Dumping syndrome is a set of a syndrome that can develop after gastric surgery due to rapid delivery of nutrients. Its symptoms can appear either within minutes of a meal or a few hours later. To get a detailed information on this, have a look at the attachment provided.
Intestinal obstruction is a significant or mechanical blockage of intestine that occurs when food or stool can not move through the intestine.
These obstruction may be complete or partial.
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease. It causes irritation, inflammation, and ulcers in the lining of your large intestine (also called your colon). There's no cure, and people usually have symptoms off and on for life
Dumping syndrome is a set of a syndrome that can develop after gastric surgery due to rapid delivery of nutrients. Its symptoms can appear either within minutes of a meal or a few hours later. To get a detailed information on this, have a look at the attachment provided.
Intestinal obstruction is a significant or mechanical blockage of intestine that occurs when food or stool can not move through the intestine.
These obstruction may be complete or partial.
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease. It causes irritation, inflammation, and ulcers in the lining of your large intestine (also called your colon). There's no cure, and people usually have symptoms off and on for life
GERD is the commonest GI problem afflicting the mankind. The cause is lax LES which is just opposite to Achalasia cadia. That is why GERD is also known as Chalasia cardia.
Detailed Powerpoint Presentation on Wilms Tumour …. It includes definition with images, causes, sign and symptoms all treatment modalities with nursing responsibilities and recent research related to this...
GERD is the commonest GI problem afflicting the mankind. The cause is lax LES which is just opposite to Achalasia cadia. That is why GERD is also known as Chalasia cardia.
Detailed Powerpoint Presentation on Wilms Tumour …. It includes definition with images, causes, sign and symptoms all treatment modalities with nursing responsibilities and recent research related to this...
Nausea and vomiting are the most common manifestations of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. Although nausea and vomiting can occur independently, they are usually closely related and treated as one problem.
A vaccine is a biological agent that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine usually contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism. It is often made from killed or weakened forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins. Body's immune system is stimulated to recognize the agent as a threat and destroy it, and any of these microorganisms that it later encounters.
Anesthesia drugs are also known as “anesthetics” used to induce anesthesia to avoid pain and discomfort during and after surgery. Benzodiazepines, Diazepam, Lorazepam, Midazolam, Etomidate, Ketamine, Propofol.
The skeletal system includes all of the bones and joints in the body. Each bone is a complex living organ that is made up of many cells, protein fibers, and minerals. The skeleton acts as a scaffold by providing support and protection for the soft tissues that make up the rest of the body.
Nervous System, In biology, the nervous system is a highly complex part of an animal that coordinates its actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body. Millions of interconnected neurons form the nervous system
Human nervous system two major parts: central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
A Postanesthesia Care Unit (PACU) or an area which provides equivalent postanesthesia care. shall be available to receive patients after anesthesia care. PACU and sometimes referred to as post-anesthesia recovery or PAR, or simply Recovery is a vital part of hospitals, ambulatory care centers, and other medical facilities.
COVID-19 is the name of the “novel coronavirus” disease
Coronaviruses cause mild respiratory illnesses, such as the common cold
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)
COVID-19 is a new coronavirus disease
Emerged from Hubei Province, China in December 2019
The GI tract is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus. The hollow organs that make up the GI tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are the solid organs of the digestive system.
It is very important for every medical students for study material. and also for teacher for teach. It is about cardiac cycle . How is process and make a cardiac cycle.
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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2. Nausea: is an unpleasant subjective
sensation that most people have
experienced at some point in their lives and
usually recognize as a feeling of impending
vomiting in the epigastrium or throat.
Retching: muscular activity of the abdomen
and thorax, often voluntary, leading to
forced inspiration against a closed mouth
and glottis without oral discharge of gastric
contents (“dry heaves”)
3. Vomiting: Vomiting is a partially voluntary act
of forcefully expelling gastric or intestinal
content through the mouth.
Regurgitation: effortless return of esophageal
or gastric contents into the mouth
unassociated with nausea or involuntary
muscle contractions.
Rumination: food that is regurgitated in the
postprandial period, re-chewed and then re-
swallowed.
4. Neurologic coordination of the various
components of vomiting is provided by the
emetic center (or vomiting center) located in
the medulla, specifically in the dorsal portion of
the lateral reticular formation in the vicinity of
the fasciculus solitarius
5. The afferent neural pathways that carry
activating signals to the emetic center arise
from many locations in the body.
Afferent neural pathways arise from various
sites along the digestive tract—the pharynx,
stomach, and small intestine.
6. Afferent impulses from these organs are
relayed at the solitary nucleus (nucleus
tractus solitarius) to the emetic center.
Afferent pathways also arise from
nondigestive organs such as the heart.
Pathways from the chemoreceptor trigger
zone (CTZ) located in the area postrema on
the floor of the fourth ventricle activate the
emetic center.
7. Despite its central location, the CTZ is
outside, at least in part, the blood-brain
barrier and serves primarily as a sensitive
detection apparatus for circulating
endogenous and exogenous molecules that
may activate emesis.
The vomit center receives input from four
major areas the GI tract, the chemoreceptor
trigger zone, the vestibular apparatus, and
the cerebral cortex.
8. When activated, the emetic center sets into motion, through
neural efferents, the various components of the emetic
sequence.
