This document discusses English grammar and the use of articles. It explains that articles are words used to modify nouns, including the indefinite articles "a" and "an" and the definite article "the". The indefinite article refers to any nonspecific person, place or thing, while the definite article refers to a specific noun. The document provides examples of when to use each type of article with both countable and uncountable nouns in different contexts.

1. ENGLISH GRAMMAR
ARTICLES

2. SENTENCE
• A sentence is a meaningful arrangement of words.
 A man is going to the market.
 John plays cricket.

3. PARTS OF SENTENCE
• Subject- The subject is what (or whom) the sentence is
about,
• Predicate- tells something about the subject.
• John plays volleyball. - Subject
• John plays volleyball. - Predicate

4. PARTS OF SPEECH
• NOUN (name of a person, place or things)
• PRONOUN (a word that substitute noun)
• ADJECTVE (qualifying words)
• DETERMINER (a modifying word that determines the kind of reference a
noun or noun group has, for example Articles, demonstrative, possessive,
quantifiers.)
• VERB (action words)

5. PARTS OF SPEECH
• ADVERB (a word or phrase that modifies the meaning of an
adjective, verb, or other adverb, expressing manner, place, time, or
degree)
• PREPOSITION (a word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or
pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element in the
clause)
• CONJUNCTION (a word used to connect clauses or sentences or to
coordinate words in the same clause)

6. WOW! MY FATHER AND I ARE GOING TO
BEAUTIFUL GOA TODAY.
Wow...........interjection
My.............Pronoun
Father.........Noun
And...........conjunction
I................Pronoun
To.......Preposition
going........Verb
Beautiful.........Adjective
Today...........Adverb

7. ARTICLES
• An article is a word used to modify a noun.
• We use articles to point out or refer to nouns in conversation and
writing.

8. USES OF ARTICLES
• Are used with certain categories of proper nouns
• Are used with common nouns or noun phrases
• Consist of the indefinite article (a/an) and the definite article (the)
• Are absent in non-specific cases and are indicated by the Ø (zero article)

9. TYPES OF ARTICLES
• Indefinite article- speaks of any person thing or place, a and an
is determined by sound before a word -with a vowel sound an
is used : e.g., an egg, an honest man, an hour, and with
consonant sound a is used: e.g., a university, a unique.
• Definite article- tells us about a specific person, e.g. ‘the’

10. USE OF ARTICLES
common noun or noun phrase
Countable Uncountable
Singular Plural
a/an
(non-specific)
the
(specific)
the
Ø
the
(specific)
zero (Ø)
(generic)

11. USE OF INDEFINITE ARTICLE
• Before a singular countable noun: A doctor, A school, A man
• To represent a class: A doctor is a respectable member of
society.
• In the sense of any: A book, A girl
• In exclamations, even with uncountable sometimes: what an
idea!
• Some expressions of quantity and numbers: a dozen, a lot of.
• With few and little to convey a positive sense: a few, a little.

12. OMISSION OF INDEFINITE ARTICLE
• Before plural nouns: girls, houses, chair
• Before uncountables: kindness, water, honesty, fear
• Before words denoting meals: lunch, dinner
• Before a noun used in universally applicable generalisation: Man is
mortal.

13. DEFINITE ARTICLE
• points out some particular person or thing as : the doctor - where ‘the’
points out some particular doctor.
• is used before singular countable nouns, plural countable and
uncountable nouns, e.g. The book, the books, the milk

14. USE OF DEFINITE ARTICLES
• When a singular noun represent a whole class e.g. The cow is a useful
animal.
• Before some proper names e.g., oceans and seas: the Pacific, the black
sea; rivers : the Ganga, the Nile
• Before the names of certain books : e.g., The Vedas, the Puranas, the
Ramayana
• Before names of things unique of their kind; as e.g., The sun, the sky,
the earth
• Before a Proper noun when it is qualified by an adjective or a defining
adjectival clause e.g., The great Caesar, The immortal Shakespeare

15. USE OF DEFINITE ARTICLES
• With Superlatives, e.g., This is the best book of chemistry.
• With ordinals : e.g., He was the first man to arrive.
• As an Adverb with Comparatives : e.g., The more the merrier.
• Before the names of ships, some buildings, newspapers, directions etc.:
e.g., The Times of India, The Taj Mahal, the east.
• Before titles and surname: the king, the president, the Nigams
• Before some historical events: the French Revolution

16. OMISSION OF THE ARTICLE
• Before names of substances, proper and abstract nouns (uncountable
nouns): e.g., Sugar is bad for your teeth/ Delhi is the capital of India.
• Before plural countable nouns: e.g., Children, students.
• Before languages, names of games, meals e.g., English, badminton,
lunch.
• Before names of the articles of clothing and parts of body: shirt, finger,
hands, cap

17. EXERCISE
• We have …… beautiful garden. ……. garden is full of roses.
• Is fencing …… popular sport in …..world? No, it isn’t.
• I'd like ……. glass of orange juice please.
• Can you give me …… envelope, please?
• Certainly. Oh! Where’s ….. envelope?
• Is there …… post office near here?
• They’re at …….cinema.
• My brother is in …….. classroom.
• Would you like …… hamburger?

18. EXERCISE
• We have a beautiful garden. The garden is full of roses.
• Is fencing a popular sport in the world? No, it isn’t.
• I'd like a glass of orange juice please.
• Can you give me an envelope, please?
• Certainly. Oh! Where’s the envelope?
• Is there a post office near here?
• They’re at the cinema.
• My brother is in the classroom.
• Would you like a hamburger?