Mental health stigma can be divided into two distinct types: social stigma is characterized by prejudicial attitudes and discriminating behaviour directed towards individuals with mental health problems as a result of the psychiatric label they have been given. In contrast, perceived stigma or self-stigma is the internalizing by the mental health sufferer of their perceptions of discrimination (Link, Cullen, Struening & Shrout, 1989), and perceived stigma can significantly affect feelings of shame and lead to poorer treatment outcomes (Perlick, Rosenheck, Clarkin, Sirey et al., 2001).
The Adult Brain: How Ethnicity & Culture Influence Mental Healthpkebel
Presentation by Richard G. Dudley, M.D. at the 2010 RWJF LFP Annual Meeting in St. Paul, MN
Ethnicity and culture have wide-ranging impact on human behavior. Understanding that impact is crucial to meaningful communication and the ability to appreciate the concerns of persons from different backgrounds. The adult brain is imprinted with many experiences that form one’s identity and influence one’s decisions. One’s community of origin forms the basis of language and culture whether one comes from another country or from an inner-city neighborhood. A person’s response to prison, poverty, or mental illness will be shaped by ethno-cultural background.
We will focus on how ethnicity and culture influence human behavior, and how to integrate that understanding into the design and delivery of accessible human service programs. Participants and graduates will compare experiences where ethno-cultural differences intersect with the justice system, homeless services, and employment opportunities. We will discuss strategies to create health and social service programs staffed with persons who are ethno-culturally competent, responsive, and respectful.
Mental health stigma can be divided into two distinct types: social stigma is characterized by prejudicial attitudes and discriminating behaviour directed towards individuals with mental health problems as a result of the psychiatric label they have been given. In contrast, perceived stigma or self-stigma is the internalizing by the mental health sufferer of their perceptions of discrimination (Link, Cullen, Struening & Shrout, 1989), and perceived stigma can significantly affect feelings of shame and lead to poorer treatment outcomes (Perlick, Rosenheck, Clarkin, Sirey et al., 2001).
The Adult Brain: How Ethnicity & Culture Influence Mental Healthpkebel
Presentation by Richard G. Dudley, M.D. at the 2010 RWJF LFP Annual Meeting in St. Paul, MN
Ethnicity and culture have wide-ranging impact on human behavior. Understanding that impact is crucial to meaningful communication and the ability to appreciate the concerns of persons from different backgrounds. The adult brain is imprinted with many experiences that form one’s identity and influence one’s decisions. One’s community of origin forms the basis of language and culture whether one comes from another country or from an inner-city neighborhood. A person’s response to prison, poverty, or mental illness will be shaped by ethno-cultural background.
We will focus on how ethnicity and culture influence human behavior, and how to integrate that understanding into the design and delivery of accessible human service programs. Participants and graduates will compare experiences where ethno-cultural differences intersect with the justice system, homeless services, and employment opportunities. We will discuss strategies to create health and social service programs staffed with persons who are ethno-culturally competent, responsive, and respectful.
In our country plenty of legal orders interact with mental disorders in order to protect the interests of
mentally ill, society and the state.These legislations are enacted to protect the society from dangerous manifestations of mental illness. There are guidelines regarding restrain, admission and discharge, procedures of civil and criminal action with regard to mentally ill. But do these laws discuss about proper care and treatment? Are there provisions for post discharge care and rehabilitation?
The research report Presentation addresses the stigma related to the mental health in our society. This study was intended to increase understanding of peoples’ views of mental illness by developing and administering measures of knowledge and attitudes of people toward mental illnesses.
The research conducted through questionnaires regarding the mental health stigma is reviewed and analyzed that indicates that the majority of the general public holds negative stereotypes towards people with psychological problems.
Hence, a model has been proposed to illustrate what are the peoples’ attitudes towards and knowledge about the mental health, why is it a taboo to talk about this topic, how can this stigma prevent the people from getting help for the psychological difficulties and solutions for reducing and dealing with the mental health stigma are discussed.
FAST-NU
COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
PSYCHOLOGY
COURSE INSTRUCTOR: Miss sumarah rashid
Section: GR-4
Group members:
Taban Shaukat 16K3937
Huzaifah Punjani 16K3924
Anas Bin Faisal 16K4064
Abeer Zehra 16K4068
Maria Ahmed 16K4058
Stern: Stigma and Mental Illness – A Barrier to Health Seekinghenkpar
Wonca Working Party on Mental Health
World mental Health Day
presentation Dr Anthony Stern (USA)
Stigma and Mental Illness – A Barrier to Health Seeking
This is seminar presented as part of academics in my department. Please comment on the content, so that i can improve myself. If the content is good, kindly like it.
