This presentation is Part 3 of a training program on Food Safety Practices for the Aquaculture Industry by Michigan State University, on 22 April 2013.
This presentation is Part 3 of a training program on Food Safety Practices for the Aquaculture Industry by Michigan State University, on 22 April 2013.
Production and Formulation of Fish and Shrimp (Prawn) FeedAjjay Kumar Gupta
Production and Formulation of Fish and Shrimp (Prawn) Feed. Commercial Aquaculture Feed Manufacturing Business
Food is the main element for living of all animal. Like other animals fish also needs sufficient and nutritious fish feed for proper growth and survival. Maximum fish production is not possible without nutritious feed. The ingredients of well-balanced nutritious feed for fish are protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamins, minerals and water. The feed like moss or aquatic insects which produce naturally in the pond is not sufficient for fish.
Aquafeed, also known as the fish feed, is a commercially produced food item for various aquatic species such as fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. Aquafeed is extensively used in the aquaculture sector. Fish cultivated on farms and feeding on pests found on crops can also be categorized under the aquafeed market segment.
Aqua feed is food formulated specifically for fishes, which is commercially manufactured via numerous industrial procedures. Aqua feed is primarily available as pellets, which contain important ingredients that provide nutrition to fish. As per the fish species and size to be fed, these pellets are available in many sizes. Further, the properties of pellets can be easily changed so that they sink to the bottom of fish tanks or float on the surface of the water. The nutrient contents of the feed can be controlled and this has benefitted the global aqua feed market in the recent past. Also, there has been a growth in the farming aquatic species such as crustaceans, mollusks, and fish.
See more
https://goo.gl/9LC1pS
https://goo.gl/2jpbQ9
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Commercial Fish Feed, Fish Feed Formulation and Production, Fish Feed Production, Fish Feed Production Plant, Fish Feeds and Feeding, Fish Feed Production Pdf, Fish Feed Production Process, Fish Feed Pellet Production, Ingredients of Fish Feed, Fish Feed Industry, Prefeasibility of Production of Fish Feed at Small Scale, Fish Feed Pellets Production Plant, Fish Feed in Aquaculture, Production of Fish and Shrimp Feed, Fish Feed Preparation, Fish Feed, Feed Formulation, Fish & Aquatics Feed Products, Aquaculture Feed, Fish Feeds Processing and Technology, Commercial Aquaculture Feed Production, Fish Feed Processing, Feed Manufacturing, Shrimp Feed Formulation and Manufacturing Process, Manufacturing Process for Shrimp Feed, Shrimp Feed Pellets Making, Shrimp Feed Production Process, Prawn Feed Manufacturing, Feed Formulation, Prawn Feed, Prawn Feed Preparation, Shrimp Feed Industry, Shrimp Feed, Project Report on Fish Feed Processing Industry, Detailed Project Report on Fish Feed Processing
This presentation is Part 4 of a training program on Food Safety Practices for the Aquaculture Industry by Michigan State University, on 22 April 2013.
This document discusses sustainable development of fisheries. It defines sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. The FAO defines sustainable fisheries as managing natural resources and technological changes to ensure satisfying human needs now and in the future. Objectives include food security, profitable industries, long-term viability of resources, and ecosystem health. Unsustainable fisheries result from overcapacity, destructive practices, pollution and more. Solutions involve awareness, integration with coastal management, controlling land and access, stronger institutions, stakeholder participation, information sharing, socioeconomic understanding, enforcement, adapting to change, and community commitment.
Seafood additives can enhance quality, safety, authenticity and traceability if properly authorized and regulated. This presentation discusses the authorization process for additives in seafood and their evaluation for safety. It also covers topics like Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) systems for ensuring seafood safety, guidelines for proper consumer handling and storage of seafood, techniques for authenticating seafood species, and using traceability technology to track seafood from source to consumer.
The document discusses the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) established by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. It originated from calls at FAO meetings in the early 1990s for more responsible fishing practices and management. The CCRF was finalized after international consultations from 1992-1995. It sets out voluntary principles and international standards for sustainable fishing. The CCRF aims to ensure effective conservation, management and development of living aquatic resources while also recognizing the nutritional, economic and cultural importance of fisheries.
Presentation 20: Good aquaculture and biosecurity practices in shrimp farming...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/28b6bd62-5433-4fad-b5a1-8ac61eb671b1/
International Technical Seminar/Workshops on Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND)
This document discusses biosecurity in aquaculture. It defines biosecurity as measures adopted to secure a disease-free environment in all phases of aquaculture. It identifies different levels of biosecurity including external and internal barriers to prevent the spread of disease. Components of biosecurity include quarantine, sanitation, and disinfection. Recommended protocols for sanitation and disinfection include being careful with live foods, proper storage and usage of manufactured feeds, and good overall system cleanliness. The document also discusses biosecurity strategies for shrimp production specifically.
This presentation is Part 3 of a training program on Food Safety Practices for the Aquaculture Industry by Michigan State University, on 22 April 2013.
Production and Formulation of Fish and Shrimp (Prawn) FeedAjjay Kumar Gupta
Production and Formulation of Fish and Shrimp (Prawn) Feed. Commercial Aquaculture Feed Manufacturing Business
Food is the main element for living of all animal. Like other animals fish also needs sufficient and nutritious fish feed for proper growth and survival. Maximum fish production is not possible without nutritious feed. The ingredients of well-balanced nutritious feed for fish are protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamins, minerals and water. The feed like moss or aquatic insects which produce naturally in the pond is not sufficient for fish.
Aquafeed, also known as the fish feed, is a commercially produced food item for various aquatic species such as fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. Aquafeed is extensively used in the aquaculture sector. Fish cultivated on farms and feeding on pests found on crops can also be categorized under the aquafeed market segment.
Aqua feed is food formulated specifically for fishes, which is commercially manufactured via numerous industrial procedures. Aqua feed is primarily available as pellets, which contain important ingredients that provide nutrition to fish. As per the fish species and size to be fed, these pellets are available in many sizes. Further, the properties of pellets can be easily changed so that they sink to the bottom of fish tanks or float on the surface of the water. The nutrient contents of the feed can be controlled and this has benefitted the global aqua feed market in the recent past. Also, there has been a growth in the farming aquatic species such as crustaceans, mollusks, and fish.
See more
https://goo.gl/9LC1pS
https://goo.gl/2jpbQ9
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Commercial Fish Feed, Fish Feed Formulation and Production, Fish Feed Production, Fish Feed Production Plant, Fish Feeds and Feeding, Fish Feed Production Pdf, Fish Feed Production Process, Fish Feed Pellet Production, Ingredients of Fish Feed, Fish Feed Industry, Prefeasibility of Production of Fish Feed at Small Scale, Fish Feed Pellets Production Plant, Fish Feed in Aquaculture, Production of Fish and Shrimp Feed, Fish Feed Preparation, Fish Feed, Feed Formulation, Fish & Aquatics Feed Products, Aquaculture Feed, Fish Feeds Processing and Technology, Commercial Aquaculture Feed Production, Fish Feed Processing, Feed Manufacturing, Shrimp Feed Formulation and Manufacturing Process, Manufacturing Process for Shrimp Feed, Shrimp Feed Pellets Making, Shrimp Feed Production Process, Prawn Feed Manufacturing, Feed Formulation, Prawn Feed, Prawn Feed Preparation, Shrimp Feed Industry, Shrimp Feed, Project Report on Fish Feed Processing Industry, Detailed Project Report on Fish Feed Processing
This presentation is Part 4 of a training program on Food Safety Practices for the Aquaculture Industry by Michigan State University, on 22 April 2013.
This document discusses sustainable development of fisheries. It defines sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. The FAO defines sustainable fisheries as managing natural resources and technological changes to ensure satisfying human needs now and in the future. Objectives include food security, profitable industries, long-term viability of resources, and ecosystem health. Unsustainable fisheries result from overcapacity, destructive practices, pollution and more. Solutions involve awareness, integration with coastal management, controlling land and access, stronger institutions, stakeholder participation, information sharing, socioeconomic understanding, enforcement, adapting to change, and community commitment.
Seafood additives can enhance quality, safety, authenticity and traceability if properly authorized and regulated. This presentation discusses the authorization process for additives in seafood and their evaluation for safety. It also covers topics like Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) systems for ensuring seafood safety, guidelines for proper consumer handling and storage of seafood, techniques for authenticating seafood species, and using traceability technology to track seafood from source to consumer.
The document discusses the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) established by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. It originated from calls at FAO meetings in the early 1990s for more responsible fishing practices and management. The CCRF was finalized after international consultations from 1992-1995. It sets out voluntary principles and international standards for sustainable fishing. The CCRF aims to ensure effective conservation, management and development of living aquatic resources while also recognizing the nutritional, economic and cultural importance of fisheries.
Presentation 20: Good aquaculture and biosecurity practices in shrimp farming...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/28b6bd62-5433-4fad-b5a1-8ac61eb671b1/
International Technical Seminar/Workshops on Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND)
This document discusses biosecurity in aquaculture. It defines biosecurity as measures adopted to secure a disease-free environment in all phases of aquaculture. It identifies different levels of biosecurity including external and internal barriers to prevent the spread of disease. Components of biosecurity include quarantine, sanitation, and disinfection. Recommended protocols for sanitation and disinfection include being careful with live foods, proper storage and usage of manufactured feeds, and good overall system cleanliness. The document also discusses biosecurity strategies for shrimp production specifically.
