This document discusses mental health stigma in the African American community. It provides historical context on how African Americans have been mistreated and misdiagnosed by the medical system regarding mental illness. Barriers like lack of resources, racism, and distrust of the healthcare system have contributed to disparities in mental health outcomes for African Americans. The stigma around mental illness in the African American community prevents many from seeking help. More awareness and work by social workers is needed to address this issue.
Abstract Everyone is susceptible to the development of mental .docxdaniahendric
Abstract
Everyone is susceptible to the development of mental health regardless of race, color, gender, or identity. More than half of the citizens in the United States are recognized with a mental illness in their lifetime, and African Americans are at higher risk of developing a mental illness due to limited resources and other barriers. The challenge is further enhanced in the community due to a stigma prevailing in the group that prevents most members from seeking medical help. The lack of knowledge about mental illness calls for increased awareness of the challenge, especially when the condition is viewed differently from other physical diseases. The significant impacts of mental illness in the African American demography makes it a healthcare issue and calls for further consideration of the condition as more social workers are needed to work with the community to address the issue. The barriers to knowledge and access to medical assistance among African Americans take center-stage in this paper.
Introduction
Mental health conditions have effects regardless of race, color, gender, or identity. Anyone can experience the challenges of mental illness regardless of their background. Although we are similar, your experiences and how you understand and deal with these conditions may be different. Anyone can develop a mental health problem, but African Americans sometimes experience more severe forms of mental health conditions because of limited resources and other barriers. African Americans are twenty percent more likely to have severe psychological distress than Whites are. Also, African Americans and other minority communities are more likely to have similar experiences, such as barriers from health, educational, social, and economic resources because of cultural and societal factors. These may contribute to worse mental health outcomes. More than half of the people in the United States are being recognized with a mental illness in their lifetime; however, now not everybody will acquire the assistance they need. Even though mental illness is common and might affect everyone, there is still a stigma attached. This stigma creates shame in seeking help, especially in the African American community. The understanding of mental illnesses has come a far way from where it used to be, but improvements have to make. Mental illnesses should not be viewed any differently from physical diseases. I believe the two are very similar. When the mind is ill, it is not just the brain, but it has effects on the whole body and health overall. Substance abuse, self-damage, and suicide are widespread and dangerous in people with mental illness. The stigma connected to mental illness stops people from getting the assistance they need and causes them to cover their pain. Clinically trained social workers are the nation's largest group of mental health service providers. (Staff, 2016). This is important to social work because social workers push the conversati ...
IntroductionMental health conditions have effects regardless of .docxvrickens
Introduction
Mental health conditions have effects regardless of race, color, gender, or identity. Anyone can experience the challenges of mental illness regardless of their background. Although we are similar, your experiences and how you understand and deal with these conditions may be different. Anyone can develop a mental health problem, but African Americans sometimes experience more severe forms of mental health conditions because of limited resources and other barriers. African Americans are twenty percent more likely to have severe psychological distress than Whites are. Also, African Americans and other minority communities are more likely to have similar experiences, such as barriers from health, educational, social, and economic resources because of cultural and societal factors. These may contribute to worse mental health outcomes. More than half of the people in the United States are being recognized with a mental illness in their lifetime; however, now not everybody will acquire the assistance they need. Even though mental illness is common and might affect everyone, there is still a stigma attached. This stigma creates shame in seeking help, especially in the African American community. The understanding of mental illnesses has come a far way from where it used to be, but improvements have to make. Mental illnesses should not be viewed any differently from physical diseases. I believe the two are very similar. When the mind is ill, it is not just the brain, but it has effects on the whole body and health overall. Substance abuse, self-damage, and suicide are widespread and dangerous in people with mental illness. The stigma connected to mental illness stops people from getting the assistance they need and causes them to cover their pain. Clinically trained social workers are the nation’s largest group of mental health service providers. (Staff, 2016). This is important to social work because social workers push the conversation of mental health forward. Many social workers in the field are first responders to most mental health claims. Also, the stigma of mental illness in the african american community has to change and social workers can be the driving force of a new outlook of mental health. To navigate towards a better views on mental health it is important to understand how we got to this point. Though this text it will discuss the following, what is mental illness, historical information of mental health in the African American community, barriers to mental health in the African American community, also the perspective African Americas have on mental health.
Literature Review
WHAT IS MENTAL ILLNESS
Mental illness is a general term referring to all mental health conditions that involve changes in emotions, thinking, interaction with other people, and behavior in a person. The changes can be caused by different factors, such as genetics, daily habits, environment, biology, and life experiences (McNally, (2011).). Mental i ...
Methodology 11.5 pages 1. Describe what you did a seconda.docxbuffydtesurina
Methodology 1/1.5 pages
1. Describe what you did a secondary data analysis of…
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Mental Health Service Use among Adults
2. Describe where it came from..
Data received from links below to Racial/Ethnic Differences in Mental
Health Service Use among Adults and Charts of the numbers.
https://www.integration.samhsa.gov/MHServicesUseAmongAdults.pdf
https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/MHServicesUseAmongAdults/Appendic
es.pdf
Describe what you were looking for and how you found it.
Looking to compare mental health service use among adults. Focusing on
insurance, gender, employment, poverty status and education.
Results/Discussion 2.5 pages
Methodology Drives the Results section.
1. Describe what was found what was found during the secondary data
analysis. (Discuss the numbers!!!) (at least 1 page)
https://www.integration.samhsa.gov/MHServicesUseAmongAdults.pdf
https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/MHServicesUseAmongAdults/Appendices.pdf
https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/MHServicesUseAmongAdults/Appendices.pdf
2. Research Question 1: Are mental health service usage different among
african american than other races. (Discuss if the research question is
supported by the data and explain. If not explain as well.)
3. Null Hypothesis: African american men are more likely to obtain mental
health services between ages between ages 18-25 compared to other ethnic
groups. (Discuss whether hypothesis is supported or not supported based
on the same data collected)
4. Alternative Hypothesis: African Americans are less likely to receive
mental health care services compared to other races. (Discuss whether
hypothesis is supported or not supported based on the same data
collected)
End the discussion talking about how the data analyzed connects to the topic “Why is
there a stigma of mental health in the African American community” and either supports or
disproves my Research question.
Running head: WHY IS THERE A STIGMA OF MENTAL HEALTH IN THE AFRICAN
AMERICAN COMMUNITY 1
Why is there a stigma of mental health in the African American community
Xavier De La Cruz
Benedict College
Applied Social Work Research II SW 434 01
Dr. Miller
November 2nd, 2019
AFRICAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH 2
Abstract
Everyone is susceptible to the development of mental health regardless of race, color,
gender, or identity. More than half of the citizens in the United States are recognized with a
mental illness in their lifetime, and African Americans are at higher risk of developing a mental
illness due to limited resources and other barriers. The challenge is further enhanced in the
community due to a stigma prevailing in the group that prevents most members from seeking
medical help. The lack of knowledge about mental illness calls for increased awareness of the
challenge, especially when the cond.
The document discusses mental health and illness, including definitions, causes, symptoms, stigma and discrimination, and the Indian Mental Health Act of 1987. Some key points covered include:
- Mental health is defined as a state of well-being and ability to cope with stress and function productively. Mental illness refers to conditions that affect cognition, emotion, or behavior.
- Mental illnesses have biological, psychological, and social causes, and are not due to personal weakness. They can cause suffering, disability, and increased mortality.
- The Indian Mental Health Act of 1987 aimed to safeguard rights of the mentally ill and regulate institutions, but was criticized for not fully reflecting medical considerations or removing criminal stigma.
This document provides an overview of mental health and mental disorders. It discusses that mental illness is a medical disease that prevents happiness and health. There are two main types of mental disorders: organic caused by physical brain issues, and functional caused by psychological factors without brain damage. Some specific disorders discussed are anxiety disorders like phobias, OCD, PTSD; affective disorders involving mood swings like depression; and personality disorders. The document also covers signs that someone may need mental health help and common providers like psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers.
The cornerstone of someone’s mental health is how they think, feel, and behave. Mental health specialists can help people with disorders like addiction, bipolar disorder, depression, and anxiety.
Solution for stigma in Jordan and New York City AhmedAlshwahin
Here are some ways social media can negatively impact mental health:
- Comparison: It's easy to compare your own life to the highlight reels people post online, which can lead to feelings of inadequacy. The curated lives people portray are often not an accurate reflection of reality.
- FOMO (fear of missing out): Constantly seeing updates about what friends are doing can trigger anxiety that you're not participating or being left out of experiences.
- Cyberbullying: Social media allows bullying to follow people everywhere via hurtful comments and messages. This can damage self-esteem.
- Less face time: Overuse of social media may replace real social interaction and connection, which is important for mental well
The cornerstone of someone's mental health is how they think, feel, and behave. Mental health specialists can help people with disorders like addiction, bipolar disorder, depression, and anxiety.
Mental health can have an effect on daily life, interpersonal connections, and physical health.
This connection, nevertheless, also functions the opposite way around. Personal circumstances, social ties, and physical ailments can all have an impact on mental illness. Maintaining
Abstract Everyone is susceptible to the development of mental .docxdaniahendric
Abstract
Everyone is susceptible to the development of mental health regardless of race, color, gender, or identity. More than half of the citizens in the United States are recognized with a mental illness in their lifetime, and African Americans are at higher risk of developing a mental illness due to limited resources and other barriers. The challenge is further enhanced in the community due to a stigma prevailing in the group that prevents most members from seeking medical help. The lack of knowledge about mental illness calls for increased awareness of the challenge, especially when the condition is viewed differently from other physical diseases. The significant impacts of mental illness in the African American demography makes it a healthcare issue and calls for further consideration of the condition as more social workers are needed to work with the community to address the issue. The barriers to knowledge and access to medical assistance among African Americans take center-stage in this paper.
Introduction
Mental health conditions have effects regardless of race, color, gender, or identity. Anyone can experience the challenges of mental illness regardless of their background. Although we are similar, your experiences and how you understand and deal with these conditions may be different. Anyone can develop a mental health problem, but African Americans sometimes experience more severe forms of mental health conditions because of limited resources and other barriers. African Americans are twenty percent more likely to have severe psychological distress than Whites are. Also, African Americans and other minority communities are more likely to have similar experiences, such as barriers from health, educational, social, and economic resources because of cultural and societal factors. These may contribute to worse mental health outcomes. More than half of the people in the United States are being recognized with a mental illness in their lifetime; however, now not everybody will acquire the assistance they need. Even though mental illness is common and might affect everyone, there is still a stigma attached. This stigma creates shame in seeking help, especially in the African American community. The understanding of mental illnesses has come a far way from where it used to be, but improvements have to make. Mental illnesses should not be viewed any differently from physical diseases. I believe the two are very similar. When the mind is ill, it is not just the brain, but it has effects on the whole body and health overall. Substance abuse, self-damage, and suicide are widespread and dangerous in people with mental illness. The stigma connected to mental illness stops people from getting the assistance they need and causes them to cover their pain. Clinically trained social workers are the nation's largest group of mental health service providers. (Staff, 2016). This is important to social work because social workers push the conversati ...
IntroductionMental health conditions have effects regardless of .docxvrickens
Introduction
Mental health conditions have effects regardless of race, color, gender, or identity. Anyone can experience the challenges of mental illness regardless of their background. Although we are similar, your experiences and how you understand and deal with these conditions may be different. Anyone can develop a mental health problem, but African Americans sometimes experience more severe forms of mental health conditions because of limited resources and other barriers. African Americans are twenty percent more likely to have severe psychological distress than Whites are. Also, African Americans and other minority communities are more likely to have similar experiences, such as barriers from health, educational, social, and economic resources because of cultural and societal factors. These may contribute to worse mental health outcomes. More than half of the people in the United States are being recognized with a mental illness in their lifetime; however, now not everybody will acquire the assistance they need. Even though mental illness is common and might affect everyone, there is still a stigma attached. This stigma creates shame in seeking help, especially in the African American community. The understanding of mental illnesses has come a far way from where it used to be, but improvements have to make. Mental illnesses should not be viewed any differently from physical diseases. I believe the two are very similar. When the mind is ill, it is not just the brain, but it has effects on the whole body and health overall. Substance abuse, self-damage, and suicide are widespread and dangerous in people with mental illness. The stigma connected to mental illness stops people from getting the assistance they need and causes them to cover their pain. Clinically trained social workers are the nation’s largest group of mental health service providers. (Staff, 2016). This is important to social work because social workers push the conversation of mental health forward. Many social workers in the field are first responders to most mental health claims. Also, the stigma of mental illness in the african american community has to change and social workers can be the driving force of a new outlook of mental health. To navigate towards a better views on mental health it is important to understand how we got to this point. Though this text it will discuss the following, what is mental illness, historical information of mental health in the African American community, barriers to mental health in the African American community, also the perspective African Americas have on mental health.
Literature Review
WHAT IS MENTAL ILLNESS
Mental illness is a general term referring to all mental health conditions that involve changes in emotions, thinking, interaction with other people, and behavior in a person. The changes can be caused by different factors, such as genetics, daily habits, environment, biology, and life experiences (McNally, (2011).). Mental i ...
Methodology 11.5 pages 1. Describe what you did a seconda.docxbuffydtesurina
Methodology 1/1.5 pages
1. Describe what you did a secondary data analysis of…
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Mental Health Service Use among Adults
2. Describe where it came from..
Data received from links below to Racial/Ethnic Differences in Mental
Health Service Use among Adults and Charts of the numbers.
https://www.integration.samhsa.gov/MHServicesUseAmongAdults.pdf
https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/MHServicesUseAmongAdults/Appendic
es.pdf
Describe what you were looking for and how you found it.
Looking to compare mental health service use among adults. Focusing on
insurance, gender, employment, poverty status and education.
