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The document discusses definite and indefinite articles in English. It explains that "the" is a definite article and refers to specific or known nouns, while "a" and "an" are indefinite articles and refer to nonspecific or unknown nouns. It provides examples of the usage of definite and indefinite articles with singular and plural nouns. It also discusses the zero article, when an article is not used at all before a noun.
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Articles
This document discusses the use of articles (a, an, the) in English. It explains that "a" and "an" are indefinite articles used with non-specific nouns, while "the" is the definite article used with specific nouns. It provides examples and rules for using articles depending on whether the noun is countable or uncountable, singular or plural. The document also discusses omitting articles with certain types of nouns.
Grammar revising: Articles
1) Articles "a" and "an" are used before singular nouns to indicate one person or thing. "A" is used before consonant sounds and "an" is used before vowel sounds.
2) The definite article "the" is used before nouns when something has already been mentioned, when referring to a specific item, when there is only one of something, or in certain expressions like "the end of".
3) Whether to use "the" or no article depends on if the noun is a country name, geographical area, river, or other place. "The" is often used with prepositional phrases indicating position or place.
articles
The document discusses the usage of articles (a, an, the) in the English language. It explains that articles are used before singular countable nouns and that the determination of whether to use "a" or "an" depends on whether the next word begins with a vowel or consonant sound. It also discusses some exceptions where articles are used before uncountable nouns or proper nouns. The key information provided is about the rules for using indefinite and definite articles in the English language.
Articles
This document discusses the use of articles (a, an, the) in English. It explains that "a" and "an" are indefinite articles used with non-specific nouns, while "the" is the definite article used with specific nouns. It provides examples of when to use each article and exceptions to the rules. It also covers countable vs. non-countable nouns and the omission of articles in certain contexts.
Adjectives
Adjectives are words that describe or provide information about nouns, such as their size, shape, age, color, origin, or material. Adjectives usually precede the nouns they modify and follow a general order of number, quality, size, shape, age, color, origin, and material. When two or more adjectives modify a noun, they are usually separated by commas, except for adjectives of color which are usually separated by "and." Adjectives can also follow nouns for emphasis or in certain phrases.
Grammar vi-the-articles
This document discusses English grammar articles. It explains the uses of indefinite articles like "a" and "an", and the definite article "the". It provides examples of when to use each type of article with singular nouns, locations, organizations, species, and other contexts. It also discusses when to use the zero article, or no article at all, such as with countries, cities, streets, illnesses, abstract nouns, and certain prepositional phrases.
Grammar articles
This document discusses the use of articles (a, an, the) in the English language. It explains that articles are adjectives that modify nouns. The definite article "the" refers to specific or particular nouns, while the indefinite articles "a" and "an" refer to non-specific nouns. It provides examples of when to use each article and gives guidance on using "a" versus "an" depending on whether the following word begins with a vowel or consonant sound. The document concludes with a quiz for the reader to self-check their understanding of article usage.
Articles
This document provides information about different types of articles in English grammar - indefinite articles "a" and "an", and the definite article "the". It explains that "a" is used before words starting with consonants, "an" is used before words starting with vowels, and "the" refers to specific or particular nouns. Examples are given for the use of each article. The document concludes with self-check questions to help the reader understand when to use "a", "an", and "the" in sentences.
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Articles
This document discusses the use of articles (a, an, the) in English. It explains that "a" and "an" are indefinite articles used with non-specific nouns, while "the" is the definite article used with specific nouns. It provides examples and rules for using articles depending on whether the noun is countable or uncountable, singular or plural. The document also discusses omitting articles with certain types of nouns.
Grammar revising: Articles
1) Articles "a" and "an" are used before singular nouns to indicate one person or thing. "A" is used before consonant sounds and "an" is used before vowel sounds.
2) The definite article "the" is used before nouns when something has already been mentioned, when referring to a specific item, when there is only one of something, or in certain expressions like "the end of".
3) Whether to use "the" or no article depends on if the noun is a country name, geographical area, river, or other place. "The" is often used with prepositional phrases indicating position or place.
articles
The document discusses the usage of articles (a, an, the) in the English language. It explains that articles are used before singular countable nouns and that the determination of whether to use "a" or "an" depends on whether the next word begins with a vowel or consonant sound. It also discusses some exceptions where articles are used before uncountable nouns or proper nouns. The key information provided is about the rules for using indefinite and definite articles in the English language.
