This document discusses cultural factors that are relevant to understanding depression among Arab populations. It notes that depression may present with more somatic symptoms and use different idioms of distress compared to Western cultures. Family and religious/spiritual beliefs also influence the experience and treatment of depression. The document recommends that clinicians be aware of these cultural differences to avoid misdiagnosis and provide culturally-sensitive care when treating Arab patients for depression.
This document summarizes a presentation on suicide given at the First International Scientific Convention in Amman, Jordan in 2004. It defines suicide and provides global statistics on suicide rates. It discusses cultural differences in attitudes toward suicide between Western cultures, Islamic cultures, Hinduism, Confucianism, and Japanese traditions. Risk factors for suicide are identified including demographic, clinical, and precipitating factors. Specific factors related to youth suicide are also outlined.
Factitious disorder and malingering involve the intentional production or feigning of physical or psychological signs and symptoms for psychological reasons. Factitious disorder involves unconsciously motived behaviors, while malingering involves conscious external incentives. The document discusses the nosology, epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, differential diagnosis, comorbidities, course, and prognosis of factitious disorder and related conditions like Munchausen syndrome. Diagnosis can be challenging as intent is difficult to discern. Treatment focuses on harm reduction rather than cure.
This document summarizes key aspects of bipolar disorder, including:
1) Bipolar disorder is characterized by recurring manic or hypomanic episodes that alternate with depressive episodes. It exists on a spectrum from bipolar I to bipolar II disorder.
2) Bipolar disorder has a lifetime prevalence of around 2.4% worldwide and is associated with significant disability. However, it often goes undiagnosed for around 10 years.
3) People with bipolar disorder have high risks of suicide, psychiatric comorbidities, and medical comorbidities. They also face impairments in education, work and development due to the disorder.
Bipolar disorder is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood and ability to function. It is characterized by periods of depression and periods of mania or hypomania. There are two main types - bipolar I involves episodes of mania and depression, while bipolar II involves hypomania and depression. Bipolar disorder affects approximately 23 million Americans and has genetic and biological causes related to neurotransmitter functioning, though environmental factors also play a role. Left untreated, it typically follows a course of increasing episode frequency over time. Proper treatment can help manage symptoms and allow people to lead productive lives.
The document discusses care of the dying individual. It begins with an introduction to death and dying, including definitions of death and dying. It then outlines the 5 stages of dying according to Kubler-Ross: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. The stages are described in detail. The document also discusses assessing the physiological signs of approaching death and providing physical, psychological, social, and spiritual care for the dying individual. It emphasizes meeting the patient's needs, maintaining communication, and allowing for dignity in death.
1. Dhat syndrome is a culture-bound syndrome seen commonly in India, characterized by somatic and psychological symptoms attributed to semen loss.
2. It is more prevalent among young, married males from rural areas with conservative sexual attitudes.
3. Associated features include anxiety, depression, erectile dysfunction, and premature ejaculation. Treatment involves counseling and antidepressants.
4. While having similarities to other disorders, Dhat syndrome has distinct etiological beliefs and responses to specific interventions targeting those beliefs. Further research is still needed to better understand this syndrome.
10.28.08(d): Somatoform Disorders, Factitious Disorder and MalingeringOpen.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M2 Psychiatry sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan: openmi.ch/med-M2Psych
Somatoform disorders are mental disorders characterized by physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by a medical condition. They are caused by psychological factors and result in significant distress or impairment. One such disorder is somatization disorder, which involves multiple somatic complaints in various organ systems over several years. It has an onset before age 30 and is diagnosed when symptoms cannot be explained medically or are excessive given the medical findings. Common features include pain, gastrointestinal, sexual, and pseudoneurological symptoms. Somatization disorder is associated with conditions like depression and anxiety.
This document summarizes a presentation on suicide given at the First International Scientific Convention in Amman, Jordan in 2004. It defines suicide and provides global statistics on suicide rates. It discusses cultural differences in attitudes toward suicide between Western cultures, Islamic cultures, Hinduism, Confucianism, and Japanese traditions. Risk factors for suicide are identified including demographic, clinical, and precipitating factors. Specific factors related to youth suicide are also outlined.
Factitious disorder and malingering involve the intentional production or feigning of physical or psychological signs and symptoms for psychological reasons. Factitious disorder involves unconsciously motived behaviors, while malingering involves conscious external incentives. The document discusses the nosology, epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, differential diagnosis, comorbidities, course, and prognosis of factitious disorder and related conditions like Munchausen syndrome. Diagnosis can be challenging as intent is difficult to discern. Treatment focuses on harm reduction rather than cure.
This document summarizes key aspects of bipolar disorder, including:
1) Bipolar disorder is characterized by recurring manic or hypomanic episodes that alternate with depressive episodes. It exists on a spectrum from bipolar I to bipolar II disorder.
2) Bipolar disorder has a lifetime prevalence of around 2.4% worldwide and is associated with significant disability. However, it often goes undiagnosed for around 10 years.
3) People with bipolar disorder have high risks of suicide, psychiatric comorbidities, and medical comorbidities. They also face impairments in education, work and development due to the disorder.
Bipolar disorder is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood and ability to function. It is characterized by periods of depression and periods of mania or hypomania. There are two main types - bipolar I involves episodes of mania and depression, while bipolar II involves hypomania and depression. Bipolar disorder affects approximately 23 million Americans and has genetic and biological causes related to neurotransmitter functioning, though environmental factors also play a role. Left untreated, it typically follows a course of increasing episode frequency over time. Proper treatment can help manage symptoms and allow people to lead productive lives.
The document discusses care of the dying individual. It begins with an introduction to death and dying, including definitions of death and dying. It then outlines the 5 stages of dying according to Kubler-Ross: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. The stages are described in detail. The document also discusses assessing the physiological signs of approaching death and providing physical, psychological, social, and spiritual care for the dying individual. It emphasizes meeting the patient's needs, maintaining communication, and allowing for dignity in death.
1. Dhat syndrome is a culture-bound syndrome seen commonly in India, characterized by somatic and psychological symptoms attributed to semen loss.
2. It is more prevalent among young, married males from rural areas with conservative sexual attitudes.
3. Associated features include anxiety, depression, erectile dysfunction, and premature ejaculation. Treatment involves counseling and antidepressants.
4. While having similarities to other disorders, Dhat syndrome has distinct etiological beliefs and responses to specific interventions targeting those beliefs. Further research is still needed to better understand this syndrome.
10.28.08(d): Somatoform Disorders, Factitious Disorder and MalingeringOpen.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M2 Psychiatry sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan: openmi.ch/med-M2Psych
Somatoform disorders are mental disorders characterized by physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by a medical condition. They are caused by psychological factors and result in significant distress or impairment. One such disorder is somatization disorder, which involves multiple somatic complaints in various organ systems over several years. It has an onset before age 30 and is diagnosed when symptoms cannot be explained medically or are excessive given the medical findings. Common features include pain, gastrointestinal, sexual, and pseudoneurological symptoms. Somatization disorder is associated with conditions like depression and anxiety.
1. The document discusses how a chemistry major wants to become a doctor and help patients by combining their degree with a minor in medical anthropology.
2. This will allow them to better explain illnesses and treatments to patients from different cultural backgrounds by understanding how diseases and treatments are viewed in their cultures.
3. Two examples given are how medical anthropology could help explain depression treatment to someone from a culture that views their symptoms as "susto" and explain psychological treatment for "Navajo ghost sickness" in culturally understandable terms.