Results/Discussion 2.5 pages
Methodology Drives the Results section.
1. Describe what was found what was found during the secondary data
analysis. (Discuss the numbers!!!) (at least 1 page)
https://www.integration.samhsa.gov/MHServicesUseAmongAdults.pdf
https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/MHServicesUseAmongAdults/Appendices.pdf
https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/MHServicesUseAmongAdults/Appendices.pdf
2. Research Question 1: Are mental health service usage different among
african american than other races. (Discuss if the research question is
supported by the data and explain. If not explain as well.)
3. Null Hypothesis: African american men are more likely to obtain mental
health services between ages between ages 18-25 compared to other ethnic
groups. (Discuss whether hypothesis is supported or not supported based
on the same data collected)
4. Alternative Hypothesis: African Americans are less likely to receive
mental health care services compared to other races. (Discuss whether
hypothesis is supported or not supported based on the same data
collected)
End the discussion talking about how the data analyzed connects to the topic “Why is
there a stigma of mental health in the African American community” and either supports or
disproves my Research question.
Running head: WHY IS THERE A STIGMA OF MENTAL HEALTH IN THE AFRICAN
AMERICAN COMMUNITY 1
Why is there a stigma of mental health in the African American community
Xavier De La Cruz
Benedict College
Applied Social Work Research II SW 434 01
Dr. Miller
November 2nd, 2019
AFRICAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH 2
Abstract
Everyone is susceptible to the development of mental health regardless of race, color,
gender, or identity. More than half of the citizens in the United States are recognized with a
mental illness in their lifetime, and African Americans are at higher risk of developing a mental
illness due to limited resources and other barriers. The challenge is further enhanced in the
community due to a stigma prevailing in the group that prevents most members from seeking
medical help. The lack of knowledge about mental illness calls for increased awareness of the
challenge, especially when the cond.
The document discusses mental health and illness, including definitions, causes, symptoms, stigma and discrimination, and the Indian Mental Health Act of 1987. Some key points covered include:
- Mental health is defined as a state of well-being and ability to cope with stress and function productively. Mental illness refers to conditions that affect cognition, emotion, or behavior.
- Mental illnesses have biological, psychological, and social causes, and are not due to personal weakness. They can cause suffering, disability, and increased mortality.
- The Indian Mental Health Act of 1987 aimed to safeguard rights of the mentally ill and regulate institutions, but was criticized for not fully reflecting medical considerations or removing criminal stigma.
This document provides an overview of mental health and mental disorders. It discusses that mental illness is a medical disease that prevents happiness and health. There are two main types of mental disorders: organic caused by physical brain issues, and functional caused by psychological factors without brain damage. Some specific disorders discussed are anxiety disorders like phobias, OCD, PTSD; affective disorders involving mood swings like depression; and personality disorders. The document also covers signs that someone may need mental health help and common providers like psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers.
The cornerstone of someone’s mental health is how they think, feel, and behave. Mental health specialists can help people with disorders like addiction, bipolar disorder, depression, and anxiety.
Solution for stigma in Jordan and New York City AhmedAlshwahin
Here are some ways social media can negatively impact mental health:
- Comparison: It's easy to compare your own life to the highlight reels people post online, which can lead to feelings of inadequacy. The curated lives people portray are often not an accurate reflection of reality.
- FOMO (fear of missing out): Constantly seeing updates about what friends are doing can trigger anxiety that you're not participating or being left out of experiences.
- Cyberbullying: Social media allows bullying to follow people everywhere via hurtful comments and messages. This can damage self-esteem.
- Less face time: Overuse of social media may replace real social interaction and connection, which is important for mental well
The cornerstone of someone's mental health is how they think, feel, and behave. Mental health specialists can help people with disorders like addiction, bipolar disorder, depression, and anxiety.
Mental health can have an effect on daily life, interpersonal connections, and physical health.
This connection, nevertheless, also functions the opposite way around. Personal circumstances, social ties, and physical ailments can all have an impact on mental illness. Maintaining
The document discusses perceptions of mental illness across different cultures. It notes that mental illness is viewed more negatively in some Asian cultures where it is seen as a sign of weakness. Expressing mental health symptoms is also viewed differently, with more acceptance of physical symptoms over mental ones. The document outlines some of the challenges faced by those with mental illness, such as social stigma, lack of access to care, and financial impacts. It concludes by suggesting ways to combat negative perceptions through education, advocacy, and promoting understanding of mental health issues.
This presentation about mental health, Factor Affecting the Health, Mental illness, Psychological and physiological symptoms of mental disorders,Common mental disorders (depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, eating disorders, addictive behaviors and Alzheimer’s disease), prevention and promotion program, Types of behavioral therapy, Factors contribute to the achievement of mental health.
mental health mo na na na na na na song lyrics pikit naman e 😭 and i don't ha...MauriaPaglicawan
hey I got a gf like a nice sleep well I love love love you too I will be there in about kay king of the world baby I love love love e a lot of education phone ko sa'kin mahal just want to say na Miata na nga po ako ng pagkain ko mahal e and ako na na song lyrics 'no ba 'yan mahal e a nice sleep well I love love love again aaaaaaa hugs and prayers to say na Miata na nga po e poster ang ginawa mo na naman ako sa sarili mo na naman ako sa sarili mo na naman ako sa kanila at ihahatid pa kita kausap ay ay ay ay papi I can do that always mahal ha ha ha iloveyouuuuuuuuuu muchhh muchh tangiii always proud ang asawa mo na naman ako sa sarili mo na naman ako sa sarili mo na iloveyouuuuuuuuuu muchhh muchhh mahal e a lot
The document discusses influences on mental health and illness. It defines mental health as optimal functioning and mental illness as functional impairment. Cultural factors can impact how individuals view and experience mental illness. Prolonged stress can lead to physical and psychological responses like anxiety, defense mechanisms, and potentially psychosis. Diagnosis of mental illness involves using the DSM system across five axes. Treating mental illness faces challenges like stigma, access to care, and cost issues.
Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health IntroductionAdam Motiwala
This document provides an introduction to mental health and stigma. It discusses how mental illness affects 1 in 4 people and outlines some of the most common mental health conditions like depression, anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia. It also examines views of mental illness in different cultures like the Arab community, where it is often attributed to spiritual forces. The document emphasizes that mental illness is treatable with professional help and outlines some common signs and symptoms to look for.
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The document discusses mental health, including definitions, common disorders, and the Philippine Mental Health Law. It defines mental health as cognitive, behavioral and emotional well-being. Common disorders include anxiety disorders, mood disorders like depression, and schizophrenia. Anxiety disorders are the most common and include panic disorder, phobias, OCD, and PTSD. Mood disorders involve changes in mood like depression and bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia typically begins between ages 15-25 and involves symptoms like delusions and hallucinations. The most common mental illnesses in the Philippines are schizophrenia, substance abuse, PTSD, and depression. The Philippine Mental Health Law was passed in 2018 to enhance mental health services and protections.
Intellectual Disability, also known as Intellectual Developmental Disorder, is a mental disorder characterized by deficits in general mental processes such as reasoning, planning, problem solving, judgment, abstract thinking, academic learning, etc.
The presentation highlights how it co-occurs with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Depression, Bipolar Disorder and Anxiety Disorder.
Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe brain disorder that affects approximately 1% of the population. It causes symptoms like hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking and speech. The document discusses two cases - Kate, an 18-year-old who draws her hallucinations, and Bryan John Charnely, an older man who creates detailed sculptures. While art may help some patients express themselves, studies are still evaluating whether art therapy is truly effective for schizophrenia symptoms and management.
This document summarizes the systematic stigmatization of mental health in the US medical care system. It discusses how there is a lack of training and resources for healthcare providers, leading to discrimination and stigmatization of individuals with mental disorders. This includes labeling, stereotyping, social distancing, and status loss. The stigmatization is perpetuated at multiple levels - through relationships with family/friends, by the general public due to lack of knowledge, and by healthcare providers themselves due to lack of training and empathy. The US healthcare system reinforces these stigmas through lack of appropriate coverage and providers. Changes are needed such as increased education for providers and moving towards an integrated healthcare system.
This document discusses reducing the stigma associated with mental illness. It provides information on several specific mental health conditions including body dysmorphic disorder, schizophrenia, and phobias. For each, it describes symptoms, possible causes, prevalence rates, treatment options, and other key details. The conclusion encourages efforts to address the stigma around mental illness through respectful language and understanding.
Problem 7. Dollars for WaitingJeffrey Swift has been a messenger.docxjeffsrosalyn
Problem 7. Dollars for Waiting?
Jeffrey Swift has been a messenger used by a couple of the local businesses where the Discrimina, Inc. machine shop is located. Sometimes he has done some extra errands inside the Discrimina building for a couple of hours. For the last several weeks, he has helped package items for shipment on Thursdays. Things have gone well, but Jeffrey is concerned because sometimes he has waited over two hours in the waiting room while waiting for the packaging to begin. He wouldn't mind but Discrimina pays only for packaging time, not for waiting time. He can never be certain when the parts will be ready for packaging because final quality checking time varies wildly.
Jeffrey has his own delivery business, but Discrimina has only paid him cash. Each time, Jeffrey has given the company a receipt for the cash. While he waits, he sometimes goes out for donuts for the crew. At other times, he plays games on his PDA or makes cell calls to friends.
Question
If Jeffrey Swift sues for the waiting time hours, what is the likely result and why? Write your answer in a Word document in 1-2 pages.
.
Problem 8-2B(a) Journalize the transactions, including explanation.docxjeffsrosalyn
Problem 8-2B
(a) Journalize the transactions, including explanations.
(Note, enter all accounts in one box.
The dates have been included to help with formatting).
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
1
2
3
4
5
(b) Enter the January 1, 2014 balances in Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. Post the transactions to the ledger T Accounts
Be sure to post the amounts to the correct side of the T-Account!
Accounts Receivable
Bal.
(2)
(1)
(3)
(5)
(4)
(5)
Bal.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
(4)
Bal.
(5)
Bal.
(c)
Prepare the journal entry to record bad debt expense for 2014, assuming that aging the accounts receivable indicates that expected bad debts are $140,000.
Balance needed
...............................................................................
$
Balance before adjustment [see (b)]
................................................
Adjustment required
.......................................................................
$
The journal entry would therefore be as follows:
(d) Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratios:
Enter your answer here
Average Collection Period:
Enter your answer here
Problem 8-6B
(a) Journalize the transactions, including explanations.
(Note, enter all accounts in one box.
The dates have been included to help with formatting).
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
5
20
Feb
18
Apr
20
30
May
25
Aug
18
Sept.
1
Problem 9-2B
(a) Journalize the transactions, including explanations.
(Note, enter all accounts in one box.
The dates have been included to help with formatting).
If there are two entries for the same day, then you do not need to enter the date again.
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
April
1
May
1
May
1
June
1
Sept
1
PART B
Dec
31
31
(c)
Partial Balance Sheet
TONG CORPORATION
Partial Balance Sheet
December 31, 2014
Assets
Plant assets
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title (or contra account)
Amount
Total plant assets
Amount
Problem 9-7B
(a)
BUS 1
Year
Computation
Accumulated Depreciation
Amount
Amount
Amount
BUS 2
Year
Computation
Accumulated Depreciation
Amount
Amount
Amount
BUS 3
Year
Computation
Accumulated Depreciation
Amount
Amount
Amount
(b)
BUS 2
Year
Depreciation Expense
Amount
Amount
.
Problem 14-4AFinancial information for Ernie Bishop Company is pre.docxjeffsrosalyn
Problem 14-4A
Financial information for Ernie Bishop Company is presented below.
ERNIE BISHOP COMPANY
Balance Sheets
December 31
Assets
2013
2012
Cash
$ 70,000
$ 65,000
Short-term investments
52,000
40,000
Receivables (net)
98,000
80,000
Inventory
125,000
135,000
Prepaid expenses
29,000
23,000
Land
130,000
130,000
Building and equipment (net)
168,000
175,000
$672,000
$648,000
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Notes payable
$100,000
100,000
Accounts payable
48,000
42,000
Accrued liabilities
44,000
40,000
Bonds payable, due 2016
150,000
150,000
Common stock, $10 par
200,000
200,000
Retained earnings
130,000
116,000
$672,000
$648,000
ERNIE BISHOP COMPANY
Income Statement
For the Years Ended December 31
2013
2012
Net sales
$858,000
$798,000
Cost of goods sold
611,000
575,000
Gross profit
247,000
223,000
Operating expenses
204,500
181,000
Net income
$ 42,500
$ 42,000
Additional information:
1.
Inventory at the beginning of 2012 was $118,000.
2.
Total assets at the beginning of 2012 were $632,000.
3.
No common stock transactions occurred during 2012 or 2013.
4.
All sales were on account.
5.
Receivables (net) at the beginning of 2012 were $88,000.
(a)
Indicate, by using ratios, the change in liquidity and profitability of Ernie Bishop Company from 2012 to 2013.
(Round Earnings per share to 2 decimal places, e.g. 1.65, and all others to 1 decimal place, e.g. 6.8 or 6.8% .)
2012
2013
Change
LIQUIDITY
Current
Acid-test
Receivables turnover
Inventory turnover
PROFITABILITY
Profit margin
Asset turnover
Return on assets
Earnings per share
$
(b)
Given below are three independent situations and a ratio that may be affected. For each situation, compute the affected ratio (1) as of December 31, 2013, and (2) as of December 31, 2014, after giving effect to the situation. Net income for 2014 was $50,000. Total assets on December 31, 2014, were $700,000.
Situation
Ratio
(1)
18,000 shares of common stock were sold at par on July 1, 2014.