Articles
This document discusses the use of articles (a, an, the) in English. It explains that "a" and "an" are indefinite articles used with non-specific nouns, while "the" is the definite article used with specific nouns. It provides examples of when to use each article and exceptions to the rules. It also covers countable vs. non-countable nouns and the omission of articles in certain contexts.
Adjectives
Adjectives are words that describe or provide information about nouns, such as their size, shape, age, color, origin, or material. Adjectives usually precede the nouns they modify and follow a general order of number, quality, size, shape, age, color, origin, and material. When two or more adjectives modify a noun, they are usually separated by commas, except for adjectives of color which are usually separated by "and." Adjectives can also follow nouns for emphasis or in certain phrases.
Grammar vi-the-articles
This document discusses English grammar articles. It explains the uses of indefinite articles like "a" and "an", and the definite article "the". It provides examples of when to use each type of article with singular nouns, locations, organizations, species, and other contexts. It also discusses when to use the zero article, or no article at all, such as with countries, cities, streets, illnesses, abstract nouns, and certain prepositional phrases.
Grammar articles
This document discusses the use of articles (a, an, the) in the English language. It explains that articles are adjectives that modify nouns. The definite article "the" refers to specific or particular nouns, while the indefinite articles "a" and "an" refer to non-specific nouns. It provides examples of when to use each article and gives guidance on using "a" versus "an" depending on whether the following word begins with a vowel or consonant sound. The document concludes with a quiz for the reader to self-check their understanding of article usage.
Articles
This document provides information about different types of articles in English grammar - indefinite articles "a" and "an", and the definite article "the". It explains that "a" is used before words starting with consonants, "an" is used before words starting with vowels, and "the" refers to specific or particular nouns. Examples are given for the use of each article. The document concludes with self-check questions to help the reader understand when to use "a", "an", and "the" in sentences.
Definite article the
The article "the" is used before nouns in several contexts:
- Before nouns that are specific or unique, such as names of places, organizations, rivers, mountain ranges, oceans, etc.
- For nouns referring to parts of the day (morning, evening), seasons, historical periods, and proper nouns with "of".
- When the noun is definite or specific within the context, such as "What is on the desk?".
The articles "a" and "an" are indefinite articles used before singular nouns when first mentioned. The definite article "the" is used for nouns after the first mention to make them specific. The zero article is used without an article
The English Definite Article
The definite article "the" is used before nouns that are specific or defined. There are a few key uses of the definite article:
1) Before singular and plural nouns that are unique, such as "the Earth" or refer to an entire class, such as "the whale" representing all whales.
2) When the noun is previously mentioned or modified by additional information like "the girl in the blue dress."
3) With superlative adjectives or ordinals like "the tallest building."
The definite article is also used with names of languages, dances, newspapers, and geographical areas and directions.
Articles.pptx
The document discusses the use of articles (a/an, the, zero article) in English. It provides examples of when to use the indefinite article a/an, the definite article the, and no article (zero article). It explains that the indefinite article is used with singular countable nouns being mentioned for the first time. The definite article is used when something has already been mentioned or is unique. The zero article is used with generalizations and places. It concludes with practice examples applying the article rules.
The
The definite article "the" is used:
- With countable and uncountable nouns when referring to something previously mentioned or known.
- With unique nouns or when referring to a single entity.
- With names of instruments, dances, historical periods, times of day, nationalities, families, and titles when the specific name is not mentioned.
- Before locations like stations, shops, cinemas, pubs, libraries, cities, villages, theaters, and newspapers.
- To make general statements about animals, inventions, or discoveries.
39732_6-7 The articles (1).ppt
This document provides information and examples about the usage of definite and indefinite articles (the, a/an) in the English language. It explains that the definite article is used for specific or particular nouns, previously mentioned nouns, nouns where only one exists, and with superlatives. The indefinite article is used to introduce new countable nouns. No article is used with uncountable nouns, plural nouns used generally, places like cities and continents, and in certain prepositional phrases.
Grammar vi-the-articles
This document discusses English grammar articles - indefinite articles like "a" and "an", and the definite article "the". It explains the different uses of these articles, including when to use indefinite articles with singular countable nouns, jobs, numbers, and exclamations. It also explains when to use the definite article, such as with inventions, geographic features, organizations, and previously mentioned things. The document concludes by discussing cases when no article is used, such as with continents, countries, cities, streets, illnesses, and plural/abstract nouns used in general senses.