Impact of culture on mental illness/ Transcultural Psychiatry Dr. Amit Chougule
This document discusses the impact of culture on mental illness and psychiatry. It begins by defining culture and the components of culture. It then discusses how culture shapes psychopathology in various ways such as pathogenic, pathoplastic, and pathofacilitative effects. Culture also impacts psychodynamics through variables like dependency versus autonomy, linguistic competence, cognitive styles, and social support systems. Overall, the document examines how culture influences the expression and experience of mental illness as well as psychiatric diagnosis and treatment across different cultures.
This document provides information on the care of terminally ill and dying patients. It discusses concepts of loss, grief, and the grieving process. It describes the physical and psychosocial manifestations of approaching death. It outlines nursing care for dying patients, including meeting physical needs, providing spiritual support, and supporting families. Advanced care planning tools like living wills and healthcare proxies are explained. The document also covers post-mortem care including organ donation, medico-legal issues, autopsies, embalming, and physiological changes that occur after death.
The somatoform disorders are a group of psychological disorders in which a patient experiences physical symptoms that are inconsistent with or cannot be fully explained by any underlying general medical or neurologic condition. Medically unexplained physical symptoms account for as many as 50% of new medical outpatient visits. [1] Physical symptoms or painful complaints of unknown etiology are fairly common in pediatric populations. [2] Many healthy young children express emotional distress in terms of physical pain, such as stomachaches or headaches, but these complaints are usually transient and do not effect the child's overall functioning. The somatoform disorders represent the severe end of a continuum of somatic symptoms.
Somatization in children consists of the persistent experience and complaints of somatic distress that cannot be fully explained by a medical diagnosis. They can be represented by a wide spectrum of severity, ranging from mild self-limited symptoms, such as stomachache and headache, to chronic disabling symptoms, such as seizures and paralysis. These psychological disorders are often difficult to approach and complex to understand. It is important to note that these symptoms are not intentionally produced or under voluntary control.
In somatoform disorders, somatic symptoms become the focus of children and their families. They generally interfere with school, home life, and peer relationships. These youngsters are more likely to be considered sickly or health impaired by parents and caretakers, to be absent from school, and to perform poorly in academics. Somatization is often associated temporarily with psychosocial stress and can persist even after the acute stressor has resolved, resulting in the belief by the child and his or her family that the correct medical diagnosis has not yet been found. Thus, patients and families may continue to seek repeated medical treatment after being informed that no acute physical illness has been found and that the symptoms cannot be fully explained by a general medical condition. When somatization occurs in the context of a physical illness, it is identified by symptoms that go beyond the expected pathophysiology of the physical illness.
Recurrent complaints often present as diagnostic and treatment dilemmas to the primary care practitioner (PCP) who is trying to make sense of these symptoms. The PCP may feel poorly prepared and/or may have little time to assess or treat the somatic concerns. While the more disabling somatic complaints are more likely to be referred to a mental health professional, these youngsters presenting with these disabling physical symptoms bridge both medical and psychological domains and present a puzzling quandary for professionals from either field if working with them alone. [3] The nature of these symptoms requires an integrated medical and psychiatric treatment approach to successfully decrease the impairment caused by these disorders.
This document provides an overview of somatoform disorders, dissociative disorders, and related conditions. It describes somatoform disorders as involving physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained medically and are often described dramatically. Specific somatoform disorders discussed include conversion disorder, hypochondriasis, and factitious disorder. Conversion disorder involves neurological symptoms from psychological stress. Hypochondriasis involves excessive health concerns. Factitious disorder involves feigning or inducing illness for secondary gain. Dissociative disorders disrupt consciousness and arise as a defense against trauma. Treatment involves psychotherapy and anxiolytics or antidepressants depending on the condition.
This document provides an overview of the history and sociology of mental illness. It discusses how views of and treatments for mental illness have varied across cultures and over time. In ancient civilizations like Egypt, India, China, and Greece, mental disorders were often attributed to supernatural or religious causes. Approaches included herbal remedies, spiritual rituals, and moral persuasion. More recently, mental illness has become destigmatized and understood in biopsychosocial terms, though some cultures still emphasize spiritual explanations and treatments. The document also examines how stigma surrounding mental illness differs cross-culturally and discusses several culture-bound disorders.
This document discusses somatization disorder and somatoform disorders. It provides definitions and criteria for somatization disorder according to the DSM-IV-TR. Key points include: Somatization disorder is characterized by physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by medical issues. It is relatively uncommon compared to other somatoform disorders. Patients experience significant distress and impairment. Somatization disorder results in high personal and societal costs due to impairment and overuse of medical resources. Theories about the causes include inherited traits like emotional reactivity and negative affect, as well as deficient emotion regulation skills and maladaptive coping behaviors.
Dr. Ziad N. Arandi discusses somatoform disorders, which are characterized by physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by medical factors. He outlines four main somatoform disorders - somatization disorder, hypochondriasis, pain disorder, and conversion disorder - providing details on diagnostic criteria, prevalence, characteristics, and treatment approaches for each. The goal in managing somatoform disorders is control rather than cure through supportive psychotherapy, behavioral modification, relaxation therapy, and medication if needed.
This document discusses depression and suicide epidemiology and prevention strategies. It notes that about 10% of primary care clients experience depression. Depression is the 4th leading cause of disability globally and its prevalence is higher among women. Risk factors for suicide include losses, depression, isolation, and medical illnesses. Nursing interventions to prevent suicide focus on ensuring safety, developing trust, encouraging socialization, and cognitive reframing. The role of psychiatric nurses is crucial to identify at-risk clients and collaborate to implement effective prevention strategies.
This document discusses key concepts relating to culture and mental health. It defines culture and related terms, and explains how culture can influence various aspects of mental health, including definitions of normality and abnormality, symptom presentation, help-seeking behavior, and response to treatment. It also discusses culture-bound syndromes and how non-biological factors like cultural beliefs, traditional medicine use, and patient compliance can impact psychopharmacology.
special thanks and acknowledgement goes out to the contributors of the slide:
meroshana, haziman fauzi, griselda pearl, widad ulya, atiqah shakira, halim latiffi, farith che man and marwan omar.
Hopefully this is able to help medical students to understand about the psychiatry topic, suicide.
This is made by students so if there are any mistakes, please do correct us. We are open to constructive criticism. thank you :)
Somatoform disorders are a group of mental illnesses characterized by physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by medical factors. Key features include symptoms not being imaginary, but also not correlating with medical test results. Common types are somatization disorder, conversion disorder, hypochondriasis, body dysmorphic disorder, pain disorder, and undifferentiated somatiform disorder. These disorders are thought to involve both psychosocial factors like how symptoms are interpreted emotionally, as well as potential biological and genetic components. Treatment involves both medical evaluation and psychological or psychiatric approaches.
This document discusses somatoform disorders, which are psychiatric disorders characterized by physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by a medical condition. It defines several types of somatoform disorders, including somatization disorder, conversion disorder, pain disorder, hypochondriasis, and body dysmorphic disorder. It provides diagnostic criteria and characteristics of each disorder. It also discusses approaches to diagnosis, treatment involving CBT and referral to mental health professionals, and follow-up care.
Personality disorder are a group of mental health conditions that are characterized by inflexible and atypical patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
This document provides an overview of factitious disorder, including its history, definitions, subtypes, proposed causes and risk factors, demographics of those affected, treatment approaches, and diagnostic testing considerations. It describes how factitious disorder was first documented by Galen and later studied by Richard Asher in 1951. Key points covered include the deliberate falsification of physical or psychological symptoms for the purpose of assuming the sick role, potential psychodynamic drivers like seeking attention or nurturing, and challenges in treating those diagnosed due to lack of follow through.
This document discusses key concepts for culturally relevant mental health nursing, including:
1) It describes independent and interdependent world views that influence individualistic versus collectivist values.
2) It discusses the importance of understanding a patient's explanatory model for illness, which can include environmental, spiritual, or supernatural factors.
