The chapter discusses the classification, structure, and types of joints in the body. There are three main types of joints: fibrous joints which permit little movement and connect bones with dense connective tissue, cartilaginous joints which allow slight movement and connect bones with cartilage, and synovial joints which allow free movement. Synovial joints contain synovial fluid and move in gliding, angular, rotational, or special motions. Common synovial joints include hinge joints like the knee, ball-and-socket joints like the shoulder, and pivot joints. Range of motion at joints is affected by bone shape, ligaments, muscles, soft tissues, hormones, and disuse. Examples of major body joints described
All human joints including axial and appendicular skeleton will clear all the concepts and doubts of learner related to joints and different classification of joints with detail. Also, help student, learner, reader to communicate.
A joint is an articulation between two bones in the body and are broadly classified by the tissue which connects the bones. The three main types of joints are: synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous.
All human joints including axial and appendicular skeleton will clear all the concepts and doubts of learner related to joints and different classification of joints with detail. Also, help student, learner, reader to communicate.
A joint is an articulation between two bones in the body and are broadly classified by the tissue which connects the bones. The three main types of joints are: synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous.
Joints, function and types of joints.pptx10khan113ii
Joints, or articulations, are the structures where two or more bones meet, allowing for movement and providing mechanical support. They are essential for a wide range of motions and functions in the human body. Here's a detailed description of joints:
### Types of Joints Based on Structure:
1. **Fibrous Joints**:
- **Description**: Connected by dense connective tissue rich in collagen.
- **Movement**: Generally immovable (synarthrotic).
- **Examples**: Sutures in the skull, syndesmoses between long bones like the tibia and fibula.
2. **Cartilaginous Joints**:
- **Description**: Bones connected entirely by cartilage (either hyaline or fibrocartilage).
- **Movement**: Allow limited movement (amphiarthrotic).
- **Examples**: Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis.
3. **Synovial Joints**:
- **Description**: Characterized by a fluid-filled synovial cavity that separates the articulating bones.
- **Movement**: Freely movable (diarthrotic), with various degrees and types of movement depending on the specific joint type.
- **Examples and Subtypes**:
- **Hinge Joints**: Permit flexion and extension (e.g., elbow, knee).
- **Ball-and-Socket Joints**: Allow rotational movement and a wide range of motion (e.g., shoulder, hip).
- **Pivot Joints**: Enable rotational movement around a single axis (e.g., atlantoaxial joint in the neck).
- **Gliding Joints**: Allow sliding or gliding movements (e.g., intercarpal joints in the wrist).
- **Saddle Joints**: Permit movement along two planes (e.g., thumb joint).
- **Condyloid Joints**: Allow movement but no rotation (e.g., wrist joint between the radius and carpal bones).
### Types of Joints Based on Function:
1. **Synarthroses**:
- **Description**: Immovable joints providing strong, stable connections.
- **Examples**: Skull sutures.
2. **Amphiarthroses**:
- **Description**: Slightly movable joints.
- **Examples**: Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis.
3. **Diarthroses**:
- **Description**: Freely movable joints, synonymous with synovial joints.
- **Examples**: Most limb joints like the knee, hip, shoulder.
### Joint Anatomy:
- **Cartilage**: Covers the ends of bones, providing a smooth surface for movement and cushioning.
- **Synovial Membrane**: Lines the joint capsule and secretes synovial fluid for lubrication.
- **Ligaments**: Strong bands of connective tissue that connect bones and stabilize the joint.
- **Tendons**: Connect muscle to bone, aiding in joint movement.
- **Bursae**: Fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction between moving structures within the joint.
### Functions of Joints:
- **Movement**: Facilitate a range of bodily movements, from gross motor functions like walking and lifting to fine motor skills like writing and typing.
- **Support**: Maintain the body's structure and posture.
- **Protection**: Protect internal structures by providing cushioning and absorbing impact.
Joint, types of joint By M Thiru murugan.pptxthiru murugan
Joints and Types of Joints
By,M. Thiru murugan
Joint:
A joint or articulation is the connection between bones in the body which link the skeletal system.
Most joints are mobile, allowing the bones to move
Types: 3 types
Fibrous joint - immovable joint (synarthrosis),
Cartilaginous joint - slightly moveable joint (amphiarthrosis)
Synovial joint - freely movable (diarthrosis )
1. Fibrous joint:
Immovable joints, also known as synarthrosis
Theses are fixed & because they do not move.
