygenated, and returned to the body via cannulas in major veins and arteries.
3. Additional details on venous and arterial cannulation techniques and potential complications. Venting of the heart is also discussed to prevent ventricular distension during bypass.
The document discusses the components and functions of the heart-lung machine (HLM). It describes:
1. The HLM takes over the pumping function of the heart and gas exchange function of the lungs during cardiac surgery using extracorporeal circulation (ECC).
2. The basic components of the HLM include blood pumps, an oxygenator, tubing systems, blood filters, a cardiotomy reservoir, and cannulae. Additional components are a heater-cooler device and a mobile console.
3. Roller pumps and centrifugal pumps are used as blood pumps. The oxygenator contains a semipermeable membrane that allows gas exchange. Tubing connects the components to
Pumps, oxygenators, and priming solutions are essential components of cardiopulmonary bypass. There are two main types of pumps - roller pumps and centrifugal pumps. Roller pumps work by rolling blood through tubing while centrifugal pumps use centrifugal force to move blood. Membrane oxygenators allow for gas exchange through a semi-permeable barrier, separating blood from gas, and eliminating the damage caused by bubble oxygenators. Proper selection of the components depends on factors such as flow needs, biocompatibility and minimizing trauma to blood during bypass.
"LAMPS" stands for Laboratory data, Anesthesia/machine, Mean arterial pressure, Pump parameters, and Surgical considerations. The perfusionist evaluates these factors to determine if the patient is ready for separation from bypass.
Cardiopulmonary bypass development and history
Indication of cpb
Hardware in cpb
Arterial and venous cannulation
Oxygenator
Heat exchanger
Filter
How to conduct cpb and problems in cpb
Cardioplegia
The document discusses the history and components of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and extracorporeal life support (ECLS). It describes the evolution of heart-lung machines from early models that combined pumping and oxygenation functions to separate pump and oxygenator units. The key components of modern CPB circuits are described including roller pumps, centrifugal pumps, membrane oxygenators, heat exchangers, and cannulae. The document also reviews priming solutions, temperature regulation, and applications of CPB beyond cardiac surgery such as ECLS and ventricular assist devices.
This document discusses blood pumps used during heart surgery. It describes the ideal properties of a blood pump, such as being able to pump large volumes of blood at low velocities while having smooth surfaces. It then covers the most common types of blood pumps, including centrifugal and positive displacement pumps. The two most commonly used today are the roller pump and centrifugal pump, with each having advantages and disadvantages. The document also discusses pulsatile versus non-pulsatile blood flow.
This document provides information on cardiopulmonary bypass, including:
1. The history of cardiopulmonary bypass, beginning with the first operation using bypass in 1951 and the first successful open heart procedure using bypass in 1953.
2. The basic components of a bypass system, including how blood is drained, oxygenated, and returned to the body via cannulas in major veins and arteries.
3. Additional details on venous and arterial cannulation techniques and potential complications. Venting of the heart is also discussed to prevent ventricular distension during bypass.
The document discusses the components and functions of the heart-lung machine (HLM). It describes:
1. The HLM takes over the pumping function of the heart and gas exchange function of the lungs during cardiac surgery using extracorporeal circulation (ECC).
2. The basic components of the HLM include blood pumps, an oxygenator, tubing systems, blood filters, a cardiotomy reservoir, and cannulae. Additional components are a heater-cooler device and a mobile console.
3. Roller pumps and centrifugal pumps are used as blood pumps. The oxygenator contains a semipermeable membrane that allows gas exchange. Tubing connects the components to
Pumps, oxygenators, and priming solutions are essential components of cardiopulmonary bypass. There are two main types of pumps - roller pumps and centrifugal pumps. Roller pumps work by rolling blood through tubing while centrifugal pumps use centrifugal force to move blood. Membrane oxygenators allow for gas exchange through a semi-permeable barrier, separating blood from gas, and eliminating the damage caused by bubble oxygenators. Proper selection of the components depends on factors such as flow needs, biocompatibility and minimizing trauma to blood during bypass.
"LAMPS" stands for Laboratory data, Anesthesia/machine, Mean arterial pressure, Pump parameters, and Surgical considerations. The perfusionist evaluates these factors to determine if the patient is ready for separation from bypass.
Cardiopulmonary bypass development and history
Indication of cpb
Hardware in cpb
Arterial and venous cannulation
Oxygenator
Heat exchanger
Filter
How to conduct cpb and problems in cpb
Cardioplegia
The document discusses the history and components of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and extracorporeal life support (ECLS). It describes the evolution of heart-lung machines from early models that combined pumping and oxygenation functions to separate pump and oxygenator units. The key components of modern CPB circuits are described including roller pumps, centrifugal pumps, membrane oxygenators, heat exchangers, and cannulae. The document also reviews priming solutions, temperature regulation, and applications of CPB beyond cardiac surgery such as ECLS and ventricular assist devices.