3) It outlines idioms of distress as culturally shaped forms of experiencing and expressing distress, such as social, emotional, or somatic expressions.
somatic symptoms disorder and dissociation disoder Nazir Saqi
Somatic symptom and related disorders and dissociative disorders are characterized by physical or neurological symptoms that are not fully explained by a medical condition. Somatic symptom disorder involves pathological concern with body functioning without identifiable cause, while dissociative disorders involve disruption of identity, amnesia, and altered consciousness. Both commonly involve trauma histories and are often comorbid with anxiety, depression, and other conditions. Treatment involves psychotherapy approaches like CBT and medications.
The document discusses organizing refugee camps and providing mental health services. It recommends registering refugees upon entry and allocating them in groups while allowing some flexibility for families and social groups to organize themselves. The document also suggests incorporating traditional healers, religious spaces and practices, and primary health care including mental health services into the camp organization to help meet refugees' basic needs, address health problems, and promote psychosocial well-being in a cost-effective manner.
The Right to Culturally Sensitive Health Services for Refugees and IDPs, Jana...LIDC
Janaka Jayawickrama, of the University of Northumbria, spoke about the right to culturally sensitive health services for refugees and internally displaced peoples. He stressed that the right to health pledged in international documents, as well as rights to basic sanitation, safe water, housing, food and nutrition, refer to concepts which are understood differently between cultures, and that universal provision may therefore not be as straightforward as it seems.
A8 promoting positive mental health for immigrants and refugeesocasiconference
This document summarizes a workshop on promoting positive mental health for immigrants and refugees. It defines key concepts like mental health, mental illness, and health promotion. It outlines factors that influence immigrant and refugee mental health, like socioeconomic status, social support, and traumatic experiences. The document discusses principles of mental health promotion, including empowerment, collaboration, and cultural appropriateness. It also summarizes guidelines from best practice documents on mental health promotion programs for immigrants and refugees.
This document provides an overview of transcultural psychiatry and cultural factors that are relevant to mental illness. It discusses what culture is, how culture can influence psychopathology in different ways such as pathogenic effects, pathoplastic effects, and pathofacilitative effects. It also examines cultural psychodynamics and how cultural variables like dependency versus autonomy, linguistic competence, and social support systems can impact mental health. The document provides examples of culture-bound syndromes and discusses the importance of considering culture in clinical practice and research in psychiatry.
1. The document discusses how a chemistry major wants to become a doctor and help patients by combining their degree with a minor in medical anthropology.
2. This will allow them to better explain illnesses and treatments to patients from different cultural backgrounds by understanding how diseases and treatments are viewed in their cultures.
3. Two examples given are how medical anthropology could help explain depression treatment to someone from a culture that views their symptoms as "susto" and explain psychological treatment for "Navajo ghost sickness" in culturally understandable terms.
Impact of culture on mental illness/ Transcultural Psychiatry Dr. Amit Chougule
This document discusses the impact of culture on mental illness and psychiatry. It begins by defining culture and the components of culture. It then discusses how culture shapes psychopathology in various ways such as pathogenic, pathoplastic, and pathofacilitative effects. Culture also impacts psychodynamics through variables like dependency versus autonomy, linguistic competence, cognitive styles, and social support systems. Overall, the document examines how culture influences the expression and experience of mental illness as well as psychiatric diagnosis and treatment across different cultures.
This document provides information on the care of terminally ill and dying patients. It discusses concepts of loss, grief, and the grieving process. It describes the physical and psychosocial manifestations of approaching death. It outlines nursing care for dying patients, including meeting physical needs, providing spiritual support, and supporting families. Advanced care planning tools like living wills and healthcare proxies are explained. The document also covers post-mortem care including organ donation, medico-legal issues, autopsies, embalming, and physiological changes that occur after death.
The somatoform disorders are a group of psychological disorders in which a patient experiences physical symptoms that are inconsistent with or cannot be fully explained by any underlying general medical or neurologic condition. Medically unexplained physical symptoms account for as many as 50% of new medical outpatient visits. [1] Physical symptoms or painful complaints of unknown etiology are fairly common in pediatric populations. [2] Many healthy young children express emotional distress in terms of physical pain, such as stomachaches or headaches, but these complaints are usually transient and do not effect the child's overall functioning. The somatoform disorders represent the severe end of a continuum of somatic symptoms.
Somatization in children consists of the persistent experience and complaints of somatic distress that cannot be fully explained by a medical diagnosis. They can be represented by a wide spectrum of severity, ranging from mild self-limited symptoms, such as stomachache and headache, to chronic disabling symptoms, such as seizures and paralysis. These psychological disorders are often difficult to approach and complex to understand. It is important to note that these symptoms are not intentionally produced or under voluntary control.
In somatoform disorders, somatic symptoms become the focus of children and their families. They generally interfere with school, home life, and peer relationships. These youngsters are more likely to be considered sickly or health impaired by parents and caretakers, to be absent from school, and to perform poorly in academics. Somatization is often associated temporarily with psychosocial stress and can persist even after the acute stressor has resolved, resulting in the belief by the child and his or her family that the correct medical diagnosis has not yet been found. Thus, patients and families may continue to seek repeated medical treatment after being informed that no acute physical illness has been found and that the symptoms cannot be fully explained by a general medical condition. When somatization occurs in the context of a physical illness, it is identified by symptoms that go beyond the expected pathophysiology of the physical illness.
Recurrent complaints often present as diagnostic and treatment dilemmas to the primary care practitioner (PCP) who is trying to make sense of these symptoms. The PCP may feel poorly prepared and/or may have little time to assess or treat the somatic concerns. While the more disabling somatic complaints are more likely to be referred to a mental health professional, these youngsters presenting with these disabling physical symptoms bridge both medical and psychological domains and present a puzzling quandary for professionals from either field if working with them alone. [3] The nature of these symptoms requires an integrated medical and psychiatric treatment approach to successfully decrease the impairment caused by these disorders.
This document provides an overview of somatoform disorders, dissociative disorders, and related conditions. It describes somatoform disorders as involving physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained medically and are often described dramatically. Specific somatoform disorders discussed include conversion disorder, hypochondriasis, and factitious disorder. Conversion disorder involves neurological symptoms from psychological stress. Hypochondriasis involves excessive health concerns. Factitious disorder involves feigning or inducing illness for secondary gain. Dissociative disorders disrupt consciousness and arise as a defense against trauma. Treatment involves psychotherapy and anxiolytics or antidepressants depending on the condition.
This document provides an overview of the history and sociology of mental illness. It discusses how views of and treatments for mental illness have varied across cultures and over time. In ancient civilizations like Egypt, India, China, and Greece, mental disorders were often attributed to supernatural or religious causes. Approaches included herbal remedies, spiritual rituals, and moral persuasion. More recently, mental illness has become destigmatized and understood in biopsychosocial terms, though some cultures still emphasize spiritual explanations and treatments. The document also examines how stigma surrounding mental illness differs cross-culturally and discusses several culture-bound disorders.
This document discusses somatization disorder and somatoform disorders. It provides definitions and criteria for somatization disorder according to the DSM-IV-TR. Key points include: Somatization disorder is characterized by physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by medical issues. It is relatively uncommon compared to other somatoform disorders. Patients experience significant distress and impairment. Somatization disorder results in high personal and societal costs due to impairment and overuse of medical resources. Theories about the causes include inherited traits like emotional reactivity and negative affect, as well as deficient emotion regulation skills and maladaptive coping behaviors.