This document discusses fish seed certification and quarantine procedures. It covers topics like quality assurance of fish seeds, certification processes in different countries, guidelines for good aquaculture practices, and general principles and considerations for quarantine facilities. Quarantine involves isolating aquatic animals to observe for diseases and involves proper treatment, testing, and containment to prevent spread of pathogens.
Many fishers and aquaculturists are poor and ill-prepared to adapt to change, making them vulnerable to impacts on fish resources. Nature of the climate change threat. Fisheries and aquaculture are threatened by changes in temperature and, in freshwater ecosystems, precipitation. Storms may become more frequent and extreme, imperilling habitats, stocks, infrastructure and livelihoods.
Fish disease is a major constraint to aquaculture development in Bangladesh. Common diseases include bacterial, fungal, parasitic and physical ailments. The risk of disease outbreaks increases with intensification of aquaculture and high stocking densities. Proper management practices like monitoring health, controlling transboundary movements, training workers and utilizing disease prevention techniques can help control disease spread and its impacts on aquaculture.
We manufacture the machinery displayed in the powerpoint slideshow, required in fisf feed / poultry feed plant.
Please contact me at : saikatray159@gmail.com
The document provides an overview of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) presented by Karthikachandran from the University of Kerala. The CCRF was adopted by FAO in 1995 and provides principles and standards for sustainable fisheries. It covers conservation, management, and development of fisheries. The summary includes the origins, goals, actors involved in implementing the CCRF, its structure with 12 articles addressing issues like fisheries management, fishing operations, aquaculture, and research.
This document contains a question bank with 109 multiple choice questions related to fisheries. The questions cover topics such as fisheries exports, institutes that provide fisheries education, abbreviations and acronyms related to fisheries, fishing gear, fish species, plankton, fishing bans and regulations, and more. The questions are multiple choice with one right answer out of the options provided for each question.
A SIMPLE PRESENTATION MADE FOR THE PLUS TWO STUDENTS OF VELLANADU GOVT.HSS, TRIVANDRUM AND PRESENTED ON 19/09/2015 IN A PROGRAM ORGANISED BY FISH FARMERS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (FFDA) OF FISHERIES DEPARTMENT OF KERALA
This document provides information on handling fresh aquatic products. It discusses how fish and other seafood are highly perishable and begin to spoil soon after death due to bacterial and enzymatic activity that is accelerated by higher temperatures. It outlines different types of fish preparation including drawn, dressed, steaks, and fillets. The document also compares characteristics of fresh versus spoiled seafood and provides handling guidelines for different types of seafood to maintain quality like sorting, cleaning, and chilling at low temperatures.
Selective breeding in fish and conservation of genetic resources for aquacultureWorldFish
Invited presentation given by Dr Curtis Lind at the 17th International Congress on Animal Reproduction (ICAR), Vancouver, Canada, 31st July, 2012.
SUMMARY: To satisfy increasing demands for fish as food, progress must occur towards greater aquaculture productivity whilst retaining the wild and farmed genetic resources that underpin global fish production. We review the main selection methods that have been developed for genetic improvement in aquaculture, and discuss their virtues and shortcomings. Examples of the application of mass, cohort, within family, and combined between-family and within-family selection are given. In addition, we review the manner in which fish genetic resources can be lost at the intra-specific, species and ecosystem levels and discuss options to best prevent this. We illustrate that fundamental principles of genetic management are common in the implementation of both selective breeding and conservation programmes, and should be emphasized in capacity development efforts. We highlight the value of applied genetics approaches for increasing aquaculture productivity and the conservation of fish genetic resources.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02084.x/abstract
The state of world fisheries and aquaculturemarcleorg
This document is the 2012 edition of The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture report published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). It provides an overview of the global state of fisheries and aquaculture, including production from capture fisheries and aquaculture, the number of fishers and fish farmers, the status of fishery resources and fleets, fish trade and consumption, and governance and policy issues. The report is divided into three parts: the first part provides a global review and status update on fisheries and aquaculture; the second part examines selected issues in more depth; and the third part presents highlights from special studies on topics like fisheries management policies and food safety.
Nutritional requirement of larvae and broodstock of commercially important fi...Akhila S
the presentation provides the details regarding, Tthe broodstock nutrition, essential nutrients and recent data on broodstock nutrition; also larval nutrition; the hatchery utilised live feeds in detail and also microparticulate diet, the recent knowlwdge on essential elements amd minerals in larval nutrition, like taurine, phospholipids, liposomes, waxy spray beds etc
Introduction to fisheries and aquacultureOsama Zahid
This document discusses fisheries science and trends in fisheries production globally and in Pakistan. Key points include:
- World fish production in 2001 was 130 million tons, with 37 million from aquaculture and 92 million captured. China leads production.
- Fisheries provide food for 950 million people and 200 million jobs globally.
- Pakistan has rich fisheries resources but the sector contributes only 0.8% to GDP. Most caught fish is exported while domestic demand is only met at 1.6 kg per person annually compared to a global average of 16 kg.
- Pakistan has marine fisheries along its 100 km coastline and abundant freshwater fisheries in rivers and lakes. However, the fisheries department is
Stress from factors like overcrowding, poor water quality, and injury can weaken fish's natural defenses, making them susceptible to disease. Mucus, scales, skin, and inflammation are part of fish's immune response, but stress compromises these defenses. To prevent disease outbreaks and mortality, good management practices must maintain water quality, prevent stress from handling and overcrowding, provide proper nutrition, and implement sanitation measures. Prioritizing the reduction of stressors is key to controlling disease problems in aquaculture.
Fish have more efficient feed conversion ratios than land animals like cows and pigs due to their biology and environment. Fish feeds are more concentrated in nutrients than feeds for land animals. A balanced nutrition mix for fish includes protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. Proper storage, water quality factors like oxygen, temperature, pH, alkalinity, hardness, ammonia, nitrite, and salinity are important for fish health. Routine water testing and monitoring of these factors is necessary in aquaculture.
The Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF)Iwl Pcu
The document discusses the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) implemented by the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). It provides context on world fisheries, describing their importance for food/nutrition and economies. It outlines the CCRF's goals of sustainable fisheries benefits, and principles for conservation and management. The CCRF structure and actors involved in implementation are described, along with challenges and projects supporting CCRF efforts. The FAO calls for support in further collaborating to implement and fulfill the CCRF.
This chapter provides a general introduction to finfish taxonomy. It discusses the importance of studying finfish taxonomy and defines key terms like taxonomy, taxa, classification, and systematics. It outlines the three stages of taxonomy - alpha, beta, and gamma taxonomy. Finally, it describes the principal tasks of taxonomists, which include identifying fish species, conducting taxonomic revisions, and studying evolutionary links between species. The document establishes the foundation for understanding the principles and practice of finfish taxonomy.
Ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) takes a holistic approach by considering all impacts on the ecosystem from fisheries and related human activities. It differs from conventional fisheries management by focusing on the entire ecosystem rather than individual species. The goal of EBFM is to maintain ecosystem health, integrity, and sustainability for both current and future generations. Key tools for implementing EBFM include ecosystem models (Ecopath, Ecosim), marine protected areas, and socioeconomic analysis to evaluate management tradeoffs.
Fishery-dependent data collection provides valuable information for fishery managers to develop management plans. It is important for managers to determine the most important data to collect and implement a data recording system before overfishing occurs. One common mistake is waiting until populations are imperiled before creating management plans. This document discusses various methods for collecting fishery-dependent data, including catch estimates, catch disposition, catch per unit effort (CPUE), and fishing effort measures. It provides examples of calculating CPUE for different gear types like gill nets and longlines. The document also covers raising factors used to expand sample data to total population estimates.
Overfishing occurs when fishing pressure exceeds agreed optimal levels, and is considered a "primordial sin" of fisheries management. There are three types of overfishing: growth overfishing occurs when too many small fish are caught before reaching maturity; recruitment overfishing reduces spawning stock to the point where recruitment is insufficient to maintain the stock; and ecosystem overfishing disrupts the ecosystem through competition and predation in mixed fisheries. To avoid overfishing, fishing effort must be monitored and regulated through limiting vessels, catch amounts, closed areas and seasons, and controlling the age and size of catch.
Aquaculture is currently the fastest growing food sector, producing almost 50% of the world's food fish. It is highly diverse, with many species, systems, environments, and operations. Developing countries produce the most, with Asia accounting for over 90%. Global aquaculture faces challenges to maintain environmental sustainability, ensure safety and quality, and combat diseases while managing health. Future trends include increased intensification, species diversification, influence of markets and trade, and better governance and management. Aquaculture provides opportunities but must address sustainability to meet growing demand for aquatic foods.
This document discusses aquaculture in the EU and its role in the Common Fisheries Policy reform. It notes that aquaculture produces over 1.3 million tons annually and provides 80,000 jobs but will need to increase to meet future seafood demand. The reform aims to reduce overfishing and ensure sustainable fisheries. It proposes using an open method of coordination between EU countries to develop strategic plans and address issues like reducing administrative burdens, improving access to waters and space, boosting competitiveness, and creating a level playing field.
This document discusses fish seed certification and quarantine procedures. It covers topics like quality assurance of fish seeds, certification processes in different countries, guidelines for good aquaculture practices, and general principles and considerations for quarantine facilities. Quarantine involves isolating aquatic animals to observe for diseases and involves proper treatment, testing, and containment to prevent spread of pathogens.