This document discusses blood pumps used during heart surgery. It describes the ideal properties of a blood pump, such as being able to pump large volumes of blood at low velocities while having smooth surfaces. It then covers the most common types of blood pumps, including centrifugal and positive displacement pumps. The two most commonly used today are the roller pump and centrifugal pump, with each having advantages and disadvantages. The document also discusses pulsatile versus non-pulsatile blood flow.
A ventricular assist device (VAD) is a mechanical pump that helps the ventricles pump blood through the body. VADs are used to treat heart failure and cardiogenic shock. They can partially or completely replace the function of a failing heart. VADs are designed to assist the right ventricle, left ventricle, or both ventricles. Common uses of VADs include bridging patients to transplant, bridging to recovery or decision, and destination therapy for patients who are not eligible for transplant. Complications of VAD therapy include bleeding, infection, thromboembolism, device malfunction, and right heart failure.
Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) involves bypass surgery on a beating heart without use of cardiopulmonary bypass. Early reports used it for single or double vessel bypass in low risk patients. It is now used for multi-vessel bypass in higher risk patients. Key aspects of anesthesia management include maintaining hemodynamic stability, preventing arrhythmias and ischemia, and allowing for early emergence and recovery. Challenges include hypotension, arrhythmias, hypothermia, and myocardial ischemia which are managed through various pharmacological and technical interventions.
Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) is a technique used in cardiac surgery to facilitate operations on the aortic arch. It involves inducing circulatory arrest through deep hypothermia to prevent ischemic injury while working on the aortic arch. Various neuroprotective strategies are used like pharmacological neuroprotection, neurological monitoring, and cerebral perfusion techniques like antegrade cerebral perfusion and retrograde cerebral perfusion to extend the safe duration of DHCA. Optimal temperature management and the differences between unilateral versus bilateral cerebral perfusion are factors considered to reduce neurocognitive risks of DHCA.
This document outlines the key steps and considerations for safely conducting cardio-pulmonary bypass (CPB). It discusses monitoring patient physiology and equipment, priming the circuit, initiating and managing bypass, and post-bypass activities. Conducting CPB requires a multidisciplinary team with effective communication. Patient temperature, blood flow rates, oxygen delivery and other variables must be carefully monitored to ensure adequate tissue perfusion. Thorough documentation in perfusion records is also important. Protocols and checklists can help standardize the process while still allowing for clinical judgment. The overall goal is to support the patient's cardiovascular and respiratory functions during surgery.
Anesthesia for coronary artery bypass graftingaparna jayara
Anesthesia for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) has evolved significantly since the first open heart surgery in 1952. Key developments include the first successful CABG without bypass in 1961, widespread use of cardiopulmonary bypass in the 1960s-1970s, and the clinical introduction of off-pump CABG and minimally invasive techniques in the late 1990s. CABG is commonly performed for symptomatic multi-vessel coronary artery disease. Precise intraoperative monitoring and optimization of patient comorbidities are important for reducing complications of CABG.
Perfusionist... Prometric Exam Model QuestionsManu Jacob
Cardiopulmonary bypass quiz questions cover topics related to cardioplegic solution administration and cardiopulmonary bypass procedures. Cardioplegic solution helps preserve ATP stores and decreases acidosis in myocardial tissue. The primary objectives of cardiopulmonary bypass are to provide ventilation, maintain circulation and temperature regulation. A primary concern for the anesthesiologist when cardioplegic solution is administered is that it may cause ischemia and dysrhythmias due to being cold and low in oxygen content. Unexpected electrical activity during bypass is dealt with by having the surgeon ask the perfusionist to administer additional cardioplegic solution.
Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) involves extracorporeal circulation and oxygenation of the blood to facilitate cardiac surgery while maintaining circulation and respiration. The CPB circuit includes a pump, cannulae, tubing, reservoir, oxygenator, and heat exchanger. Blood is drained from the body via venous cannulae, oxygenated and returned via the arterial cannula. Temperature, acid-base balance, anticoagulation and other parameters are closely monitored and controlled during CPB to provide organ protection and support physiological functions during cardiac surgery when the heart is stopped.
A ventricular assist device (VAD) is a mechanical pump that helps the failing heart pump blood. Some VADs are short-term, while others provide long-term support. The most common type is the left ventricular assist device (LVAD) which helps the left ventricle. VADs carry risks like infection, blood clots, and device malfunctions but can help patients live longer while waiting for a heart transplant or serve as permanent heart failure treatment. After surgery, patients recover in the hospital while taking medications and regaining strength. Living with a VAD requires ongoing monitoring but allows many to return to normal activities with doctor approval.