Reply to this student post with less than 20 similarity APA style .docxchris293
Reply to this student post with less than 20 % similarity APA style
1- What originates to attention when you consider about culture? For a lot of us, we instantly think of what’s correct in visible of us: distinctive idioms, diverse clothing and different food. But a humanity’s culture also influences an individual’s principles, customs and beliefs. It influences in what way you view confident concepts or behaviors, and in the event of mental health, it can influence whether or not you pursue help, what type of help you pursue and what sustenance you have nearby you. It is significant that we understand the role culture plays in mental health care so we can sustenance our loved ones and inspire treatment once it is required most. (Kapil, Rubina, 2019). There are four ways culture be able to influence mental health:
-
Cultural stigma
. Each culture has a diverse method of seeing at mental health. For various, there is increasing stigma round mental health, and mental health trials are measured a weakness and something to hide. This should make it firmer for those struggling to conversation flexibly and request for help.
-
Understanding symptoms
. Culture should impact how individuals designate and impression about their symptoms. It can affect whether somebody selects to identify and dialogue around only physical signs, only emotional signs or both.
-
Community Support
. Cultural influences can regulate how much sustenance somebody acquires from their family and communal when it comes to mental health. Since of prevailing stigma, sectors are occasionally left to find mental health management and provision alone.
-
Resources
. When watching for mental health treatment, you want to discourse to a person who appreciates your precise skills and apprehensions. It can occasionally be problematic or time-consuming to discovery possessions and treatment choices that take into explanation specific cultures influences and needs.
These are simply a few conducts culture can influence the observation of and treatment for mental health. Each culture and individual is dissimilar and appearance a single journey to recovery. You can support discourse the mental health of subgroups by considerate the role culture plays in mental health and by suitable skilled to help those round you. Mental Health First Aid gives individuals the expertise to recognize signs of mental health and element use contests and action stages to take to help them get treatment
2- Culture is an attractive piece of our lives, but it can similarly negatively impact our approaches in the direction of mental health. Mental disease is still stigmatized in many values. Persons may be disinclined to even dialog about mental health, let alone seek action. For example, African American community were “not very open to acknowledging psychological problems,” and they remained also averse to seek specialized help. In addition, Asian cultures incline to brand mental illness by respectin.
In our country plenty of legal orders interact with mental disorders in order to protect the interests of
mentally ill, society and the state.These legislations are enacted to protect the society from dangerous manifestations of mental illness. There are guidelines regarding restrain, admission and discharge, procedures of civil and criminal action with regard to mentally ill. But do these laws discuss about proper care and treatment? Are there provisions for post discharge care and rehabilitation?
The research report Presentation addresses the stigma related to the mental health in our society. This study was intended to increase understanding of peoples’ views of mental illness by developing and administering measures of knowledge and attitudes of people toward mental illnesses.
The research conducted through questionnaires regarding the mental health stigma is reviewed and analyzed that indicates that the majority of the general public holds negative stereotypes towards people with psychological problems.
Hence, a model has been proposed to illustrate what are the peoples’ attitudes towards and knowledge about the mental health, why is it a taboo to talk about this topic, how can this stigma prevent the people from getting help for the psychological difficulties and solutions for reducing and dealing with the mental health stigma are discussed.
FAST-NU
COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
PSYCHOLOGY
COURSE INSTRUCTOR: Miss sumarah rashid
Section: GR-4
Group members:
Taban Shaukat 16K3937
Huzaifah Punjani 16K3924
Anas Bin Faisal 16K4064
Abeer Zehra 16K4068
Maria Ahmed 16K4058
Stern: Stigma and Mental Illness – A Barrier to Health Seekinghenkpar
Wonca Working Party on Mental Health
World mental Health Day
presentation Dr Anthony Stern (USA)
Stigma and Mental Illness – A Barrier to Health Seeking
This is seminar presented as part of academics in my department. Please comment on the content, so that i can improve myself. If the content is good, kindly like it.
Reply to this student post with less than 20 similarity APA style .docxchris293
Reply to this student post with less than 20 % similarity APA style
1- What originates to attention when you consider about culture? For a lot of us, we instantly think of what’s correct in visible of us: distinctive idioms, diverse clothing and different food. But a humanity’s culture also influences an individual’s principles, customs and beliefs. It influences in what way you view confident concepts or behaviors, and in the event of mental health, it can influence whether or not you pursue help, what type of help you pursue and what sustenance you have nearby you. It is significant that we understand the role culture plays in mental health care so we can sustenance our loved ones and inspire treatment once it is required most. (Kapil, Rubina, 2019). There are four ways culture be able to influence mental health:
-
Cultural stigma
. Each culture has a diverse method of seeing at mental health. For various, there is increasing stigma round mental health, and mental health trials are measured a weakness and something to hide. This should make it firmer for those struggling to conversation flexibly and request for help.