Dr. Ziad N. Arandi discusses somatoform disorders, which are characterized by physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by medical factors. He outlines four main somatoform disorders - somatization disorder, hypochondriasis, pain disorder, and conversion disorder - providing details on diagnostic criteria, prevalence, characteristics, and treatment approaches for each. The goal in managing somatoform disorders is control rather than cure through supportive psychotherapy, behavioral modification, relaxation therapy, and medication if needed.
This document discusses depression and suicide epidemiology and prevention strategies. It notes that about 10% of primary care clients experience depression. Depression is the 4th leading cause of disability globally and its prevalence is higher among women. Risk factors for suicide include losses, depression, isolation, and medical illnesses. Nursing interventions to prevent suicide focus on ensuring safety, developing trust, encouraging socialization, and cognitive reframing. The role of psychiatric nurses is crucial to identify at-risk clients and collaborate to implement effective prevention strategies.
This document discusses key concepts relating to culture and mental health. It defines culture and related terms, and explains how culture can influence various aspects of mental health, including definitions of normality and abnormality, symptom presentation, help-seeking behavior, and response to treatment. It also discusses culture-bound syndromes and how non-biological factors like cultural beliefs, traditional medicine use, and patient compliance can impact psychopharmacology.
special thanks and acknowledgement goes out to the contributors of the slide:
meroshana, haziman fauzi, griselda pearl, widad ulya, atiqah shakira, halim latiffi, farith che man and marwan omar.
Hopefully this is able to help medical students to understand about the psychiatry topic, suicide.
This is made by students so if there are any mistakes, please do correct us. We are open to constructive criticism. thank you :)
Somatoform disorders are a group of mental illnesses characterized by physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by medical factors. Key features include symptoms not being imaginary, but also not correlating with medical test results. Common types are somatization disorder, conversion disorder, hypochondriasis, body dysmorphic disorder, pain disorder, and undifferentiated somatiform disorder. These disorders are thought to involve both psychosocial factors like how symptoms are interpreted emotionally, as well as potential biological and genetic components. Treatment involves both medical evaluation and psychological or psychiatric approaches.
This document discusses somatoform disorders, which are psychiatric disorders characterized by physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by a medical condition. It defines several types of somatoform disorders, including somatization disorder, conversion disorder, pain disorder, hypochondriasis, and body dysmorphic disorder. It provides diagnostic criteria and characteristics of each disorder. It also discusses approaches to diagnosis, treatment involving CBT and referral to mental health professionals, and follow-up care.
Personality disorder are a group of mental health conditions that are characterized by inflexible and atypical patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
This document provides an overview of factitious disorder, including its history, definitions, subtypes, proposed causes and risk factors, demographics of those affected, treatment approaches, and diagnostic testing considerations. It describes how factitious disorder was first documented by Galen and later studied by Richard Asher in 1951. Key points covered include the deliberate falsification of physical or psychological symptoms for the purpose of assuming the sick role, potential psychodynamic drivers like seeking attention or nurturing, and challenges in treating those diagnosed due to lack of follow through.
This document discusses key concepts for culturally relevant mental health nursing, including:
1) It describes independent and interdependent world views that influence individualistic versus collectivist values.
2) It discusses the importance of understanding a patient's explanatory model for illness, which can include environmental, spiritual, or supernatural factors.
3) It outlines idioms of distress as culturally shaped forms of experiencing and expressing distress, such as social, emotional, or somatic expressions.
somatic symptoms disorder and dissociation disoder Nazir Saqi
Somatic symptom and related disorders and dissociative disorders are characterized by physical or neurological symptoms that are not fully explained by a medical condition. Somatic symptom disorder involves pathological concern with body functioning without identifiable cause, while dissociative disorders involve disruption of identity, amnesia, and altered consciousness. Both commonly involve trauma histories and are often comorbid with anxiety, depression, and other conditions. Treatment involves psychotherapy approaches like CBT and medications.
The document discusses organizing refugee camps and providing mental health services. It recommends registering refugees upon entry and allocating them in groups while allowing some flexibility for families and social groups to organize themselves. The document also suggests incorporating traditional healers, religious spaces and practices, and primary health care including mental health services into the camp organization to help meet refugees' basic needs, address health problems, and promote psychosocial well-being in a cost-effective manner.
The Right to Culturally Sensitive Health Services for Refugees and IDPs, Jana...LIDC
Janaka Jayawickrama, of the University of Northumbria, spoke about the right to culturally sensitive health services for refugees and internally displaced peoples. He stressed that the right to health pledged in international documents, as well as rights to basic sanitation, safe water, housing, food and nutrition, refer to concepts which are understood differently between cultures, and that universal provision may therefore not be as straightforward as it seems.
A8 promoting positive mental health for immigrants and refugeesocasiconference
This document summarizes a workshop on promoting positive mental health for immigrants and refugees. It defines key concepts like mental health, mental illness, and health promotion. It outlines factors that influence immigrant and refugee mental health, like socioeconomic status, social support, and traumatic experiences. The document discusses principles of mental health promotion, including empowerment, collaboration, and cultural appropriateness. It also summarizes guidelines from best practice documents on mental health promotion programs for immigrants and refugees.
This document provides an overview of transcultural psychiatry and cultural factors that are relevant to mental illness. It discusses what culture is, how culture can influence psychopathology in different ways such as pathogenic effects, pathoplastic effects, and pathofacilitative effects. It also examines cultural psychodynamics and how cultural variables like dependency versus autonomy, linguistic competence, and social support systems can impact mental health. The document provides examples of culture-bound syndromes and discusses the importance of considering culture in clinical practice and research in psychiatry.
This is seminar presented as part of academics in my department. Please comment on the content, so that i can improve myself. If the content is good, kindly like it.
Somatoform disorders are a group of mental illnesses characterized by physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by a medical condition. Key somatoform disorders include:
- Somatization disorder: Multiple somatic complaints across organ systems with excessive medical help-seeking.
- Conversion disorder: Symptoms affecting motor or sensory function that are psychologically (not medically) caused.
- Hypochondriasis: Excessive fears about having a serious disease despite medical reassurance.
- Pain disorder: Significant pain that is the main focus and causes impairment.
This document discusses cross-cultural psychiatry and the influence of culture on mental disorders. It defines culture and explains that cross-cultural psychiatry studies the prevalence and form of mental disorders in different cultures. While early psychiatrists assumed Western diagnostic categories were universal, renewed dialogue between anthropology and psychiatry established a new cross-cultural approach. Culture can contribute to psychopathology in six ways: pathogenic effects, pathoselective effects, pathoplastic effects, pathoelaborative effects, pathofacilitative effects, and pathoreactive effects. Examples are provided to illustrate each type of cultural influence.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to nursing theory, including definitions of theory, paradigm, domain, and the components and purposes of nursing theory. It discusses the link between nursing theory and practice/research and how students can begin incorporating theory into their practice. Grand, middle range, and descriptive nursing theories are introduced. The importance of studying both nursing and non-nursing theories is highlighted.
Somatization disorders involve physical symptoms that cannot be explained medically, and are thought to be related to psychological factors. They include somatization disorder, conversion disorder, pain disorder, hypochondriasis, and body dysmorphic disorder. The symptoms are real but are caused or exacerbated by stress and psychological issues rather than physical pathology. Treatment involves psychotherapy and helping the patient manage stress and recognize psychological contributors to their symptoms.
This document discusses somatoform disorders and provides an overview of key topics including:
- Definitions and objectives of understanding somatoform disorders
- Examples of specific disorders like somatization disorder, hypochondriasis, and conversion disorder
- The case of "Ms. A" who has persistent medical complaints and seeks further diagnostic testing
- Distinguishing somatoform disorders from conditions like malingering and factitious disorders
- Management strategies like explaining the chronic nature of symptoms and exploring their impact on a patient's life
This document discusses the concept of insight and judgment in mental health. It defines insight as involving introspection, empathy, understanding how one's behavior affects others, and recognizing illness and need for treatment. Judgment requires weighing factors to make decisions. Both insight and judgment rely on intact cognitive functions. The document outlines several models of insight and factors that can impair judgment, such as mental illnesses like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression. It also discusses various scales used to measure insight.