First, nausea develops as a result of activation of the
cerebral cortex; the stomach relaxes concomitantly, and
antral and intestinal peristalsis are inhibited.
Second, retching occurs as a result of activation of
spasmodic contractions of the diaphragm and intercostal
muscles combined with closure of the glottis.
Third, the act of vomiting occurs when somatic and visceral
components are activated simultaneously.
9.
10. The components include brisk contraction of
the diaphragm and abdominal muscles,
relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter,
and a forceful retrograde peristaltic
contraction in the jejunum that pushes
enteric content into the stomach and from
there toward the mouth.
11. Simultaneously, protective reflexes are
activated. The soft palate is raised to prevent
gastric content from entering the
nasopharynx, respiration is inhibited
momentarily, and the glottis is closed to
prevent pulmonary aspiration, which is a
potentially serious complication of vomiting.
12.
13. • Certain clinical features may be characteristic of
specific causes of vomiting.
• Nausea and vomiting that occur in the morning or
with an empty stomach are characteristic of
vomiting produced by direct activation of the
emetic center or CTZ.
• This type of emesis is most typical of pregnancy,
drugs, toxins (e.g., alcohol abuse), or metabolic
disorders (diabetes mellitus, uremia).
14. • Pseudovomitus, in which totally undigested food
that has not been exposed to gastric juice is
expelled, may occur in long-standing achalasia or
with a large Zenker's diverticulum.
15. • Bilious vomiting is commonly seen after
multiple vomiting episodes occur in close
succession because of retrograde entry of
intestinal material into the stomach. It is
also characteristic of patients with a
surgical enterogastric anastomosis, in
whom the gastric contents normally
include bile-stained enteric refluxate.
16. Vomitus with a feculent odor suggests
intestinal obstruction, ileus associated with
peritonitis.
Vomiting that develops abruptly without
preceding nausea or retching (projectile
vomiting) is characteristic of, but not specific
for, direct stimulation of the emetic center, as
may occur with intracerebral lesions (tumor,
abscess) or increased intracranial pressure.
17. • Vomiting that occurs outside the immediate
postprandial period and that is characterized
by evacuation of retained and partially
digested food is typical of slowly developing
gastric outlet obstruction or gastroparesis.
30. 3
Metabolic alkalosis
retention of HCO - +volume-
contraction
Hypokalemia
renal K+ losses + GI K+ loss +
oral K+ intake
Hypochloremia
gastric chloride losses
Hyponatremia
free water retention due to
volume contraction
Note: Patients with uremia or Addison’s disease may have normal or even
high serum K+ despite vomiting
31.
32.
33.
34.
35. How long?
Relationship to meals?
Contents of vomitus?
Associated symptoms
pain in the chest or abdomen, fever,
myalgias, diarrhea, vertigo, dizziness,
headache, focal neurological symptoms,
jaundice, weight loss
Diabetes?
When was last menstrual period?
36. Vital signs
BP and pulse tilt test
Cardiopulmonary exam
Abdominal exam
Rectal exam
Neurological exam
including funduscopic
exam (papilledema)
38. • Plain abdominal films
• Abdominal sono or CT.
• Head CT or MRI if severe headache, papill-
edema, marked hypertension, altered
mental status, or focal neurological findings
• EGD or upper GI to separate GOO or high
duodenal obstruction from gastroparesis
• Radiopaque marker emptying studies or
radionuclide scintigraphy, esp. if diabetic.
39. 1. Treat complications regardless of cause
e.g., replace salt, water, potassium losses
2. Identify and treat underlying cause,
whenever possible
3. Provide temporary symptomatic relief of
the symptoms
4. Use preventive measures when vomiting is
likely to occur (e.g., cancer chemotherapy,
parenteral opiate administration)
40. • Antihistamines, e.g., meclizine.
– esp. for vestibular disorders
• Anticholinergics, e.g., scopolamine.
– esp. for vestibular and GI disorders
• Dopamine antagonists, e.g.,metoclopramide or
prochlorperazine.
– esp. for GI disorders
• Selective serotonin-3 (5HT3) RAs, e.g.,
odansetron, granisetron, dolasetron
– esp. to prevent chemotherapy-induced
nausea/vomiting
41. Multiple mechanisms of action:
• Promethazine (Phenergan)
– dopamine antagonist
– H1 antihistamine
– anticholinergic
– CNS sedative
– prevention of opiate-induced nausea and vomiting
• Hydroxyzine.
– H1 antihistamine
– anticholinergic
– CNS sedation
– prevention of opiate-induced nausea and vomiting
42. • Dexamethasone.
– along with other anti-emetics for prevention
of cancer chemotherapy-induced emesis.
43. • Nausea and vomiting are features of many GI and non-GI
diseases and disorders.
• Regardless of its cause, treatment of nausea and vomiting
should initially focus on replacing volume and electrolyte
deficits. Later on, nutritional deficits must be addressed.
• Regardless of its cause, nausea and vomiting can cause several
life-threatening GI and non-GI complications.
• Elucidation of the cause is often possible, and treatment of the
underlying cause will usually be successful.
• Effective symptomatic therapies for nausea and vomiting are
available when the cause is unclear or when the treatment of
the underlying cause takes time to work.