-
Understanding symptoms
. Culture should impact how individuals designate and impression about their symptoms. It can affect whether somebody selects to identify and dialogue around only physical signs, only emotional signs or both.
-
Community Support
. Cultural influences can regulate how much sustenance somebody acquires from their family and communal when it comes to mental health. Since of prevailing stigma, sectors are occasionally left to find mental health management and provision alone.
-
Resources
. When watching for mental health treatment, you want to discourse to a person who appreciates your precise skills and apprehensions. It can occasionally be problematic or time-consuming to discovery possessions and treatment choices that take into explanation specific cultures influences and needs.
These are simply a few conducts culture can influence the observation of and treatment for mental health. Each culture and individual is dissimilar and appearance a single journey to recovery. You can support discourse the mental health of subgroups by considerate the role culture plays in mental health and by suitable skilled to help those round you. Mental Health First Aid gives individuals the expertise to recognize signs of mental health and element use contests and action stages to take to help them get treatment
2- Culture is an attractive piece of our lives, but it can similarly negatively impact our approaches in the direction of mental health. Mental disease is still stigmatized in many values. Persons may be disinclined to even dialog about mental health, let alone seek action. For example, African American community were “not very open to acknowledging psychological problems,” and they remained also averse to seek specialized help. In addition, Asian cultures incline to brand mental illness by respectin.
NBCC, NAADAC, CAADAC, and California Board of Behavioral Sciences approved Mental Health continuing education and addictions counselor training series. Narrated versions and CEUs available at http://www.allceus.com
A Critical Look at Clinical PsychologyThe .docxransayo
A Critical Look at Clinical Psychology
The DSM
“Patchwork of scientific data, cultural values, political compromises, and the material for making insurance claims”
The 1980 edition revision tried to mimic a biomedicine style
In Psychiatric diagnosis, etiology is rarely known
Reliability remains a big problem
The 1980 edition began to define conditions by listing symptoms. Revision was an effort to portray psychiatry as a branch of medicine which would boost credibility of the field and ensure financial viability. However in biomedicine, diagnosis are based on etiology > that is causes rather than symptoms. And they would then test for various causes of said symptoms. In psychiatric diagnosis, etiology, is rarely known. Ex. Schizophrenia (combination of things). Reliability remains a big problem with the DSM. Just because not every clinician may give the same individual the same diagnosis. -> could be due to cultural values, ethnicity or socioeconomic status.
Homosexuality
Multiple theories that classified homosexuality as a disease
Psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Edmund Bergler infamously wrote in a book for general audiences, “I have no bias against homosexuals; for me they are sick people requiring medical help... Still, though I have no bias, I would say: Homosexuals are essentially disagreeable people, regardless of their pleasant or unpleasant outward manner... [their] shell is a mixture of superciliousness, fake aggression, and whimpering. Like all psychic masochists, they are subservient when confronted with a stronger person, merciless when in power, unscrupulous about trampling on a weaker person”
On December 15, 1973, the Board of Directors of the APA declassified homosexuality per se as a mental disorder from the DSM-II
Judgements of Normality depend on social norms, cultural standards and local customs. Grief is another example. Talk about different cultures
Commercial for Cymbalta
Questions to ask after Video:
What are some things that you noticed within the video?
What are the explicit ideas expressed in this video?
What’s the overall message?
Political Economy of Clinical Psychology
1980’s revision involved “medicalization”
Adoption of the language of medicine. Including terms like: disease, symptoms, patient, syndrome, relapse, diagnosis and prognosis.
Introduction of managed care
Intrusion of pharmaceutical companies
Conflict of interest between pharmaceutical companies and psychiatrists
Drastic cuts in funds for mental health care
The 1980 revision of the DSM involved medicalization. Meaning they adopted the language of medicine to understand and describe psychological suffering. This language would include disease, symptoms, patient, syndrome, relapse, diagnosis and prognosis.So now that the field of psychiatry identified itself as a “medical” specialty, the research efforts concentrated on searching for biological bases of suffering and pharmaceutical treatments. Politica.