Lecture 21: Psychological issues at the end of life Dr.Reem AlSabahAHS_student
This document discusses psychological issues at the end of life from a holistic perspective. It addresses the physical, emotional, social, psychological, and spiritual needs and concerns of dying individuals. Regarding physical needs, it discusses pain management, body image, and finding meaning in illness. Emotionally, it explores common fears, loss/grief, and positive emotions. Socially, it addresses concerns for loved ones and communication patterns. Psychologically, it focuses on maintaining control and contributing to others. Spiritually, it examines religion/spirituality, meaning of life/death, and hope. The document also introduces palliative care and its role in improving quality of life compared to hospice care. Finally, it provides an overview
The article discusses how changes to diet and decreased physical activity have negatively impacted health in some countries. Specifically, it notes that consumption of canned foods high in calories and fat have led to increased obesity rates in places like Samoa, where obesity cases have doubled. A similar situation occurred in Fiji. Less physical activity as people spend more time in sedentary jobs and activities like watching TV has also contributed to declining health. The article analyzes how the switch to imported canned goods and adoption of Western lifestyles has worsened health compared to when diets consisted of homegrown fresh foods and more physical labor was the norm.
Running head WHY IS THERE A STIGMA OF MENTAL HEALTH IN THE AF.docxjeffsrosalyn
This document discusses mental health stigma in the African American community. It provides historical context on how African Americans have been mistreated and misdiagnosed by the medical system regarding mental illness. Barriers like lack of resources, racism, and distrust of the healthcare system have contributed to disparities in mental health outcomes for African Americans. The stigma around mental illness in the African American community prevents many from seeking help. More awareness and work by social workers is needed to address this issue.
An overview of depression and its pharmacotherapypharmaindexing
This document provides an overview of depression and its pharmacotherapy. It defines depression as a common and serious mental health disorder. Left untreated, depression can lead to complications like suicidal thoughts and negatively impact quality of life. The document classifies depression, discusses its prevalence, risk factors, and health impacts. It causes symptoms like sadness, loss of interest, and changes in appetite and sleep. Pharmacotherapy options for depression include antidepressants, often used for mild to moderate cases. Psychotherapy combined with antidepressants can increase treatment success rates compared to medication alone.
An overview of depression and its pharmacotherapypharmaindexing
This document provides an overview of depression and its pharmacotherapy. It defines depression as a common and serious mental health disorder. Left untreated, depression can lead to complications like suicidal thoughts and negatively impact quality of life. The document classifies depression, discusses its prevalence, risk factors, and health impacts. It causes symptoms like sadness, loss of interest, and changes in appetite and sleep. Pharmacotherapy options for depression include antidepressants, often used for mild to moderate cases. Psychotherapy combined with antidepressants can increase treatment success rates compared to medication alone.
This document discusses various psychiatric emergencies that may present to emergency departments. It defines terms like stupor, violence, and suicide. It notes that psychiatric emergencies require immediate intervention to safeguard the patient's life and reduce anxiety. Common emergencies discussed include suicide attempts, violence or aggression, panic attacks, catatonic stupor, and grief reactions. It provides guidance on initial approaches and management of these various psychiatric emergency presentations.
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Abstract Everyone is susceptible to the development of mental .docxdaniahendric
Abstract
Everyone is susceptible to the development of mental health regardless of race, color, gender, or identity. More than half of the citizens in the United States are recognized with a mental illness in their lifetime, and African Americans are at higher risk of developing a mental illness due to limited resources and other barriers. The challenge is further enhanced in the community due to a stigma prevailing in the group that prevents most members from seeking medical help. The lack of knowledge about mental illness calls for increased awareness of the challenge, especially when the condition is viewed differently from other physical diseases. The significant impacts of mental illness in the African American demography makes it a healthcare issue and calls for further consideration of the condition as more social workers are needed to work with the community to address the issue. The barriers to knowledge and access to medical assistance among African Americans take center-stage in this paper.
Introduction
Mental health conditions have effects regardless of race, color, gender, or identity. Anyone can experience the challenges of mental illness regardless of their background. Although we are similar, your experiences and how you understand and deal with these conditions may be different. Anyone can develop a mental health problem, but African Americans sometimes experience more severe forms of mental health conditions because of limited resources and other barriers. African Americans are twenty percent more likely to have severe psychological distress than Whites are. Also, African Americans and other minority communities are more likely to have similar experiences, such as barriers from health, educational, social, and economic resources because of cultural and societal factors. These may contribute to worse mental health outcomes. More than half of the people in the United States are being recognized with a mental illness in their lifetime; however, now not everybody will acquire the assistance they need. Even though mental illness is common and might affect everyone, there is still a stigma attached. This stigma creates shame in seeking help, especially in the African American community. The understanding of mental illnesses has come a far way from where it used to be, but improvements have to make. Mental illnesses should not be viewed any differently from physical diseases. I believe the two are very similar. When the mind is ill, it is not just the brain, but it has effects on the whole body and health overall. Substance abuse, self-damage, and suicide are widespread and dangerous in people with mental illness. The stigma connected to mental illness stops people from getting the assistance they need and causes them to cover their pain. Clinically trained social workers are the nation's largest group of mental health service providers. (Staff, 2016). This is important to social work because social workers push the conversati ...
This document discusses self-injurious behaviors, including definitions, types, epidemiology, etiology, gender and cultural aspects, and treatment options. It defines self-injurious behaviors as self-directed acts that result in tissue damage without suicidal intention. Major types include stereotypic behaviors seen in developmental disorders and superficial behaviors seen in personality disorders and incarcerated populations. Treatment involves pharmacological interventions like SSRIs and behavioral therapies to develop coping skills and reduce urges to self-harm. Gender differences in methods and prevalence are discussed, as well as culturally sanctioned practices of body modification.
This document discusses self-injurious behaviors, including definitions, types, epidemiology, etiology, treatment options, and cultural and gender issues. It defines self-injurious behaviors as self-directed acts that result in tissue damage without suicidal intent. Major types include stereotypic behaviors seen in developmental disorders and superficial behaviors seen in personality disorders and incarcerated populations. Treatment involves pharmacological interventions like SSRIs and behavioral therapies to develop coping skills and reduce urges to self-harm. Studies find higher rates of self-injury in females and links to sexual orientation. Cultural body modifications and sanctions can also involve forms of self-injury.
Depression Depression is not a normal part of aging, and studi.docxcuddietheresa
Depression
Depression is not a normal part of aging, and studies show that most older people are satisfied with their lives, despite physical problems (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2014b). To understand depression, the nurse must understand the influence of late-life stressors and changes and the beliefs older people, society, and health professionals may have about depression and its treatment.
Prevalence
Depression remains underdiagnosed and undertreated in the older population and is considered a significant public health issue (Abbasi & Burke, 2014).
Depression is the fourth leading cause of disease burden globally and is projected to increase to the second leading cause by 2030 (World Health Organization, 2014).
Approximately 1% to 2% of adults 65 years and older are diagnosed with major depressive disorder. An additional 25% have significant depressive symptoms that do not meet the criteria for major depressive disorder (Avari et al., 2014).
Symptoms that do not meet the criteria for major depressive disorder have been referred to as minor depression, subsyndromal depression, dysthymic depression, and mild depression.
The DSM-5 replaced the term dysthymia with the term persistent depressive disorder to describe symptoms that are long standing (lasting 2 years or longer) but do not meet the criteria for major depressive disorder.