Return on common stockholders’ equity
(2)
All of the notes payable were paid in 2014. The only change in liabilities was that the notes payable were paid.
Debt to total assets
(3)
Market price of common stock was $9 on December 31, 2013, and $12.50 on December 31, 2014.
Price-earnings ratio
2013
2014
Change
Return on common stockholders’ equity
Debt to total assets
Price-earnings ratio
Click if you would like to Show Work for this question:
Open Show Work
.
Problem and solution essay about the difficulties of speaking Engli.docxjeffsrosalyn
Problem and solution essay about the difficulties of speaking English language for international students in the foriegn country.
- introduction with good thesis statement( start with transition word and include the problem and solution)
- first body paragraph ( define and explain the problem)
- second body paragraph. give the solution
- conclusion
two paraphrase
.
problem 8-6 (LO 4) Worksheet, direct and indirect holding, interco.docxjeffsrosalyn
problem 8-6 (LO 4) Worksheet, direct and indirect holding, intercompany mer-
chandise,
machine. The
following
diagram
depicts
the
relationships
among
Mary
Company, John Company, and Joan Company on December 31, 2014:
Mary
John
Owns 60%
Owns 40%
Joan
Owns 50%
Mary Company purchases its interest in John Company on January 1, 2012, for $204,000.
John Company purchases its interest in Joan Company on January 1, 2013, for $75,000. Mary
Company purchases its interest in Joan Company on January 1, 2014, for $72,000. All invest-
ments are accounted for under the equity method. Control over Joan Company does not occur
until the January 1, 2014, acquisition. Thus, a D&D schedule will be prepared for the invest-
ment in Joan as of January 1, 2014.
The following stockholders’ equities are available:
John
Joan
Company
December31
,
December 31
2011
2012
2013
Commonstock ($10par). ........... ............
$150,000
Commonstock ($10par). ........... ............
$100,000
$100,000
Paid-incapitalinexcess of par ............. ..... 75,000
Retained earnings .............................
75,000
50,000
80,000
Totalequity ......... ........... ............
$300,000
$150,000
$180,000
On January 2, 2014, Joan Company sells a machine to Mary Company for $20,000. The
machine has a book value of $10,000, with an estimated life of five years and is being depre-
ciated on a straight-line basis.
John Company sells $20,000 of merchandise to Joan Company during 2014 to realize a gross
profit of 30%. Of this merchandise, $5,000 remains in Joan Company’s December 31, 2014,
inventory. Joan owes John $3,000 on December 31, 2014, for merchandise delivered during
2014.
Trial balances of the three companies prepared from general ledger account balances on
December 31, 2014, are as follows:
Mary
John
Joan
Cash ...................... ........... ......
62,500
60,000
30,000
Accounts Receivable ........................... 200,000
55,000
30,000
Inventory ................... ........... ......
360,000
80,000
50,000
Investmentin JohnCompany........... ........ 270,000
Investmentin JoanCompany........... .......... 86,000
107,500
Property, Plant,andEquipment.... ........... ...2,250,000
850,000
350,000
Accumulated Depreciation ....... ........... .... (938,000)
(377,500)
(121,800
Mary
John
Joan
Intangibles.... ........... ........... .........
15,000
Accounts Payable ............... ........... ...
(215,500)
(61,000)
(22,000)
AccruedExpenses............... ........... ...
(12,000)
(4,000)
(1,200)
BondsPayable. ........... ........... .........
(500,000)
(300,000)
(100,000)
Common Stock($5par) ........................
(500,000)
Common Stock($10par) ....................... (150,000)
Common Stock($10par) ....................... (100,000)
Paid-In Capital inExcessof Par ...... ........... (700,000)
(75,000).
Problem 4-5ADevine Brown opened Devine’s Carpet Cleaners on March .docxjeffsrosalyn
Problem 4-5A
Devine Brown opened Devine’s Carpet Cleaners on March 1. During March, the following transactions were completed.
Mar. 1
Invested $10,940 cash in the business.
1
Purchased used truck for $6,050, paying $3,025 cash and the balance on account.
3
Purchased cleaning supplies for $1,128 on account.
5
Paid $1,788 cash on one-year insurance policy effective March 1.
14
Billed customers $4,723 for cleaning services.
18
Paid $1,538 cash on amount owed on truck and $402 on amount owed on cleaning supplies.
20
Paid $1,648 cash for employee salaries.
21
Collected $1,926 cash from customers billed on March 14.
28
Billed customers $2,561 for cleaning services.
31
Paid gasoline for month on truck $393.
31
Withdrew $769 cash for personal use.
(a)
Your answer is correct.
Journalize the March transactions.
(Record entries in the order displayed in the problem statement. Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
Click if you would like to Show Work for this question:
Open Show Work
SHOW LIST OF ACCOUNTS
SHOW ANSWER
LINK TO TEXT
LINK TO TEXT
LINK TO TEXT
LINK TO TEXT
Attempts: 2 of 5 used
(b) and (c)
Your answer is partially correct. Try again.
Prepare a trial balance at March 31 on a worksheet. Enter the following adjustments on the worksheet and complete the worksheet.
(1)
Earned but unbilled revenue at March 31 was $843.
(2)
Depreciation on equipment for the month was $463.
(3)
One-twelfth of the insurance expired.
(4)
An inventory count shows $273 of cleaning supplies on hand at March 31.
(5)
Accrued but unpaid employee salaries were $598.
DEVINE’S CARPET CLEANERS
Worksheet
For the Month Ended March 31, 2012
Trial Balance
Adjustments
Adjusted Trial Balance
Income Statement
Balance Sheet
Account Titles
Dr.
Cr.
Dr.
Cr.
Dr.
Cr.
Dr.
Cr.
Dr.
Cr.
Cash
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
Accounts Receivable
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
Supplies
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
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[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
Prepaid Insurance
[removed]
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[removed]
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[removed]
Equipment
[removed]
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Accounts Payable
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[removed]
Owner’s Capital
[removed]
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[removed]
[removed]
Owner’s Drawings
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[remove.
Problem 1-4A (Part Level Submission)Matt Stiner started a delivery.docxjeffsrosalyn
Problem 1-4A (Part Level Submission)
Matt Stiner started a delivery service, Stiner Deliveries, on June 1, 2014. The following transactions occurred during the month of June.
June 1
Stockholders invested $14,493 cash in the business in exchange for common stock.
2
Purchased a used van for deliveries for $14,932. Matt paid $3,189 cash and signed a note payable for the remaining balance.
3
Paid $669 for office rent for the month.
5
Performed $4,502 of services on account.
9
Declared and paid $203 in cash dividends.
12
Purchased supplies for $109 on account.
15
Received a cash payment of $1,468 for services provided on June 5.
17
Purchased gasoline for $124 on account.
20
Received a cash payment of $1,385 for services provided.
23
Made a cash payment of $531 on the note payable.
26
Paid $122 for utilities.
29
Paid for the gasoline purchased on account on June 17.
30
Paid $1,255 for employee salaries.
(a)
Show the effects of the previous transactions on the accounting equation.
(If a transaction causes a decrease in Assets, Liabilities or Stockholders' Equity, place a negative sign (or parentheses) in front of the amount entered for the particular Asset, Liability or Equity item that was reduced. See Illustration 1-8 for example.)
STINER DELIVERIES
Assets
=
Liabilities
+
Stockholders' Equity
Retained Earnings
Date
Cash
+
Accounts
Receivable
+
Supplies
+
Equipment
=
Notes
Payable
+
Accounts
Payable
+
Common
Stock
+
Revenues
–
Expenses
–
Dividends
June 1
$
[removed]
$
[removed]
$
[removed]
$
[removed]
$
[removed]
$
[removed]
$
[removed]
$
[removed]
$
[removed]
$
[removed]
2
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
3
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
5
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
9
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
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[removed]
12
[removed]
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15
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17
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20
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23
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26
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[removed].
PROBLEM 5-5BPrepare a correct detailed multiple-step income stat.docxjeffsrosalyn
PROBLEM 5-5B
Prepare a correct detailed multiple-step income statement.
Assume a tax rate of 25%.
WRIGHT COMPANY
Income Statement
For the Month Ended December 31, 2014
Sales Revenues
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Net Sales
Cost of goods sold
Gross profit
Amount
Operating Expenses
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Total operating expenses
Amount
Income from operations
Amount
Other revenues and gains
Account title
Amount
Other expenses and losses
Account title
Amount
Amount (Total)
Income before income taxes
Income tax expense
Net Income
P5-5B
An inexperienced accountant prepared this condensed income statement for
Wright Company, a retail firm that has been in business for a number of years.
WRIGHT COMPANY
Income Statement
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
Revenues
Net sales $952,000
Other revenues 16,000
968,000
Cost of goods sold 548,000
Gross profit 420,000
Operating expenses
Selling expenses 160,000
Administrative expenses
104,000
264,000
Net earnings $156,000
As an experienced, knowledgeable accountant, you review the statement and determine
the following facts.
1. Net sales consist of sales $972,000, less freight-out on merchandise sold $20,000.
2. Other revenues consist of sales discounts $12,000 and interest revenue $4,000.
3. Selling expenses consist of salespersons’ salaries $88,000; depreciation on equip-
ment $4,000; sales returns and allowances $46,000; advertising $12,000; and sales
commissions $10,000. All compensation should be recorded as Salaries and Wages
Expense.
4. Administrative expenses consist of office salaries $54,000; dividends $14,000; utili-
ties $13,000; interest expense $3,000; and rent expense $20,000, which includes
prepayments totaling $2,000 for the first month of 2015. The utilities represent
utilities paid. At December 31, utility expense of $3,000 has been incurred but not
paid.
Problem 6-2B
(a) Determine the Cost of Goods Available for Sale
Date
Explanation
Units
Unit Cost
Total Cost
Total
(b) Determine the ending inventory and cost of goods sold under each of the assumed cost flow methods.
Prove the accuracy of the cost of goods sold under FIFO and LIFO.
FIFO
(1) Ending Inventory
(2) Cost of Goods Sold
Date
Units
Unit Cost
Total Cost
Cost of goods available for sale
Amount
Amount
Amount
Less: ending inventory
Amount
Amount
Amount
Total
Amount
Total
Amount
Cost of Goods Sold
Amount
Proof of Cost of Goods Sold (FIFO)
Date
Units
Unit Cost
Total Cost
Amount
Amount
Amount
Amount
Amount
Amount
Amount
Amount
Total
Amount
Total
Amount
LIFO
(1) Ending Inventory
(2) Cost of Goods Sold
Date
Units
Unit Cost
Total Cost
Cost of goods available for sale
Amount
Amount
Amount
Less: ending inventory
Amount
Amount
Amount
Total
Amount
Total
Amount
Cost of Goods Sold
Amount
Proof of .
Problem 12-9ACondensed financial data of Odgers Inc. follow.ODGE.docxjeffsrosalyn
Problem 12-9A
Condensed financial data of Odgers Inc. follow.
ODGERS INC.
Comparative Balance Sheets
December 31
Assets
2014
2013
Cash
$ 147,864
$ 88,572
Accounts receivable
160,674
69,540
Inventory
205,875
188,216
Prepaid expenses
51,972
47,580
Long-term investments
252,540
199,470
Plant assets
521,550
443,775
Accumulated depreciation
(91,500
)
(95,160
)
Total
$1,248,975
$941,993
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Accounts payable
$ 186,660
$ 123,159
Accrued expenses payable
30,195
38,430
Bonds payable
201,300
267,180
Common stock
402,600
320,250
Retained earnings
428,220
192,974
Total
$1,248,975
$941,993
ODGERS INC.
Income Statement Data
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
Sales revenue
$710,882
Less:
Cost of goods sold
$247,892
Operating expenses, excluding depreciation
22,710
Depreciation expense
85,095
Income tax expense
49,922
Interest expense
8,656
Loss on disposal of plant assets
13,725
428,000
Net income
$ 282,882
Additional information:
1.
New plant assets costing $183,000 were purchased for cash during the year.
2.
Old plant assets having an original cost of $105,225 and accumulated depreciation of $88,755 were sold for $2,745 cash.
3.
Bonds payable matured and were paid off at face value for cash.
4.
A cash dividend of $47,636 was declared and paid during the year.
Prepare a statement of cash flows using the indirect method.
(Show amounts that decrease cash flow with either a - sign e.g. -15,000 or in parenthesis e.g. (15,000).)
ODGERS INC.
Statement of Cash Flows
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
$
$
$
[removed]
.
Problem 13-6AIrwin Corporation has been authorized to issue 20,80.docxjeffsrosalyn
*Problem 13-6A
Irwin Corporation has been authorized to issue 20,800 shares of $100 par value, 10%, noncumulative preferred stock
and 981,000 shares of no-par common stock. The corporation assigned a $2.50 stated value to the common stock. At
December 31, 2014, the ledger contained the following balances pertaining to stockholders’ equity.
The preferred stock was issued for land having a fair value of $142,900. All common stock issued was for cash. In
November, 1,500 shares of common stock were purchased for the treasury at a per share cost of $14. In
December, 500 shares of treasury stock were sold for $15 per share. No dividends were declared in 2014.
Preferred Stock $119,000
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par—Preferred Stock 23,900
Common Stock 981,000
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Stated Value—Common Stock 1,781,300
Treasury Stock (1,000 common shares) 14,000
Paid-in Capital from Treasury Stock 500
Retained Earnings 81,600
.
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Problem 7. Dollars for WaitingJeffrey Swift has been a messenger.docxjeffsrosalyn
Problem 7. Dollars for Waiting?