Fibrous joints have no joint cavity and are connected via fibrous connective tissue.
The skull bones are connected by fibrous joints called sutures. Example: sutures of the skull
2. Cartilaginous joint:
Slightly moveable joint, also known as amphiarthrosis
Cartilaginous joints are a type of joint where the bones are entirely joined by cartilage, either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
These joints generally allow for slight movements
Example: intervertebral joints
3. Synovial joint:
Freely movable joints, also known as diarthrosis & Bones separated by synovial cavity
A synovial joint is characterized by the presence of a fluid-filled joint cavity contained within a fibrous capsule.
It is the most common type of joint found in the human body
The 3 main features: (i) articular capsule, (ii) articular cartilage, (iii) synovial fluid.
i) Articular capsule: It surrounds the joint and is continuous with the Periosteum
It consists of 2 layers:
Fibrous layer (outer) - It holds together the connecting bones
Synovial layer (inner) - It absorbs and secretes synovial fluid, and is responsible for the nutrient exchange between blood and joint. Also known as the synovium.
Types of synovial joints:
Pivot joint
Hinge joints
Saddle joint
Plane joints
Condyloid joint
The ball & socket joint
A) Pivot joint:
Pivot joint, also called rotary joint, or trochoid joint, that allows only rotary movement around a single axis.
The moving bone rotates within a ring that is formed from a second bone and adjoining ligament.
Ex: joint between the atlas and the axis (first and second cervical vertebrae), directly under the skull, which allows for turning of the head from side to side. Pivot joints also provide for the twisting movement of the bones of the forearm (radius and ulna) against the upper arm,
B) Hinge joints:
It serves to allow motion primarily in one plane.
The hinge joint is made up of two or more bones with articular surfaces that are covered by hyaline cartilage and lubricated by synovial fluid.
Stabilization of each hinge joint is by muscles, ligaments, & other connective tissues, such as the joint capsule.
The hinge joints of the body include the elbow, knee, interphalangeal (IP) joints of the hand and foot and the tibiotalar (ankle) joint of the ankle.
C) Saddle joint:
The saddle joint gets its name because the bone forming one part of the joint is concave (turned inward) at one end and looks like a saddle.
The other bone’s end is convex (turned outward), and
Joints, function and types of joints.pptx10khan113ii
Joints, or articulations, are the structures where two or more bones meet, allowing for movement and providing mechanical support. They are essential for a wide range of motions and functions in the human body. Here's a detailed description of joints:
### Types of Joints Based on Structure:
1. **Fibrous Joints**:
- **Description**: Connected by dense connective tissue rich in collagen.
- **Movement**: Generally immovable (synarthrotic).
- **Examples**: Sutures in the skull, syndesmoses between long bones like the tibia and fibula.
2. **Cartilaginous Joints**:
- **Description**: Bones connected entirely by cartilage (either hyaline or fibrocartilage).
- **Movement**: Allow limited movement (amphiarthrotic).
- **Examples**: Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis.
3. **Synovial Joints**:
- **Description**: Characterized by a fluid-filled synovial cavity that separates the articulating bones.
- **Movement**: Freely movable (diarthrotic), with various degrees and types of movement depending on the specific joint type.
- **Examples and Subtypes**:
- **Hinge Joints**: Permit flexion and extension (e.g., elbow, knee).
- **Ball-and-Socket Joints**: Allow rotational movement and a wide range of motion (e.g., shoulder, hip).
- **Pivot Joints**: Enable rotational movement around a single axis (e.g., atlantoaxial joint in the neck).
- **Gliding Joints**: Allow sliding or gliding movements (e.g., intercarpal joints in the wrist).
- **Saddle Joints**: Permit movement along two planes (e.g., thumb joint).
- **Condyloid Joints**: Allow movement but no rotation (e.g., wrist joint between the radius and carpal bones).
### Types of Joints Based on Function:
1. **Synarthroses**:
- **Description**: Immovable joints providing strong, stable connections.
- **Examples**: Skull sutures.
2. **Amphiarthroses**:
- **Description**: Slightly movable joints.
- **Examples**: Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis.
3. **Diarthroses**:
- **Description**: Freely movable joints, synonymous with synovial joints.