Grammar vi-the-articles (1)
This document discusses English grammar articles - indefinite articles like "a" and "an", and the definite article "the". It explains the different uses of these articles, including when to use them with singular countable nouns, occupations, measurements, newspapers, organizations, and other specific nouns. It also covers when not to use articles, such as with countries, continents, cities, streets, illnesses, abstract nouns, and certain prepositional phrases.
Articles.pptx English grammar general studies
The document defines and provides examples of the use of articles (a, an, the) in the English language. It discusses the rules for using indefinite articles (a, an) versus the definite article (the). It also provides specific rules and examples for the use of articles before nouns, including exceptions when articles are omitted. Key points include:
- Articles are adjectives that come before nouns
- "A" and "an" are indefinite articles that refer to non-specific or unnamed things
- "The" is the definite article that refers to specific or previously mentioned things
- There are many rules for when to use "a", "an", or omit the article depending on the
Articles and determiners Maria R & Antea C
This document provides information on the use of definite and indefinite articles in English. It discusses uses with nouns referring to classes, groups, places, unique objects, titles, instruments, and days. It also covers omitting articles after possessives, with languages, countries, meals, names, professions, shops, and years. Context is important for the definite article. The indefinite article refers to things mentioned for the first time.
1616_ARTICLES.ppt
The document discusses the use of articles (definite, indefinite, zero) with different types of nouns (countable singular, countable plural, uncountable). It provides examples of when to use the indefinite article (a/an), the definite article (the), and no article, with countable singular nouns, countable plural nouns, and uncountable nouns. It also discusses specific uses of the definite article and situations that take a zero article.
1616_ARTICLES.ppt
The document discusses the use of articles (definite, indefinite, zero) with different types of nouns (countable singular, countable plural, uncountable). It provides examples of when to use the indefinite article (a/an), the definite article (the), and no article, with countable singular nouns, countable plural nouns, and uncountable nouns. It also discusses specific uses of the definite article and situations that take a zero article.
1616_ARTICLES.ppt
The document discusses the use of articles (definite, indefinite, zero) with different types of nouns (countable singular, countable plural, uncountable). It provides examples of when to use the indefinite article (a/an), the definite article (the), and no article, with countable singular nouns, countable plural nouns, and uncountable nouns. It also discusses specific uses of the definite article and situations that take a zero article.
The articles (1)
William Shakespeare, the greatest English playwright, was born in 1564 in Stratford-on-Avon in England. Stratford is a small country town in a farming district near the centre of England. Very little is known about Shakespeare's early life. He went to school in Stratford and then moved to London in 1586 where he began writing plays for the theatre company he acted with. Shakespeare bought a large house in his hometown in 1597 but spent his last years mostly in Stratford, dying there in 1616.
Precise and Inprecise.pptx
The document discusses rules for using definite articles "the" and indefinite articles "a/an" in English. It provides examples of when to use "the", such as with unique entities, superlatives, or when referring back to a noun introduced earlier. It also lists cases when not to use "the", such as with proper nouns, uncountable nouns, or titles followed by a name. Exceptions are described for certain nationalities, illnesses, and other categories.
English Grammar Topic Articles.
The document discusses the use of articles (a/an and the) in the English language. It explains that a/an are called indefinite articles and are used with non-specific nouns, while "the" is the definite article and refers to specific nouns. It provides examples of the different uses of indefinite versus definite articles and the contexts where articles are used or not used, such as with plural nouns, proper nouns, material nouns, and other cases.
Nouns
This document defines and describes different parts of speech related to nouns, including:
1) Nouns can be proper, common, count, mass, and have gender or number distinctions. Determiners like articles and pronouns accompany nouns and provide context.
2) Determiners include articles, demonstratives, possessives, indefinites, and numbers which specify nouns. Definite articles refer to predictable things while indefinite articles refer to unpredictable things.
3) Pronouns can be personal, reflexive, relative, interrogative, demonstrative, or indefinite and replace nouns in sentences. Personal pronouns vary based on person, number, gender and case
Articles
This document discusses the use of articles (a, an, the) in the English language. It explains that "a" and "an" are indefinite articles used with non-specific nouns, while "the" is the definite article used with specific nouns. It provides examples of when to use each article and exceptions to the rules, such as with plural vs. singular nouns, nouns beginning with consonants vs. vowels, and geographical names.