Jeffrey Swift has been a messenger used by a couple of the local businesses where the Discrimina, Inc. machine shop is located. Sometimes he has done some extra errands inside the Discrimina building for a couple of hours. For the last several weeks, he has helped package items for shipment on Thursdays. Things have gone well, but Jeffrey is concerned because sometimes he has waited over two hours in the waiting room while waiting for the packaging to begin. He wouldn't mind but Discrimina pays only for packaging time, not for waiting time. He can never be certain when the parts will be ready for packaging because final quality checking time varies wildly.
Jeffrey has his own delivery business, but Discrimina has only paid him cash. Each time, Jeffrey has given the company a receipt for the cash. While he waits, he sometimes goes out for donuts for the crew. At other times, he plays games on his PDA or makes cell calls to friends.
Question
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.
Problem 8-2B(a) Journalize the transactions, including explanation.docxjeffsrosalyn
Problem 8-2B
(a) Journalize the transactions, including explanations.
(Note, enter all accounts in one box.
The dates have been included to help with formatting).
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
1
2
3
4
5
(b) Enter the January 1, 2014 balances in Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. Post the transactions to the ledger T Accounts
Be sure to post the amounts to the correct side of the T-Account!
Accounts Receivable
Bal.
(2)
(1)
(3)
(5)
(4)
(5)
Bal.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
(4)
Bal.
(5)
Bal.
(c)
Prepare the journal entry to record bad debt expense for 2014, assuming that aging the accounts receivable indicates that expected bad debts are $140,000.
Balance needed
...............................................................................
$
Balance before adjustment [see (b)]
................................................
Adjustment required
.......................................................................
$
The journal entry would therefore be as follows:
(d) Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratios:
Enter your answer here
Average Collection Period:
Enter your answer here
Problem 8-6B
(a) Journalize the transactions, including explanations.
(Note, enter all accounts in one box.
The dates have been included to help with formatting).
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
5
20
Feb
18
Apr
20
30
May
25
Aug
18
Sept.
1
Problem 9-2B
(a) Journalize the transactions, including explanations.
(Note, enter all accounts in one box.
The dates have been included to help with formatting).
If there are two entries for the same day, then you do not need to enter the date again.
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
April
1
May
1
May
1
June
1
Sept
1
PART B
Dec
31
31
(c)
Partial Balance Sheet
TONG CORPORATION
Partial Balance Sheet
December 31, 2014
Assets
Plant assets
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title (or contra account)
Amount
Total plant assets
Amount
Problem 9-7B
(a)
BUS 1
Year
Computation
Accumulated Depreciation
Amount
Amount
Amount
BUS 2
Year
Computation
Accumulated Depreciation
Amount
Amount
Amount
BUS 3
Year
Computation
Accumulated Depreciation
Amount
Amount
Amount
(b)
BUS 2
Year
Depreciation Expense
Amount
Amount
.
Problem 14-4AFinancial information for Ernie Bishop Company is pre.docxjeffsrosalyn
Problem 14-4A
Financial information for Ernie Bishop Company is presented below.
ERNIE BISHOP COMPANY
Balance Sheets
December 31
Assets
2013
2012
Cash
$ 70,000
$ 65,000
Short-term investments
52,000
40,000
Receivables (net)
98,000
80,000
Inventory
125,000
135,000
Prepaid expenses
29,000
23,000
Land
130,000
130,000
Building and equipment (net)
168,000
175,000
$672,000
$648,000
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Notes payable
$100,000
100,000
Accounts payable
48,000
42,000
Accrued liabilities
44,000
40,000
Bonds payable, due 2016
150,000
150,000
Common stock, $10 par
200,000
200,000
Retained earnings
130,000
116,000
$672,000
$648,000
ERNIE BISHOP COMPANY
Income Statement
For the Years Ended December 31
2013
2012
Net sales
$858,000
$798,000
Cost of goods sold
611,000
575,000
Gross profit
247,000
223,000
Operating expenses
204,500
181,000
Net income
$ 42,500
$ 42,000
Additional information:
1.
Inventory at the beginning of 2012 was $118,000.
2.
Total assets at the beginning of 2012 were $632,000.
3.
No common stock transactions occurred during 2012 or 2013.
4.
All sales were on account.
5.
Receivables (net) at the beginning of 2012 were $88,000.
(a)
Indicate, by using ratios, the change in liquidity and profitability of Ernie Bishop Company from 2012 to 2013.
(Round Earnings per share to 2 decimal places, e.g. 1.65, and all others to 1 decimal place, e.g. 6.8 or 6.8% .)
2012
2013
Change
LIQUIDITY
Current
Acid-test
Receivables turnover
Inventory turnover
PROFITABILITY
Profit margin
Asset turnover
Return on assets
Earnings per share
$
(b)
Given below are three independent situations and a ratio that may be affected. For each situation, compute the affected ratio (1) as of December 31, 2013, and (2) as of December 31, 2014, after giving effect to the situation. Net income for 2014 was $50,000. Total assets on December 31, 2014, were $700,000.
Situation
Ratio
(1)
18,000 shares of common stock were sold at par on July 1, 2014.
Return on common stockholders’ equity
(2)
All of the notes payable were paid in 2014. The only change in liabilities was that the notes payable were paid.
Debt to total assets
(3)
Market price of common stock was $9 on December 31, 2013, and $12.50 on December 31, 2014.
Price-earnings ratio
2013
2014
Change
Return on common stockholders’ equity
Debt to total assets
Price-earnings ratio
Click if you would like to Show Work for this question:
Open Show Work
.
Problem and solution essay about the difficulties of speaking Engli.docxjeffsrosalyn
Problem and solution essay about the difficulties of speaking English language for international students in the foriegn country.
- introduction with good thesis statement( start with transition word and include the problem and solution)
- first body paragraph ( define and explain the problem)
- second body paragraph. give the solution
- conclusion
two paraphrase
.
problem 8-6 (LO 4) Worksheet, direct and indirect holding, interco.docxjeffsrosalyn
problem 8-6 (LO 4) Worksheet, direct and indirect holding, intercompany mer-
chandise,
machine. The
following
diagram
depicts
the
relationships
among
Mary
Company, John Company, and Joan Company on December 31, 2014:
Mary
John
Owns 60%
Owns 40%
Joan
Owns 50%
Mary Company purchases its interest in John Company on January 1, 2012, for $204,000.
John Company purchases its interest in Joan Company on January 1, 2013, for $75,000. Mary
Company purchases its interest in Joan Company on January 1, 2014, for $72,000. All invest-
ments are accounted for under the equity method. Control over Joan Company does not occur
until the January 1, 2014, acquisition. Thus, a D&D schedule will be prepared for the invest-
ment in Joan as of January 1, 2014.
The following stockholders’ equities are available:
John
Joan
Company
December31
,
December 31
2011
2012
2013
Commonstock ($10par). ........... ............
$150,000
Commonstock ($10par). ........... ............
$100,000
$100,000
Paid-incapitalinexcess of par ............. ..... 75,000
Retained earnings .............................
75,000
50,000
80,000
Totalequity ......... ........... ............
$300,000
$150,000
$180,000
On January 2, 2014, Joan Company sells a machine to Mary Company for $20,000. The
machine has a book value of $10,000, with an estimated life of five years and is being depre-
ciated on a straight-line basis.
John Company sells $20,000 of merchandise to Joan Company during 2014 to realize a gross
profit of 30%. Of this merchandise, $5,000 remains in Joan Company’s December 31, 2014,
inventory. Joan owes John $3,000 on December 31, 2014, for merchandise delivered during
2014.
Trial balances of the three companies prepared from general ledger account balances on
December 31, 2014, are as follows:
Mary
John
Joan
Cash ...................... ........... ......
62,500
60,000
30,000
Accounts Receivable ........................... 200,000
55,000
30,000
Inventory ................... ........... ......
360,000
80,000
50,000
Investmentin JohnCompany........... ........ 270,000
Investmentin JoanCompany........... .......... 86,000
107,500
Property, Plant,andEquipment.... ........... ...2,250,000
850,000
350,000
Accumulated Depreciation ....... ........... .... (938,000)
(377,500)
(121,800
Mary
John
Joan
Intangibles.... ........... ........... .........
15,000
Accounts Payable ............... ........... ...
(215,500)
(61,000)
(22,000)
AccruedExpenses............... ........... ...
(12,000)
(4,000)
(1,200)
BondsPayable. ........... ........... .........
(500,000)
(300,000)
(100,000)
Common Stock($5par) ........................
(500,000)
Common Stock($10par) ....................... (150,000)
Common Stock($10par) ....................... (100,000)
Paid-In Capital inExcessof Par ...... ........... (700,000)
(75,000).
Problem 4-5ADevine Brown opened Devine’s Carpet Cleaners on March .docxjeffsrosalyn
Problem 4-5A
Devine Brown opened Devine’s Carpet Cleaners on March 1. During March, the following transactions were completed.
Mar. 1
Invested $10,940 cash in the business.
1
Purchased used truck for $6,050, paying $3,025 cash and the balance on account.
3
Purchased cleaning supplies for $1,128 on account.
5
Paid $1,788 cash on one-year insurance policy effective March 1.
14
Billed customers $4,723 for cleaning services.
18
Paid $1,538 cash on amount owed on truck and $402 on amount owed on cleaning supplies.
20
Paid $1,648 cash for employee salaries.
21
Collected $1,926 cash from customers billed on March 14.
28
Billed customers $2,561 for cleaning services.
31
Paid gasoline for month on truck $393.
31
Withdrew $769 cash for personal use.
(a)
Your answer is correct.
Journalize the March transactions.
(Record entries in the order displayed in the problem statement. Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
Click if you would like to Show Work for this question:
Open Show Work
SHOW LIST OF ACCOUNTS
SHOW ANSWER
LINK TO TEXT
LINK TO TEXT
LINK TO TEXT
LINK TO TEXT
Attempts: 2 of 5 used
(b) and (c)
Your answer is partially correct. Try again.
Prepare a trial balance at March 31 on a worksheet. Enter the following adjustments on the worksheet and complete the worksheet.
(1)
Earned but unbilled revenue at March 31 was $843.
(2)
Depreciation on equipment for the month was $463.
(3)
One-twelfth of the insurance expired.
(4)
An inventory count shows $273 of cleaning supplies on hand at March 31.
(5)
Accrued but unpaid employee salaries were $598.
DEVINE’S CARPET CLEANERS
Worksheet
For the Month Ended March 31, 2012
Trial Balance
Adjustments
Adjusted Trial Balance
Income Statement
Balance Sheet
Account Titles
Dr.
Cr.
Dr.
Cr.
Dr.
Cr.
Dr.
Cr.
Dr.
Cr.
Cash
[removed]
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[removed]
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Accounts Receivable
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Supplies
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Problem 1-4A (Part Level Submission)Matt Stiner started a delivery.docxjeffsrosalyn
Problem 1-4A (Part Level Submission)
Matt Stiner started a delivery service, Stiner Deliveries, on June 1, 2014. The following transactions occurred during the month of June.
June 1
Stockholders invested $14,493 cash in the business in exchange for common stock.
2
Purchased a used van for deliveries for $14,932. Matt paid $3,189 cash and signed a note payable for the remaining balance.
3
Paid $669 for office rent for the month.
5
Performed $4,502 of services on account.
9
Declared and paid $203 in cash dividends.
12
Purchased supplies for $109 on account.
15
Received a cash payment of $1,468 for services provided on June 5.
17
Purchased gasoline for $124 on account.
20
Received a cash payment of $1,385 for services provided.
23
Made a cash payment of $531 on the note payable.
26
Paid $122 for utilities.
29
Paid for the gasoline purchased on account on June 17.
30
Paid $1,255 for employee salaries.
(a)
Show the effects of the previous transactions on the accounting equation.
(If a transaction causes a decrease in Assets, Liabilities or Stockholders' Equity, place a negative sign (or parentheses) in front of the amount entered for the particular Asset, Liability or Equity item that was reduced. See Illustration 1-8 for example.)
STINER DELIVERIES
Assets
=
Liabilities
+
Stockholders' Equity
Retained Earnings
Date
Cash
+
Accounts
Receivable
+
Supplies
+
Equipment
=
Notes
Payable
+
Accounts
Payable
+
Common
Stock
+
Revenues
–
Expenses
–
Dividends
June 1
$
[removed]
$
[removed]
$
[removed]
$
[removed]
$
[removed]
$
[removed]
$
[removed]
$
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$
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$
[removed]
2
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3
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PROBLEM 5-5BPrepare a correct detailed multiple-step income stat.docxjeffsrosalyn
PROBLEM 5-5B
Prepare a correct detailed multiple-step income statement.
Assume a tax rate of 25%.
WRIGHT COMPANY
Income Statement
For the Month Ended December 31, 2014
Sales Revenues
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Net Sales
Cost of goods sold
Gross profit
Amount
Operating Expenses
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Total operating expenses
Amount
Income from operations
Amount
Other revenues and gains
Account title
Amount
Other expenses and losses
Account title
Amount
Amount (Total)
Income before income taxes
Income tax expense
Net Income
P5-5B
An inexperienced accountant prepared this condensed income statement for
Wright Company, a retail firm that has been in business for a number of years.
WRIGHT COMPANY
Income Statement
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
Revenues
Net sales $952,000
Other revenues 16,000
968,000
Cost of goods sold 548,000
Gross profit 420,000
Operating expenses
Selling expenses 160,000
Administrative expenses
104,000
264,000
Net earnings $156,000
As an experienced, knowledgeable accountant, you review the statement and determine
the following facts.
1. Net sales consist of sales $972,000, less freight-out on merchandise sold $20,000.
2. Other revenues consist of sales discounts $12,000 and interest revenue $4,000.
3. Selling expenses consist of salespersons’ salaries $88,000; depreciation on equip-
ment $4,000; sales returns and allowances $46,000; advertising $12,000; and sales
commissions $10,000. All compensation should be recorded as Salaries and Wages
Expense.