Recognition and treatment are important because persistent depressive disorder has a negative impact on physical and social functioning and quality of life for many older people and is associated with an increased risk of a subsequent major depression (Harvath & McKenzie, 2012; Uher et al., 2014).
Rates of depression are higher in older adults who experience physical illness, who have cognitive impairment, or who reside in institutional settings. Fourteen percent (14%) of patients receiving home care meet the criteria for depression, and nearly half of all nursing home residents receive antidepressants for depression (Abbasi & Burke, 2014; Smith et al., 2015).
Depression is a major reason why older people are admitted to nursing homes.
Prevalence rates of depression in older adults likely underestimate the extent of the problem. The stigma associated with depression may be more prevalent in older people, and they may not acknowledge depressive symptoms or seek treatment. Many elders, particularly those who have survived the Great Depression, both world wars, the Holocaust, and other tragedies, may see depression as shameful, evidence of flawed character, self-centered, a spiritual weakness, and sin or retribution. Perceived stigma may be less of a concern for the future older population who are more aware of mental health concerns and more likely to seek treatment.
Health professionals often expect older people to be depressed and may not take appropriate action to assess for and treat depression. The differing presentation of depression in older people, as well as the increased pr ...
This paper discusses schizophrenia, including its symptoms, social implications, causes, and treatments. It covers a range of symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking. Historically, treatments included exorcisms, lobotomies, and electroconvulsive therapy. Modern treatments include antipsychotic medications and therapy, though suicide rates remain high. The paper questions whether newer antipsychotic drugs may increase suicidal thoughts by removing voices that were a patient's only companions.
This paper summarizes schizophrenia, including common symptoms like delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking. It discusses the social implications such as high costs and increased rates of incarceration rather than treatment. A history of treatments is provided, from exorcisms to lobotomies to modern medications and therapies. The conclusion calls for more facilities to help patients recover and return to productivity.
The document discusses dissociative disorders as outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). It describes the four main dissociative disorders: dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity disorder, and depersonalization disorder. Treatment typically involves psychotherapy approaches like cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy. While medication cannot directly treat dissociative disorders, it may help manage related symptoms of anxiety or depression.
This document provides information on the psychiatric aspects of cannabis use. It begins with definitions of cannabis, THC, and other cannabis derivatives. It then discusses the endocannabinoid system and its role in various physiological and neurological processes. The document compares THC and cannabidiol, describing their different binding properties, psychiatric effects, and approved medical uses. It discusses the effects of chronic heavy cannabis use on the endocannabinoid system and considers evidence regarding whether cannabis use can affect the developing brain, cognitive capacity, and motivation.
Obesity obesity and mental health 11-may-2015WALID SARHAN
Obesity is often associated with stigma and considered undesirable, while leanness is viewed as beautiful. There is a complex relationship between physical health and mental health in relation to obesity. Several studies have found that obese individuals have a higher risk of developing mental illnesses like depression and anxiety compared to normal weight individuals, and the relationship between obesity and mental illness appears to go both ways. Certain antidepressants and antipsychotic medications are also known to cause weight gain, which can further exacerbate the issue.
1) A study of mortality rates in patients with schizophrenia in Sweden found rates were 2-3 times higher than the general population, with suicide rates being particularly elevated.
2) Recovery from schizophrenia is possible for many patients with appropriate treatment, though a meta-analysis found only 13.5% of patients met strict recovery criteria.
3) Guidelines provide no clear consensus on the optimal duration of antipsychotic treatment for multi-episode schizophrenia. Long-term treatment aims to reduce relapse rates but risks include brain tissue reduction.
Cultural aspects of depression in the arab worldWALID SARHAN
This document discusses cultural factors that influence depression in Arab populations. It notes that depression presentations may differ across cultures, with Arab/Muslim patients more likely to present with somatic symptoms rather than psychological ones. Religious and family influences are also discussed, as they can impact expression of distress, help-seeking behaviors, and views of illness causation. Specific symptom presentations found in some studies of Arab/Muslim depressed patients are also outlined.
The development of psychiatry in the arab worldWALID SARHAN
The document discusses the history and current state of psychiatry in the Arab world. It describes how Islamic hospitals (bimaristans) in the Middle Ages included sections for treating mentally ill patients. Notable early Muslim physicians and scholars like Rhazes and Avicenna made important contributions to the field. Today, most Arab countries have national mental health policies and legislation but resources and services remain limited. Rates of psychiatric disorders are high while numbers of psychiatrists, beds, and facilities are low in many areas. Efforts are being made to shift care from large institutions to community services.
The development of psychiatry in the arab worldWALID SARHAN
The document provides an overview of the development of psychiatry in the Arab world, highlighting several key points:
- Islamic Bimaristans (hospitals) in the Middle Ages included sections for mentally ill patients, showing early recognition of their needs. Prominent Muslim physicians like Rhazes and Avicenna made important contributions.
- Modern psychiatric services have shifted from large mental hospitals to psychiatric units within general hospitals. However, most Arab countries still have relatively few psychiatric resources like beds, professionals and legislation.
- Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders is significant, around 14-17% for anxiety and 7.5-12.6% for mood disorders. However, services and spending on mental health remain limited
This Cochrane review summarizes evidence on interventions for smoking cessation and reduction in individuals with schizophrenia. The review finds that bupropion is effective for smoking cessation in patients with schizophrenia based on available evidence. No significant deterioration of mental state or increased seizure risk was found from bupropion use. Evidence for bupropion's effect on smoking reduction is inconclusive. The review also found some evidence supporting varenicline for smoking cessation in this population, though the evidence is limited compared to studies of bupropion.
This document provides information on FDA pregnancy drug labeling categories and discusses various antidepressant and other psychotropic medications. It describes the FDA categories A through X for evaluating risks of medications during pregnancy and lists common antidepressants along with their FDA categories. For each medication class, it summarizes potential risks to the fetus or newborn based on available studies. The document emphasizes making individualized treatment decisions and monitoring for potential neonatal side effects.
This document discusses cognitive behavioral therapy for treating Islamic religious obsessive compulsive disorder. It provides information on the prevalence of OCD, common religious rituals and symptoms in Islam that relate to OCD, and components of treatment including education, psychotherapy using CBT and exposure response prevention, and medication. Tailoring CBT to religious patients, such as using "guided prayer" is discussed, as well as avoiding compulsions and gaining relief through resistance rather than giving in to rituals.
This document discusses internet sex addiction and its impacts. Some key points include:
- Pornography consumption on the internet is widespread, with over 70% of porn traffic occurring during work hours and children as young as 11 being exposed.
- Sex addiction can negatively impact relationships, productivity, and mental health, with up to 15% of online porn users developing disruptive behaviors.
- The pornography industry generates over $97 billion in annual revenue worldwide, dwarfing other entertainment industries, yet prevalence estimates of sex addiction remain inconsistent due to lack of research funding.
Cognitive behavioral therapy is an effective treatment for Islamic religious obsessive compulsive disorder. It involves exposing patients to feared religious obsessions while preventing compulsions, to help reduce anxiety and compulsions over time. Religious rituals in Islam can relate to OCD symptoms, like repetitive washing and praying, so CBT techniques must be adapted sensitively while respecting patients' faith. The document discusses prevalence, symptoms, and treatments for religious OCD in Islamic cultures.
Lamotrigine is an antiepileptic drug approved for the treatment of bipolar disorder and epilepsy. It is effective as monotherapy and adjunctive therapy for bipolar depression. Lamotrigine has a lower risk of serious rash than other antiepileptics like carbamazepine, but rash remains a risk, especially in children and at higher doses. Guidelines recommend lamotrigine as a first-line treatment for bipolar depression.