Methodology 11.5 pages 1. Describe what you did a seconda.docxbuffydtesurina
Methodology 1/1.5 pages
1. Describe what you did a secondary data analysis of…
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Mental Health Service Use among Adults
2. Describe where it came from..
Data received from links below to Racial/Ethnic Differences in Mental
Health Service Use among Adults and Charts of the numbers.
https://www.integration.samhsa.gov/MHServicesUseAmongAdults.pdf
https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/MHServicesUseAmongAdults/Appendic
es.pdf
Describe what you were looking for and how you found it.
Looking to compare mental health service use among adults. Focusing on
insurance, gender, employment, poverty status and education.
Results/Discussion 2.5 pages
Methodology Drives the Results section.
1. Describe what was found what was found during the secondary data
analysis. (Discuss the numbers!!!) (at least 1 page)
https://www.integration.samhsa.gov/MHServicesUseAmongAdults.pdf
https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/MHServicesUseAmongAdults/Appendices.pdf
https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/MHServicesUseAmongAdults/Appendices.pdf
2. Research Question 1: Are mental health service usage different among
african american than other races. (Discuss if the research question is
supported by the data and explain. If not explain as well.)
3. Null Hypothesis: African american men are more likely to obtain mental
health services between ages between ages 18-25 compared to other ethnic
groups. (Discuss whether hypothesis is supported or not supported based
on the same data collected)
4. Alternative Hypothesis: African Americans are less likely to receive
mental health care services compared to other races. (Discuss whether
hypothesis is supported or not supported based on the same data
collected)
End the discussion talking about how the data analyzed connects to the topic “Why is
there a stigma of mental health in the African American community” and either supports or
disproves my Research question.
Running head: WHY IS THERE A STIGMA OF MENTAL HEALTH IN THE AFRICAN
AMERICAN COMMUNITY 1
Why is there a stigma of mental health in the African American community
Xavier De La Cruz
Benedict College
Applied Social Work Research II SW 434 01
Dr. Miller
November 2nd, 2019
AFRICAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH 2
Abstract
Everyone is susceptible to the development of mental health regardless of race, color,
gender, or identity. More than half of the citizens in the United States are recognized with a
mental illness in their lifetime, and African Americans are at higher risk of developing a mental
illness due to limited resources and other barriers. The challenge is further enhanced in the
community due to a stigma prevailing in the group that prevents most members from seeking
medical help. The lack of knowledge about mental illness calls for increased awareness of the
challenge, especially when the cond.
Running head WHY IS THERE A STIGMA OF MENTAL HEALTH IN THE AF.docxjeffsrosalyn
Running head: WHY IS THERE A STIGMA OF MENTAL HEALTH IN THE AFRICAN
AMERICAN COMMUNITY 1
Why is there a stigma of mental health in the African American community
Xavier De La Cruz
Benedict College
Applied Social Work Research II SW 434 01
Dr. Miller
November 2nd, 2019
AFRICAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH 2
Abstract
Everyone is susceptible to the development of mental health regardless of race, color,
gender, or identity. More than half of the citizens in the United States are recognized with a
mental illness in their lifetime, and African Americans are at higher risk of developing a mental
illness due to limited resources and other barriers. The challenge is further enhanced in the
community due to a stigma prevailing in the group that prevents most members from seeking
medical help. The lack of knowledge about mental illness calls for increased awareness of the
challenge, especially when the condition is viewed differently from other physical diseases. The
significant impacts of mental illness in the African American demography makes it a healthcare
issue and calls for further consideration of the condition as more social workers are needed to
work with the community to address the issue. The barriers to knowledge and access to medical
assistance among African Americans take center-stage in this paper.
AFRICAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH 3
Introduction
Mental health conditions have effects regardless of color, race, identity, or gender.
Anybody can experience the challenges of mental illness regardless of their background.
Although we are similar, your experiences and how you understand and deal with these
conditions may be different. Anyone can develop a mental health problem, but African
Americans sometimes experience more severe forms of mental health conditions because of
limited resources and other barriers. African Americans are twenty percent more likely to have
severe psychological distress than Whites are. Also, African Americans and other minority
communities are more likely to have similar experiences, such as barriers from health,
educational, social, and economic resources because of cultural and societal factors. These may
contribute to worse mental health outcomes. More than half of the people in the United States are
being recognized with a mental illness in their lifetime; however, now not everybody will
acquire the assistance they need. Even though mental illness is common and might affect
everyone, there is still a stigma attached. This stigma creates shame in seeking help, especially in
the African American community. The understanding of mental illnesses has come a far way
from where it used to be, but improvements have to make. Mental illnesses should not be viewed
any differently from physical diseases. I believe the two are very similar. When the mind is ill, it
is not just the brain, but it has effects on the whole body and.