4. Administrative expenses consist of office salaries $54,000; dividends $14,000; utili-
ties $13,000; interest expense $3,000; and rent expense $20,000, which includes
prepayments totaling $2,000 for the first month of 2015. The utilities represent
utilities paid. At December 31, utility expense of $3,000 has been incurred but not
paid.
Problem 6-2B
(a) Determine the Cost of Goods Available for Sale
Date
Explanation
Units
Unit Cost
Total Cost
Total
(b) Determine the ending inventory and cost of goods sold under each of the assumed cost flow methods.
Prove the accuracy of the cost of goods sold under FIFO and LIFO.
FIFO
(1) Ending Inventory
(2) Cost of Goods Sold
Date
Units
Unit Cost
Total Cost
Cost of goods available for sale
Amount
Amount
Amount
Less: ending inventory
Amount
Amount
Amount
Total
Amount
Total
Amount
Cost of Goods Sold
Amount
Proof of Cost of Goods Sold (FIFO)
Date
Units
Unit Cost
Total Cost
Amount
Amount
Amount
Amount
Amount
Amount
Amount
Amount
Total
Amount
Total
Amount
LIFO
(1) Ending Inventory
(2) Cost of Goods Sold
Date
Units
Unit Cost
Total Cost
Cost of goods available for sale
Amount
Amount
Amount
Less: ending inventory
Amount
Amount
Amount
Total
Amount
Total
Amount
Cost of Goods Sold
Amount
Proof of .
Problem 12-9ACondensed financial data of Odgers Inc. follow.ODGE.docxjeffsrosalyn
Problem 12-9A
Condensed financial data of Odgers Inc. follow.
ODGERS INC.
Comparative Balance Sheets
December 31
Assets
2014
2013
Cash
$ 147,864
$ 88,572
Accounts receivable
160,674
69,540
Inventory
205,875
188,216
Prepaid expenses
51,972
47,580
Long-term investments
252,540
199,470
Plant assets
521,550
443,775
Accumulated depreciation
(91,500
)
(95,160
)
Total
$1,248,975
$941,993
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Accounts payable
$ 186,660
$ 123,159
Accrued expenses payable
30,195
38,430
Bonds payable
201,300
267,180
Common stock
402,600
320,250
Retained earnings
428,220
192,974
Total
$1,248,975
$941,993
ODGERS INC.
Income Statement Data
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
Sales revenue
$710,882
Less:
Cost of goods sold
$247,892
Operating expenses, excluding depreciation
22,710
Depreciation expense
85,095
Income tax expense
49,922
Interest expense
8,656
Loss on disposal of plant assets
13,725
428,000
Net income
$ 282,882
Additional information:
1.
New plant assets costing $183,000 were purchased for cash during the year.
2.
Old plant assets having an original cost of $105,225 and accumulated depreciation of $88,755 were sold for $2,745 cash.
3.
Bonds payable matured and were paid off at face value for cash.
4.
A cash dividend of $47,636 was declared and paid during the year.
Prepare a statement of cash flows using the indirect method.
(Show amounts that decrease cash flow with either a - sign e.g. -15,000 or in parenthesis e.g. (15,000).)
ODGERS INC.
Statement of Cash Flows
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
$
$
$
[removed]
.
Problem 13-6AIrwin Corporation has been authorized to issue 20,80.docxjeffsrosalyn
*Problem 13-6A
Irwin Corporation has been authorized to issue 20,800 shares of $100 par value, 10%, noncumulative preferred stock
and 981,000 shares of no-par common stock. The corporation assigned a $2.50 stated value to the common stock. At
December 31, 2014, the ledger contained the following balances pertaining to stockholders’ equity.
The preferred stock was issued for land having a fair value of $142,900. All common stock issued was for cash. In
November, 1,500 shares of common stock were purchased for the treasury at a per share cost of $14. In
December, 500 shares of treasury stock were sold for $15 per share. No dividends were declared in 2014.
Preferred Stock $119,000
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par—Preferred Stock 23,900
Common Stock 981,000
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Stated Value—Common Stock 1,781,300
Treasury Stock (1,000 common shares) 14,000
Paid-in Capital from Treasury Stock 500
Retained Earnings 81,600
.
Prior to posting in this discussion, completeThe Parking Garage.docxjeffsrosalyn
Prior to posting in this discussion, complete
The Parking Garage
scenario interactivity module and view the video,
This is Water by David Foster Wallace
. Reflect on what you have seen and recall a time when you experienced simplistic and unfounded stereotypical thinking. What could you have done differently? What is something that you need to work on in the future to become a better critical thinker? 200 words
.
Prior to engaging in this discussion, read Chapters 10 and 11 in y.docxjeffsrosalyn
Prior to engaging in this discussion, read Chapters 10 and 11 in your text as well as the “Steps for Effective Discharge Planning” article, and review any relevant Instructor Guidance.
For this discussion, refer to the information in the
“Introduction to the Miller Family”
document.
Select one of the family members below whose medical condition has the potential to have worsened to the point that they would need to be hospitalized. Once you have chosen your subject, create a discharge scenario. Each of these family members has been introduced in an earlier assignment. Be sure to review your materials for that assignment including any relevant instructor feedback.
Option 1:
Elías - leukemia
Option 2:
Lila - diabetes (IDDM)
Option 3:
Sam - liver disease caused by heavy drinking
Option 4:
Lucy - bipolar disorder and serious substance abuse (dual diagnosis)
In your initial post, create and present a possible scenario in order to respond to the subject’s discharge from the hospital. See earlier assignments for samples of how to begin crafting the scenario for your subject. Remember to be creative, refer to the “Introduction to the Miller Family” document, and include as much detailed information as appropriate. Be sure to address the following points in your initial post.
Describe the specific issues that need to be addressed when discharging this patient.
Briefly identify who (individuals, professionals, agencies, or organizations) might be identified in the plan, what needs to be done, and when it should happen.
Identify community resources (e.g., doctors, counselors, and agencies) that will be needed, what their roles are in the plan, and assess how they might meet the needs of your patient. Integrate the biological theory of intellect and cognition with your subject’s sociocultural experiences in order to better ascertain his or her needs.
Identify and discuss at least one barrier for success based on the individual’s intellect and his or her sociocultural experiences and perspectives. Critique the contributions of community-based programs and how they might alleviate issues related to this barrier.
dq2
Watch one of the eight videos from
The Future of Medicine
playlist. Then, go to the Ashford University Library and find two research articles related to the social impact or relevance of the topic addressed in your selected video. For assistance with finding peer-reviewed articles, please see the
tutorial
on the Ashford University Library website. Consider the work you have completed in the previous discussions throughout the course. Summarize how we, as individuals, are affected by disease, disability, or disorder. What emotions do we experience toward others with these conditions (empathy, judgment, fear, guilt)? Critique the contributions of community-based programs and how they influence our societal reactions to diseases, disabilities, and disorders. Examine and comment on the ways in which individuals, families, communi.
Privacy in a Technological AgePrivacy protection is a hot top.docxjeffsrosalyn
Privacy in a Technological Age:
Privacy protection is a hot topic in today’s data-hungry technological world
. In a well-written paper,
1.
Begin with an examination of an individual’s right to privacy
.
Then consider
2.
How advanced surveillance and monitoring technologies might intrude upon this right to privacy.
3.
How might the roles and obligations of an organization conflict with its workers right to privacy?
Provide specific examples to support your analysis.
Your well-written paper should be 2-3 pages in length and formatted according to the
CSU-Global Guide to Writing and
APA Requirements
. You should reference 2-3 scholarly sources (your textbook can count as one of these). The CSU-Global Library is a good place to find these scholarly sources
Textbook is attached
Reynolds, G. W. (2014).
Ethics in information technology
(5th ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning
Note:
I don’t need cover page.
.
Privacy Introduction Does the technology today Pene.docxjeffsrosalyn
Privacy :
Introduction
Does the technology today
Penetrates
our
privacy
?
Harms and the benefits.
What is the natural right for privacy ?
How we can trust the people or the organizations in our privacy ?
Does the governments have the right to go through our privacy? why ?
What the limit for privacy ?
How we can protect our privacy ?
Conclusion
.
Prisoner rights in America are based largely on the provisions of th.docxjeffsrosalyn
Prisoner rights in America are based largely on the provisions of the Bill of Rights. In this assignment, you will research the U.S. Bill of Rights and explain its major provisions. You should address the impact that the Bill of Rights has had on the field of criminal justice, corrections, and prisoners' rights. Also, explain how the Bill of Rights is applied at the state level.
Identify and explain the major provisions of the Bill of Rights.
How has the Bill of Rights significantly impacted the prisoners' rights and the fields of criminal justice and corrections?
Explain how the Bill of Rights is applied at the state level.
What are 2 major avenues of relief pursued by prisoners?
You must reference at least 2 credible sources in APA style.
4 pages
No plagerism
Abstract and Reference Page
.
Principles of Supply and Demanda brief example of supply and deman.docxjeffsrosalyn
Principles of Supply and Demand
a brief example of supply and demand for public health goods and services. Select two factors that might influence price elasticity of demand for public health goods or services in your example. Explain how and why price elasticity might influence the quantity of goods and services demanded in that example.
.
Primary Task Response Within the Discussion Board area, write 300.docxjeffsrosalyn
Primary Task Response:
Within the Discussion Board area, write 300–500 words that respond to the following questions with your thoughts, ideas, and comments. This will be the foundation for future discussions by your classmates. Be substantive and clear, and use examples to reinforce your ideas.
Interest groups play a significant role in contemporary American politics, on a wide range of public policy issues, from healthcare (Affordable Care Act, for example) to gun control (the NRA is a well-known example), and from financial services regulation to regulating food production.
For this discussion board, choose an interest group that appeals to you and then identify a public policy issue that your selected interest group is working on impacting. In addition, include the following information:
What types of activities are conducted by your interest group? Provide examples of activities undertaken by the group within the last 12 months. Activities can include lobbying, television or radio spots, media spots, rallies or other activities. Also, if available, provide links to any news articles about the organization’s activities or press releases from the organization or other articles from the organization’s website for your classmates’ reference.
How is your chosen interest group connected to the average citizen, if at all? Provide examples of average citizens’ involvement in your chosen interest group, if any. If your chosen interest group rarely or does not interact with the average citizen, please discuss how the work of your chosen interest group indirectly impacts the average citizen, if at all.
Do you believe that interest groups do, or have the ability to, promote corruption in government? Explain your position. If they do or have the potential to do so, why do you believe so? If not, what do you think prevents them from corrupting government? Support your position with specific examples.
.
Pretend you are a British government official during the time leadin.docxjeffsrosalyn
Pretend you are a British government official during the time leading up the Revolutionary War.
Write a 2-3 paragraph letter to the editor of your local newspaper explaining your feelins about the actions of the colonists. Be sure to give examples. (Things to possibly include: Do you think they are overreacting? Why or why not? How do you feel the issues should be resolved?) Really put some thought into this assignment, it wouldn't hurt to do some outside research to support your Letter to the Editor
.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
Running head WHY IS THERE A STIGMA OF MENTAL HEALTH IN THE AF.docx
1. Running head: WHY IS THERE A STIGMA OF MENTAL
HEALTH IN THE AFRICAN
AMERICAN COMMUNITY 1
Why is there a stigma of mental health in the African American
community
Xavier De La Cruz
Benedict College
Applied Social Work Research II SW 434 01
Dr. Miller
November 2nd, 2019
2. AFRICAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH 2
Abstract
Everyone is susceptible to the development of mental health
regardless of race, color,
gender, or identity. More than half of the citizens in the United
States are recognized with a
mental illness in their lifetime, and African Americans are at
higher risk of developing a mental
illness due to limited resources and other barriers. The
challenge is further enhanced in the
community due to a stigma prevailing in the group that prevents
most members from seeking
medical help. The lack of knowledge about mental illness calls
for increased awareness of the
challenge, especially when the condition is viewed differently
from other physical diseases. The
significant impacts of mental illness in the African American
demography makes it a healthcare
issue and calls for further consideration of the condition as
more social workers are needed to
3. work with the community to address the issue. The barriers to
knowledge and access to medical
assistance among African Americans take center-stage in this
paper.
AFRICAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH 3
Introduction
Mental health conditions have effects regardless of color, race,
identity, or gender.
Anybody can experience the challenges of mental illness
regardless of their background.
Although we are similar, your experiences and how you
understand and deal with these
conditions may be different. Anyone can develop a mental
health problem, but African
Americans sometimes experience more severe forms of mental
health conditions because of
limited resources and other barriers. African Americans are
twenty percent more likely to have
severe psychological distress than Whites are. Also, African
4. Americans and other minority
communities are more likely to have similar experiences, such
as barriers from health,
educational, social, and economic resources because of cultural
and societal factors. These may
contribute to worse mental health outcomes. More than half of
the people in the United States are
being recognized with a mental illness in their lifetime;
however, now not everybody will
acquire the assistance they need. Even though mental illness is
common and might affect
everyone, there is still a stigma attached. This stigma creates
shame in seeking help, especially in
the African American community. The understanding of mental
illnesses has come a far way
from where it used to be, but improvements have to make.
Mental illnesses should not be viewed
any differently from physical diseases. I believe the two are
very similar. When the mind is ill, it
is not just the brain, but it has effects on the whole body and
health overall. Substance abuse,
self-damage, and suicide are widespread and dangerous in
people with mental illness. The stigma
connected to mental illness stops people from getting the
5. assistance they need and causes them to
cover their pain. Clinically trained social workers are the
nation's largest group of mental health
service providers. (Staff, 2016). This is important to social
work because social workers push the
AFRICAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH 4
conversation of mental health forward. Many social workers in
the field are first responders to
most mental health claims. Also, the stigma of mental illness in
the African American
community has to change, and social workers can be the driving
force of a new outlook of
mental health. This navigates towards a better view of mental
health. It is important to
understand how we got to this point. Though this text will
discuss the following, what is mental
illness, historical information of mental health in the African
American community, barriers to
mental health in the African American community, also the
perspective African Americas have
on mental health.