Articles (1)
There are two types of articles: definite articles (the) and indefinite articles (a/an, some). The uses of these articles depend on whether the noun is countable or uncountable, singular or plural. Definite articles are used to refer to something specific or already mentioned. Indefinite articles are used to refer to something general or non-specific for the first time. The rules provided give examples of when to use articles with different types of nouns like countries, jobs, proper nouns, uncountable nouns, etc.
determiners for class x by Sharwan kumar
This document discusses different types of determiners in English including articles (a, an, the), demonstrative adjectives (this, that), possessive adjectives (my, your), quantifiers (few, many), and numerals (one, two). It explains the uses of indefinite articles a and an, the definite article the, and determiners such as some, any, each, every, few, a few, little, a little. Examples are provided to illustrate the correct usage of different determiners depending on whether the noun is singular or plural, countable or uncountable.
Articles
The indefinite article "a" is used before singular countable nouns beginning with consonant sounds. "An" is used before singular countable nouns beginning with vowel sounds. The definite article "the" is used to refer to specific or defined nouns. Whether to use a definite or indefinite article depends on factors like if the noun is specific, general, a proper noun, part of a title, etc. Context is important for determining article use.
Guessing vocabulary
This document discusses different types of context clues that can help with guessing the meaning of unknown vocabulary:
- Text-based clues include punctuation, definition, contrast, comparison, particularization, reformulation/explanation, and synonyms/antonyms. Examples are provided for each type.
- Framework-based clues rely on surrounding context and world knowledge rather than specific words. Examples include references to categories or typical sequences of events.
- A series of example sentences demonstrate how to use context clues to infer the meaning of underlined words. Questions at the end test the reader's ability to apply context clues.
Tenses
The document provides information on various tenses in English including:
- Main tenses are simple, continuous, perfect, and perfect continuous in past, present, and future.
- Simple present tense is used for habits, general truths, future meaning with timetables.
- Present continuous emphasizes ongoing or temporary actions.
- Present perfect is used for unfinished or recent past actions with present results.
- Simple past tense expresses completed actions, narratives, and habitual past actions.
- Past continuous emphasizes parallel or interrupted past actions.
- Past perfect expresses actions completed before other past actions.
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Similar to Articles
Definite article the
The article "the" is used before nouns in several contexts:
- Before nouns that are specific or unique, such as names of places, organizations, rivers, mountain ranges, oceans, etc.
- For nouns referring to parts of the day (morning, evening), seasons, historical periods, and proper nouns with "of".
- When the noun is definite or specific within the context, such as "What is on the desk?".
The articles "a" and "an" are indefinite articles used before singular nouns when first mentioned. The definite article "the" is used for nouns after the first mention to make them specific. The zero article is used without an article
The English Definite Article
The definite article "the" is used before nouns that are specific or defined. There are a few key uses of the definite article:
1) Before singular and plural nouns that are unique, such as "the Earth" or refer to an entire class, such as "the whale" representing all whales.
2) When the noun is previously mentioned or modified by additional information like "the girl in the blue dress."
3) With superlative adjectives or ordinals like "the tallest building."
The definite article is also used with names of languages, dances, newspapers, and geographical areas and directions.
Articles.pptx
The document discusses the use of articles (a/an, the, zero article) in English. It provides examples of when to use the indefinite article a/an, the definite article the, and no article (zero article). It explains that the indefinite article is used with singular countable nouns being mentioned for the first time. The definite article is used when something has already been mentioned or is unique. The zero article is used with generalizations and places. It concludes with practice examples applying the article rules.
The
The definite article "the" is used:
- With countable and uncountable nouns when referring to something previously mentioned or known.
- With unique nouns or when referring to a single entity.
- With names of instruments, dances, historical periods, times of day, nationalities, families, and titles when the specific name is not mentioned.
- Before locations like stations, shops, cinemas, pubs, libraries, cities, villages, theaters, and newspapers.
- To make general statements about animals, inventions, or discoveries.
39732_6-7 The articles (1).ppt
This document provides information and examples about the usage of definite and indefinite articles (the, a/an) in the English language. It explains that the definite article is used for specific or particular nouns, previously mentioned nouns, nouns where only one exists, and with superlatives. The indefinite article is used to introduce new countable nouns. No article is used with uncountable nouns, plural nouns used generally, places like cities and continents, and in certain prepositional phrases.
