This document discusses the applications of enzymes in industry. It begins by introducing enzymes and their functions in nature. It then discusses several types of enzymes and their functions, such as cellulase breaking down cellulose. It provides examples of how enzymes are used in industries like detergents, starch conversion, fuel alcohol production, and food. Enzymes allow detergents to clean effectively at lower temperatures. They are also used to convert starch to sugars in industries like high fructose corn syrup production. The document concludes that using enzymes provides savings in resources like energy and water.

1. Applications of Enzymes
PRESENTED BY - GOPAL VERMA
(15112034)

2. ● Enzymes are proteins that speed up
biochemical reactions without being
consumed or changed by the reaction.
● They are found throughout nature; in our
bodies, in the environment, and in all
living things. Without enzymes, life
would not be possible.
INTRODUCTION

3. ● There are so many enzymes that it
would be impossible to name them all.
In fact, scientists have yet to discover
many enzymes, or fully understand their
structure and properties.
● On the other hand, many other
enzymes have been successfully studied
and applied to industrial and commercial
uses.

4. Type and Enzyme Function
● Cellulase
● Breaks down cellulose, a fibre found in the cell walls of all
plants and trees. Cellulose is the basic raw material used to
make products such as paper, cotton, and other textiles
● Hemicellulase
● Breaks down hemicellulose, another plant sugar that is not
as complex as cellulose and is easier to break down
● Xylanase
● Breaks down xylan, a gummy sugar present in the cell walls
of plants and trees. This enzyme type is used primarily in
the wood and pulp industry

5. ● Amylase
● Breaks down starches and other
carbohydrates into basic sugars
● Protease
● Breaks down proteins
● Lipases
● Breaks down fats

6. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ENZYMES
● Enzymes allows detergents to effectively
clean clothes and remove stains. They can
remove certain stains, such as those made
by grass and sweat, more effectively than
enzyme-free detergents.
● Without enzymes, a lot of energy would be
required to create the high temperatures
and vigorous shaking needed to clean
clothes effectively.
The detergent industry :

7. ● Enzymes used in laundry detergents must
be inexpensive, stable, and safe to use.
Currently, only protease and amylase
enzymes are incorporated into detergents.
Lipase enzymes break down too easily in
washing machines to be very useful in
detergents.
● However, their stability is being studied and
further developed through methods such
as genetic screening and modification.

8. Enzymes for starch conversion
The enzymatic conversion of starch to
high fructose corn syrup is a well -
established process.
The first step in the process is the
conversion of starch to oligomaltodextrins
by the action of α-amylase.
Using traditional α-amylases, the pH has
to be adjusted and calcium must be added
to stabilize the enzyme.

9. Fuel alcohol production
In the alcohol industry, the use of
enzymes for the production of
fermentable sugars from starch is also well
established.
Intense efforts are currently being
undertaken to develop improved enzymes
that can enable the utilization of cheaper
and partially utilized substrates such as
lignocellulose, to make bio-ethanol more
competitive with fossil fuels.

10. Textile applications
One of the most energy and water
consuming steps in the processing of
cotton is the scouring step, the removal of
various remaining cell wall components on
the cellulose fibers performed at high
temperature and under strong alkaline
conditions.

11. contd.
An alternative, enzyme-based process
performed at much lower temperatures
and using less water has now been
developed based on a pectate lyase.
The use of these enzymes has benefited
both the textile industry and the
environment.

12. Enzymes for the food industry
Some of the familiar enzyme applications
are in the production of :
Bakery product
Chocolate syrups , candy
Infant foods
Egg products
Fruit juices
Sweeteners
Liquid coffee

13. Sources of Industrial Enzymes
Plants : α amylase, β amylase, β glucanase,
bromelain, papain, chymopapain,
lipoxygenase.
Animals: trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin,
rennin(chymosin), catalase,
amylase, pancreatic lipase .
Microorganisms: α amylase, β amylase,
glucose isomerase,pullunalase,
cellulase,microbial lipase, catalase.

14. Conclusions
The introduction of enzymes as effective
catalysts working under mild conditions
results in significant savings in resources
such as energy and water for the benefit of
both the industry and the environment.