- **Examples**: Most limb joints like the knee, hip, shoulder.
### Joint Anatomy:
- **Cartilage**: Covers the ends of bones, providing a smooth surface for movement and cushioning.
- **Synovial Membrane**: Lines the joint capsule and secretes synovial fluid for lubrication.
- **Ligaments**: Strong bands of connective tissue that connect bones and stabilize the joint.
- **Tendons**: Connect muscle to bone, aiding in joint movement.
- **Bursae**: Fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction between moving structures within the joint.
### Functions of Joints:
- **Movement**: Facilitate a range of bodily movements, from gross motor functions like walking and lifting to fine motor skills like writing and typing.
- **Support**: Maintain the body's structure and posture.
- **Protection**: Protect internal structures by providing cushioning and absorbing impact.
Joint, types of joint By M Thiru murugan.pptxthiru murugan
Joints and Types of Joints
By,M. Thiru murugan
Joint:
A joint or articulation is the connection between bones in the body which link the skeletal system.
Most joints are mobile, allowing the bones to move
Types: 3 types
Fibrous joint - immovable joint (synarthrosis),
Cartilaginous joint - slightly moveable joint (amphiarthrosis)
Synovial joint - freely movable (diarthrosis )
1. Fibrous joint:
Immovable joints, also known as synarthrosis
Theses are fixed & because they do not move.
Fibrous joints have no joint cavity and are connected via fibrous connective tissue.
The skull bones are connected by fibrous joints called sutures. Example: sutures of the skull
2. Cartilaginous joint:
Slightly moveable joint, also known as amphiarthrosis
Cartilaginous joints are a type of joint where the bones are entirely joined by cartilage, either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
These joints generally allow for slight movements
Example: intervertebral joints
3. Synovial joint:
Freely movable joints, also known as diarthrosis & Bones separated by synovial cavity
A synovial joint is characterized by the presence of a fluid-filled joint cavity contained within a fibrous capsule.
It is the most common type of joint found in the human body
The 3 main features: (i) articular capsule, (ii) articular cartilage, (iii) synovial fluid.
i) Articular capsule: It surrounds the joint and is continuous with the Periosteum
It consists of 2 layers:
Fibrous layer (outer) - It holds together the connecting bones
Synovial layer (inner) - It absorbs and secretes synovial fluid, and is responsible for the nutrient exchange between blood and joint. Also known as the synovium.
Types of synovial joints:
Pivot joint
Hinge joints
Saddle joint
Plane joints
Condyloid joint
The ball & socket joint
A) Pivot joint:
Pivot joint, also called rotary joint, or trochoid joint, that allows only rotary movement around a single axis.
The moving bone rotates within a ring that is formed from a second bone and adjoining ligament.
Ex: joint between the atlas and the axis (first and second cervical vertebrae), directly under the skull, which allows for turning of the head from side to side. Pivot joints also provide for the twisting movement of the bones of the forearm (radius and ulna) against the upper arm,
B) Hinge joints:
It serves to allow motion primarily in one plane.
The hinge joint is made up of two or more bones with articular surfaces that are covered by hyaline cartilage and lubricated by synovial fluid.
Stabilization of each hinge joint is by muscles, ligaments, & other connective tissues, such as the joint capsule.
The hinge joints of the body include the elbow, knee, interphalangeal (IP) joints of the hand and foot and the tibiotalar (ankle) joint of the ankle.
C) Saddle joint:
The saddle joint gets its name because the bone forming one part of the joint is concave (turned inward) at one end and looks like a saddle.