Many fishers and aquaculturists are poor and ill-prepared to adapt to change, making them vulnerable to impacts on fish resources. Nature of the climate change threat. Fisheries and aquaculture are threatened by changes in temperature and, in freshwater ecosystems, precipitation. Storms may become more frequent and extreme, imperilling habitats, stocks, infrastructure and livelihoods.
Fish disease is a major constraint to aquaculture development in Bangladesh. Common diseases include bacterial, fungal, parasitic and physical ailments. The risk of disease outbreaks increases with intensification of aquaculture and high stocking densities. Proper management practices like monitoring health, controlling transboundary movements, training workers and utilizing disease prevention techniques can help control disease spread and its impacts on aquaculture.
We manufacture the machinery displayed in the powerpoint slideshow, required in fisf feed / poultry feed plant.
Please contact me at : saikatray159@gmail.com
The document provides an overview of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) presented by Karthikachandran from the University of Kerala. The CCRF was adopted by FAO in 1995 and provides principles and standards for sustainable fisheries. It covers conservation, management, and development of fisheries. The summary includes the origins, goals, actors involved in implementing the CCRF, its structure with 12 articles addressing issues like fisheries management, fishing operations, aquaculture, and research.
This document contains a question bank with 109 multiple choice questions related to fisheries. The questions cover topics such as fisheries exports, institutes that provide fisheries education, abbreviations and acronyms related to fisheries, fishing gear, fish species, plankton, fishing bans and regulations, and more. The questions are multiple choice with one right answer out of the options provided for each question.
A SIMPLE PRESENTATION MADE FOR THE PLUS TWO STUDENTS OF VELLANADU GOVT.HSS, TRIVANDRUM AND PRESENTED ON 19/09/2015 IN A PROGRAM ORGANISED BY FISH FARMERS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (FFDA) OF FISHERIES DEPARTMENT OF KERALA
This document provides information on handling fresh aquatic products. It discusses how fish and other seafood are highly perishable and begin to spoil soon after death due to bacterial and enzymatic activity that is accelerated by higher temperatures. It outlines different types of fish preparation including drawn, dressed, steaks, and fillets. The document also compares characteristics of fresh versus spoiled seafood and provides handling guidelines for different types of seafood to maintain quality like sorting, cleaning, and chilling at low temperatures.
Selective breeding in fish and conservation of genetic resources for aquacultureWorldFish
Invited presentation given by Dr Curtis Lind at the 17th International Congress on Animal Reproduction (ICAR), Vancouver, Canada, 31st July, 2012.
SUMMARY: To satisfy increasing demands for fish as food, progress must occur towards greater aquaculture productivity whilst retaining the wild and farmed genetic resources that underpin global fish production. We review the main selection methods that have been developed for genetic improvement in aquaculture, and discuss their virtues and shortcomings. Examples of the application of mass, cohort, within family, and combined between-family and within-family selection are given. In addition, we review the manner in which fish genetic resources can be lost at the intra-specific, species and ecosystem levels and discuss options to best prevent this. We illustrate that fundamental principles of genetic management are common in the implementation of both selective breeding and conservation programmes, and should be emphasized in capacity development efforts. We highlight the value of applied genetics approaches for increasing aquaculture productivity and the conservation of fish genetic resources.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02084.x/abstract
The state of world fisheries and aquaculturemarcleorg
This document is the 2012 edition of The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture report published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). It provides an overview of the global state of fisheries and aquaculture, including production from capture fisheries and aquaculture, the number of fishers and fish farmers, the status of fishery resources and fleets, fish trade and consumption, and governance and policy issues. The report is divided into three parts: the first part provides a global review and status update on fisheries and aquaculture; the second part examines selected issues in more depth; and the third part presents highlights from special studies on topics like fisheries management policies and food safety.
Nutritional requirement of larvae and broodstock of commercially important fi...Akhila S
the presentation provides the details regarding, Tthe broodstock nutrition, essential nutrients and recent data on broodstock nutrition; also larval nutrition; the hatchery utilised live feeds in detail and also microparticulate diet, the recent knowlwdge on essential elements amd minerals in larval nutrition, like taurine, phospholipids, liposomes, waxy spray beds etc
Introduction to fisheries and aquacultureOsama Zahid
This document discusses fisheries science and trends in fisheries production globally and in Pakistan. Key points include:
- World fish production in 2001 was 130 million tons, with 37 million from aquaculture and 92 million captured. China leads production.
- Fisheries provide food for 950 million people and 200 million jobs globally.
- Pakistan has rich fisheries resources but the sector contributes only 0.8% to GDP. Most caught fish is exported while domestic demand is only met at 1.6 kg per person annually compared to a global average of 16 kg.
- Pakistan has marine fisheries along its 100 km coastline and abundant freshwater fisheries in rivers and lakes. However, the fisheries department is
Stress from factors like overcrowding, poor water quality, and injury can weaken fish's natural defenses, making them susceptible to disease. Mucus, scales, skin, and inflammation are part of fish's immune response, but stress compromises these defenses. To prevent disease outbreaks and mortality, good management practices must maintain water quality, prevent stress from handling and overcrowding, provide proper nutrition, and implement sanitation measures. Prioritizing the reduction of stressors is key to controlling disease problems in aquaculture.
Fish have more efficient feed conversion ratios than land animals like cows and pigs due to their biology and environment. Fish feeds are more concentrated in nutrients than feeds for land animals. A balanced nutrition mix for fish includes protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. Proper storage, water quality factors like oxygen, temperature, pH, alkalinity, hardness, ammonia, nitrite, and salinity are important for fish health. Routine water testing and monitoring of these factors is necessary in aquaculture.
The Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF)Iwl Pcu
The document discusses the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) implemented by the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). It provides context on world fisheries, describing their importance for food/nutrition and economies. It outlines the CCRF's goals of sustainable fisheries benefits, and principles for conservation and management. The CCRF structure and actors involved in implementation are described, along with challenges and projects supporting CCRF efforts. The FAO calls for support in further collaborating to implement and fulfill the CCRF.
This chapter provides a general introduction to finfish taxonomy. It discusses the importance of studying finfish taxonomy and defines key terms like taxonomy, taxa, classification, and systematics. It outlines the three stages of taxonomy - alpha, beta, and gamma taxonomy. Finally, it describes the principal tasks of taxonomists, which include identifying fish species, conducting taxonomic revisions, and studying evolutionary links between species. The document establishes the foundation for understanding the principles and practice of finfish taxonomy.
Ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) takes a holistic approach by considering all impacts on the ecosystem from fisheries and related human activities. It differs from conventional fisheries management by focusing on the entire ecosystem rather than individual species. The goal of EBFM is to maintain ecosystem health, integrity, and sustainability for both current and future generations. Key tools for implementing EBFM include ecosystem models (Ecopath, Ecosim), marine protected areas, and socioeconomic analysis to evaluate management tradeoffs.
Fishery-dependent data collection provides valuable information for fishery managers to develop management plans. It is important for managers to determine the most important data to collect and implement a data recording system before overfishing occurs. One common mistake is waiting until populations are imperiled before creating management plans. This document discusses various methods for collecting fishery-dependent data, including catch estimates, catch disposition, catch per unit effort (CPUE), and fishing effort measures. It provides examples of calculating CPUE for different gear types like gill nets and longlines. The document also covers raising factors used to expand sample data to total population estimates.
Overfishing occurs when fishing pressure exceeds agreed optimal levels, and is considered a "primordial sin" of fisheries management. There are three types of overfishing: growth overfishing occurs when too many small fish are caught before reaching maturity; recruitment overfishing reduces spawning stock to the point where recruitment is insufficient to maintain the stock; and ecosystem overfishing disrupts the ecosystem through competition and predation in mixed fisheries. To avoid overfishing, fishing effort must be monitored and regulated through limiting vessels, catch amounts, closed areas and seasons, and controlling the age and size of catch.
Aquaculture is currently the fastest growing food sector, producing almost 50% of the world's food fish. It is highly diverse, with many species, systems, environments, and operations. Developing countries produce the most, with Asia accounting for over 90%. Global aquaculture faces challenges to maintain environmental sustainability, ensure safety and quality, and combat diseases while managing health. Future trends include increased intensification, species diversification, influence of markets and trade, and better governance and management. Aquaculture provides opportunities but must address sustainability to meet growing demand for aquatic foods.
This document discusses aquaculture in the EU and its role in the Common Fisheries Policy reform. It notes that aquaculture produces over 1.3 million tons annually and provides 80,000 jobs but will need to increase to meet future seafood demand. The reform aims to reduce overfishing and ensure sustainable fisheries. It proposes using an open method of coordination between EU countries to develop strategic plans and address issues like reducing administrative burdens, improving access to waters and space, boosting competitiveness, and creating a level playing field.
Aquaculture Certification in Indonesia by Chaery Novari, Directorate General of Aquaculture, Workshop of Aquaculture Certification, HCM City, 26 June 2013
Cormac O'Sullivan, Technical Manager - Seafood at SAI Global presents on the various Seafood certification programs, their requirements and how they fit into the Aquaculture landscape.
This presentation is Part 3 of a training program on Food Safety Practices for the Aquaculture Industry by Michigan State University, on 22 April 2013.