This document discusses the intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP), including its history, principles of function, indications, anatomy, techniques of insertion and removal, and key contributors. The IABP provides temporary left ventricular support by mechanically displacing blood within the aorta. It was first developed in the 1950s and used successfully in 1967. The document outlines the physiology effects of IABP therapy in increasing myocardial oxygen supply and decreasing demand. Common indications for IABP include cardiogenic shock and high-risk coronary interventions. The document reviews IABP device components, insertion techniques, optimal catheter positioning, and complications.
The first successful open heart surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass was performed by Dr. Clarence Dennis in 1951 in Minnesota using open cardiotomy and bypass on dogs. The first on a human was by Dr. John Gibbon in 1953 in Philadelphia to correct an atrial septal defect. In 1954, the only place performing open heart surgery was the University of Minnesota using cross-circulation techniques. By 1955-1956, two centers performed open heart surgery - the University of Minnesota and the Mayo Clinic, with the Mayo Clinic using Gibbon's screen oxygenator and the University of Minnesota using DeWall's simpler, disposable bubble oxygenator.
This document provides information about cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), including its goals, components, and processes. It discusses how CPB circuits divert blood flow away from the heart and lungs using a pump and oxygenator, allowing for surgery on a bloodless field. Key components that are described include the pump, oxygenator, heat exchanger, cannulas, and filters used. The document outlines the steps of priming, anticoagulation, cannulation, initiation and maintenance of bypass, as well as weaning and termination from bypass. Potential complications are also briefly mentioned.
Cpb oxygenators DR NIKUNJ R SHEKHADA (MBBS,MS GEN SURG ,DNB CTS SR)DR NIKUNJ SHEKHADA
The document summarizes the components and functions of an oxygenator used in cardiopulmonary bypass. It describes how oxygenators work to oxygenate blood and remove carbon dioxide through gas exchange membranes. Modern oxygenators typically use microporous polypropylene hollow fiber membranes that allow diffusion of gases while preventing mixing of blood and gas. Proper control of gas flow and temperature is important for efficient oxygenation and removal of carbon dioxide during bypass.
This document provides an overview of arterial blood pressure monitoring. It discusses the history and development of non-invasive blood pressure measurement techniques. It then focuses on the components, principles, and technical aspects of invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring using an intra-arterial catheter connected to a transducer system. Key points covered include the components of the measuring system, optimizing the system's natural frequency and damping, and the importance of zeroing and leveling the transducer.
CPB diverts blood flow away from the heart to an external circuit that oxygenates and returns the blood. It was first successfully used in 1953 to correct an atrial septal defect. The CPB circuit includes cannulas, a reservoir, oxygenator, heat exchanger, pump, and filters. It aims to replace heart and lung function during surgery. Key responsibilities of the anesthesiologist during CPB include acid-base management, anticoagulation, cardioplegia delivery, and cerebral protection.
A medical equipment that provides Cardiopulmonary bypass, (temporary mechanical circulatory support) to the stationary heart and lungs)
Heart and Lungs are made “functionless temporarily” , in order to perform surgeries
CABG
Valve repair
Aneurysm
Septal Defects
The document discusses various techniques for cannulation during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Venous cannulation is typically done via the superior vena cava (SVC) and inferior vena cava (IVC) using either a bicaval, single atrial, or cavoatrial approach. Arterial cannulation is usually via the ascending aorta but can also be done through femoral, axillary, or other arteries if needed. Proper positioning and sizing of cannulas is important to maximize blood flow and minimize complications like air embolism, bleeding, or malposition. Factors such as patient anatomy, surgical plan, and vessel disease must be considered to select the optimal cannulation method.
Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) involves diverting blood from the heart to an external circuit for oxygenation and pumping. The basic components are a venous reservoir, oxygenator, heat exchanger, pump, and arterial filter. Initiation requires careful monitoring as the patient is transitioned to bypass. Management on CPB maintains appropriate pump flow, mean arterial pressure, temperature, and organ perfusion through monitoring of multiple parameters.
There are three types of cannulations used in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB): arterial, venous, and cardioplegia cannulation. The target for venous cannulation is generally the right atrium, while the target for the arterial cannula is the ascending aorta. Venous blood is diverted from the superior and inferior vena cavae to the oxygenator via flexible plastic cannulas inserted into the venae cavae or right atrium. Cardioplegia cannulas are used to deliver cardioplegia solution to the patient's heart.