Lamotrigine is an antiepileptic drug approved for use in epilepsy, bipolar disorder, and other conditions. It is chemically unrelated to other AEDs and works by inhibiting sodium channels. Lamotrigine has a low risk of serious rash (under 1%) and is metabolized primarily through glucuronidation. It is effective for bipolar depression and as maintenance therapy to delay mood episodes. Slow titration reduces the risk of rash.
Sexual knowledge, attitude and behavior among marriedWALID SARHAN
1) A questionnaire on sexual knowledge, attitudes, and behavior was distributed to married Jordanian men, but many refused to participate or complete it. Of the 200 fully completed questionnaires obtained, most had low sexual knowledge.
2) While many supported sex education and discussing sexuality, attitudes towards topics like masturbation, premarital sex, and homosexuality were mixed or confused. A majority were uncertain in their responses.
3) The study results were limited due to non-random sampling and bias from excluding illiterate men. But they indicated many married Jordanian men have poor sexual knowledge and could benefit from more sex education and discussions on these sensitive topics.
Attitude knowledge & behaviour among physicians towardWALID SARHAN
A questionnaire was distributed to 115 physicians from various specialties in Jordan to assess their attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors regarding psychiatry. 100 questionnaires were completed and returned. The questionnaire included 30 questions on attitudes toward psychiatry, knowledge of psychiatric disorders and treatment, and how physicians would handle personal or family psychiatric issues. Results found that while most physicians believe in psychiatry, many have limited knowledge and concerns about confidentiality, social stigma, and compatibility with religion influence willingness to consult psychiatrists. Recommendations include increasing psychiatry education and continuing medical education, improving awareness efforts, and further research.
This document appears to be a questionnaire about sexual knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among single Jordanian men and married Jordanian women. It contains over 50 questions on topics like sources of sexual knowledge, views on sex education, masturbation, homosexuality, sexual practices, and perceptions of male and female sexuality. The questions were asked to gather information about the sexual mindsets and experiences of men and women in Jordan.
This document provides information about cannabis (also known as marijuana). It discusses the botanical classification of cannabis, the different varieties and methods of preparation (such as marijuana and hashish). It describes the main psychoactive component, THC, and how it works in the body. The document also covers the history of cannabis use, routes of administration, effects, risks, treatment for dependence, and potential medical uses.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
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share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
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Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
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2. Culture influences the sources, the
symptoms and the idioms of distress;
the individuals’ explanatory models,
their coping mechanisms and their
help-seeking behavior; as well as the
social response to distress and to
disability.
(Kirmayer, 2001).
3. Depression will be the second most
important cause of disability after ischemic
heart disease worldwide (WHO, 2002).
The problem of depression crosses cultural,
international and socioeconomic
boundaries, and is one of the great
challenges of mental health care today.
4. Although depression is considered to
be the most common disorder in
Western cultures. Some scholars regard
depression as a disorder of the Western
world, which lacks universal
applicability .
Depression in the Arab population is
prevalent with classical or modified
clinical presentation.
(Marsella, 1978 ,Fernando, 1988).
5. As the world is being gripped by economic
depression, international psychological
epidemiologists have amassed evidence to
suggest that psychological depression and
its variants are becoming leading
contributors to the global burden of disease
with the Middle East and North Africa
(MENA) region being no exception.
Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2009 April; 9(1): 5–15.
Published online 2009 March 16.
6. The value of individual independence is often
balanced or outweighed by that interdependence
within the family unit.
While the structural extended family, in which several
generations reside in a single household, is no longer
as common in these communities as it was a few
decades ago
Functional extended faqmily
M. Fakhr El-Islam
Transcultural Psychiatry 2008 45: 671
7. Cultural factors may condition the development
of depression in women who cannot fulfil their
culturally-prescribed - monorole of marriage
and motherhood. Having no husband or children
or living under a threat thereof, may be a 'potent
factor in the genesis of depressive symptoms in
women.
In the Arabian Gulf area, especially among the
illiterate. They ultimately develop' a chronic
culture conditioned form of neurosis, where
neurasthenic and hypochondriacal symptoms
dominate the clinical picture.
8. Loss of a mate and love failure, which figure
prominently among depressed western
patients, are uncommon precipitating factors
among Arab depressives.
Culturally-shared religious beliefs and
prescribed ritual practices reduce the
pathogenic effect of grief.
Responsibility for failure in arranging marriage
is shared by the whole family so its impact on
the individual' is greatly reduced.
9. Many Arab/Muslims believe that way to seek
help would be from healers, or Shekhes, to
exorcise the Jinn or to undo the influence of
the evil eye or black magic through amulets
or certain rituals.
Depressed patients seek help of medical
practitioners late.
Psychiatric help will only be reached very late
in the majority of cases.
Very small percentage will start by psychiatric
consultation but this is on the rise .
10. The only responsibility the patient has is to
avoid sinning, and, after such an illness, to
submit herself to religious healers (Shekhes)
in order to exorcize the Jinn.
These beliefs, of course, prevent the patient
from playing an active role in psychotherapy
based on self-responsibility and on “working
on the self.”
11. This disorder is reactive and involves a
variety of symptoms such as anxiety,
depression, dissociation, psychosis, and
also somatic symptoms
Mixed rather than distinct syndromes seem to
be a very common clinical picture among
Arab/Muslims.
It creates a lot of sympathy from the
community.
12. Patients develop patterns of symptoms
in keeping with what medical
practitioners consider illness.
A somatic concept of illness that
concerns the medical profession is
entertained by most Arab patients and
medical practitioners alike.
Therefore, presentation of patients with
somatic symptoms is the rule.
13. Depressed patients complain of pains, aches or
symptoms of autonomic dysfunction rather than
psychological symptoms that are differentiated
from associated bodily symptoms.
The majority of medical practitioners in the Arab
world, who have been biometrically trained to think
of the human being as an assemblage of parts and
particles, resort to a multitude of physical
investigations for their patients' bodily symptoms
in their search for an organic etiology
Commonly reassurance and psychotropic
prescription at times and rarely referral.
14. The term somatization is therefore
misleading, because in these cultures there
are no distinct and pure psychological
distresses in the first place, and therefore
there is no place for somatization.
Arab/Muslims, are somatizing therefore a
diagnosis of somatoform disorder is almost
useless in relation to Arab/Muslims.
15. Lack of education about depression
lack of availability of appropriate therapies,
competing clinical demands, social issues,
and the lack of patient acceptance of the
diagnosis were among the most important
barriers to the identification, diagnosis, and
treatment of patients with depression in this
population
Nasir LS, Al-Qutob R.
J Am Board Fam Pract. 2005 Mar-Apr;18(2):125-31.
PMID: 15798141 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Barriers to the Diagnosis and Treatment of
Depression in Jordan. A Nationwide
Qualitative Study
16. Continuing medical education for providers about
depression, provision of counseling services and
antidepressant medications at the primary care level.
Efforts to destigmatize depression may result in
increased rates of recognition and treatment of
depression in this population.
Systematizing traditional social support behaviors may
be effective in reducing the numbers of patients
referred for medical care.
Nasir LS, Al-Qutob R.
J Am Board Fam Pract. 2005 Mar-Apr;18(2):125-31.
PMID: 15798141 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
17. The level of awareness of depression was
acceptable. However, further efforts are
necessary to establish public educational
programs related to depression in order
to raise awareness regarding the disease.
Sayer Al-Azzam et al
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
Volume 26, Issue 4 , pp 545-554 -2013
18. The 'evil eyes' of others Who notice or hear
about one's happiness, success or
possessions are believed to be capable of
causing him to lose them.