As more of world’s natural fisheries are depleted and demand of fish continues to rise, aquaculture will continue to grow, thus raising demand for healthy, commercially prepared fish
Good Feed Manufacturing Practices for the Brazilian Aquaculture IndustryAlberto Nunes
Good Feed Manufacturing Practices for the Brazilian Aquaculture Industry. Talk given at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Brazilian Society of Animal Science in July 26, 2013, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
The document discusses good aquaculture practices (GAP). It defines GAP as practices that minimize environmental impacts while ensuring sustainable development. GAP standards address issues like environmental protection, animal welfare, food safety, and traceability. Proper site selection, farm construction, farm design, livestock management, and record keeping are important aspects of GAP. Record keeping is essential for improving production efficiency and identifying problems.
Sustainable intensification of aquaculture - FAO consultation 27 nov2014Michael Phillips
Fish and food security: sustainable intensification of aquaculture
1. Fish is a key source of nutrition, especially in Asia, and demand is growing rapidly as populations and incomes increase.
2. Aquaculture production must more than double by 2050 to meet projected demand, but current practices risk significant environmental impacts if not intensified sustainably.
3. Sustainable intensification focuses on increasing production while reducing environmental impacts through improved technologies, management practices, regulations and inclusive development that benefits small-scale farmers and consumers.
Protect Environment In Aquaculture Production2 BaoRidzaludin
The document discusses environmental issues caused by aquaculture development in Vietnam and measures to address them. Rapid expansion of aquaculture has led to forest destruction, water quality changes, and decreased biodiversity. This negatively impacts both the environment and aquaculture production. Proposed measures include mangrove reforestation, proper zoning of aquaculture, wastewater treatment, limiting chemical and antibiotic use, water quality monitoring, and raising awareness of farmers.
This document provides information on managing fish ponds and controlling aquatic weeds. It discusses typical fish stocking strategies, the growth rates of different fish species, and techniques for maintaining pond balance. The document also outlines methods for controlling aquatic weeds through proper identification and application of herbicides. It provides guidance on draining ponds to control weeds and discusses using chemicals like rotenone for renovation. The document covers diagnosing and treating common fish diseases and stresses the importance of water quality, overcrowding, and recent stresses in causing disease.
The bulk of the world's fish meal and oil is today manufactured by the wet pressing method. The main steps of the process are cooking for coagulation of the protein thereby liberating bound water and oil, separation by pressing of the coagulate yielding a solid phase (press cake) containing 60-80% of the oil-free dry matter (protein, bones) and oil, and a liquid phase (press liquor) containing water and the rest of the solids (oil, dissolved and suspended protein, vitamins and minerals).
Feed formulation strategies and methods jaAmit Jana
This document discusses feed formulation strategies and methods. It introduces feed formulation strategies such as diet selection, waste estimation, ration allowance, and feeding strategies. It then describes two methods for feed formulation - Pearson's Square Method and Trial and Error Method. Pearson's Square Method can be used to balance feeds for two or more ingredients based on a single nutrient like crude protein. The document provides an example of using Pearson's Square to create a feed with 40% crude protein. The Trial and Error Method is demonstrated by creating a feed containing 25-30% crude protein through calculating the crude protein contributions of different ingredients.
This document discusses factors to consider when formulating fish feeds, including the nutrient requirements of different fish species. It explains that fish can be herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, or detritivores depending on their diets. The main nutrients required in fish feeds are proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. Acceptable protein sources include fish meal and soymeal, while lipid sources include fish and plant oils. Carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals also must be included in proper amounts. The document stresses that feed formulations should be tailored to local availability and fish species' specific needs.
Feed formulation is the major part of aquaculture.The main objective of feed formulation is to utilize the knowledge of nutrient requirements, locally available feed ingredients and digestive capacity of fish for the development of a nutritionally balanced mixture of feed stuff…
The document discusses biofloc technology (BFT), which uses bacteria to control water quality in aquaculture. BFT balances carbon and nitrogen to form protein-rich flocs that fish and shrimp can eat. BFT allows high stocking densities in a sustainable way by recycling nutrients. It has benefits for nursery, grow-out, and breeding phases of aquaculture and may provide an alternative protein source. BFT also shows potential for controlling disease through quorum sensing disruption and immune stimulation.
The document discusses disease control in aquaculture through environmental management. It emphasizes maintaining optimal environmental conditions like water quality to prevent disease spread. It notes that diseases can cause 10-15% production losses so ponds and hatcheries must be carefully managed. Poor management of things like water quality, overstocking, and unbalanced feed can lead to fish mortality. The document provides recommendations for best practices like liming, fertilizing, stocking density, and removing diseased/dead fish.
Aquaculture has a long history dating back to 2000 BC in China. While it provides important health benefits like protein and nutrients, it can also negatively impact public health through various contaminants. Key contaminants of concern from aquaculture include antibiotics, which contribute to antibiotic resistance, and persistent organic pollutants that accumulate up the food chain. Ensuring safe aquaculture practices through measures like proper hygiene, water quality management, and clean equipment is important to protect public health.
Nourishing people and planet with aquatic foodsWorldFish
Presentation by panelists Shakuntala Thilsted, Molly Ahern, Patrick Webb, Tinna Manani, Mrityunjoy Kunda, Ravishankar C.N. and Sandra Caroline Grant on 'Nourishing people and planet with aquatic foods' at the UN Food System Summit Science Day Side Event on Tuesday, 6 July 2021.
Freshwater and coastal aquaculture development can benefit from internal and external experience for preventing environmental damage and for avoiding harmful effects of degradation on aquaculture resources. Strategies to compensate for the loss of aquatic fauna (e.g. due to physical obstructions) are directly linked to important environmental issues, such as the transfer of exotic species, the spread of diseases and loss of genetic diversity, eutrophication, impairment of aesthetic qualities and the disruption of indigenous fish stocks.
There presently, conceptual frameworks for aquatic environment management backed by legal and administrative tools to create or enforce ration systems for water management, land use or fisheries and aquaculture development strengthened by adaptive institutionalization.
Examing Quality Control Practices at the Pangasius Farm Levelijtsrd
This document examines quality control practices at the farm level for Pangasius farming in Vietnam. It analyzes four critical control points (CCPs) for fish quality: site selection, water supply, production processes, and harvest. For each CCP, it compares the requirements of processing export companies to the practices of fishery association members, independent farmers, and benchmarks. It finds gaps between requirements and actual practices, particularly for independent farmers, in areas like pond design/construction, waste water management, fingerling selection/stocking densities, feed use, chemical use, and meeting quality standards at harvest. Addressing these gaps, such as through cooperatives and adopting best management practices, could help small-scale farmers improve quality and
The document discusses preharvest food safety and security. It summarizes a meeting of professionals who discussed current preharvest food safety practices, problems caused by pathogens on farms, research needs, and communication priorities. Key topics included the diversity of food production environments; surveillance and risk assessment of foodborne pathogens; incentives for improving safety practices; and the role of trade in affecting practice changes. Research needs focused on detection methods, understanding impacts of illnesses, and microbial ecology/interactions on farms.
Popular Unsustainable and Environmentally Concerning Aqu.docxharrisonhoward80223
Popular Unsustainable and Environmentally Concerning Aquaculture Methodology
Arizona State University
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2
Abstract
Aquaculture will continue to grow as the expected fish demand will increase inevitably with the
rising population. The reliance on aquaculture systems comes with responsibility of owners and
respective stakeholders to assure that the systems are using sustainable and environmentally
friendly mechanisms. This report discusses various ways to create a more sustainable and
environmentally friendly aquaculture system in terms of fishmeal alternatives, built-structure
types, and antibiotics and chemical usage to give recommendations to fish farm owners. The
report also touches on ethical practices in owning an aquaculture system. The most sustainable
3
method was found to be feed using microalgae and insects, structure type of pen and cage, and
phage therapy as an antibiotic treatment replacement.
1.0 Introduction: Background of Aquaculture Systems
1.1 Current Unsustainable Aquaculture Methodology
With the world’s increasing in population, fish and seafood in general has become widely relied
on as a source of protein, and this reliance will continue and grow. In 2030, it is expected that
150 to 160 million tons of fish will be consumed (“Global and regional food”, n.d.). Besides
fishing, aquaculture is a major method in which we obtain fish, and will continue to be to meet
the world demand of fish. Aquaculture is diverse in its methods, but the main idea is to create a
farm in a body of water to efficiently produce copious amounts of seafood like fish (freshwater
and saltwater), and shellfish. Many factors go into an aquaculture system to assure its success,
such as the feed type, the farm location, and the farm structure. Many may assume that
aquaculture would decrease pressure on fisheries because fish are being separately farmed for the
purpose of eating, however this is not the case. Currently “Around 85% of global fish stocks are
over-exploited, depleted, fully exploited or in recovery from exploitation” (Vince, 2012). This is
greatly concerning as it is known that the global population is only increasing, and therefore the
global demand for fish consumption will only increase as well..
Nutrition sensitive fish agri-food systems FAO-presentationWorldFish
Worldfish: Nutrition Sensitive Fish Agri-Food Systems Workshop, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, presented by Francis Chimpangu
The document discusses biosecurity for fish farmers and provides recommendations for developing an effective on-farm biosecurity program. It recommends that farmers identify areas for improvement through a biosecurity audit questionnaire and work with fish health experts to design a tailored program. Core elements of an effective biosecurity program include employee education, surveillance and health monitoring of fish, quarantine of new arrivals, disinfection of equipment and materials, and ensuring consistent implementation of biosecurity standards and protocols.