Heart lung machine also referred to as extracorporeal circulation...Sharmin Susiwala
The heart lung machine, also known as cardiopulmonary bypass, temporarily takes over the functions of the heart and lungs during surgery by pumping and oxygenating blood outside of the body. It allows surgeons to operate on a still, non-beating heart. The machine filters, warms or cools, oxygenates, and pumps blood back into the body through cannulas while the heart is stopped. It is commonly used for coronary artery bypass surgery, heart valve repair/replacement, and repair of congenital heart defects. Potential complications include hemolysis, clotting in the circuit, air embolism, and acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) temporarily takes over the function of the heart and lungs during surgery by circulating and oxygenating the blood. It allows correction of cardiac defects that were previously not surgically treatable. The basic CPB circuit involves draining blood from the veins into an oxygenator and reservoir before pumping it back into the arteries. Key components include cannulas, a pump, oxygenator, heat exchanger, and cardioplegia delivery system. CPB requires anticoagulation and precise monitoring to safely divert blood flow around the heart while surgical repairs are made before returning the patient to full cardiac function. Complications can include bleeding, infection, organ dysfunction, and neurological issues. Advances like centrifugal pumps
The document discusses Cardiopulmonary Bypass Machines (CPBM), also known as heart-lung machines. It describes the components and working of CPBMs, which take over the functions of the heart and lungs during cardiac surgery by oxygenating and pumping blood throughout the body. The main purposes of CPBMs are to allow cardiac surgeons to operate on a still heart and provide oxygenated blood circulation when the heart is stopped. Risks associated with CPBM use include blood clots, inflammation, and bleeding complications.
A ventricular assist device (VAD) is a mechanical pump that helps the ventricles pump blood through the body. VADs are used to treat heart failure and cardiogenic shock. They can partially or completely replace the function of a failing heart. VADs are designed to assist the right ventricle, left ventricle, or both ventricles. Common uses of VADs include bridging patients to transplant, bridging to recovery or decision, and destination therapy for patients who are not eligible for transplant. Complications of VAD therapy include bleeding, infection, thromboembolism, device malfunction, and right heart failure.
Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) involves bypass surgery on a beating heart without use of cardiopulmonary bypass. Early reports used it for single or double vessel bypass in low risk patients. It is now used for multi-vessel bypass in higher risk patients. Key aspects of anesthesia management include maintaining hemodynamic stability, preventing arrhythmias and ischemia, and allowing for early emergence and recovery. Challenges include hypotension, arrhythmias, hypothermia, and myocardial ischemia which are managed through various pharmacological and technical interventions.
Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) is a technique used in cardiac surgery to facilitate operations on the aortic arch. It involves inducing circulatory arrest through deep hypothermia to prevent ischemic injury while working on the aortic arch. Various neuroprotective strategies are used like pharmacological neuroprotection, neurological monitoring, and cerebral perfusion techniques like antegrade cerebral perfusion and retrograde cerebral perfusion to extend the safe duration of DHCA. Optimal temperature management and the differences between unilateral versus bilateral cerebral perfusion are factors considered to reduce neurocognitive risks of DHCA.
This document outlines the key steps and considerations for safely conducting cardio-pulmonary bypass (CPB). It discusses monitoring patient physiology and equipment, priming the circuit, initiating and managing bypass, and post-bypass activities. Conducting CPB requires a multidisciplinary team with effective communication. Patient temperature, blood flow rates, oxygen delivery and other variables must be carefully monitored to ensure adequate tissue perfusion. Thorough documentation in perfusion records is also important. Protocols and checklists can help standardize the process while still allowing for clinical judgment. The overall goal is to support the patient's cardiovascular and respiratory functions during surgery.
Anesthesia for coronary artery bypass graftingaparna jayara
Anesthesia for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) has evolved significantly since the first open heart surgery in 1952. Key developments include the first successful CABG without bypass in 1961, widespread use of cardiopulmonary bypass in the 1960s-1970s, and the clinical introduction of off-pump CABG and minimally invasive techniques in the late 1990s. CABG is commonly performed for symptomatic multi-vessel coronary artery disease. Precise intraoperative monitoring and optimization of patient comorbidities are important for reducing complications of CABG.
Perfusionist... Prometric Exam Model QuestionsManu Jacob
Cardiopulmonary bypass quiz questions cover topics related to cardioplegic solution administration and cardiopulmonary bypass procedures. Cardioplegic solution helps preserve ATP stores and decreases acidosis in myocardial tissue. The primary objectives of cardiopulmonary bypass are to provide ventilation, maintain circulation and temperature regulation. A primary concern for the anesthesiologist when cardioplegic solution is administered is that it may cause ischemia and dysrhythmias due to being cold and low in oxygen content. Unexpected electrical activity during bypass is dealt with by having the surgeon ask the perfusionist to administer additional cardioplegic solution.
Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) involves extracorporeal circulation and oxygenation of the blood to facilitate cardiac surgery while maintaining circulation and respiration. The CPB circuit includes a pump, cannulae, tubing, reservoir, oxygenator, and heat exchanger. Blood is drained from the body via venous cannulae, oxygenated and returned via the arterial cannula. Temperature, acid-base balance, anticoagulation and other parameters are closely monitored and controlled during CPB to provide organ protection and support physiological functions during cardiac surgery when the heart is stopped.
A ventricular assist device (VAD) is a mechanical pump that helps the failing heart pump blood. Some VADs are short-term, while others provide long-term support. The most common type is the left ventricular assist device (LVAD) which helps the left ventricle. VADs carry risks like infection, blood clots, and device malfunctions but can help patients live longer while waiting for a heart transplant or serve as permanent heart failure treatment. After surgery, patients recover in the hospital while taking medications and regaining strength. Living with a VAD requires ongoing monitoring but allows many to return to normal activities with doctor approval.
This document discusses the intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP), including its history, principles of function, indications, anatomy, techniques of insertion and removal, and key contributors. The IABP provides temporary left ventricular support by mechanically displacing blood within the aorta. It was first developed in the 1950s and used successfully in 1967. The document outlines the physiology effects of IABP therapy in increasing myocardial oxygen supply and decreasing demand. Common indications for IABP include cardiogenic shock and high-risk coronary interventions. The document reviews IABP device components, insertion techniques, optimal catheter positioning, and complications.
The first successful open heart surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass was performed by Dr. Clarence Dennis in 1951 in Minnesota using open cardiotomy and bypass on dogs. The first on a human was by Dr. John Gibbon in 1953 in Philadelphia to correct an atrial septal defect. In 1954, the only place performing open heart surgery was the University of Minnesota using cross-circulation techniques. By 1955-1956, two centers performed open heart surgery - the University of Minnesota and the Mayo Clinic, with the Mayo Clinic using Gibbon's screen oxygenator and the University of Minnesota using DeWall's simpler, disposable bubble oxygenator.
This document provides information about cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), including its goals, components, and processes. It discusses how CPB circuits divert blood flow away from the heart and lungs using a pump and oxygenator, allowing for surgery on a bloodless field. Key components that are described include the pump, oxygenator, heat exchanger, cannulas, and filters used. The document outlines the steps of priming, anticoagulation, cannulation, initiation and maintenance of bypass, as well as weaning and termination from bypass. Potential complications are also briefly mentioned.
Cpb oxygenators DR NIKUNJ R SHEKHADA (MBBS,MS GEN SURG ,DNB CTS SR)DR NIKUNJ SHEKHADA
The document summarizes the components and functions of an oxygenator used in cardiopulmonary bypass. It describes how oxygenators work to oxygenate blood and remove carbon dioxide through gas exchange membranes. Modern oxygenators typically use microporous polypropylene hollow fiber membranes that allow diffusion of gases while preventing mixing of blood and gas. Proper control of gas flow and temperature is important for efficient oxygenation and removal of carbon dioxide during bypass.
This document provides an overview of arterial blood pressure monitoring. It discusses the history and development of non-invasive blood pressure measurement techniques. It then focuses on the components, principles, and technical aspects of invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring using an intra-arterial catheter connected to a transducer system. Key points covered include the components of the measuring system, optimizing the system's natural frequency and damping, and the importance of zeroing and leveling the transducer.
CPB diverts blood flow away from the heart to an external circuit that oxygenates and returns the blood. It was first successfully used in 1953 to correct an atrial septal defect. The CPB circuit includes cannulas, a reservoir, oxygenator, heat exchanger, pump, and filters. It aims to replace heart and lung function during surgery. Key responsibilities of the anesthesiologist during CPB include acid-base management, anticoagulation, cardioplegia delivery, and cerebral protection.
A medical equipment that provides Cardiopulmonary bypass, (temporary mechanical circulatory support) to the stationary heart and lungs)
Heart and Lungs are made “functionless temporarily” , in order to perform surgeries
CABG
Valve repair
Aneurysm
Septal Defects
The document discusses various techniques for cannulation during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Venous cannulation is typically done via the superior vena cava (SVC) and inferior vena cava (IVC) using either a bicaval, single atrial, or cavoatrial approach. Arterial cannulation is usually via the ascending aorta but can also be done through femoral, axillary, or other arteries if needed. Proper positioning and sizing of cannulas is important to maximize blood flow and minimize complications like air embolism, bleeding, or malposition. Factors such as patient anatomy, surgical plan, and vessel disease must be considered to select the optimal cannulation method.
Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) involves diverting blood from the heart to an external circuit for oxygenation and pumping. The basic components are a venous reservoir, oxygenator, heat exchanger, pump, and arterial filter. Initiation requires careful monitoring as the patient is transitioned to bypass. Management on CPB maintains appropriate pump flow, mean arterial pressure, temperature, and organ perfusion through monitoring of multiple parameters.
There are three types of cannulations used in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB): arterial, venous, and cardioplegia cannulation. The target for venous cannulation is generally the right atrium, while the target for the arterial cannula is the ascending aorta. Venous blood is diverted from the superior and inferior vena cavae to the oxygenator via flexible plastic cannulas inserted into the venae cavae or right atrium. Cardioplegia cannulas are used to deliver cardioplegia solution to the patient's heart.
Heart lung machine also referred to as extracorporeal circulation...Sharmin Susiwala
The heart lung machine, also known as cardiopulmonary bypass, temporarily takes over the functions of the heart and lungs during surgery by pumping and oxygenating blood outside of the body. It allows surgeons to operate on a still, non-beating heart. The machine filters, warms or cools, oxygenates, and pumps blood back into the body through cannulas while the heart is stopped. It is commonly used for coronary artery bypass surgery, heart valve repair/replacement, and repair of congenital heart defects. Potential complications include hemolysis, clotting in the circuit, air embolism, and acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) temporarily takes over the function of the heart and lungs during surgery by circulating and oxygenating the blood. It allows correction of cardiac defects that were previously not surgically treatable. The basic CPB circuit involves draining blood from the veins into an oxygenator and reservoir before pumping it back into the arteries. Key components include cannulas, a pump, oxygenator, heat exchanger, and cardioplegia delivery system. CPB requires anticoagulation and precise monitoring to safely divert blood flow around the heart while surgical repairs are made before returning the patient to full cardiac function. Complications can include bleeding, infection, organ dysfunction, and neurological issues. Advances like centrifugal pumps
The document discusses Cardiopulmonary Bypass Machines (CPBM), also known as heart-lung machines. It describes the components and working of CPBMs, which take over the functions of the heart and lungs during cardiac surgery by oxygenating and pumping blood throughout the body. The main purposes of CPBMs are to allow cardiac surgeons to operate on a still heart and provide oxygenated blood circulation when the heart is stopped. Risks associated with CPBM use include blood clots, inflammation, and bleeding complications.
The document discusses oxygenators and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). It describes the components of CPB including pumps (roller, centrifugal), oxygenators (bubble, membrane), and heat exchangers. Membrane oxygenators are now most commonly used. The circuits, cannulation sites, prime fluid composition, and goals of CPB to replace cardiac and pulmonary function during surgery are also summarized. CPB is used for cardiac surgery while extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is used for longer term support and ventricular assist devices (VAD) support only cardiac function.
This presentation is about Heart lung machine used in cardiac surgery where a machine takes over function of heart & lung so that surgeon can stop the heart and operate on it.
This presentation described about history, about various components of hear lung machine starting from cannula, tubing, reservoir, pump head, oxygenator, heater cooler unit, arterial line filter, cardioplegia delivery system, various monitors, safety devices etc.
The document describes the key components and functioning of a heart-lung machine or cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) machine. The CPB machine temporarily takes over the heart and lung functions during cardiac surgery by pumping and oxygenating the patient's blood before returning it to the circulation. It consists of a reservoir to collect blood, pumps to circulate it, a heat exchanger to regulate temperature, an oxygenator to add oxygen and remove carbon dioxide, and filters to remove particles before the blood is returned. Different types of oxygenators are discussed that facilitate gas exchange through various mechanisms like diffusion, bubbles, or rotating discs.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the heart-lung machine. The heart-lung machine is used during open heart surgery to oxygenate blood and pump it through the body while the heart is stopped. It consists of pumps, an oxygenator, and a heat exchanger to circulate and oxygenate blood before returning it to the body. The first successful use in a human was in 1953. Automation of the heart-lung machine is needed to more precisely monitor pressures and detect faults to ensure patient safety during surgery.
