This document discusses the approach to evaluating and treating a vomiting child. It begins by outlining the complex physiology involved in vomiting and how different conditions can cause vomiting depending on a child's age. It then discusses the biochemical consequences of vomiting like dehydration. The mechanisms of vomiting are explained involving central and enteric nervous systems. Main causes of vomiting are discussed for different age groups. Key questions to ask the patient are mentioned. Finally, the document discusses some medication options for treating vomiting and emphasizes the importance of diagnostic testing.

1. Approach to the vomiting
child
EDWARD GIL LONDOÑO
HEALTH FOR CHILDREN AND TEENAGERS
UCEVA

2. CLINICAL HISTORY
The physiology of vomiting is complex and
without a thorough appreciation of the pathways
involved, clinicians can get confused.
A huge number of conditions can result in
vomiting, the frequency of each changes with age
and knowledge of this can be used to ensure that
the clinical history is focused.

3. BIOCHEMICAL CONSEQUENCES OF VOMITING
volume depletion and dehydration due to water loss.
Disruption of normal acid-base homeostasis beyond the capacity of the kidney to
compensate can quickly result in metabolic derangements.
Net loss of predominately hydrogen ions (H + ) and chloride ions (Cl -) in gastric contents
usually results in hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis together with hypokalaemia due to
renal compensation for the H(+) Loss
The presence of a metabolic acidosis uggests that vomiting may be the result of an
underlying metabolic condition such as diabetic ketoacidosis.

4. mechanism of vomiting:
Vomiting involves the expulsion of
ingested material, usually gastric
contents, via the mouth.
The process is far from simple
reversal of normal gut peristalsis.
There are many triggers, central
neural processes and complex
coordinated muscle group actions
which result in vomiting with
associated autonomic prodromal
symptoms
The complex interrelationship
between the central nervous
system (CNS) and the enteric
nervous system in controlling gut
motility acts overlap of neural
networks in the brain stem for
swallowing, respiration, vomiting
and other functions.
The chemoreceptor trigger zone
(CTZ) in the medulla is
responsible for monitoring the
bloodstream and the
cerebrospinal fluid for foreign
toxins including prescribed drugs
which are often emetogenic

6. MAIN CAUSES OF VOMITING BY AGE

7. Key questions.

9. • Antihistamines with antimuscarinic are useful in motion sickness.
• Phenothiazines (chlorpromazine, promethazine) are now not generally
advised for children due to drowsiness and extrapyramidal side effects.
• Selective 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT3) antagonists (as ondansetron) are
only recommended for chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting.
• Prokinetics (metoclopramide, domperidone) were used for their effect on
both vomiting and gut motility. But , the incidence of neurological side
effects makes are not now recommended in children and young people.
Diagnostic test and treatment

10. https://www.paediatricsandchildhealthjournal.co.uk/article/S1751-7222(18)30186-0/pdf
REFERENCES

11. THANK YOU FOR PAY ATTENTION