Precautionary approach to fishery managementRah Mon
The document discusses the precautionary approach in fisheries management. It defines precaution and approach, and explains that the precautionary approach aims to protect fisheries resources and the environment by taking prudent actions in the face of uncertainty. It outlines how the precautionary approach is used widely by various international bodies and fisheries commissions to set reference points and indicators for sustainably managing fish stocks. The document also discusses selecting indicators and reference points, adopting a precautionary approach to management planning, and merging concepts of sustainable development and precautionary approach.
The document outlines key points of the Food Safety Act of 2013 in the Philippines. It aims to (1) protect public health from foodborne illnesses; (2) enhance industry and consumer confidence; and (3) promote economic growth through fair trade. It delineates responsibilities between government agencies like the DA, DOH, DILG from farm to consumer. It establishes food safety programs like GMP, SSOP, and HACCP to prevent hazards. It provides the legal framework to develop and implement science-based food safety regulations to achieve a high level of consumer protection.
The document outlines various strategies for achieving sustainability in aquaculture, including building an efficient regulatory framework, enhancing environmental interactions while ensuring animal health, and facilitating market-oriented aquaculture. It discusses concepts like sustainable development, food security, biosecurity, organic farming, integrated farming, responsible aquaculture, and rotational aquaculture. For each strategy, it provides details on technical parameters, management practices, and how they can balance aquaculture development with natural resource conservation. The overall aim is to develop the aquaculture sector in a socially, economically, and environmentally sustainable manner over the long term.
This document discusses a proposed research study on developing an effective aquaponic system for producing safe fish and organic vegetables. The study aims to address food security and environmental sustainability issues. Key points:
- Aquaponics combines aquaculture and hydroponics in a symbiotic system, using fish waste as plant fertilizer. It is a sustainable approach with benefits like reduced costs, year-round production, and recycling of resources.
- The proposed study will optimize stocking densities and evaluate growth/production of fish and plants. It will also assess water quality, nutrient availability, bacterial levels, and economic feasibility.
- Experiments will test tilapia and strawberry production in a media-based aquaponic
This document discusses a proposed research study on developing an effective aquaponic system for producing safe fish and organic vegetables. The study aims to address food security and environmental sustainability issues. Key points:
- Aquaponics combines aquaculture and hydroponics in a symbiotic system, using fish waste as plant fertilizer. This allows year-round food production with less water/space.
- The study will be conducted at Bangladesh Agricultural University to optimize stocking densities, evaluate growth/production, and measure nutrients/bacteria in the system.
- The first experiment will test tilapia and strawberry production in a media-based aquaponic system, analyzing water quality and bacterial pathogens over time.
Better practice guidelines for fish farmersPatrick White
The document presents guidelines for sustainable and responsible marine pen and cage aquaculture in the Philippines. It discusses developing Better Practice Guidelines (BPGs) to provide farmers with practical advice based on lessons learned. The BPGs cover the full production cycle and aim to improve environmental management, animal welfare, social and economic sustainability over time. Key areas addressed include siting, design, hatchery practices, feeding, health, quality assurance, monitoring, social responsibility and waste management.
Health card preparation guide of aquatic bodyPulak Patra
The document discusses how to prepare an ecological health card for aquatic bodies. It outlines 5 key steps: 1) Create new indicators and techniques for spatial analysis. 2) Select indicators that convey ecological information like water quality, fisheries, biodiversity. 3) Define thresholds for each indicator based on guidelines and historical data. 4) Calculate indicator scores and combine them into overall grades from A to F. 5) Communicate the health card findings to create public awareness. Health cards provide an overall status of an aquatic body and help monitor conditions, though preparing them fully is challenging.
The purpose of this manual is to help trainers provide training-cum-demonstration support on fish pond management techniques. It can be used to teach farmers the concepts, skills and practices of good pond management that are vital for producing economically feasible yields and solving pond management problems.
In addition, this manual is useful as a quick-reference and self-help guide for fishery facilitators, fish farmers and extension workers. It is designed to arouse the interest of fish farmers and the general public, thereby stimulating greater investment in fish farming. This simple training and demonstration manual has the potential to greatly improve the practices of fish farmers and help promote rapid rural aquaculture development.
Here are the key principles to consider when planning meals:
- Meet nutrient recommendations by including a variety of foods in the correct serving sizes
- Consider individual factors like age, gender, health needs, culture and religion
- Plan meals within the available budget
- Alternate cooking methods like steaming, stir-frying and boiling
- Include seasonal fresh foods and consider the climate
- Prepare special dishes for occasions
This document discusses wine tourism as a centripetal force in the development of rural tourism. It defines wine tourism and explains its importance as a component of tourism in Croatia. Wine tourism can attract visitors to rural areas and support local economic development if integrated with other attractions of a destination in a sustainable way. The document outlines advantages and disadvantages of wine tourism for wine producers, consumers, and destinations. It concludes that wine has strong potential to draw tourists to destinations in Croatia if destinations are well-managed and wine tourism is developed while emphasizing its benefits and addressing challenges.
This presentation covers (1) Social impact of tourism; (2) Effects of globalization on tourism development; (3) Sex tourism and exploitation of women; and (4) Trends and issues shaping tourism and hospitality development.
Explore the Association for Vertical Farming infographics surrounding the topic of Urban and Vertical Farming. For more information, visit the Vertical Farming website: https://vertical-farming.net/
This document provides an overview of health food regulations in China. It discusses the key definitions and classifications of health foods, the major regulations governing health foods, and the processes for registration and filing of health foods. It also describes the document requirements, testing scopes, and differences between registration and filing. Registration involves more extensive dossier requirements, testing, and a longer timeline than filing. The document aims to help companies understand the regulatory landscape for placing health foods in the Chinese market.
This document provides information about food allergies and allergens. It lists common food allergens such as eggs, fish, milk, cereals containing gluten, and nuts. It then describes what a food allergy is versus a food intolerance, and lists potential symptoms of a food allergy such as hives, abdominal pain, and difficulty breathing. The document explains how to identify food allergens by checking food labels for bold, italicized listings of allergens. Lastly, it provides tips for managing a food allergy such as washing utensils, cleaning surfaces, informing restaurants of allergies, and being cautious of shared serving areas.
This document discusses food labelling regulations and challenges in ASEAN countries. It provides an overview of the general labelling requirements for Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Singapore, which include the product name, ingredients list, net content, expiration date and manufacturer information. There are also country-specific details regarding language, format of dates and addresses, nutrition panel requirements. While general labelling information is similar, differences exist in details. Developing a common ASEAN food label is difficult due to mandatory country requirements, but harmonizing standards across ASEAN by referring to Codex guidelines could help address this challenge.
This document discusses considerations for developing a successful functional food product for the market. It begins by outlining upcoming trends in the industry, such as emerging economies and increasing health consciousness. Next, it identifies market drivers focused on consumers, like rising incomes and increasing awareness of health. Some key challenges in product development are ensuring healthy options are easy choices and delivering health, safety and quality. Five critical success factors for products are noticeability, superiority, compatibility, practicality and lack of complexity. The document provides a checklist for successful marketing that includes offering relevant benefits and differentiating through packaging. It emphasizes the importance of filtering promises from challenges in marketing.
This document discusses considerations for developing a successful functional food product. It notes consumers are shifting from illness management to wellness promotion. Functional foods fit within a continuum from health maintenance to promotion. Developing uniqueness through customization for intended populations and new research areas like nutrigenomics, proteomics and metabolomics can aid innovation. Biomarkers directly correlate health status to exposure. Encouraging development factors include epidemiological research, technological advancements, legislation and government incentives.
This document provides an overview of best practices for ensuring readiness for food safety audits and assessments. It begins with introductions and background on the speaker, Bill McBride. The agenda then outlines topics to be covered, including an overview of food safety audits, understanding common food safety terminology, selecting the appropriate food safety standard, and what it means to be "audit ready". It also provides definitions and objectives of food safety audits. Key points made include criticisms of some auditing practices, the roles and limitations of audits, and information on standards organizations like ISO, GFSI initiatives, and the purpose of establishing the GFSI.
This document summarizes the key aspects of food traceability from compliance to opportunity. Traceability has become a regulatory requirement in both the EU and US to identify unsafe food and enable recalls. It allows food to be tracked from farm to fork through all stages of production, processing, and distribution. While traceability ensures compliance, it can also provide brand protection and market access opportunities when customers demand transparency in supply chains. Technologies continue to advance traceability capabilities from paper-based systems to electronic tracking using barcodes, RFID, and analytical techniques. Effective traceability gives organizations supply chain visibility to communicate their practices and story to consumers.
This document discusses key differences between generic and cold chain supply quality management systems. A Middle Eastern cold chain is more expensive due to temperature extremes and immature regulations. Qualification and validation are often misunderstood, with qualification establishing a process can meet standards through testing, while validation tests a process under controlled conditions. For manufacturing, processes can be validated, but distribution is variable so can only be qualified. Extending quality oversight beyond manufacturing, understanding regulators, having product knowledge, and documenting every cold chain link are critical for quality assurance. Tools like CCQI, HACCP, and inventory management systems can help optimize quality strategies for specific cold chain challenges.