Data Transcription 21. Research question What are barriers to OllieShoresna
Data Transcription 2
1. Research question
What are barriers to mental healthcare access experienced by West and Central African immigrants in the United States?
2. History of the participant
I: Mr. Phineas tell what part of West/Central Africa you are from, Gender, Interaction with other people and Interaction with the healthcare system
R: I am from Zimbabwe; I am a male gender. I used to go to the hospital for my mental health, but I have not been there for some time now due to language barrier. I felt like people did not understand me.
I: What are the lived experience as a person with mental health disorders or knows someone who does?
R: It was very rough at the beginning. As I said before, I felt like people did not understand me and that was frustrating.
I: Any problems one can define as a culturally based stigma?
R: Yes, cultural stigma is huge. People are afraid to even say they have a mental illness. And when the providers start moving you around rom one counselor to another, it affected my pride.
I: How do you define of mental illnesses?
R: People losing their minds or experiencing psychosis.
I: What are examples that qualify to be mental health illnesses
R: Psychotic behaviors, depression
I: How challenging is it to access medical help?
R: The cost and language barrier
I: How has been the experience when seeking help?
R; Language barrier has been a problem. Cultural beliefs
I: Are there any barriers? Which ones
R: Stigma people afraid to open up, cost, language
3. Current feeling
I: What are your feelings regarding past experiences?
R: Back home was even worse. We hardly talk about our mental health. We do not even have mental health setup. Most people with psychotic disorders are seen to be under some form of spell or witchcraft. It was a taboo.
I: If the same experience happened today, what would be your response
R: Education and interacting with other people have helped me gained some awareness and coping skills.
4. Barriers to access to mental health services among African immigrants
I: Why is it challenging to access mental health services?
R: Cost, stigma, language
I: How does cultural stigma occur for African immigrants when seeking help?
R: People do not want family to know they are struggling mentally. They want to look strong. It is a cultural thing to be strong.
I: What are your experiences with mental health providers or hospitals?
R: it has been very difficult to explain myself to them.
I: How has it been living as a West or Central African immigrant?
R: It has been great living here and being able to support my family back home and having the opportunity to get ahead in life.
I: How did you discover you had developed mental illnesses?
R: I was not able to sleep at night and I was very tried and angry.
I: What efforts have you made to ensure you get mental health-related services? Were they successful?
R: Understanding me and not judging me was very challenging and I had to keep changing counselors and sharing my i ...
Using the Cultural Formulation Interview to BuildCulturally .docxjessiehampson
Using the Cultural Formulation Interview to Build
Culturally Sensitive Services
Esperanza Díaz, M.D., Luis M. Añez, Psy.D., Michelle Silva, Psy.D., Manuel Paris, Psy.D., Larry Davidson, Ph.D.
As part of the development of DSM-5, the Cultural Formu-
lation Interview (CFI) was administered to 30 monolingual
Spanish-speaking adults at one site of a 2012 feasibility
study of the CFI. The authors identified salient themes in
data collected through use of the CFI, with a focus on
interventions that could lead to more culturally responsive
mental health services. Findings suggest that establishing
trust and focusing on the restoration of social ties while
attending to the impact of stigma and patients’ pressing
psychosocial needs are elements of culturally responsive
services for Hispanic persons. Routine use of the CFI can
help clinicians identify unique needs and preferences
by understanding an individual within his or her cultural
context.
Psychiatric Services 2017; 68:112–114; doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201600440
Cultural sensitivity increases the probability of a therapeutic
relationship by enhancing trust and improving communi-
cation between clinicians and patients (1). Culturally re-
sponsive services effectively address health care disparities
and increase providers’ knowledge of diverse cultures. In-
troducing culturally responsive care increases service utili-
zation and reduces premature termination (2,3). However,
few examples exist that illustrate culturally responsive care
in routine practice beyond its positive effect on help seeking
and service utilization.
The revision of the Outline for Cultural Formulation from
the DSM-IV resulted in the Cultural Formulation Interview
(CFI) to elicit information about perceived cultural influ-
ences of care with a set of 16 questions included in the
DSM-5 (4). This personalized interview facilitates individ-
ualized assessments by clinicians instead of their relying on
preconceived or stereotypic notions about race-ethnicity or
country of origin (5). The CFI captures the patient’s voice
systematically and documents what is “at stake” for the
person (6). The CFI field trial provided an opportunity to
observe this innovative way to elicit information and to
clarify cultural versus idiosyncratic details. The CFI has a
unique role, even in mental health services that are focused
on racial-ethnic minority groups. In this column, we de-
scribe CFI-elicited information in one of the trial sites and
discuss potential ways for the CFI to improve care.