Grammar vi-the-articles
This document discusses English grammar articles - indefinite articles like "a" and "an", and the definite article "the". It explains the different uses of these articles, including when to use indefinite articles with singular countable nouns, jobs, numbers, and exclamations. It also explains when to use the definite article, such as with inventions, geographic features, organizations, and previously mentioned things. The document concludes by discussing cases when no article is used, such as with continents, countries, cities, streets, illnesses, and plural/abstract nouns used in general senses.
Grammar vi-the-articles (1)
This document discusses English grammar articles - indefinite articles like "a" and "an", and the definite article "the". It explains the different uses of these articles, including when to use them with singular countable nouns, occupations, measurements, newspapers, organizations, and other specific nouns. It also covers when not to use articles, such as with countries, continents, cities, streets, illnesses, abstract nouns, and certain prepositional phrases.
Articles.pptx English grammar general studies
The document defines and provides examples of the use of articles (a, an, the) in the English language. It discusses the rules for using indefinite articles (a, an) versus the definite article (the). It also provides specific rules and examples for the use of articles before nouns, including exceptions when articles are omitted. Key points include:
- Articles are adjectives that come before nouns
- "A" and "an" are indefinite articles that refer to non-specific or unnamed things
- "The" is the definite article that refers to specific or previously mentioned things
- There are many rules for when to use "a", "an", or omit the article depending on the
Articles and determiners Maria R & Antea C
This document provides information on the use of definite and indefinite articles in English. It discusses uses with nouns referring to classes, groups, places, unique objects, titles, instruments, and days. It also covers omitting articles after possessives, with languages, countries, meals, names, professions, shops, and years. Context is important for the definite article. The indefinite article refers to things mentioned for the first time.
1616_ARTICLES.ppt
The document discusses the use of articles (definite, indefinite, zero) with different types of nouns (countable singular, countable plural, uncountable). It provides examples of when to use the indefinite article (a/an), the definite article (the), and no article, with countable singular nouns, countable plural nouns, and uncountable nouns. It also discusses specific uses of the definite article and situations that take a zero article.
1616_ARTICLES.ppt
The document discusses the use of articles (definite, indefinite, zero) with different types of nouns (countable singular, countable plural, uncountable). It provides examples of when to use the indefinite article (a/an), the definite article (the), and no article, with countable singular nouns, countable plural nouns, and uncountable nouns. It also discusses specific uses of the definite article and situations that take a zero article.
1616_ARTICLES.ppt
The document discusses the use of articles (definite, indefinite, zero) with different types of nouns (countable singular, countable plural, uncountable). It provides examples of when to use the indefinite article (a/an), the definite article (the), and no article, with countable singular nouns, countable plural nouns, and uncountable nouns. It also discusses specific uses of the definite article and situations that take a zero article.
The articles (1)
William Shakespeare, the greatest English playwright, was born in 1564 in Stratford-on-Avon in England. Stratford is a small country town in a farming district near the centre of England. Very little is known about Shakespeare's early life. He went to school in Stratford and then moved to London in 1586 where he began writing plays for the theatre company he acted with. Shakespeare bought a large house in his hometown in 1597 but spent his last years mostly in Stratford, dying there in 1616.
Precise and Inprecise.pptx
The document discusses rules for using definite articles "the" and indefinite articles "a/an" in English. It provides examples of when to use "the", such as with unique entities, superlatives, or when referring back to a noun introduced earlier. It also lists cases when not to use "the", such as with proper nouns, uncountable nouns, or titles followed by a name. Exceptions are described for certain nationalities, illnesses, and other categories.
English Grammar Topic Articles.
The document discusses the use of articles (a/an and the) in the English language. It explains that a/an are called indefinite articles and are used with non-specific nouns, while "the" is the definite article and refers to specific nouns. It provides examples of the different uses of indefinite versus definite articles and the contexts where articles are used or not used, such as with plural nouns, proper nouns, material nouns, and other cases.
Nouns
This document defines and describes different parts of speech related to nouns, including:
1) Nouns can be proper, common, count, mass, and have gender or number distinctions. Determiners like articles and pronouns accompany nouns and provide context.
2) Determiners include articles, demonstratives, possessives, indefinites, and numbers which specify nouns. Definite articles refer to predictable things while indefinite articles refer to unpredictable things.