Energy transmission system for artificial heartIshwar Bhoge
In medical implant systems high efficiency and improving the patient’s mobility. Artificial organs and monitoring devices to be implanted into human body for the extension and the improvement of human lives. The implants must operate inside the body for the considerable period and communicate with outside world wirelessly for exchange of medical data and commands. Rechargeable batteries are recharged remotely through the human skin via inductive links. In my project transformer model, a remote power supply for use in the artificial hearts for easy controllability and high efficiency, which can monitor the charging level of the battery has been designed and implemented. To recharge the battery, the electro-magnetic coupling between primary coil and secondary coil has been used. Primary and secondary windings of the transformer are positioned outside and inside the human body respectively. In such a transformer, the alignment and gap may change with external positioning. The coupling coefficient of the transformer is also varying, and so are the tool to large leakage inductances and the mutual inductance. Resonance-tank circuits with varying resonance frequency are formed from the transformer inductors and external capacitors. A control method is proposed to lock the switching frequency at just above the load insensitive frequency for optimized efficiency at heavy loads. Specifically, operation at above resonant of the resonance circuits is maintained under varying coupling coefficient. A transcutaneous power regulator is built and found to perform excellently with high efficiency and tight regulation under variations of the alignment or gap of the transcutaneous transformer load and input voltage.
CBP is a technique where a machine temporarily takes over the heart and lung functions during surgery, maintaining blood circulation and oxygen delivery. The pump and oxygenator function as the heart and lungs. The perfusionist is responsible for setting up the CPB circuit and equipment, priming it, conducting CPB, and monitoring the patient's parameters such as blood gases, temperature, and flow rates throughout the procedure. After cardiac surgery is completed and the heart is de-aired, the patient is slowly weaned off bypass as their heart regains function and hemodynamic stability is confirmed.
This document discusses the design of an energy transmission system for an artificial heart. It begins with background on the human heart and blood flow. It then discusses the development of artificial hearts, including their major components and how they are implanted. The document focuses on the design of an energy transfer scheme using compensation of leakage inductance. It describes determining an optimal control region of operation and the system design specifications. Finally, it discusses control of the system and concludes that the proposed converter offers high efficiency with a minimized device configuration.
CPB provides cardiopulmonary support during cardiac surgery by diverting blood flow away from the heart and through an external circuit that oxygenates the blood and returns it. John Gibbon performed the first successful open heart surgery using CPB in 1953. The key components of a CPB circuit include a venous reservoir, oxygenator, heat exchanger, pump, and arterial filter. Membranous oxygenators are now most commonly used due to reduced blood trauma compared to bubble oxygenators. Proper priming of the circuit is also important for safe initiation of CPB.
1. The document discusses the process of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), which involves diverting blood away from the heart and lungs and using an external circuit to oxygenate and return the blood to the body.
2. It outlines the basic components of a CPB circuit and the surgical procedures that require CPB. It also discusses the roles and responsibilities of the perfusionist who manages the patient's circulatory and respiratory functions during CPB.
3. The document provides details on the pre-operative evaluation, intra-operative monitoring, myocardial protection, anticoagulation, induction of anesthesia, and hemodynamic changes that can occur during different stages of CPB.
Cardiac output is determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume depends on preload, contractility, and afterload. Preload refers to the end diastolic volume and is influenced by venous return and ventricular compliance. Venous return is impacted by various pumps like respiratory, abdominal, skeletal muscle, and cardiac pumps which affect intrathoracic and intra-abdominal pressures to return blood to the heart. Measurement methods for cardiac output include Fick's principle, indicator dilution, thermodilution, and inert gas inhalation.
Cardiopulmonary Bypass overview for beginnersNICS, Bangalore
This document provides an overview of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), including its history, components of the modern CPB machine, and the CPB procedure. Some key points:
- John Heysham Gibbon Jr. performed the first successful open heart surgery using total cardiopulmonary bypass in 1953.
- The main components of the modern CPB machine include the systemic pump, oxygenator, venous reservoir, and arterial filter.
- CPB allows for an open, bloodless field during cardiac surgery by taking over the functions of the heart and lungs. Various techniques like hypothermia, cardioplegia, and venting are used to protect the heart during bypass.
A medical equipment that provides Cardiopulmonary bypass, (temporary mechanical circulatory support) to the stationary heart and lungs)
Heart and Lungs are made “functionless temporarily” , in order to perform surgeries
CABG
1. The document discusses the history, principles, anatomy, physiology, indications, and complications of intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABPs).
2. IABPs were developed in the 1950s and work by inflating during diastole to increase coronary blood flow and deflating during systole to reduce workload on the heart.
3. Proper positioning of the IABP catheter is important for effectiveness with tips typically placed just above the left main bronchus.
4. IABPs reduce myocardial oxygen demand and increase coronary blood flow by lowering systolic pressure and increasing diastolic pressure and flow.
This document discusses different types of cardiac surgery including reparative, reconstructive, and substitutional procedures. It provides details on open heart surgery and how the cardiopulmonary bypass machine works during surgery. The two main types of coronary artery bypass grafting surgery covered are on-pump open heart surgery and minimally invasive/off-pump surgery. On-pump surgery requires stopping the heart and using the bypass machine while off-pump surgery is done on the beating heart without use of the machine.
