The article is defined as:
"A determiner that may indicate the specificity of a reference of a phrase."
There are two types of article:
1. Definite article
2. Indefinite article
The article is defined as:
"A determiner that may indicate the specificity of a reference of a phrase."
There are two types of article:
1. Definite article
2. Indefinite article
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. ARTICLES USE
COUNTABLE NOUNS -
SINGULAR
COUNTABLE NOUNS –
PLURAL
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
INDEFINITE ARTICLE
(A/AN)
√ x x
DEFINITE ARTICLE (THE) √ √ √
ZERO ARTICLE x √ √
3. COUNTABLE NOUNS - SINGULAR
• There is a man at the door.
• The man is asking about you.
4. COUNTABLE NOUNS - PLURAL
• Lions are dangerous animals.
• The zoo keeper was attacked by the lions.
5. UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
• Money makes the world go round.
• Give me back the money you owe me.
• Love makes the world go round.
• The love between Romeo and Juliet was great.
6. DEFINITE ARTICLE - THE
• I saw the teacher today. / Give me the book.
• The Earth moves round the sun.
• The plane is faster than the train./ The elephant is the largest land
mammal.
• She plays the violin.
• She is the best student in the class.
• This is the second day of my journey.
7. DEFINITE ARTICLE – THE
• Buildings: the Empire State Building, the White House, the Eiffel
Tower
• the Acropolis, the Kremlin, the Pentagon
• Institutions: the European Union, the BBC, the Red Cross, the FBI, the
British Council, the Ministry of Defence, the Houses of Parliament
• Hotels/restaurants: the Majestic, the Sheraton Hotel, the Bombay
Restaurant
• Cinemas/theatres: the Odeon (Cinema), the Royal Theatre
• Museums/galleries: the Louvre, the British Museum, the Tate Gallery
8. DEFINITE ARTICLE – THE
• Rivers: the Danube, the Hudson
• Mountain ranges: the Alps, the Andes
• Seas: the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea,
• Oceans: the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean
• Newspapers and magazines: the Times, the Washington Post, the
Daily Mail, the Guardian
9. DEFINITE ARTICLE – THE
• Names of nationalities in plural form: the English, the Japanese
• Names in plural form: the Taylors, the Netherlands, the Bahamas
• Adjectives used as nouns: the poor, the rich, the young, the old
• Sides of the world; the north, the south, in the east, the Middle East,
the Far East
• But: northern Europe, southern Serbia, North America
10. ZERO ARTICLE
• Personal names: Helen Taylor
• Titles: Mr/Ms/Captain/Doctor/President + name (Mr Smith, Ms Jones,
Captain Grant, Doctor Ann Taylor, President Putin, Princess Maria etc
• Continents: Africa, Europe, South America
• Countries: France, Japan, Serbia but The United Kingdom, The United
States of America, The United Arab Emirates, The Czech Republic
• Islands: Sicily, Crete, Corfu
• Cities: New York, Belgrade, Moscow, Paris
• Mountains/Peaks: Everest, Etna, Kilimanjaro
• Lakes: Lake Superior, Lake Windermere
11. ZERO ARTICLE
• Streets, squares, parks: Wall Street, Times Square, Hyde Park
• Some public buildings and institutions: Manchester Airport, Victoria
Station, Harvard University, Buckingham Palace
• Names of churches: St Patrick’s Cathedral, St John’s Church,
Westminster Abbey
• Names of companies: Fiat, Kodak, Sonny
• Days, months, seasons: on Monday, in September, in winter
• Meals: have breakfast, prepare dinner
12. ZERO ARTICLE
• Fixed expressions:
- To be at work/ go to work/ start work/ finish work
- To be at home/ come home/ arrive home
- Go to bed
- Catch fire
- Set sail
- Shake hands
- Lose courage
- By land
- Hand in hand
- By heart
- On board
13. ZERO ARTICLE OR DEFINITE ARTICLE
• School/ the school
- Alice goes to school every day. School starts at 8 and finishes at 12.
- Alice’s mother wants to speak to her daughter’s teacher, so she is going to the school today.
• Prison/ the prison
- Ken’s brother is in prison for robbery.
- Ken went to the prison to visit his brother.
• Hospital/ the hospital
- Joe is in hospital. (as a patient)
- Jane has gone to the hospital to visit him.
• Church/ the church
- My grandma goes to church every Sunday.
- - Some workmen went to the church to repair the roof.
14. INDEFINITE ARTICLE A/AN
• Countable singular nouns mentioned for the first time:
- She has a cat and a dog.
• Noun referring to the name of a species:
- A cat is an animal.
• In the following expressions:
- Eight hours a day/ five pounds a kilo/ twice a day/ three times a week/
once a year
• Expressions defining profession or a characteristic:
- I am a good driver./ She is a really nice person.
- She is a doctor./ He is an architect.