Anhedonic depressed patients who have lost
their capacity to experience happiness or
pleasure attribute the loss to envy, and they
easily talk about their emotional loss to ward
off the possibility of further envy by others
19. A comparison between depressive patients
in Egypt, India, and Britain revealed that the
Egyptian Arab/Muslim and Indian patients
displayed more anxiety and somatic
symptoms than did the British.
Anxiety was displayed in 99% and somatic
symptoms in 87% of the Egyptian sample
(Abd El-Gawad, 1995)
20. Suicide is a major sin, the punishment for which is
eternal hell during the afterlife of the person who
commits it.
Depressed Muslims, including Arabs, may
passively wish they were dead or 'pray to God to
take their life away.
Parasuicidal acts of pathological care-eliciting
were found to have no relationship to the degree
of adherence to Islamic religious practice.
(Abd El-Gawad, 1995)
21. suicidal thoughts in the Egyptian
depressives were relatively high
compared with the low rates of suicide
and attempted suicide.
Guilt feelings among the Egyptian
sample were relatively few.
(Abd El-Gawad, 1995)
22. Bazzoui and Al-Issall found that Arab
depressives in Iraq, rather than
expressing guilt feelings, are more likely
to be aggressive to others on whom they
project responsibility for the illness.
23. Okasha (1999) reported similar findings,
He found that Egyptian depressed
patients mask their affect with multiple
somatic symptoms that occupy the
foreground, and the affective component
of their illness recedes into the
background.
24. The Islamic religion provides a
comprehensive code of conduct and
interpersonal relationships, the guilt
attached to wrongdoing nearly always has a
religious component.
Some Arab depressives combine projection
and guilt when they attribute their illness to
God's punishment in retribution for their real
or imaginary wrongdoing.
25. According to Islamic culture it is
blasphemous to give up hope for
relief of suffering because patient
endurance is rewarded in the afterlife.
Hopelessness was not a prominent
symptom experienced by depressed
inpatients (both natives and
expatriates) surveyed in Kuwait .
(El-Islam, Moussa, Malasi, & Mirza, 1988).
26. The patient may find it impossible to cry.
Male depressed patients deliberately
prevent themselves from crying because
they feel that weeping would undermine
their masculinity.
27. Breathlessness is one of the common somatic
complaints in depressed Arab patients. The
patient has difficulty in taking in air during
inspiration, which is sometimes described as if it
were air hunger.
Breathlessness is often attributed to the
experience of tightening up of the chest.
Repeated sighing, which assures the patient of his
ability to take in enough air by deep inspiration
now and again, has a temporary comforting effect.
28. The depressed mood is more likely to find
expression in dream contents which center
around death and the dead
for example:
A dead relative would call the patient to his side
or tell him off for his real or imaginary
wrongdoings.
29. Heartache' is a common complaint among
female depressed patients. It usually refers
to the loss or inability to achieve or maintain
a loving relationship to a key figure.
Depressed men complaining of back pain
usually have sexual problems, for the back is
believed to be the origin of their virility and
procreativity.
30. In a study about the effect of the evil eye in
Lebanon, 81.3% of the mothers reported that
they believed that evil eye had had a harmful
effect on their infants (Harfouche, 1981).
Arab/Muslims perform several rituals that are
intended to protect them from the evil eye,
some of which may seem bizarre, such as
incantation, and the use of amulets, blue
beads, or a horseshoe
(Donaldson, 1981; Harfouche, 1981).
31. Metaphoric descriptions of the experience of an
Arab/Muslim patient may add more confusion and
misunderstanding to the assessment of the reality
testing.
As an example, one expression that is commonly used
by Arab/Muslims is “hwo sammelly badani.” This
expression literally means “He poisoned my body,” while
the intended meaning is “he made me nervous.”
An unaware therapist or translater who hears a woman
saying “Yesterday my husband became furious and
poisoned my body,” may misinterpret this as delusion or
as a homicide attempt.
32. ‘Sadri dayeq alayya’ =‘My chest feels tight’
‘Tabana’ =‘I am tired, fatigued’
‘Jesmi metkasser’ =‘broken body’
Sulaiman et al (2001)
33. The usual first stop on the help-seeking
route for mental illness is the traditional
healer.
In a study of the help-seeking preference for
mental health problems in children, Eapen &
Ghubash (2004) found that only 37%
preferred to consult a mental health
specialist.
Alternative remedies are also much sought
after,
34. The effects on mental health of social change
associated with the rapid pace of development
and Western influences have been the subject
of several studies (e.g. Ghubash et al, 1994).
While education, employment and social
opportunities have started to improve
perceptions of and attitudes to mental illness,
the stigma associated with mental disorder is
still a major factor that prevents individuals
from seeking appropriate treatment.
V. EapenInternational Psychiatry Volume 5
Number 2 April 2008
35. ‘The heart is poisoning me’
‘As if there is hot water over my back’
‘Something is blocking my throat’
Hamdi et al (1997)
36. Arab populations are also more likely
than Westerners to associate
depression with aches, pains and
weakness, and use a variety of
somatic metaphors to describe
depression
(Hamdi et al., 1997; Sulaiman et al., 2001).
37.
38. Individual agreement to disclosures to family
Family informed by patient
Joint interviews
Family background as a measure of
normality/pathology
Family psycho-education
Family members as co-therapists
39. 1. Awareness of the possibility of somatic
presentations, and enquiring about the
patients’ understanding of the somatic
symptoms.
2. Clarifying the patients’ use of specific
cultural idioms of distress to describe the
somatisation process and being familiar
with somatic metaphors.
40. 3. Recognition that somatic symptoms are real
and not imagined.
4. Exploring physical symptoms in the context
of stressors with open-ended questions
such as: "What are the problems that you
are facing now that create difficulty or
distress?"
41. 5. Relevant medical investigations should be
performed but over-investigation should
be avoided. Not conducting any tests may
be negligent or taken as a sign of lack of
caring. Discussion of negative laboratory
or imaging tests with the patient is usually
helpful.
42. 6. Discussing the patient’s physical distress in
relationship to their life situation and
stressors should be discussed. Many
patients will find a biopsychosocial
interpretation helpful.
7. Rare possibilities should be considered e.g.
Somatosensory amplification; patients are
hypervigilant to irrelevant bodily stimuli and
report their awareness of bodily sensations
as physical distress and Alexithymia
43. In keeping with culturally-shared explanations of
depressive manifestations, therapy practices among
traditionally-oriented Arabs include the prescription
of anti-envy amulets, the appeal to shrines of dead
Muslim sheikhs, and occasionally the performance
of pilgrimage and “omra”.
Amulets usually contain verses of the Holy Quran
that ward off others evil.
Visits to shrines of dead religious sheikhs may help
the depressed by imparting a subjective sense of
blessing in return for his humble submission to the
saintness of the sheikh.
44. Arab patients and their families transfer onto
therapists culturally shared attitudes, especially
those related to age and gender.
When dealing with intergenerational conflict in
Kuwait, members of both generations would be
surprised if a middle-aged therapist did not reject
younger peoples’ anti-traditionalist and modern
ideas.
A good or effective therapist in Egypt and Arabian
Gulf countries is expected to be authoritative rather
than to offer choices to patients.
Patients also expect therapists to take their side,
rather than remain neutral, in family conflicts and
in reports to public authorities
(El-Islam, 2005).
45. As compared to the reductionist Western nosology
represented in the DSM IV, the psychological
disorders among Arab/Muslims tend to be mixed
rather than distinct syndromes. Anxiety,
depression, dissociation, and somatic symptoms
are highly inter-correlated among Arab/Muslims.
To avoid misdiagnosis, practitioners who are
familiar with the Western nosology of mental health
are advised to be aware of the uniqueness of each
diagnostic category among Arab/Muslims.
Almost all the diagnostic categories are manifested
in a unique clinical picture and course that need to
be known to practitioners.
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