3) Pronouns can be personal, reflexive, relative, interrogative, demonstrative, or indefinite and replace nouns in sentences. Personal pronouns vary based on person, number, gender and case
Articles
This document discusses the use of articles (a, an, the) in the English language. It explains that "a" and "an" are indefinite articles used with non-specific nouns, while "the" is the definite article used with specific nouns. It provides examples of when to use each article and exceptions to the rules, such as with plural vs. singular nouns, nouns beginning with consonants vs. vowels, and geographical names.
Articles (1)
There are two types of articles: definite articles (the) and indefinite articles (a/an, some). The uses of these articles depend on whether the noun is countable or uncountable, singular or plural. Definite articles are used to refer to something specific or already mentioned. Indefinite articles are used to refer to something general or non-specific for the first time. The rules provided give examples of when to use articles with different types of nouns like countries, jobs, proper nouns, uncountable nouns, etc.
determiners for class x by Sharwan kumar
This document discusses different types of determiners in English including articles (a, an, the), demonstrative adjectives (this, that), possessive adjectives (my, your), quantifiers (few, many), and numerals (one, two). It explains the uses of indefinite articles a and an, the definite article the, and determiners such as some, any, each, every, few, a few, little, a little. Examples are provided to illustrate the correct usage of different determiners depending on whether the noun is singular or plural, countable or uncountable.
Articles
The indefinite article "a" is used before singular countable nouns beginning with consonant sounds. "An" is used before singular countable nouns beginning with vowel sounds. The definite article "the" is used to refer to specific or defined nouns. Whether to use a definite or indefinite article depends on factors like if the noun is specific, general, a proper noun, part of a title, etc. Context is important for determining article use.
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Guessing vocabulary
This document discusses different types of context clues that can help with guessing the meaning of unknown vocabulary:
- Text-based clues include punctuation, definition, contrast, comparison, particularization, reformulation/explanation, and synonyms/antonyms. Examples are provided for each type.
- Framework-based clues rely on surrounding context and world knowledge rather than specific words. Examples include references to categories or typical sequences of events.
- A series of example sentences demonstrate how to use context clues to infer the meaning of underlined words. Questions at the end test the reader's ability to apply context clues.
Tenses
The document provides information on various tenses in English including:
- Main tenses are simple, continuous, perfect, and perfect continuous in past, present, and future.
- Simple present tense is used for habits, general truths, future meaning with timetables.
- Present continuous emphasizes ongoing or temporary actions.
- Present perfect is used for unfinished or recent past actions with present results.
- Simple past tense expresses completed actions, narratives, and habitual past actions.
- Past continuous emphasizes parallel or interrupted past actions.
- Past perfect expresses actions completed before other past actions.
Prepositions
This document provides examples and definitions of various English prepositions. It begins by explaining that prepositions indicate spatial and temporal relationships as well as how one thing relates to another. Examples are then given of common prepositions like "at", "by", "for", "from", "of", "to", and "with" followed by sentences using each preposition. The document concludes with some example questions testing the use of different prepositions in sentences.
Short answers for agree disagree
The document discusses ways to agree or disagree with statements in English using short responses. It explains how to use "so", "neither", and "nor" to agree with positive or negative statements. It also covers the use of "too", "as well", and "also" and discusses the differences between them. Examples are provided to illustrate agreeing, comparing, disagreeing, and the use of "hardly" and "scarcely" in responses. Common errors involving the use of "none" and "both" are also addressed.
Sentence structure
The document discusses basic English sentence structure and provides examples of different sentence structures. It covers the typical components of a sentence including the subject, verb, and complement/object. It also examines different grammatical structures that can be used in the subject position, such as determiners, nouns, pronouns, infinitives, gerunds, and clauses. Additionally, it analyzes common verb patterns involving different tenses, aspects, and prepositions.
Indirect speech
The document discusses the rules for changing direct speech into reported or indirect speech in English. It explains that reporting verbs like "say" and "tell" are used to report statements, and that the tense of the verb may need to be changed depending on the tense of the reporting verb. It also covers how to report questions, requests, orders, exclamations, and expressions of hope or wishes. Examples are provided to illustrate how direct speech is changed into indirect speech while maintaining meaning.
Participles
Participles are verb forms that can function as adjectives, help create verb tenses like the progressive and perfect tenses, or create the passive voice. There are two types of participles: present participles which typically end in "-ing" and past participles which typically end in "-ed", "-d", "-t", "-en", or "-n". Participles can modify nouns and pronouns or combine two clauses with the same subject into one clause.