CFI Field Trial
From February to September 2012, we recruited 30 par-
ticipants for a CFI feasibility study that included an audio-
recorded interview. The participants were monolingual
Spanish-speaking adults ages 18–70 from several Latin
American countries and were receiving outpatient services
at the Hispanic Clinic of the Connecticut Mental Health
Center, which serves individuals regardless of legal status
and ability to pay. We obtained institutional ...
Culture refers “to the ideas, customs, and social behaviour of a particular people or society.”
“the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time.”
Issues in Multicultural Correctional Assessment and Treatment By.docxchristiandean12115
Issues in Multicultural Correctional Assessment and Treatment
By Corinne N. Ortega
Introduction Increasing diversity in the United States has widened the base populations to whom psychologists provide services. Various divisions of the American Psychological Association (APA) have recognized the importance of multicultural competencies for more than 25 years (notably, Division 17—Counseling Psychology and Division 45—The Society for the Psychological Study of Ethnic Minority Issues). In 2002, APA formally recognized the evolution of the science and practice of psychology in a diverse society by adopting as policy the Guidelines on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practice, and Organizational Change for Psychologists (APA, 2002b). Nowhere is the changing face of the United States reflected more clearly than in its correctional systems. Blacks and Hispanics make up 62% of the incarcerated population, although they comprise only 25% of the national population (Human Rights Watch, 2002). Hispanics represent 40% of all sentenced federal offenders, although they account for only 13% of the total U.S. population (López, 2000). According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (2007), the lifetime chance of a person going to prison is higher for Blacks (18.6%) and Hispanics (10%) than for Whites (3.4%). Furthermore, Blacks represent approximately 40% of the death row population in the United States (Amnesty International, 2003). The sociopolitical and socioeconomic explanations for this phenomenon are complex and far beyond the scope of this chapter. It is clear, however, that given the disproportionate confinement of minorities in the United States, any meaningful discussion of correctional mental health must necessarily include a discussion of multicultural issues. This chapter will first focus on a general overview of multicultural counseling and its applications in correctional settings. Second, the use of psychological tests and assessments with multicultural correctional populations will be explored with an emphasis on forensic evaluations. Finally, the issue of cultural competence with religious minorities and religious extremists will be addressed.
Multicultural Counseling Jackson (1995) succinctly defines multicultural counseling as counseling that takes place between or among individuals from different cultural backgrounds. Although a simple enough definition, the implications of this in the mental health field are far-reaching. The increased racial, ethnic, and cultural diversity in the United States creates a demand for professional services, including mental health, that meet the needs of people from a wide variety of backgrounds (Barrett & George, 2005). The issues involved in providing culturally competent services are as complex and varied as clients themselves (Sue & Sue, 2007). Cookbook approaches to multicultural counseling cannot be utilized without contradicting the very concept. López (2000) discusses this in terms .
You are not Alone: Mental Health Across America MaggieMiller41
This is a policy brief I designed for my Family Policy class. The policy brief address the many issues that families face when their loved one does not have appropriate support and access to adequate help throughout their communities.
SAINT FRANCIS DE SALES COLLEGE, AALO
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY,
NATIONAL WEBINAR
ON
“MENTAL HEALTH AND WELL- BEING”
Sociological Perspectives on
Mental Health and Illness
Defining Mental Health Within a Transcultural Nursing Perspective.docxvickeryr87
Defining Mental Health Within a Transcultural Nursing Perspective
The World Health Organization (WHO) (2007) proposed: “There is no health without mental health” and the influential organization incorporated mental well-being in their definition of health. According to WHO, “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (p. 1). WHO further specified that mental health is “a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community” (p. 1), and that this understanding of mental health can be interpreted “across cultures” (p. 1). For example, in the Rural Healthy People 2010 Report, survey results of state and local rural leaders indicated that mental health and mental disorders are the fourth most often identified rural health priority (Gamm & Hutchison, 2003). Taking into consideration the WHO definition of mental health, a definition of mental illness would then include one or more of the following: a lack of a sense of well-being in which the individual does not realize his or her own disabilities, is not able to cope with the normal stresses of life, is not able to work productively and fruitfully, and is not able to make a contribution to his or her community. It is important to remember there is a continuum of mental health on one end and mental illness on the extreme other end. An individual can fall on one end of the continuum or the other, or anywhere in between. Individuals’ and communities’ cultural beliefs and values about mental health and mental illness can influence one’s placement on the continuum, as well. It is a daunting task to know all there is to know about each cultural group that mental health nurses care for in their daily practice. Leininger (1991; Leininger & McFarland, 2002) in Culture Care Diversity and Universality: A Theory of Nursing, theorized the importance of identifying what is common and universal among cultures, while at the same time understanding there is individual diversity within cultures. Diversity for transcultural mental health nurses would encompass not only culture and ethnicity, but also gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, age, physical abilities or disabilities, religious beliefs, and political beliefs or other ideologies. Figure 10-1 shows a transcultural nurse working on promoting health and well-being with a patient from a culture different from her own. In this chapter on Transcultural Perspectives in Mental Health Nursing, patterns of values, beliefs, and practices for mental health care are presented and can be used as one “tool” in caring for patients, families, and communities from diverse cultural groups. This is different from simplistic overgeneralizations that can lead to stereotyping a particular culture. Stereotyping can also lead to .