6. Literature Review
WHAT IS MENTAL ILLNESS
Mental illness is a general term referring to all mental health
conditions that involve changes in
emotions, thinking, interaction with other people, and behavior
in a person. The changes can be
caused by different factors, such as genetics, daily habits,
environment, biology, and life
experiences (McNally, (2011).). Mental illness is diagnosed and
treated like any other physical
disease. They often lead to significant distress and can alter the
ability of a person to function.
For a person to be considered as mentally ill, their social,
educational, or occupational
functioning must have been affected. Daily experiences where
one encounters some stressing
moments should not be considered like mental illness. When the
effects or symptoms are
prolonged, though, it has to is treated as a mental illness case.
Mental illness includes many types
of mental health problems. According to the American
Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and
7. Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the following classes of
mental illnesses are found;
AFRICAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH 5
bipolar and related disorders, neurodevelopmental disorder,
depression, schizophrenia spectrum,
psychotic disorders, trauma-related disorders, eating disorders,
sexual dysfunction, personality
disorders, elimination disorders, somatic symptom and related
disorders, sleeping and waking
disorders, gender dysphoria, paraphilic disorders, substance-
related and addictive disorders,
neurocognitive disorders, and disruptive, impulse-control and
conduct disorders. Some
definitions are found below:
Depression: has been one of the most common mental disorders.
It is estimated that about 300
million people in the world are affected by depression. As
compared to men, more women are
more prone to depression. A chronic type of depression is a
persistent depressive disorder, also
known as dysthymia. A person with this disorder might
8. experience symptoms for up to two
years. In America, about 1.5 percent of adults are said to
experience dysthymia each year.
Clinical depression, also called major depressive disorder, is
experienced through extreme
sadness, feelings, and hopelessness. People experiencing
clinical depression might think about or
attempt to commit suicide. Seven percent of Americans are said
to experience at least one major
clinical depression episode per year. Depression may be
characterized by displeasure, sadness,
guilty feelings, and low self-worth, poor concentration,
tiredness, disturbed appetite, and
disturbed sleep. Depression is treatable through therapy and the
use of antidepressants for severe
cases.
Schizophrenia: is a psychosis mental disorder that affects how a
person perceives reality. It is
characterized by distorted thoughts, language, behavior, and
sense of self. Everyday experiences
may include hallucinations whereby they hear, see, and feel
things that do not exist, and
delusional with false beliefs and suspicions firmly held on to
when there is really nothing. In the
9. AFRICAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH 6
world, it affects 23 million people, while in America, about 1
percent of the population is
estimated to have schizophrenic experiences. Persons
experiencing schizophrenia may
experience stigma and discrimination hence resulting in a lack
of access to health or social
services. They're also at high risk of being exposed to human
rights violations leading to being
confined in institutions for a longer time. It can begin from as
early as adolescence or in young
adults. Schizophrenia is treatable with appropriate medicines as
well as psychosocial support.
Bipolar affective disorder: is a mental illness that is
characterized by manic and depressive
episodes with an in-between of regular mood periods; a person
with bipolar disorder experiences
episodes of manic highs, energetic, and depressive lows. The
person's energy levels are affected,
elevated moods, the pressure of speech, decreased need for
sleep, inflated self-esteem, and they
10. cannot reason. Bipolar disorder causes extremely severe mood
swings, which are not comparable
to the small ups and downs experienced daily. Bipolar disorder
affects 60 million people in the
world, while in America, about 2.6 percent of the people are
affected yearly. Medicines to
stabilize the moods are used for treatment during the acute
phase and to prevent relapse.
Development disorders: these include pervasive developmental
disorders such as autism and
intellectual disability. They usually begin during childhood but
can continue into adulthood,
resulting in delayed functions in relation to the maturation of
the central nervous system. As
compared to other mental health illnesses, developmental
disorders are characterized by
following a steady course as opposed to occurring in periods.
The primary characteristic is the
impairment of skills in developmental areas such as adaptive
behavior and cognitive functioning.
In autism, there is impaired communication and language, social
behavior, and carrying out
activities repetitively. Persons affected by these disorders need
the support of family in setting up
11. AFRICAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH 7
environments that they are comfortable and setting daily
routines that are not disrupted as well as
identifying where they can learn better.
Dementia: is the result of deterioration in cognitive function,
the processing of thoughts, which is
more than what is expected as one ages normally. It usually
affects one's ability to comprehend,
remember, calculate, learning, language, and judging. These
impairments lead to a lack of
emotional control, deteriorated social behavior, and motivation.
Stroke can contribute to
dementia.
Anxiety disorder: is the type of disease that is more than usual
anxiety experienced on a daily
basis. A person with this condition tend to worry about many
things, sometimes with no reason
to worry at all. People with this condition are often afraid that
things will never work out in their
favor.
12. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): is a mental illness that
results from one experiencing
traumatic events in their lives. These experiences can range
from war or national disasters to
physical or verbal abuse.
Common signs of other mental illnesses may include: having
insomnia or too much sleep,
depriving oneself of food or overeating, feelings of fatigue
without doing much, numbness,
experiences of unexplainable pains in the body, feelings of
hopelessness, indulging in drinking,
smoking, or drug abuse, feelings of confusion, irritability,
anxiety, anger, and forgetfulness.
These symptoms help the physicians to come up with a
diagnosis so as to give the right
treatment.
Mental illnesses treatments are aimed to reduce the symptoms
while making the condition to be
manageable. It may include medications such as
antidepressants, anti-anxiety, mood-stabilizing,
13. AFRICAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH 8
and antipsychotic drugs. Psychotherapy, hospitalized care, and
lifestyle treatment is other forms
of treatment.
HISTORICAL INFORMATION OF MENTAL HEALTH THE
AFRICAN AMERICAN
COMMUNITY
According to the 2014 U.S. Census, 13.2 percent of the U.S.
population is African
Americans, which is roughly 45.7 million people. However,
these figures might not be accurate
due to the overrepresentation of people who are hard to find
during the census. Those who are
homeless are many African Americans, whereas some just
decline is participating in the poll.
African Americans trace back their ancestry to the slave trade
from Africa. For a period of more
than 200 years, millions of them were purchased and brought to
the west. When slavery ended in
the early 1800s, their economy activities relied heavily on
agriculture, with most of them being
sick. They were exploited and remained at the bottom of the
economic ladder as most African
14. Americans were sharecropping. They continued to live in
poverty with meager incomes and little
or no opportunity for betterment. The African American
community has tried to make changes to
the fights for social and economic justice, but however, there
still exist disparities in mental
health issues. African Americans suffer more increased rates of
mental illnesses. Historical
adversities including slavery, sharecropping, racial based
exclusion from health services,
exclusion from education, and differences in social and
economic resources, which translates
into disparities in the socioeconomic status (Jones, (1998)).
These differences automatically turn
into the causes of mental illnesses among African Americans.
Homeless people and those in
prisons have a higher chance of suffering from mental illnesses
too. Racism continues to impact
AFRICAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH 9
mental health conditions and has done so for generations, and it
is yet to be addressed.
15. Psychiatrists and medical professionals have been engaging in
misdiagnosis through exploiting
African Americans by specific mental illnesses hence
prolonging the problems. Some mental
diseases could be used to suggest that African Americans were
inferior compared to other races.
John Galt, a physician of the Eastern Lunatic Asylum in
Virginia in 1848, referred to African
Americans as being immune to mental illness because they do
not own property, engage in
business, vote, or hold office. He assumed that in the time when
wealthy white men were being
exposed to the emotional stress of profit-making. Mental illness
has been in existence in a long
time, but for African Americans, little about the condition has
been available. According to Dr.
Benjamin Rush, many of the people in slavery experienced
abnormal behaviors, one of which
was "negritude," a desire by the African Americans to become
white. Drapetomania is another
mental health condition that caused slaves to run away from
their plantations. Dysesthesia, which
is now depression was a disease that caused dullness in the
slaves. Severe beatings and abuse
16. were often used to treat both conditions, according to Dr.
Samuel Cartwright. He also believed
that the slaves had to be treated like children by their owners in
order for them to remain
submissive. However, both physicians failed to recognize that it
was the emotional stress causing
the conditions and therefore offer the appropriate medication.
Mental health facilities during the
pre-civil war barred slaves from receiving treatment. The
mental health experts believed that if
the African Americans were put together with the whites, they
would affect the white's healing
process. The African Americans were therefore housed outside
near the institutions. Some child
slaves were, however, cared for in the yards of those asylums.
They were, however,
misdiagnosed and often falsely accused of crimes, which led to
prolonged stays in the
AFRICAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH 10
institutions. The distrust of the healthcare system might have
started here since the children were
17. regularly being subjected to child labor, which was being
praised by the authorities of the
asylum. There is no way they could carry out manual work if
they were mentally ill. After the
Civil War led to the freedom of almost four million slaves,
there were increased cases of insanity
and consumption, which Dr. Powell of the Georgia Lunatic
Asylum argued that it was due to the
freedom accorded to them that is why they could not control
their appetites or passions thus
leading to increased vices. Like other medical experts, he also
failed to acknowledge that
socioeconomic factors such as poverty and racial discrimination
could be leading to those
improved conditions. Individuals with mental illnesses, and the
inadequate faced sterilization in
the 1920s as they were seen as unfit for reproduction. Eugenics
movement is what resulted in
this. They only wanted people who had good genetic stock to
give birth. Sterilization focused on
African Americans in the U.S., with their populations
decreasing due to the practice. States
passed laws for sterilization, even for the misdiagnosed
individuals. In the 1960s in North
18. Carolina, sterilized African American women were more than 85
percent of the legal
sterilizations. During the 1930s to 1960s, African Americans
were victimized through
psychosurgery, which is a surgical process of removing a part of
the brain (lobotomy) in order to
treat mental illnesses. The reasons for performing this
procedure were, however, ruled to be
socio-political rather than medical. Brain dysfunction was
believed to be the cause of widespread
violence in urban places and the inner city, hence
psychosurgery was viewed as the treatment.
Social scientists, however, saw the urban violence as reactions
due to poverty, oppression,
discrimination, and police brutality against African Americans
(Fink, & Tasman, (1991)). The
doctors argued that the brain disorder could be treated
surgically hence promoting their agenda in
AFRICAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH 11
trying to end the political unrest in that period. The procedures
were performed on children who
19. were even five years when they show aggressive behaviors. Two
New York psychiatrists
identified a condition known as protest psychosis in 1968. The
situation was said to drive "Negro
men" to insanity. They believed that African American
liberation caused delusions and
hallucinations in African American men. Later, they identified
protest psychosis like
schizophrenia, and today African American men are the ones
diagnosed with schizophrenia
mostly. Psychology and science show that African Americans
were exploited through medical
experiments. In the 1800s, a physician by the name Marion Sims
carried out surgical
experiments on female African slaves and infants without using
anesthesia on them. They were
used to carry out medical research and mostly died from the
tests. From 1932 to 1972, African
American men were used in the Tuskegee Experiment by the
U.S. Public Health Service. They
were made to believe that they were being treated for free, but
they were being experimented on
to study how untreated syphilis progresses. It resulted in most
of them dying from the disease
20. and passing it on to their unborn children. These historical
traumas have impacted the mental
health in the African American community.
BARRIERS TO MENTAL ILLNESS IN THE AFRICAN
AMERICAN COMMUNITY
Several barriers contribute to mental illnesses in the African
American community.
Racial bias plays a significant role since they are always
perceived as violent, and therefore,
when they get involved in criminal activities, no one really
cares to help them. When a white
person is involved in illegal activities such as mass shootings,
there is speculation that he is
mentally ill. Mental illness doesn't discriminate; it affects all
people despite their color. Mental
AFRICAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH 12
illnesses can affect African Americans more severely because of
unmet needs and the other
barriers they face. They face cultural barriers, religious
barriers, and language barriers. When
21. they deal with these barriers, they are denied their right to
treatment since mental illnesses are
diseases like any other physical disease. Some of the issues they
are facing in dealing with
mental illnesses are.
Misunderstanding of mental illness
African American community does not understand what mental
health is and does not
talk about the topic. Coping with mental illnesses like
depression is considered a spiritual or
moral weakness due to negative stereotypes and attitudes of
rejection. The lack of knowledge
might lead some to believe that mental illness is a punishment
from God. Therefore, the shame
and stigma associated with mental illnesses might make some of
them not to seek treatment. The
signs and symptoms associated with mental illnesses might not
be clear to all of them. Hence it
can go unrecognized. Some of them refer to depression as "the
blues," and they think that it is
something they can control. The lack of information makes them
not aware of when to seek help.
Studies show that 63 percent of African Americans believe that
22. depression is a personal
weakness, with only 32 percent finding that it is a health
problem. Six percent believe that it is
normal in aging for one to be depressed. Forty percent believe it
is normal for a partner to get
depressed for more than a year after losing their spouse to
death, while 45 percent believe that it
is normal for a mother to get depressed after giving birth for at
least two weeks.
Reluctance for treatment
Only a quarter of African Americans, which accounts for about
30 percent of adults,
willingly seek treatment for mental illnesses as compared to
about 40 percent of whites who
AFRICAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH 13
receive treatment in America per year. The barrier to treatment
is due to factors such as denial
when one does not accept that they might be dealing with a
mental health condition. Another
factor is some don't want help. Some people might feel
embarrassed or ashamed, and since they
23. fear to be labeled as weak in the community, they decide not to
seek advice concerning the
conditions. Lack of money or insurance is another factor why
some cannot receive treatment.