Conjunctions
The document discusses different types of conjunctions including coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and correlative conjunctions. It provides examples of conjunctions that unite words, phrases, clauses, as well as conjunctions of time, reasons, and other conjunctions. Conjunctions can unite dependent and independent clauses, and coordinating conjunctions can be separated into two sentences while subordinating conjunctions cannot.
Tag questions
The document discusses tag questions, which turn a statement into a question by adding an auxiliary verb and subject pronoun. Usually a positive statement has a negative tag and vice versa. It provides many examples of tag questions using different verb tenses, subjects, modal verbs, and clauses. The rule and exceptions for forming tag questions based on the main clause are explained in detail.
Linking verbs
The document discusses linking verbs, which connect the subject of a sentence with information about the subject rather than expressing an action. Some verbs, such as "be", "become", and "seem" are always linking verbs. Other verbs like "look" and "turn" can be either linking verbs or action verbs depending on how they are used in a sentence. Linking verbs are followed by nouns or adjectives and do not take adverbs. They provide information about the subject rather than describing an action.
Inversion
The document discusses inversion in English grammar. It begins by defining inversion as reversing the normal subject-verb word order, most commonly used with negative adverbs. It then provides numerous examples of inversion used with different adverbs and expressions involving "had", "were", "should", "here/there", "as/than/so", and after prepositional phrases. It concludes by providing sample questions testing the use of inversion.
Countable-Uncountable
The document discusses uncountable nouns and provides examples of common uncountable nouns in different categories such as food/drinks, substances, abstract nouns, areas of study, sports, languages, and more. It also discusses quantifiers that can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns as well as singular and plural nouns. Tips are provided on using singular vs plural forms with quantifiers like all, every, either. Examples of irregular plurals are also listed.
Conditionals
This document discusses different types of conditional sentences in English. It begins by providing examples of zero, first, second, and third conditional sentences. It then explains mixed conditional sentences which connect past to present using unreal past conditions. The document also discusses inverted conditional forms using "should", "were", and "had". It provides examples of similar conditional expressions like "only if". Finally, it gives sample questions to test understanding of conditional sentences.
Subjunctive nominative
This document discusses the subjunctive mood in English. It explains that the subjunctive is used following certain adjectives, verbs, and nouns to express necessity, obligation, or suggestion. It provides examples of the subjunctive used in different tenses and following different parts of speech. The document also notes some set phrases that use the subjunctive and explains that the subjunctive is more commonly found in formal writing than everyday speech.
Relative clauses
This document discusses relative clauses and their functions. It explains that relative clauses can be defining or non-defining. Defining clauses essential information about the noun, while non-defining clauses provide extra information separated by commas. It discusses the different types of relative pronouns used for subjects, objects, and possessives. It also covers the placement of prepositions in relative clauses and alternatives to preposition + relative pronouns. The document concludes with examples of reducing relative clauses using participles and infinitives.
Passives
The document discusses various uses and forms of the passive voice in English. It explains that in the passive voice, the subject receives the action rather than performs it. It provides examples of passive constructions using "be" plus the past participle. It also notes some exceptions and edge cases, such as verbs that cannot be passive, verbs that are always passive, and verbs that have passive meanings when used actively.
Modals
This document discusses various modal verbs and expressions in English including:
1) Modal verbs such as can, could, may/might, should, would, will which express possibility, necessity and obligation.
2) Probabilistic expressions using modal verbs like must have done, can't/couldn't have done, may/might/could have done.
3) Other modal expressions including be about to, be due to, be likely to, be meant to, be supposed to which express intentions, predictions, obligations and arrangements.
Contrasts
This document discusses various contrasting conjunctions and phrases in English including: although, though, even though, however, nevertheless, whereas, while, even if, even when, and even so. It explains the meanings and appropriate uses of each in comparing or contrasting two ideas, facts, or situations. Key differences are outlined such as whether the term can be used at the beginning of a sentence or midsentence, whether it requires a comma, and whether it refers to a definite, possible, occasional, or unexpected outcome.
Comparisons
The document discusses different structures used to make comparisons in English. It explains how "as...as" is used to indicate equality between two things being compared. It also discusses using "as many/as much" to compare quantities, "too...to" to express something being too much to do something, and using "adjective/adverb + enough" where "enough" follows the adjective or adverb or precedes a noun. Examples are provided for each structure.