This document proposes strengthening regulations for the recycling of waste cooking oils (WCO) generated by restaurants and food factories in Hong Kong. It suggests introducing licenses for WCO collection, disposal, and import/export. Operators without licenses would face fines or imprisonment. It also proposes that restaurants and food factories be required to hand over their WCO only to licensed collectors and keep transaction records. The Environmental Protection Department will implement a voluntary registration system for WCO operators and develop best practices to facilitate proper handling and recycling of WCO.
The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare revised the Drinking Water Quality Standards in 2003. Key changes included expanding the number of regulated items from 46 to 50, adding items like E. coli and aluminum, and introducing a rolling revision system to continuously improve standards. A new framework was established with Drinking Water Quality Standards, Complementary items including 101 pesticides, and Items for Further Study. Water suppliers must now prepare Water Quality Analysis Plans outlining their testing procedures.
1. The document discusses food regulation in Indonesia, including standards and guidelines for food safety.
2. It outlines Indonesia's system for regulating food producers, industries, and consumers to ensure better quality and safer foods. Key government agencies establish laws, regulations, standards, and oversee monitoring of the food system.
3. Standards address issues across the food supply chain from agricultural production to processing and marketing. This includes good practices for farming, handling, manufacturing, distribution and more to prevent contamination and improve food quality and safety.
The document discusses current regulatory perspectives on genetically modified (GM) food in Indonesia. It provides an overview of the global situation and regulations regarding GM foods. It then outlines Indonesia's policies, including that GM foods must undergo pre-market biosafety assessment and be labeled if they contain GM materials above a certain threshold. The key laws and regulations governing GM foods in Indonesia are also summarized. [END SUMMARY]
The document provides information about a workshop on veterinary products in Asian countries held in Korea in 2010. It includes an introduction to Pakistan, describing its geography, population, provinces, climate and economy. It also discusses the Ministry of Health in Pakistan and the Drug Control Organization, which regulates drug manufacture, registration, pricing, import and export. The final sections describe the drug registration process and forms used in Pakistan.
This document discusses India's animal quarantine services and their objectives of preventing the introduction of exotic livestock diseases. It outlines the quarantine stations located across India and their economic importance in saving money through disease prevention and increasing exports. Regulations regarding livestock imports and exports are discussed, highlighting the need for mandatory animal quarantine clearance. Proper technical export certification is emphasized as important for increasing trade and meeting international standards.
This document discusses improving the effectiveness of online advertising. It provides data on typical rates of ads hitting their intended target audience and being viewable. It then presents a case study of how ConAgra Foods worked with partners to optimize campaigns for higher in-target and viewable delivery rates, which improved branding impact. Key recommendations included integrating viewability reporting, aligning goals with media sellers, and optimizing for audience and viewability. Top burning questions from advertisers are also listed around these topics.
More from Asian Food Regulation Information Service (20)
Aquaculture 3 - Food Safety Practices for Aquaculture Production 2013
1. Food Safety Practices
for Aquaculture
Training Modules on Food Safety Practices for Aquaculture
Module 3 - Food Safety Practices for
Aquaculture Production
2. 2013 APEC Secretariat, Michigan State University and The World Bank Group.
Introduction
This module is part of a training program on Food Safety
Practices for the Aquaculture Industry.
This program was developed through a partnership facilitated
by the Partnership Training Institute Network (PTIN) of the
Food Safety Cooperation Forum (FSCF) of the Asia Pacific
Economic Cooperation (APEC) Forum. The educational
content was designed by faculty at Michigan State University.
Funding for this effort was provided by The World Bank Group.
To learn more about the APEC FSCF Partnership Training
Institute Network, please visit http://fscf-ptin.apec.org/ .
4. 2013 APEC Secretariat, Michigan State University and The World Bank Group.
Module Overview
In previous sections, food safety hazards that are commonly associated with aquaculture products
have been discussed in general terms. The purpose of this section is to systematically address
practices during aquaculture production that can impact food safety of the harvested fish,
crustaceans or other products. This discussion will be general in nature and not specifically consider
practices particular to shrimp, tilapia, catfish or other commonly farmed species. For species-
specific considerations, the learner should refer to the appropriate section of the Codex Code of
Practice for Fish and Fishery Products (Codex Standard CAC/RCP 52-2003) or other relevant texts.
The following topics will be discussed in this section:
• Food Safety Hazards – General Considerations
• Disease Prevention and Control – General Considerations
• Site Selection
• Growing Water Quality
• Source of Fry and Fingerlings
• Feed Supply
• Veterinary Drugs
• Growing Procedures
• Harvesting Procedures
Food Safety Practices for Aquaculture Production
5. 2013 APEC Secretariat, Michigan State University and The World Bank Group.
Introduction
Aquaculture establishments should operate in a manner such that they comply with the
recommendations of the Codex Code of Practice for Fish and Fishery Products (Codex Standard
CAC/RCP 52-2003) in order to minimize the likelihood of potential food safety hazards during
production, harvest and post-harvest handling of farmed fish.
Aquaculture operations should implement aquatic animal health management programs set up in
compliance with relevant national legislation and regulations, and with the OIE (World Organization
for Animal Health) Codes of Practice (OIE Aquatic Animal Health Code, 15th Edition, 2012) and
taking into account the FAO CCRF Technical Guidelines on Health Management for Responsible
Movement of Live Aquatic Animals
Fry and fingerlings should be disease free. Growing fish should be monitored for disease. Animal
health considerations will be addressed briefly in this section but producers should refer to the
appropriate codes of practice for more comprehensive information on diseases of fish, crustaceans
and other farmed species as well as recommended methods for controlling these diseases.
When using chemicals at fish farms, special care should be exercised so that these substances are
not released into the surrounding environment.
While the fish health, environmental and ecological aspects are important considerations in
aquaculture activities and many international standards specify requirements for these aspects, this
manual focuses on factors which impact food safety in aquaculture operations.
Food Safety Practices for Aquaculture Production
6. 2013 APEC Secretariat, Michigan State University and The World Bank Group.
Food Safety Hazards –
General Considerations
As discussed in the previous module, consumption of fish and fishery products can be associated
with a variety of human health hazards. Aquaculture products pose broadly the same hazards that
are present in corresponding varieties caught in the wild.
The risk of harm from a particular hazard might be increased or decreased in aquaculture products
compared with fish caught in the wild. The following are examples of different hazards that are
generally associated with farmed compared to wild fish.
• Aquaculture products are at greater risk for contamination with veterinary drugs. This is
particularly true if the withdrawal time for residues of veterinary drugs has not been observed
or if unapproved veterinary drugs are used in production.
• High stocking densities during aquaculture, compared to wild populations, might increase the
risk of cross-infection of pathogens within a population of fish.
• Infection with nematode parasites is much less likely to occur in farmed salmon compared
with salmon caught in the wild.
• Contamination of fish with microbial pathogens of fecal origin can be more likely where the
facilities are close to human habitation or animal husbandry, so farmed fish may be more
likely to harbor these pathogens compared to wild fish if proper precautions are not taken.
Food Safety Practices for Aquaculture Production
7. 2013 APEC Secretariat, Michigan State University and The World Bank Group.
Disease Prevention and Control –
General Considerations
Aquaculture operations can be susceptible to development and spread of animal diseases. There
are several practices which can be used to minimize the potential for injection and spread of these
animal diseases. Common practices can include the following:
• Zoning and/or compartmentalizing aquaculture operations. This is an approach that may be
taken by country to establish and maintain a subpopulation of aquatic animals having a
distinct health status (e.g. disease-free zones).
• Practicing appropriate disinfection procedures to eradicate or exclude specific diseases from
aquaculture establishments and reduce disease incidence within aquaculture establishments.
• Fallowing, or providing for gaps in aquaculture production at the same location. Fallowing is a
commonly recognized procedure that can break re-infection cycles by removing loci of a
disease from a farm. Consequently, fallowing is often carried out as a regular disease
management measure in aquaculture.
• Following appropriate procedures for handling, disposal and treatment of aquatic animal
wastes.
Additional details on these practices and others to minimize the potential for aquatic animal
diseases in aquaculture operations are available in the OIE Aquatic Animal Health Code.
Food Safety Practices for Aquaculture Production
8. 2013 APEC Secretariat, Michigan State University and The World Bank Group.
Site Selection
Appropriate site selection for aquaculture production is important
to minimize potential food safety issues. The following are some
considerations regarding site selection:
• The siting, design and construction of fish farms should follow
principles of good aquaculture practice, appropriate to species.
• The physical environment with regard to temperature, current,
salinity and depth should also be considered as different species
have different environmental requirements. Closed recirculation
systems should be able to adapt the physical environment to the
environment requirements of the farmed fish species.
• Fish farms should be located in areas where the risk of
contamination by chemical, physical or microbiological hazards
is minimal and where sources of pollution can be controlled.
• Soil for the construction of earthen ponds should not contain
such concentrations of chemicals and other substances that may
lead to the presence of unacceptable levels of contamination in
fish.
Food Safety Practices for Aquaculture Production
Photo: Serfling US FDA
9. 2013 APEC Secretariat, Michigan State University and The World Bank Group.
Site Selection
Considerations for aquaculture site selection (continued):
• Ponds should have separated inlets and discharge canals so
that water supplies and effluent are not mixed.