This slide is part of a collection of slides, I have created for exam revision from Atypical Child development. The contents of the slide are based on several different research papers.
This slide is part of a collection of exam revision slides from Atypical Child Development. The slides have been created by me, and based on several different research papers. The slides were created for essay exam.
This slide is part of a collection of exam revision slides from Atypical Child Development. The slides have been created by me, and based on several different research papers. The slides were created for essay exam.
This slide is part of a collection of exam revision slides from Atypical Child Development. The slides have been created by me, and based on several different research papers. The slides were created for essay exam.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
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Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
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Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
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Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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Minority groups and access to psychotherapy
1. Minority groups and access to
psychotherapy
Definition: A group within a community which has different national or cultural traditions from the main population
Populations in western industrialized countries become increasingly multi-ethnic as a result of the
internationalization of the market place and the successive opening of borders
Although migration is the norm and health care a natural right of every individual, ethnic minority patients seem
to be confronted with barriers when using health services
Language and culture are by no means the only factors that may act as a barrier.
There seems to be a general agreement on the primary reasons to seek psychotherapy. Participants reported
that schizophrenia, depression, and suicidal ideation suggested the need for psychological intervention. The
identification of these disorders suggests that seeking therapy is associated with serious mental illness
2. Potential barriers at patient level
Some Jewish and South Asian groups felt it was their responsibility to deal with mental health problems within the family and saw
acknowledging a mental health problem as a sign of personal and familial failure.
Some ethnic minority groups will not acknowledge a mental health problem because they experience their symptoms physically
and so are more likely to be viewed by services as hypochondriac.
Negative and out-dated stereotypes of what a mental health problem is like mean that some people do not consider their
symptoms a mental health problem because they do not correspond to that image.
Gossip, social rejection and negative community reactions to people with mental health problems meant that many people from
ethnic minority groups do not feel comfortable considering themselves to have a mental health problem. Lack of understanding
and fears about who you can trust were common. Ultimately this points to severe ignorance in the general public about mental
health.
A range of groups wanted community education about mental health, and for this to start with children in schools. Two important
projects are due to commence in Redbridge schools but neither will work with young people themselves.
Many people identified spirituality or religion as critical to their recovery but the NELFT provision of chaplaincy is extremely limited.
Faith leaders were identified as key partners who needed to be worked with for better community signposting and referral to
services. There are also common religious interpretations of mental health problems which can sometimes be very negative and
can be remedied by greater community awareness about services and support available
(Keynejad, 2014)
3. ‘Asking for help means that you have failed’: There is a strong sense from South Asian and Jewish people that family mental health
problems are kept secret. They cause embarrassment and families will worry what other people will think and say. People from
South Asian, Jewish and Catholic communities all talked about how admitting to having a mental health problem and asking for
help means admitting a failure to deal with a problem yourself or within the family unit
One South Asian woman using mental health services commented that being with people who were afraid of mental health
problems made her feel like they must be right. It is clear that the current community levels of fear and stigma surrounding mental
ill-health will impact negatively on the self-esteem and recovery of people coping with mental health problems
Mental health problems are experienced as physical health problems Research suggests that some people may experience what
those in the West call a ‘mental health problem’ through physical symptoms, ‘somatising’ their emotional experiences (Rack,
1982).
One example is the ‘sinking heart’ discussed among Punjabi people (Krause, 1989) which we in the West approximate to
depression. Some ethnic minorities may not acknowledge that mental health problems of any kind affect their community
because they perceive mental health in physical terms.
This has been observed in Redbridge by the Accident and Emergency Psychiatric Liaison service: We have noticed that the Asian
community can try to physicalize it. Some can seem to be hypochondriacs, coming to A&E for many minor physical complaints.