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Articles
- 2. Definite (the) and Indefinite (a/an) • Articles are words like «a, an and the». • They are the determiners that help us figure out how important or specific sth is. «The» cat defines what we are talking. So it is definite. A specific one.
- 3. A/An and The • «The» can be both singular or plural. e.g. The orange or the oranges • A/an is only singular. e.g. An apple but an apples • We can think articles basically as adjectives. (article + noun) • An is when there is a vowel sound while reading. (an umbrella, an actor…)
- 4. A/An • A/an is indefinite, refers to any member of a group. • Be careful with the reading of the word for usage of an. e.g. an hour, a hospital, a university, an uncle…. • Before acronyms with the same rule. - a Society of Writers. But an S.O.W.
- 5. Indefinite Article A/an (identity unknown) • Always singular. - She has a/one Euro. • If the noun is modified by an adjective. e.g. A beautiful girl, a red car… • To indicate a member of a group - jobs: a doctor, a teacher, a student… - An Englishman, a buddhist…
- 6. Indefinite Article A/an (identity unknown) • We can’t use a/an with uncountable nouns. e.g. We don’t have any information. • We use a/an with prices, frequency and speeds. e.g. It costs $2 a gallon. I drink 3 cups of coffee a day. ninety kilometres an hour • a/an before hundred, thousand & million. - a hundred, a million, a thousand (=one)
- 7. Definite Article The (identity known) • Unique things and objects - The sun, the moon, the equator, the president of US, the queen of England… • The mountain ranges - The Himalayas, the Alps, the Urals… • Rivers, oceans and seas - The Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterrenean Sea, the Nile…
- 8. Definite Article The (identity known) • Deserts and group of islands - The Sahara, the Gobi, the Maldives… • Countries when they include the words such as states, republic, kingdom… - The United Kingdom, the United States, The Republic of China… • Musical Instruments and dances - The piano, the flute, the tango, the waltz…
- 9. Definite Article The (identity known) • Historical periods and events - The Iron age, the 2nd World War… • Museums, hotels, cinemas and newspapers - The Louvre Museum, the Holiday Inn, the Royal Theatre, the Guardian… • With the words morning, afternoon, station, city, village - The morning, the city…
- 10. Definite Article The (identity known) • With adjectives used as nouns to refer to a group of people and the family names - The police, the poor, the Adams (family)… • With only/last/first used as adjectives and superlative forms - The last person, the richest… • With titles when the name of the person is not mentioned - The president of US, the queen of England…
- 11. Zero Article We do not use the with: • When we talk about something general: - Ø Koalas in Australia. • Proper nouns - This is Ø Ana. • Name of countries (Brazil, Turkey), cities (Ankara, Berlin), parks (Hyde Park), bridges, (London Bridge), continents (Europe), squares (Taksim Square), islands (Rhodes) and lakes (Lake Van)
- 12. Zero Article We do not use the with: • Two word-names when the first is the name of a person/place. - Ø Heatrow Airport • Names of meals - We are eating Ø dinner. • Sports/games (tennis, chess) • Months/days (April, Saturday) • Celebrations (Easter, Halloween)
- 13. Zero Article We do not use the with: • Colors (red, green) • Drinks (coffee, beer) • Languages (Chinese, French) • The words such as school, hospital, church, court, college, prison, university, etc. when we refer to the purpose for which they exist. - Jim is in Ø hospital. - But we went to the hospital to visit Jim. (a specific one where Jim is)
- 14. Zero Article We do not use the with: • The words this/that/those/these • Possesive adjectives • Means of transport - Are you travelling to Paris by Ø plane?
- 19. Example Questions 4. - I have bought ........ new shirt which matches .......... jacket I bought last week. a) some/a b) the/a c) a/the d) some/the e) an/some
- 20. Example Questions I have bought ........ new shirt which matches .......... jacket I bought last week. a) some/a b) the/a c) a/the d) some/the e) an/some Cevap C
- 21. Example Questions ......... blood flows to all parts of .......... body through .......... circulatory system, which is composed of arteries, veins and capillaries. a) A/a/the b) Some/a/— c) Most/the/a d) —/the/the e) The/some/a
- 22. Example Questions ......... blood flows to all parts of .......... body through .......... circulatory system, which is composed of arteries, veins and capillaries. a) A/a/the b) Some/a/— c) Most/the/a d) —/the/the e) The/some/a Cevap D