The other bone’s end is convex (turned outward), and
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints
Chapter 9
Joint Classifications
Fibrous Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
Synovial Joints
Types of Movements at Synovial Joints
Types of Synovial Joints
Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at
Synovial Joints
Selected Joints of the Body
Aging and Joints
Arthroplasty
3. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Joint Classification)
The structural classification of joints
Fibrous joints (bones held together by
dense collagen fibers)
Cartilaginous joints (bones held together
by cartilage)
Synovial joints (bones held together by
ligaments)
The functional classification of joints
Synarthrosis (an immovable joint)
Amphiarthrosis (a slightly movable joint)
Diarthrosis (a freely movable joint)
4. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Fibrous Joints)
Lack a synovial cavity
The articulating bones are held very closely
together by dense irregular connective tissue
Fibrous joints permit little or no movement
Three types of fibrous joints
Sutures
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses
5. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Fibrous Joints)
Sutures
Occur only between bones of the
skull
Syndesmoses
Permits slight movement
Interosseous membrane
Between the tibia and fibula in the
leg
Gomphoses
Immovable joint
Joint in which a cone-shaped
peg fits into a socket
Articulations of the teeth with the
sockets of the maxillae and
mandible
6. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Cartilaginous Joints)
Lacks a synovial cavity
Allows little or no movement
Joint is tightly connected by either cartilage
Two types of cartilaginous joints
Synchondroses
Symphyses
7. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Cartilaginous Joints)
Synchondroses
Connecting tissue is hyaline cartilage
Epiphyseal (growth) plate
Symphyses
Slightly movable joint
Ends of the articulating bones are covered with
hyaline cartilage, but a disc of fibrocartilage connects
the bones
Pubic symphysis
Between the anterior surfaces of the hip bones
Intervertebral joints between the vertebrae
8. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Synovial Joints)
Synovial cavity allows a joint to be freely movable
Ligaments hold bones together in a synovial joint
Articular Capsule
A sleeve-like capsule encloses the synovial cavity
The articular capsule is composed of two layers
an outer fibrous capsule
an inner synovial membrane
Synovial Fluid
The synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid
Functions to reduce friction by:
lubricating the joint
absorbing shocks
supplying oxygen and nutrients to the cartilage
removing carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes from the cartilage
10. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Synovial Joints)
Accessory Ligaments and Articular Discs
Collateral ligaments of the knee joint
Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments of the knee
joint
Menisci
Pads of cartilage lie between the articular surfaces of the bones
Allow bones of different shapes to fit together more tightly
11. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Synovial Joints)
Nerve and Blood Supply
Nerve endings convey information about pain from the
joint to the spinal cord and brain
Nerve endings respond to the degree of movement
and stretch at a joint
Arterial branches from several different arteries merge
around a joint before penetrating the articular capsule
12. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Synovial Joints)
Bursae and Tendon Sheaths
Bursae
Sac-like structures containing fluid similar to
synovial fluid
Located between tendons, ligaments and
bones
Cushion the movement of these body parts
Tendon sheaths
Wrap around tendons
Reduce friction at joints
13. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Types of Movements at Synovial Joints)
Specific terminology is used to designate the movements
that occur at joints
Movements are grouped into four main categories:
1) Gliding
2) Angular movements
3) Rotation
4) Special movements
14. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Types of Movements at Synovial Joints)
Gliding
Simple movement back-and-forth and from side-to-side
There is no significant alteration of the angle between the bones
Limited in range
Intercarpal joints
Angular Movements
Increase or a decrease in the angle between articulating bones
Angular movements include
Flexion
Extension
Lateral flexion
Hyperextension
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction
15. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Types of Movements at Synovial Joints)
Flexion
Decrease in the angle between articulating bones
Bending the trunk forward
Extension
Increase in the angle between articulating bones
Flexion and extension are opposite movements
Lateral flexion
Movement of the trunk sideways to the right or left at the waist
Hyperextension
Continuation of extension beyond the normal extension
Bending the trunk backward
Abduction
Movement of a bone away from the midline
Moving the humerus laterally at the shoulder joint
Adduction
Movement of a bone toward the midline
Movement that returns body parts to normal position from abduction
16. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Types of Movements at Synovial Joints)
Circumduction
Movement of a body part in a circle
Moving the humerus in a circle at the shoulder joint
Rotation
A bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis
Turning the head from side to side as when you shake your head “no”
17. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Types of Movements at Synovial Joints)
18. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Types of Movements at Synovial Joints)
Special Movements
Elevation
Depression
Protraction
Retraction
Inversion
Eversion
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Supination
Pronation
Opposition
19. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Types of Movements at Synovial Joints)