The document provides an overview of cardiac surgery and the anatomy of the heart. It describes the shape and borders of the heart as well as the chambers and valves. It then discusses the coronary arteries and dominance. It provides details on cardiopulmonary bypass, including the circuit and components. It lists alternative uses of CPB. It also summarizes the main methods of myocardial protection during surgery, including cardioplegic arrest and intermittent clamping. Finally, it outlines some common incisions used for cardiac surgery like median sternotomy and thoracotomies.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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5. • Machine for Cardiopulmonary bypass or Extracorporeal Circulation
system (ECC)
- For open cardiac surgery
- For supporting cardiac function, pulmonary function, or
cardiopulmonary function
• In the past >>> One unit
• Recently >>> Separate units
• Pump system (Heart)
• Oxygenator (Lung)
HEART-LUNG MACHINE
7. The first record : 1896 , a Frankfurt physician sutured
a wound in the heart of a young German solder
8. Limitation 1. Inability to operate on a heart that was still beating.
2. Stop and restart heart less than 3 minutes.
Great development : American solder in World War II
and first in congenital heart disease in 1945
9. Hypothermia - Inflow occlusion
Dr. F John Lewis was operated ASD closure using general
hypothermia and inflow occlusion (Sep 2, 1952)
10. Cross Circulation Technique
VSD closure by azygos flow concept (controlled
cross-circulation) (Dr Walton Lillehei Mar 26, 1954)
15. SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES
AND TECHNIQUE OF TOTAL ECC
- Temporary interruption of venous return to heart
(inflow occlusion)
- Oxygenator and roller pump
- Correlation temperature and metabolic rate
- Discovery A, B, O blood group
- Anticoagulant (Heparin) / Antagonist (Protamine)
16. TECHNIQUES FACILITATING PROGRESS OF TOTAL ECC
- Cross Circulation
- Cardiac Catheterization
- Deep hypothermia
- Myocardial arrest and myocardial defibrillator
- External Pacemaker
- Hemodilution
32. Oxygenators
Oxygenators not only supply vital oxygen for the blood, but
also transport carbon dioxide, anaesthetics and other gases
into and out of the circulation.
There are three types of oxygenator
1. Membrane oxygenators
2. Bubble oxygenator
3. Film oxygenator
33. Membrane oxygenators
Membrane oxygenators imitate the natural lung by a thin membrane of
either micro porous polypropylene or silicone rubber between the gas and blood
phases.
Diagram of a hollow fiber membrane oxygenator and heat exchanger unit. Oxygen enters
one end of the bundles of hollow fibers and exits at the opposite end. The hollow fiber
bundles are potted at each end to separate the blood and gas compartments. Oxygen
and carbon dioxide diffuse in opposite directions across the aggregate large surface of
the hollow fibers.
34. Heat Exchanger
Control body temperature by heating or cooling blood
passing through the perfusion circuit.
In heat exchanger, blood flows through spiralling coils
made of stainless steel. The inner walls of the coils are
coated with polymers to limit blood-surface interactions.
The circulating water is chilled to nearly 0 0C in an ice
bath and heated by an electric resistance coil to an
absolute maximum of 42 0C.
36. - Console Unit
- Roller Pump
- Blood level Control
- Bubble Detector
- Temperature Monitor
- Timer
- 2 channel Pressure monitor
- Venous line occluder
- Cardioplegia Control
- Halogen Console Lamp
- Gas blender and Flow meter
- Anesthetic Gas Vaporizer
Characteristics of HLM
40. - Power system 220-240 Volts 50Cycles
- Temperature 2-42 ºCelcius
- Maximum 6.5 Litre , Minimum 4.5 Litre
- Water Inlet port and outlet port for
Oxygenator, Blanket และ Cardiplegia
Heater Cooler
41. Surgical procedures in which
Heart-lung machine is used:
Coronary artery bypasses surgery.
Cardiac valve repair and/or replacement (aortic
valve, mitral valve, tricuspid valve, pulmonic valve)
Repair of large septum defects (atrial septum defect,
ventricular septum defect, atrioventricular septum defect)
Transplantation (heart transplantation, lung
transplantation, heart–lung transplantation)
Implantation of heart.
42. Complications
Haemolysis
Capillary leak syndrome
Clotting of blood in the circuit – can block the circuit
or send a clot into the patient.
Air embolism
Leakage – lose blood perfusion of tissue if a line
becomes disconnected.
1.5% of patients that undergo Heart-lung machine are
at risk of developing Acute Respiratory Distress
Syndrome.