• Adequate facilities for the treatment of effluent should be
provided to allow sufficient time for sediments and organic
load settlement before used water is discharged into the
public water body.
• Water inlets and outlets to ponds should be screened to
prevent the entrance of unwanted species.
• Fertilizers, liming materials or other chemicals and biological
materials should be used in accordance with good aquaculture
practice.
• All sites should be operated so as to produce fish that are safe
for consumption (i.e. do not to cause adverse impacts on
human health).
Food Safety Practices for Aquaculture Production
Photo: Serfling US FDA
10. 2013 APEC Secretariat, Michigan State University and The World Bank Group.
Growing Water Quality
Maintaining appropriate water quality is critical to minimizing
the potential for chemical and microbiological contamination
of fish produced by aquaculture. Following are some key
considerations.
• The water in which fish are raised should be suitable for
the production of products that are safe for human
consumption.
• The water quality should be monitored regularly such that
the health and sanitation of the fish is continuously
maintained to ensure aquaculture products are safe for
human consumption.
• Fish farms should not be sited where there is a risk of
contamination of the water in which fish are reared.
• Appropriate design and construction of fish farms should
be adopted to ensure control of hazards and prevention of
water contamination.
Food Safety Practices for Aquaculture Production
Photo: Serfling US FDA
11. 2013 APEC Secretariat, Michigan State University and The World Bank Group.
Source of Fry and Fingerlings
The source of post-larvae, fry and fingerlings should be
such to avoid the carryover of potential hazards into the
growing stocks. In general, the same food safety
practices outlined in these modules for aquaculture
production, harvest and post-harvest handling apply
equally to hatchery operations.
Although generally not a food safety issue, practicing
appropriate disease control in hatchery operations is
critical. These procedures could include testing stocks to
establish freedom from pathogens or, when appropriate,
to ensure that the prevalence of infection is below the
threshold considered to cause a significant risk of disease
outbreak. Use of specific pathogen-free (SPF) stocks is
also recommended when possible. Additional guidance
on aquatic animal disease control is available from the
World Organization for Animal Health.
Food Safety Practices for Aquaculture Production
Photo: Serfling US FDA
12. 2013 APEC Secretariat, Michigan State University and The World Bank Group.
Feed Supply
Feeds used in aquaculture production can be potential sources of chemical contamination,
mycotoxins and microbiological contamination if proper procedures are not followed. Feeds used in
aquaculture production should comply with the provisions outlined in the Codex Code of Practice
on good animal feeding (Codex Standard CAC/RCP 54-2004). When required, growers must also
comply with statutory and buyer requirements.
Recommended practices in the Codex Code of Practice for Fish and Fishery Products include the
following:
• Feed and fresh stocks should be purchased and rotated and used prior to the expiry of their
shelf-life.
• Dry fish feeds should be stored in cool and dry areas to prevent spoilage, mould growth and
contamination. Moist feed should be properly refrigerated according to manufacturer
instructions.
• Feed ingredients should not contain unsafe levels of pesticides, chemical contaminants,
microbial toxins, or other adulterating substances.
Food Safety Practices for Aquaculture Production
13. 2013 APEC Secretariat, Michigan State University and The World Bank Group.
Feed Supply
Recommended practices in the Codex Code of Practice for Fish and Fishery Products (continued):
• Industrially produced complete feeds and industrially produced feed ingredients should be
properly labeled. Their composition must fit the declaration on the label and they should be
hygienically acceptable.
• Feed and fresh stocks should be purchased and rotated and used prior to the expiry of their
shelf-life.
• Ingredients should meet acceptable, and if applicable, statutory standards for levels of
pathogens, mycotoxins, herbicides, pesticides and other contaminants that may give rise to
human health hazards.
• Only approved colors of the correct concentration should be included in the feed.
• Moist feed or feed ingredients should be fresh and of adequate chemical and microbiological
quality.
• When used as feed, fresh or frozen fish should reach the fish farm in an adequate state of
freshness.
Food Safety Practices for Aquaculture Production
14. 2013 APEC Secretariat, Michigan State University and The World Bank Group.
Feed Supply
Recommended practices in the Codex Code of Practice for Fish and Fishery Products (continued):
• Fish silage and offal from fish, if used, should be properly cooked or treated to eliminate
potential hazards to human health.
• Feed that is compounded industrially or at the fish farm should contain only such additives,
growth promoting substances, fish flesh coloring agents, anti-oxidizing agents, caking agents
or veterinary drugs that are permitted for fish by the official agency having jurisdiction.
• Products should be registered with the relevant national authority as appropriate.
• Storage and transportation conditions should conform to the specifications on the label.
• Veterinary drug and other chemical treatments should be administered in accordance with
recommended practices and comply with national regulations.
• Medicated feeds should be clearly identified on the package and stored separately, in order to
avoid errors.
• Farmers should follow manufacturer instructions on the use of medicated feeds.
• Product tracing of all feed ingredients should be assured by proper record-keeping.
Food Safety Practices for Aquaculture Production
15. 2013 APEC Secretariat, Michigan State University and The World Bank Group.
Veterinary Drugs
Residues of certain therapeutic agents can accumulate in fish
tissue and present a potential health hazard to humans.
Therefore, certain compounds have been banned, and residue
limits mandated for others. Failure to comply with regulations on
veterinary drug use can lead to product rejections and therefore
have serious economic consequences.
As was discussed in previous sections, certain drugs are not
allowed in aquaculture production but nevertheless have been
used extensively and have resulted in numerous recalls and
border rejections of aquaculture products. Chloramphenicol and
nitrofuran antibiotics are banned for use in food production in all
countries.
Producers must comply with all applicable regulations concerning
the use of veterinary drugs, including requirements of importing
countries if they are exporting aquaculture products. For
example, a list of approved aquaculture drugs by the U.S. Food
and Drug Administration is available at:
http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/DevelopmentApprovalPro
cess/Aquaculture/ucm132954.htm
Food Safety Practices for Aquaculture Production
Photo: Serfling US FDA
16. 2013 APEC Secretariat, Michigan State University and The World Bank Group.
Veterinary Drugs –
Recommended Practices
• All veterinary drugs for use in fish farming should comply with national regulations and
international guidelines (in accordance with the Recommended International Code of Practice
for control of the use of veterinary drugs (Codex Standard CAC/RCP 38-1993) and the
Guidelines for the establishment of a regulatory programme for control of veterinary drug
residues in foods (Codex Standard CAC/GL 16-1993).
• Prior to administering veterinary drugs, a system should be in place to monitor the application
of the drug to ensure that the withdrawal time for the batch of treated fish can be verified.
• Veterinary drugs or medicated feeds should be used according to manufacturer instructions,
with particular attention to withdrawal periods.
• Products should be registered with the appropriate national authority.
• Products should only be prescribed or distributed by personnel authorized, such as a
veterinarian or fish health specialist, under national regulations.
• For exported products, therapeutic agents approved for use in producing countries may only
be used if they are not banned in importing countries and residues in fish products do not
exceed limits set by importing nations.
Food Safety Practices for Aquaculture Production
17. 2013 APEC Secretariat, Michigan State University and The World Bank Group.
Veterinary Drugs –
Recommended Practices
• Storage and transportation conditions for therapeutic agents should conform to the
specifications on the label.
• Control of diseases with drugs should be carried out only on the basis of an accurate diagnosis
and by personnel, such as a veterinarian or fish health specialist, authorized under national
regulations
• Records should be maintained for the use of veterinary drugs in aquaculture production.
Required records for every application of drugs and other chemicals should include the
treatment start date, treatment stop date, compound used, reason(s) for use, dose, identity of
ponds or cages where the drug was applied, and harvest date for the treated ponds or cages.
• For those fish which tested with drug residue concentrations above the maximum residue
limit (MRL) (or, in some countries, by an industry imposed lower level), harvest of the batch
should be postponed until the batch complies with the appropriate MRL. After an assessment
of the good aquaculture practices regarding pre-harvest measures, appropriate steps should
be taken to modify the drug residue control system.
• A post-harvest control should reject all fish that do not comply with the requirements set for
veterinary drug residues by the relevant national authority.
Food Safety Practices for Aquaculture Production
18. 2013 APEC Secretariat, Michigan State University and The World Bank Group.
Growing Procedures
Appropriate growing procedures must be followed to minimize the potential for microbiological and
chemical contamination during aquaculture production.
The following practices are recommended in the Codex Code of Practice for Fish and Fishery
Products.
• Source of post-larvae, fry and fingerlings should be controlled to ensure healthy stock.
• Stocking densities should be based on culture techniques, fish species, size and age, carrying
capacity of the fish farm, anticipated survival and desired size at harvesting.
• Diseased fish should be quarantined when necessary and appropriate; dead fish should be
disposed of immediately in a sanitary manner that will discourage the spread of disease and
the cause of death should be investigated.
• Good water quality should be maintained by using stocking and feeding rates that do not
exceed the carrying capacity of the culture system.
Food Safety Practices for Aquaculture Production
19. 2013 APEC Secretariat, Michigan State University and The World Bank Group.
Growing Procedures
Codex Code of Practice for Fish and Fishery Products recommended practices (continued):
• Growing water quality should be monitored regularly so as to identify potential hazards and
defects.