Elevation
Upward movement of a part of the body
Closing the mouth
Its opposing movement is depression
Depression
Downward movement of a part of the body
Opening the mouth
Protraction
Movement of a part of the body anteriorly
Thrusting the mandible outward
Its opposing movement is retraction
Retraction
Movement of a protracted part of the body back to
normal
20. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Types of Movements at Synovial Joints)
Inversion
Movement of the foot medially
Its opposing movement is eversion
Eversion
Movement of the sole laterally
Dorsiflexion
Bending of the foot at the ankle in an upward direction
Its opposing movement is plantar flexion
Plantar flexion
Bending of the foot at the ankle in a downward direction
Supination
Movement of the forearm so that the palm is turned upward
Its opposing movement is pronation
Pronation
Movement of the forearm so that the palm is turned downward
Opposition
Movement of the thumb in which the thumb moves across the palm to
touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand
21. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Types of Movements at Synovial Joints)
22. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Types of Synovial Joints)
Synovial joints are classified based on type of
movement
Planar
Hinge
Pivot
Condyloid
Saddle
Ball-and-socket
23. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Types of Synovial Joints)
Planar Joints
Primarily permit back-and-forth and side-to-side movements
Intercarpal joints
Hinge Joints
Produce an opening and closing motion like that of a hinged door
Permit only flexion and extension
Knee and elbow
24. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Types of Synovial Joints)
Pivot Joints
Surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another
bone
Joints that enable the palms to turn anteriorly and posteriorly
Condyloid Joints
The projection of one bone fits into the oval-shaped depression of
another bone
Wrist
25. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Types of Synovial Joints)
Saddle Joints
Articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped, and the articular surface
of the other bone fits into the “saddle”
Thumb
Ball-and-Socket Joints
Ball-like surface of one bone fitting into a cuplike depression of another
bone
Shoulder and hip
27. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Factors Affecting Contact and Range for Motion
at Synovial Joints)
Range of motion (ROM)
Refers to the range, measured in degrees of a circle,
through which the bones of a joint can be moved
Factors contribute to keeping the articular
surfaces in contact and affect range of motion:
Structure or shape of the articulating bones
Shape of bones determines how closely they fit together
Strength and tension of the joint ligaments
Ligaments are tense when the joint is in certain positions
Tense ligaments restrict the range of motion
28. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Factors Affecting Contact and Range for Motion
at Synovial Joints)
Arrangement and tension of the muscles
Muscle tension reinforces the restraint placed on a joint by its
ligaments , and thus restricts movement
Contact of soft parts
The point at which one body surface contacts another may
limit mobility
Movement be restricted by the presence of adipose tissue
Hormones
Flexibility may also be affected by hormones
Relaxin increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis and
loosens the ligaments between the sacrum and hip bone
toward the end of pregnancy
Disuse
Movement may be restricted if a joint has not been used for an
extended period
29. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Selected Joints of the Body)
The selected joints described are:
Temporomandibular joint
Shoulder joint
Elbow joint
Hip joint
Knee joint
30. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Selected Joints of the Body)
Temporomandibular Joint
Combined hinge and planar joint formed by the
mandible and the temporal bone
Only movable joint between skull bones
Only the mandible moves
31. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Selected Joints of the Body)
Shoulder Joint
Ball-and-socket joint formed by the head of the
humerus and the scapula
More freedom of movement than any other joint of the
body
32. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Selected Joints of the Body)
Elbow Joint
Hinge joint formed by the humerus, the ulna, and the
radius
33. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Selected Joints of the Body)
Hip Joint
Ball-and-socket joint formed by the femur and the hip
bone
34. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Selected Joints of the Body)
Knee Joint
Largest and most complex joint of the body
Modified hinge joint
35. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Selected Joints of the Body)
Knee Joint
38. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Aging and Joints)
Aging
May result in decreased production of synovial fluid
The articular cartilage becomes thinner
Ligaments shorten and lose some of their flexibility
Osteoarthritis is partially age-related
Stretching and aerobic exercises are helpful in
minimizing the effects of aging
Help to maintain the effective functioning of
ligaments, tendons, muscles, synovial fluid, and
articular cartilage
39. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Arthroplasty)
Arthroplasty
Joints may be replaced surgically with artificial joints
Most commonly replaced are the hips, knees, and
shoulders
Hip Replacements
Partial hip replacements involve only the femur
Total hip replacements involve both the acetabulum
and head of the femur
Knee Replacements
Actually a resurfacing of cartilage and may be partial
or total
Potential complications of arthroplasty include
infection, blood clots, loosening or dislocation of the
replacement components, and nerve injury
42. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
End of Chapter 9
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