Hopelessness also can contribute to one being reluctant to seek
help. African Americans distrust
the health system due to past misdiagnoses. They are negatively
affected by discrimination in the
system hence receiving the inadequate treatment most times.
The lack of cultural competency
prevents many of them from staying without treatment. Studies
also show that medications are
metabolized slowly in African Americans, and since they
receive high doses, the adverse side
effects are more, therefore, discouraging them from continuing
with medication.
Inability to access mental health services
Many African Americans are not able to access mental health
care due to a lack of health
insurance or money. Eleven percent of African Americans lack
any form of health insurance as
of 2017. The percentage of people who are unable to get
treatment or prescribed medicine is high
24. for people with no health insurance. In the poor working
category, the most significant
representation is African Americans, and they do not qualify for
public coverage, and the jobs
they work in do not offer private coverage. Poverty is also a
contributor since it increases the
chances of being mentally ill. The people experiencing hunger,
homelessness, and lacking basic
needs are more prone to mental health disorders such as
depression and even engaging in the use
of drugs. According to the U.S. Census Bureau of 2014, the
poverty rate for African Americans
was 26.2 percent. Poverty contributes highly to mental health
issues.
AFRICAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH 14
Faith, spirituality, and community
In the African American community, religion, family, and
community are the most
significant sources of support. At least 85 percent of African
Americans consider themselves
religious. Research shows that they rely on faith, social
25. communities, and families for emotional
support, with most commonly turning to prayer to deal with
stressful moments instead of seeking
health care, which most times is necessary (Taylor, Chatters, &
Levin, (2003)). As much as these
spiritual beliefs are excellent sources of support, it can be a
hindrance to receiving professional
treatment or therapy. Faith, family, and community can help in
the process of recovery, but it
should be accompanied by other treatment forms. Since
spirituality is an integral part of their
lives, they can actively help in the treatment plan. If they lack
information about mental illnesses,
though, they can be a source of stigma instead of support.
Racism
Racism continues to impact the mental health of African
Americans. There have been
several historical instances of adverse treatments leading to
mistrust. In the slavery era, if one
displayed mental illness signs, they would receive more
beatings, which led them to hide or
disguise any psychological issue they might have. Myths have,
therefore, been created about
26. mental health conditions. African Americans also believe that if
their people made it through
slavery, they can make it through anything, hence no need to
take their problems to some
stranger/psychiatrist.
Provider bias and lack of cultural competency
Lack of cultural competence in providers leads to misdiagnosis
and poor quality of
treatment for African Americans. In African American women,
physical symptoms such as body
AFRICAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH 15
aches and pains are mentioned as part of the depression, but
since the provider is not competent
with the culture might not recognize it as a mental illness
symptom hence leading to
misdiagnosis (Metzl, (2010)). African Americans only make up
3.7 percent of members in the
American Psychiatric Association, with only 1.5 percent of
members in the American
Psychological Association.
27. Violence
African Americans witness or are victims of abuse and crimes.
The exposure to violence
increases their chances of being prone to suffering from PTSD,
anxiety, and depression. Children
who are exposed to violence experience long term effects of
mental illnesses.
THE PERSPECTIVE AFRICAN AMERICANS HAVE ON
MENTAL ILLNESS
Mental illnesses can affect anyone, regardless of color, race, or
gender. The experiences
and concerns, though, might differ. African Americans
sometimes experience mental illnesses
more severely because of the barriers they experience and are
20 percent more likely to develop
severe problems of mental illnesses than other populations, as
stated by Health and Human
Services Office of Minority healthy. African American adults
are three times more likely to get
severe psychological distress as compared to those living above
poverty (Breland-Noble,
Al-Mateen, & Singh, (2016)). They are also more likely to
experience sadness, feelings,
28. worthlessness, and hopelessness as compared to white adults.
African American teenagers
commit suicides at a higher rate than white teenagers. Since
African Americans are more prone
to exposure to violence and crimes, they are more likely to be
diagnosed with post-traumatic
stress disorder (PTSD) throughout their lives. These statistics
show that mental illnesses are
AFRICAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH 16
more amongst the African American community, and it is
essential for them to acknowledge the
same in order to get treatment. Ward, Wiltshire, Detry, and
Brown in 2013 conducted a study
that shows that African American communities have several
attitudes towards mental illnesses.
African Americans believe that mental health is a stigma that
leads to non-openness about the
same. For example, they do not seek help, which leads to their
behavior is affected. In the study,
those who participated were reluctant to acknowledge mental
health problems and not sure about
29. seeking treatment for the same. The African American
community relies on religious teachings,
including pastoral guidance and prayer to cope with mental
illnesses, and cultural lessons on the
origins of mental health and the nature in which mental
illnesses appear. Beliefs in a person
about psychological diseases can influence their willingness to
seek treatment or not. Therefore,
cultural opinions on mental disorders are essential. Mental
illnesses are viewed as:
Taboos
The stigma surrounding mental illness in the African American
community is a major
taboo. Depression and anxiety, which can lead to suicide, are
still treated as a taboo hence
leading to no health treatment sought by those affected by the
conditions.
Stigma
Stigma results when a person who has a mental illness is
negatively evaluated by those
surrounding them. In most cases, this is what happens in
African American communities. The
whole society suffers from perceived stigma where they view
people with mental illnesses in a
30. certain way. A common belief is that mental illness is one's
fault. Mental illness stigma generally
develops from a lack of knowledge about mental health. The son
believes of causes of mental
illnesses being biological leads to passing down of
misinformation from one generation to the
AFRICAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH 17
other hence the continued lack of information concerning
psychological disorders in the African
American communities. Due to this misinformation, it might not
be evident when one needs to
find the required help.
Weakness and instability
The National Mental Health Association conducted a national
survey in 1998, which
indicated that 63 percent of African Americans believe that
mental illnesses such as depression
are an indication of personal weakness. Another study showed
that some men believe that it is a
lack of being motivated. African American adults who are older
31. think that depression is a sign of
weakness and one's lack of inner strength. Clinical depression is
not a personal weakness;
however, but a medical illness that needs to be treated.
Knowledge of mental illnesses needs to
be increased so that the exposure can open up the African
Americans' minds on the issues of
mental health.
Myths
Depression in African American communities is perceived as
the "blues," which means
referring to life's ups and downs. However, that is not the case
because there are several
moments of happiness and sadness in a person's life (Neighbors,
(1996)). It is normal to feel
sadness during bad times, such as mourning, or when one is
getting through a divorce, financial
problems, or when sick. However, if the "blues" are prolonged,
that is a sign of clinical
depression that might go untreated if the myth is not changed.
Another myth about depression is
that some groups of African Americans are expected to undergo
depression, for example, new
32. mothers, teenagers, older people, women experiencing
menopause, or the ones having chronic
illnesses.
AFRICAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH 18
The mindset that they can survive anything.
African Americans, especially women, are expected to be active
as identified in the idea
of "strong black woman" and persevere anything they are going
through. The concept of African
American women being strong suggests that African American
women are expected to go
through all kinds of hardship without them breaking down,
whether physically or mentally. The
people believe that if their ancestors made it through slavery,
they could also make it through
anything, and they should take it to God in prayer instead of
telling strangers/psychiatrists their
problems. The mindset makes one seem as spiritually weak if
they say that they are feeling
sadness or anxiety. African Americans also believe that it
doesn't exist amongst them, or those
33. are not their type of concerns. A study conducted for 18 months
showed that African Americans
emphasized on non-biomedical interpretations of signs and
symptoms of mental illnesses. The
psychiatric medication was viewed as frustrating due to the
professionals' medication focus.
These cultural stereotypes lead to African Americans to denying
emotional problems.
Methodology
Mental health stigma is a negative evaluation for people with
mental health illness and/or
mental health treatment. It can be received in specific
categories, such as perceived stigma and
personal stigma. Perceived stigma is a mental health stigma
where one believes that society has a
particular perception of mental health patients. Its stigma is an
individual's belief in people with
mental illness. The stigma of mental health in the African
American community is built on the
grounds of personal stigma where an individual focuses on their
own beliefs on mental health.
These categories of individuals with mental health are never
willing to undergo any procedural
34. AFRICAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH 19
treatment. In most cases, personal stigma denounces the thought
of getting treated until the
disorder nearly incapacitates. Within the African American
regions, the problem is pronounced
by the fact that members of a particular ethnic minority group
are less likely to seek health
treatment. (Corrigan, 2015). Getting to the task to understand
the effect of prevalent stigma helps
determine the dangers of the illness. Some individuals never
recover due to their own fault. Most
of the African American beliefs can result in an assortment of
negative results for those with
health illness. Such effects include; inadequate and unsafe
housing, low employment, and even a
reduction in the utilization of mental health care. People with
personal stigma play a more
significant role in the development of mental health stigma in
the African American
communities. One of the most researched health topics
associates some factors to health stigma
35. in relation to ethnic minorities is lack of knowledge. Different
misinformation on the illness has
led to varying levels of stigmatization. Few African Americans
believe in the genetic sources as
a psychiatric source of the problem. The biological causes are
related to beliefs whose
probability will not add up for an individual with any kind of
mental health illness and is an
African American. It is, however, researched that culture among
the Latino population has
lessened the effect of stigma. There is more will and power to
attend any institution of health in
order to check for the issue of mental health as for the
acculturated individuals. Stigma reduction
may be due to information and acquisition of knowledge on
disorders related to mental health.
Creating familiarity with different causes of mental health
treatment reduces mental health
stigma among African Americans by a high percentage. The
ECA (Epidemiologic Catchment
Area) of the 1980s sampled citizens of Baltimore, St. Louis,
Durham-Piedmont, Los Angeles,
and New Haven and assessed both the community at large and
institutions which includes mental
36. AFRICAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH 20
health hospitals, jails, residential drug or alcohol treatment
facilities, and nursing homes (Robins
& Regier, 1991). Overall, it included 4,638 African Americans,
12,944 whites, and 1,600
Hispanics. A current look at the NCS (National Comorbidity
Survey), covered a representative
sample of people residing inside the network that protected 666
African Americans, 4,498
whites, and 713 additional U.S. Citizens (Kessler et al., 1994).
Participants of both studies
discussed whether or not they had signs of frequently diagnosed
mental disorders within the past
month, year, or at any time in the course of their lives. Results
for certain disorders are provided
in Figure 1. After analyzing demographic differences among
African Americans and whites, the
ECA discovered that African Americans have been much less
probable to be depressed and more
likely to be affected by phobia than have been whites (Zhang &
Snowden, 1999). The NCS
37. findings additionally suggest that African Americans were less
likely than whites to be affected
by the main despair.
AFRICAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH 21
The studies displayed gender differences in rates of mental
illness. Anxiety disorder,
prevalence rates of depression, and phobia were found to higher
in African American women
than in African American men. These differences paralleled
those found for white women and
men. Lack of knowledge creates anxiety and further frustrates
the situation, thus worsening.
Individuals in such a case usually experience interpersonal
stress, and this means that individuals
who are suffering from this medical condition experience a lot
of fear of anxiety on mental
illness. (Thompson, 2004). Ethnic bias manifests and maintains
the alarms by putting up a belief
that one group is superior to another or otherwise and,
therefore, should not meet or instead
38. collaborate. Racial biases have increased anxiety and thereby
increasing the mental health
problem occurrences amongst African Americans. African
Americans are usually less willing to
treat medical conditions. People with anxiety often have less
affinity to relationships due to
established myths and concerns, thereby leading to mistrust.
Within the American states, the
fears are much developed by the fact that mental health is
associated with the term crazy or
somewhat illegal drug use. Research shows that the minority
ethnic groups were reported to be
visiting a psychotherapist but with fewer results due to the
already formed opinions:
discrimination, unwillingness, and the inability to comprehend
life circumstances and not based
on color. Many in the African American community, the story is
one of resilience and
perseverance. Since we survived slavery, of course, we can
handle “sadness” or “anxiety.” With
this outlook, anything less would be considered moral or
spiritual weakness. Part of the issue is
that we often fail to recognize that mental illness is much more
than feeling anxious or
39. melancholy. We fail to realize mental disease as an “illness,” as
we would cancer, diabetes, or
high blood pressure.
AFRICAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH 22
Results
The results of the study show significant disparities among the
demographic groups in
America. The survey conducted for 12 months reveals that
major depression among white
participants was higher than that of the blacks at 2.8%
compared to 2.2%. However, blacks
exhibit higher ECA in panic and phobia disorders compared to
their white counterparts at 1.0:0.9
and 16.2:9.1%, respectively. However, the same trend is not
exhibited in the NCS study as the
whites show slightly higher rates compared to the blacks at
8.2:9.9, 1.1:2.4, and 14.5:14.8
respectively for the three disorders. On the other hand, the
lifetime study on major depression,
dysthymia, panic disorder in the ECA study exhibited higher
40. rates among white participants than
the blacks did at 3.1:5.1, 4.0:6.3, and 1.3:1.6 respectively for
the three disorders. However,
phobic disorder among blacks was remarkably higher than that
of the blacks at 23.4:9.7%. In the
NCS studies, the white population exhibited higher rates than
the blacks did in all the four
disorders.
These results led are an indicator of the health differences
between the two
demographics. While white participants in the study exhibited
slightly higher rates than that of
the blacks, the barriers to access to medical help is more
prevalent among African Americans.
The fact that the prevalence of the disorders is nearly the same
as that of the whites indicates the
need for interventions to address the challenge. Black
Americans exhibit low socioeconomic
status in which makes factors like the high prevalence of phobic
disorder a significant issue that
needs to be addressed. At a rate of 23.4 %, which is double that
of white Americans, indicates
the amount of input that social workers need to make to bridge
the gap.
41. AFRICAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH 23
Discussion
Mental health stigmatization among African Americans has
risen since the recent past to
unexpectedly high volumes. There are organizations put down
to help curb the pain of mental
health among Americans. However, there are several barriers to
such assistance, mostly realized
along the African Americans. The challenges are so
excruciating and detrimental to people who
suffer these menace. Culture is one significant barrier to this
question. African American men
have thrived to mask their pain thus more increase in mental
prevalence among them
The internal forces within us shape the darkness in our
struggles, and this, therefore, gives the
platform for mental health cases. More individuals in black
American society are at high risk
following the notion that ‘big men don’t cry.’ This idea creates
the fear of being labeled as less
42. of a man or rather as weak. To an extent, they can vocalize their
pain whatever the case. In this
case, we realize that we cannot have a stance to provoke such
emotions in such a society.
There is nothing as devastating as a depressed loving man.
African Americans fear the step to
togo visit mental health professionals for counseling. They least
understand that the bold step
might be a key strategy on not only trying to reinforce a
positive perception but also shed light
on the health of the African American society. Millions of
individuals in these societies suffer
these cases, and it is quite evident that men are suffering more
in the brutal hands of a mental
health menace. Stigma, a place of danger, is a consuming aspect
of mental health, and as
elucidated above, it is based on the ethnic minority who already
has suffered discrimination and
prejudice in the society. It means, therefore, stigma should first
be dealt with to help curb the
problem with ease and speed.
43. AFRICAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH 24
Conclusion
In conclusion, African American communities aren't different
from any other groups of
people in that everybody wants to live healthily: physically,
mentally, spiritually, and
emotionally. The challenge for groups of color and healthcare
companies is defining what a
healthy community looks like through the prisms of stigma and
historic adversity, which
includes race-primarily based exclusion from economic
resources, academic, social, and fitness.
It's only by working together collaboratively as fully engaged
partners we can overcome this
obstacle. In the African American community, many
misunderstand what mental health illness
is, and therefore the situation is uncommon. This lack of
information leads many to believe
mental illness is a shape of punishment or personal weakness.
Many African Americans have
problems recognizing the symptoms and signs and symptoms of
mental illness such as
44. depression and anxiety, which leads to them underestimating the
outcomes of mental health
conditions. African Americans can also be reluctant to discuss
mental health issues and receive
treatment due to the stigma and shame that is associated with
such conditions in the community.
The African American community approves people taking
medications for hypertension or
getting dialysis for kidney failure, then there shouldn’t be a
stigma around people for getting
treatment for mental health disorders. Mental health care is
marginalized in the healthcare
system. It isn't usually part of primary care visits. Lack of trust
in the medical system is due to
historical mistreatment of African Americans in health care
systems. Also a some deterrents,
difficulty in finding culturally responsive mental health
providers, less adequate insurance, past
and recent history with discrimination in the mental health
system and financial burden. Another,
a fear that these experiences will be repeated is all suggested by
other research.
45. AFRICAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH 25
Summary
It is clear that systematic barriers heavily impact mental health
in the Black community.
Although there has been a progression in mental health recently,
a significant stigma associated
with mental health concerns is still prevalent. In the African
American community, there is often
difficulty acknowledging psychological difficulties, but useful
strategies, including religious
coping and methods such as prayer and pastoral guidance, often
are the most preferred coping
mechanism. Destigmatizing mental health can be reached by
assisting people, especially in the
African American community, to better understand that mental
health is an essential part of
well-being. Culturally responsive mental health services are one
way of addressing the
disparities in psychological wellbeing in the African American
community. Stigma and judgment
prevent African Americans from finding treatment for their
mental illnesses. Research indicates
that African Americans believe that mild depression or anxiety
46. would be considered “crazy” in
their social circles. In the African American community,
spiritual beliefs, community, and family
are heavily relied on for support and strength. Although
research has found that many
African-Americans depend on faith, social communities, and
family for emotional support rather
than seeking proper health care professionals, even though
medical and therapeutic may be
necessary. African Americans may be hesitant to receive
treatment because they fear it may
reflect poorly on their families. A cultural change is necessary
to create a climate in which loved
ones and friends can receive non-judgmental support for a
mental health condition. This could
make a difference in helping others feel empowered to get the
help they may need.
AFRICAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH 26
References
47. Addressing Mental Health in the Black Community
https://www.columbiapsychiatry.org/news/addressing-mental-
health-black-community
African Americans
https://adaa.org/african-americans
Alvidrez, J., Snowden, L. R., & Kaiser, D. M. (2008). The
experience of stigma among Black
mental health consumers. Journal of Health Care for the Poor
and Underserved, 19(3), 874-893.
Black & African American Communities and Mental Health:
Mental Health America
https://www.mhanational.org/issues/black-african-american-
communities-and-mental-health
Breland-Noble, A. M., Al-Mateen, C. S., & Singh, N. N. (2016).
Handbook of mental health in
African American youth. Cham [u.a.: Springer.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2014). Occupational outlook
handbook, 2014-15 edition. Retrieved
from http://www.bls.gov/ooh/community-and-social-
service/social-workers.htm#tab-6
48. Clark, E. J. (2002, July 19). Testimony submitted to the
President's New Freedom Commission
on Mental Health. Retrieved from
http://www.socialworkers.org/pressroom/events/nfcmh.asp?print
=1
https://www.columbiapsychiatry.org/news/addressing-mental-
health-black-community
https://adaa.org/african-americans
https://www.mhanational.org/issues/black-african-american-
communities-and-mental-health
http://www.bls.gov/ooh/community-and-social-service/social-
workers.htm#tab-6
http://www.socialworkers.org/pressroom/events/nfcmh.asp?print
=1
AFRICAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH 27
Corrigan, P., Pickett, S., Kraus, D., Burks, R., & Schmidt, A.
(2015). Community-based
participatory research examining the health care needs of
African Americans who are homeless
with mental illness. Journal of health care for the poor and
underserved, 26(1), 119.
49. Fink, P. J., & Tasman, A. (1991). Stigma and mental illness.
Hastings, J. F., Martin, P. P., & Jones, L. V. (2015). African
Americans and depression: Signs,
awareness, treatments, and interventions.
Hays, K., & Aranda, M. P. (2016). Faith-based mental health
interventions with African
Americans: A review. Research on Social Work Practice, 26(7),
777-789.
In Griffith, E. E. H., In Jones, B. E., In Stewart, A. J., &
American Psychiatric Association
Publishing, (2019). Black mental health: Patients, providers,
and systems.
Jones, R. L. (1998). African American mental health: [theory,
research, and intervention].
Hampton, VA: Cobb & Henry.
June, L. N., Black, S. D., & Richardson, W. (2002). Counseling
in African-American
communities: Biblical perspectives on tough issues. Grand
Rapids, Mich: Zondervan.
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Kritsotaki, D., Long, V., & Smith, M. (2019). Preventing mental
illness: Past, present and
future.
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2006). Stigma and its public health
implications. The Lancet,
367(9509), 528-529.
McNally, R. J. (2011). What is mental illness? Cambridge,
Mass: the Belknap Press of Harvard
University Press
Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity: A Supplement to
Mental Health: A Report of the
Surgeon General.
Office of the Surgeon General (US); Center for Mental Health
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of Mental Health (US).
51. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
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Metzl, J. (2010). The protest psychosis: How schizophrenia
became a black disease. Boston:
Beacon Press.
Neighbors, H. W. (1996). Mental health in black America.
Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publ.
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AFRICAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH 29
Qualitative and Mixed Methods in Mental Health Services and
Implementation Research
Lawrence Palinkas -
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4212209/
Staff, G. T. (2016, April 18). The Important Role Social
Workers Play in Mental Health.
Retrieved December 1, 2019, from
https://www.goodtherapy.org/blog/the-important-role-social-
workers-play-in-mental-health-1214
52. 157.
Stigma Regarding Mental Illness Among People Of Color
https://www.thenationalcouncil.org/BH365/2019/07/08/stigma-
regarding-mental-illness-among-
people-of-color/
Szasz, T. (2010). The myth of mental illness: Foundations of a
theory of personal conduct. New
York: Harper Perennial.
Taylor, R. J., Chatters, L. M., & Levin, J. S. (2003). Religion in
the lives of African Americans:
Social, psychological, and health perspectives. London: SAGE.
Thompson, V. L. S., Bazile, A., & Akbar, M. (2004). African
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psychotherapy and psychotherapists. Professional psychology:
Research and practice, 35(1), 19.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4212209/
https://www.goodtherapy.org/blog/the-important-role-social-
workers-play-in-mental-health-1214157
54. Criteria
Not
Acceptable
Poor Fair Good
APA Style,
Proofreading &
Editing of
Paper
0 %
Paper has
more than 5
problems or
errors in the
format and
mechanics.
50 %
Paper has 3-5
problems or
errors in the
format and
mechanics.
75 %
Paper has
one or two
problems or
errors in the
format and
55. mechanics.
100 %
Paper is formatted
using an APA style:
(Includes: Title Page,
Abstract & Text
Citations).
Proofreading &
Editing of Paper
(Overall paper is free
of spelling, grammar
and punctuation
errors)
Integration of
course
materials (how
does the
assignment
relate to items
and objectives
in the chapter-
must give in-
text citations)
0 %
Course
concepts are
not
integrated to
the
response(s).
Explanations
56. are not clear
or no
citations to
the textbook
chapter(s).
50 %
Course
concepts are
integrated to
the
response(s)
but with little
explanation
and few
citations to
the textbook
chapter(s).
75 %
Course
concepts are
integrated
to the
response(s)
with some
explanations
and citations
to the
textbook
chapter(s).
100 %
57. Course concepts are
integrated to the
response(s) by
providing clear
connections,
explanations and
citations to the
textbook chapter(s).
Quality of
Response(s):
Address each
question
thoroughly and
in an organized
manner.
0 %
The
responses
are di�cult
to
understand
and follow.
50 %
Many areas in
the responses
need
improvement.
75 %
Most
58. questions
are clearly
answered.
100 %
Address all the
questions thoroughly
and in an organized
manner.
Name
Description
Rubric Detail
Weight
20.00%
Weight
40.00%
Weight
40.00%
Week 7
Critical Thinking Assignment – Employee Relations
Case: Metropolitan Insurance: Employee Counseling
NOTE: This assignment must include a title page, an executive
summary and a maximum of three pages of text.
You are the HR Manager for Metropolitan Insurance, a property
and casualty insurance firm based in New Jersey. The office is
59. in a high-rise building and occupies four floors of the tower. A
total of 238 employees work in the call center and interact with
customers and independent insurance agents across the eastern
U.S.
To enter the office of the Metropolitan Insurance, employees
are required to use “swipe cards” that are used to open doors in
order to gain access. When the swipe cards are drawn through
the unit outside the door, the employee’s name and the time he
or she entered is recorded in the company’s security system.
(The is official company policy.)
One of the employees in the call center, Jennifer (Customer
Service Representative), has had an attendance problem. Her
supervisor, Robert, has asked you to give him guidance for
counseling Jennifer on her attendance issues.
According to Robert, “Jennifer’s office is two floors below
mine, and I think she assumes I have no way of knowing when
she arrives for work, returns from lunch, or is absent
altogether.”
Responding to him, you say “Right. So she doesn’t realize that
every time she enters the building, the swipe card logs her
entry?”
“No, she apparently thinks she is slipping in and out without
our knowledge,” Robert replies. “My records indicate that in
the last month, she was late to work 9 times and took a lunch
longer than an hour a total of 10 times.”
Mulling over, you ask, “Have you approached her on this matter
yet?” “Not really,” he says. “I asked her yesterday why she
was late coming to work the day before, and she simply
responded that she wasn’t late.”
60. “Yet you know she was,” you counter.
“Exactly. She didn’t swipe in until 30 minutes after her
workday should start.”
After giving the situation some thought, you ask, “It is possible
that she was on time but didn’t swipe her card at the access
door?”
“What do you mean?” Robert asks.
“Perhaps she was here when she was supposed to be here, but
someone held the door open for her. If that was the case, she
wouldn’t need to swipe her card to gain access.”
Robert nods. “That is possible, but then why would she swipe
in 30 minutes later? After all, she should have been at her desk
at that point.”
“True”, you say. “but she may have forgotten something in her
car and gone out to retrieve it. When she came back in, it might
have appeared that it was the first time she swiped in.”
“Well that certainly sounds plausible and might account for
incident, “Robert says. “But what about all the other times?
Surely you don’t suggest that people are holding the door open
for her every time she’s been late to work in the morning or
returning from lunch. That’s just too coincidental.”
“I agree. But when we meet with her, we must be prepared for
her to offer just that kind of scenario as her defense.”
Both of you plan to meet with Jennifer this afternoon
concerning her attendance.
Questions:
61. 1. How should you and Robert approach Jennifer regarding her
attendance? What will be said?
2. If Jennifer indicates that she was never late and that
employees held the door open ever time, what will you say?
3. Assume this will be Jennifer’s first disciplinary action.
What steps should be taken?
4. If you discover there is a companywide practice of holding
the door open for employees, should a new policy be created?
If so, what should it say?
Critical Thinking Assignment # 5 Grading Rubric
Employee Relations
Points Possible
Points Awarded
Criteria
5
Paper is formatted using an APA style: (Includes: Title Page,
62. Abstract & Text Citations)
Student’s Last Name included within MS Word filename, in
submission
5
Proofreading & Editing of Paper
(Overall paper is free of spelling, grammar and punctuation
errors)
10
Quality written paper that addresses the employee counseling
issue presented and documents a reasonable plan of action
related to progressive employee discipline.
5
Integration of course materials (how does the assignment relate
to items and objectives in the chapter-must give in-text
citations)
25
Total