• The fish farm should have a management plan that includes a sanitation program, monitoring
and corrective actions, defined fallowing periods, appropriate use of agrochemicals,
verification procedures for fish farming operations and systematic records.
• Equipment such as cages and nets should be designed and constructed to ensure minimum
physical damage of the fish during the growing stage.
• All equipment and holding facilities should be easy to clean and to disinfect and should be
cleaned and disinfected regularly and as appropriate.
Food Safety Practices for Aquaculture Production
20. 2013 APEC Secretariat, Michigan State University and The World Bank Group.
Growing Procedures
The following are some additional specific recommendations that will help minimize the potential
for chemical contamination in grow out ponds.
• Pesticides, heavy metals and other chemicals applied during previous land use can remain in
the land’s soil and water in small amounts and be taken up by fish in production ponds. The
potential for this type of contamination should be assessed when new sites are being
considered for pond construction.
• Taking steps to minimize disease will consequently reduce the likelihood that therapeutic
agents are required for disease management. The use of practices such as disease monitoring
in fry and fingerlings, adoption of fallowing and “all in, all out” stocking procedures at cage
and net pen sites, maintaining good water quality, and limiting water exchange between
ponds reduces the risk of spreading disease.
• Farms should not use uncooked organisms and their by-products or trash fish as feed in fish
ponds, as this practice can encourage the spread of fish diseases.
Food Safety Practices for Aquaculture Production
21. 2013 APEC Secretariat, Michigan State University and The World Bank Group.
Growing Procedures
The following are some additional specific recommendations that will help minimize the potential
for microbiological contamination in growout ponds. Note that the World Health Organization has
published guidelines on the safe use of wastewater and excreta in aquaculture.
• Sewage contains microorganisms that can be harmful to humans. There is a possibility of
health hazards to humans who consume inadequately cooked fish grown in waters that have
been contaminated with human waste, untreated animal manure or organic fertilizers
containing Salmonella or other microorganisms capable of causing human illness.
• Raw sewage shall not be discharged into fish ponds, farm canals or natural waters. Runoff
from barns and other facilities for holding livestock shall not enter ponds.
• Domestic animals other than family pets or watch dogs shall not circulate freely within farms.
Standards commonly permit livestock in pastures that serve as pond watersheds, but in these
cases fences must be installed to prevent animals from drinking or wading in aquaculture
ponds.
• It is commonly recommended in the aquaculture industry that only chemical fertilizers,
properly treated organic manure and pelleted feeds be used in aquaculture ponds. For
example, farms certified under the Aquaculture Certification Council’s BAP standard are not
allowed to use any untreated manure or uncooked organisms in growout ponds.
Food Safety Practices for Aquaculture Production
22. 2013 APEC Secretariat, Michigan State University and The World Bank Group.
Harvesting
Harvesting of farmed fish, crustaceans and other
aquaculture products must be conducted in a manner
that minimizes potential contamination with chemical or
microbiological hazards.
After harvest, the fish must be held, packed and
transported under conditions that minimize the potential
for contamination with potential chemical and
microbiological hazards. Appropriate time and
temperature control is essential to minimizing the
proliferation of microbial pathogens and spoilage
microorganisms.
Several considerations for harvesting equipment, facilities
and practices follow.
Food Safety Practices for Aquaculture Production
Photo: Serfling US FDA
23. 2013 APEC Secretariat, Michigan State University and The World Bank Group.
Harvesting Equipment and Facilities
• All surfaces in handling areas should be non-toxic, smooth, impervious and in sound condition
in order to minimize the buildup of fish slime, blood, scales and guts and to reduce the risk of
physical and microbial contamination.
• Where appropriate, adequate facilities should be provided for the handling and washing of
fish and shellfish and should have an adequate supply of cold potable water or clean water for
that purpose.
• Adequate facilities should be provided for washing and disinfecting equipment, where
appropriate.
• Where appropriate, containers for offal and waste material should be clearly identified,
suitably constructed with a fitted lid and made of impervious material.
• Separate and adequate facilities should be provided to prevent the contamination of fish and
shellfish and dry materials, such as packaging, by poisonous or harmful substances, offal and
waste materials.
• Adequate hand washing and toilet facilities, isolated from the fish and shellfish handling
areas, should be available where appropriate.
• Prevent the entry of birds, insects or other pests, animals and vermin, where appropriate.
Food Safety Practices for Aquaculture Production
24. 2013 APEC Secretariat, Michigan State University and The World Bank Group.
Harvesting Equipment and Facilities
Other considerations to minimize damage of aquaculture
products during harvesting and post-harvest handling
include the following:
• Seines, nets and traps used for harvest should be
carefully selected to ensure minimum damage
during harvesting.
• Harvesting areas and all equipment for harvesting,
catching, sorting, grading, conveying and
transporting of live products should be designed for
their rapid and efficient handling without causing
mechanical damage. These should be easily
cleanable and free from contamination.
• Conveying equipment for live and slaughtered
products should be constructed of suitable corrosion
resistant material that does not transmit toxic
substances and should not cause mechanical injuries
to them.
Food Safety Practices for Aquaculture Production
Photo: Serfling US FDA
25. 2013 APEC Secretariat, Michigan State University and The World Bank Group.
Harvesting Procedures
• Appropriate harvesting techniques should be applied to minimize physical damage and stress.
• Live fish should not be subjected to extremes of heat or cold or sudden variations in
temperature and salinity.
• Fish should be free from excessive mud and weed soon after being harvested by washing with
clean seawater or freshwater under suitable pressure.
• Fish should be purged, where necessary, to reduce gut contents and pollution of fish during
further processing.
• Fish should be handled in a sanitary manner according to the guidelines in Section 4 of the
Code.
• Harvesting should be rapid so that fish are not exposed unduly to high temperatures.
• All equipment and holding facilities should be easy to clean and to disinfect and should be
cleaned and disinfected regularly and as appropriate.
Food Safety Practices for Aquaculture Production
26. 2013 APEC Secretariat, Michigan State University and The World Bank Group.
Time and Temperature Control
Temperature is the single most important factor affecting the rate of fish and shellfish deterioration
and potential multiplication of microorganisms including those that can cause human illnesses. For
fish species prone to scombrotoxin production, time and temperature control may be the most
effective method for ensuring food safety. Therefore, it is essential that fresh fish, fillets, shellfish
and their products that are to be chilled should be held at a temperature as close as possible to 0 °C.
To minimize deterioration, it is important that:
• Chilling should commence as soon as possible.
• Fresh fish, shellfish and other aquatic invertebrates should be kept chilled, processed and
distributed with care and minimum delay.
• Where ice is used in chilling operations, it must be produced from potable water.
Food Safety Practices for Aquaculture Production
27. 2013 APEC Secretariat, Michigan State University and The World Bank Group.
Time and Temperature Control
Where temperature control is concerned:
• Sufficient and adequate icing, or chilled or refrigerated water systems where appropriate,
should be employed to ensure that fish, shellfish and other aquatic invertebrates are kept
chilled at a temperature as close as possible to 0 °C.
• Fish, shellfish and other aquatic invertebrates should be stored in shallow layers and
surrounded by finely divided melting ice.
• Fish and shellfish that are transported live should be held and transported at temperatures
tolerable for the species.
• Chilled or refrigerated water systems and/or cold storage systems should be designed and
maintained to provide adequate cooling and/or freezing capacities during peak loads.
• Fish should not be stored in refrigerated water systems to a density that impairs its working
efficiency.
• Monitoring and controlling the time and temperature and homogeneity of chilling should be
performed regularly.
Food Safety Practices for Aquaculture Production
28. 2013 APEC Secretariat, Michigan State University and The World Bank Group.
Holding and Transportation
The following are general considerations that apply to holding and transportation of aquaculture
products in a manner that will minimize potential contamination with chemical or microbiological
hazards, and also minimize stress and physical damage to the fish.
• All equipment and holding facilities should be easy to clean and to disinfect and should be
cleaned and disinfected regularly and as appropriate.
• Fish should not be transported with other products that might contaminate them.
• Fish should be transported without undue delay.
• Equipment for the transportation of live fish should be designed for rapid and efficient
handling without causing physical damage or stress.
• Fish should be handled in such a way as to avoid unnecessary stress.
• Records for transportation of fish should be maintained to ensure full product tracing.
More detailed considerations on transportation conditions for specific aquaculture products are
discussed in the Codex Code of Practice for Fish and Fishery Products.
Food Safety Practices for Aquaculture Production
29. 2013 APEC Secretariat, Michigan State University and The World Bank Group.
References
Codex Alimentarius Commission. 2010. Code Of Practice for Fish and Fishery Products. CAC/RCP 52-
2003, Rev. 2010. http://www.codexalimentarius.org/
FAO. 2007. Aquaculture development. 2. Health management for responsible movement of live
aquatic animals. FAO Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries. No. 5, Suppl. 2. Rome, FAO.
2007. http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a1108e/a1108e00.htm
United States Food and Drug Administration. Approved Drugs for Aquaculture.
http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/Aquaculture/ucm132954.htm
World Health Organization. 2006. Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and
Greywater. Volume 3: Wastewater and Excreta Use in Aquaculture.
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/wastewater/gsuweg3/en/index.html
World Organization for Animal Health. 2012. OIE Aquatic Animal Health Code, 15th Edition.
http://www.oie.int/international-standard-setting/aquatic-code/access-online/
Food Safety Practices for Aquaculture Production
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