They can present with a physical presentation, then the physical doctor may refer to us… An Algerian man collapsed with chest
pain and he was being bullied at work and was clinically depressed; he was physicalizing.
4. Negative stereotypes Very negative and quite out-dated stereotypes of people with mental health problems were commonly
discussed by South Asian people I spoke to: Someone who can’t cope with things themselves.
They don’t have the right faculties, not able to think properly, not able to do day to day functioning properly. Need to be looked
after, can’t be left alone. I don’t think of milder problems when I think of mental health. It was mentioned that learning disability
and mental health were confused or considered to be the same thing by some people, which echoes the findings of studies
conducted in the United States in the 1980’s (Caruso & Hodapp, 1988). This again implicates low levels of community mental
health knowledge.
Gossip People from ethnic minorities who had mental health problems frequently reported very negative reactions from people
in their community. Those who had not told anyone outside their family were often very afraid of being gossiped about.
The close knit nature of South Asian communities in particular creates genuine fear that if one person finds out about their mental
health problem it will soon be known by everyone. Again, the theme that mental health problems are a personal failing rather
than something out of one’s control was recurring.
This notion that people who have families and homes could not have a mental health problem illustrates a grave need for
community education to improve understanding about the pervasive nature of mental health problems and the range of
severity. In addition, People may worry about its effect on the family’s marriage prospects. Even dementia may not be
mentioned to neighbours because they will think it runs in the family and that will affect marriage.
It is important to acknowledge that these negative experiences of stigma are in no way exclusive to ethnic minority groups.
Several White British people using a mental health day centre mentioned how difficult it is to talk to their communities about
mental health and that they will always choose to speak to fellow service users instead.
(Thompson et al, 2004, Scheppers et al, 2006)
5. Lack of understanding There was universal agreement among those that I spoke to that there is insufficient education about
mental health for the community. Many people suggested that mental health needs to form part of Personal, Social and Health
Education programmes in schools. A group of young men also suggested that there should be education provided at university
level since this is a time when a young person’s life really begins to change, and that students would then pass on the knowledge
to their younger siblings. In fact, universities tend to provide extensive pastoral care and mental health support to those who need
it, which far exceeds provision in schools.
Perception of psychologists among African subjects: Variations in views were encountered as discussions of psychology and
psychologists ensued. Psychologists were described as older White males, who were unsympathetic, uncaring, and unavailable.
A common characterization was that psychologists were “impersonal.” Psychologists were described as elitist and too far
removed from the community to be of assistance to most African Americans. Those participants with prior therapy experience
gave the most realistic descriptions of psychologists; however, this did not always result in a positive image
Mistrust: The issue of trust generated the greatest debate among participants. Participants with no psychotherapy experience
and little knowledge of the profession reported that although psychotherapy might be beneficial, most therapists lacked an
adequate knowledge of African American life and struggles to accept or understand them. Participants discussed the
stereotypes of African Americans in the larger society and challenged the ability of psychologists to remain unbiased.
(Thompson et al, 2004)
6. Local language skills: Lack of local language skills can act as a barrier. It is one of the major factors that prohibit the use of health
services because it jeopardizes effective communication between ethnic minority patients and health care personnel.
In view of the fact that most messages and instructions are communicated in the local tongue, people may feel embarrassed to
seek out services. Conversely they may feel hindered because of their own ineptness at expressing their feelings due to language
difficulties and reading ineptitudes.
The inability to communicate in what is not their mother tongue inevitably leads to discrimination; due to the lack of a common
language they struggle to express their inner feelings, to ask questions or to represent themselves or their families.
Values concerning health and illness. Differences in health beliefs between the patient and the provider i.e. the explanatory
model of health, illness and healing methods, can act as a barrier to the detriment of the ethnic minority patients. Ethnic minority
patients may have one of the following sets of belief patterns.
(i) The belief that western concepts should be holistically defined; a holistic view integrates the body, mind and soul.
(ii) The belief that personal problems and illness are caused by external factors such as family relationships and less by internal
influences such as damaging childhood experiences.
(iii) The belief that external causes can be natural or supernatural by nature. Natural in this context means a so-called ‘Act Of
God’ (e.g. the ‘tsunami’). By supernatural is meant karma (consequences of good or wrong doings in another life), magic, sorcery
and voodoo.
(iv) The belief that the concept of (mental) health should include religious/spiritual dimensions as well as bodily dimensions and
that mental illness and psychiatric hospital admission is to be avoided (taboo).
(Thompson et al, 2004)