The document discusses gene cloning, expression, and functional study. It describes different types of vectors used for cloning genes, including cloning vectors, expression vectors, and integration vectors. It provides details on various cloning vectors such as plasmid vectors, bacteriophage vectors, cosmids, BACs, and eukaryotic vectors. It also describes expression vectors and components required for gene expression. Finally, it discusses bacteriophage vectors, cosmids, YAC vectors, and BAC vectors which are used to clone large DNA fragments from eukaryotes.

1. Gene cloning, expression and functional study 基因克隆，表达及功能研究

2. vectors Cloning vectors: 克隆载体 to clone a gene in a vector Expression vectors: 表达载体 to express a gene from a vector Integration vectors: 整合载体 to integrate a gene in a genome through a vector

3. Cloning vectors 1 Plasmid vecters 2 Bacteriophage vectors 3 Cosmids & BACs 4 Eukaryotic vectors

4. Cloning vectors: allowing the exogenous DNA to be inserted, stored, and manipulated mainly at DNA level. expression vectors: allowing the exogenous DNA to be inserted, stored, and expressed.

5. Contains an origin of replication, allowing for replication independent of host’s genome. Contains Selective marker s : Selection of cells containing a plasmid twin antibiotic resistance blue-white screening Contains a multiple cloning site ( MCS ) Easy to be isolated from the host cell. A plasmid vector for cloning

6. Ampicillin resistant? yes yes Tetracycline resistant? No yes B X B B B X Amp r ori Amp r Tc r ori -Screening by insertional inactivation of a resistance gene Twin antibiotic resistance screening Amp r Tc r ori pBR322

7. Replica plating: transfer of the colonies from one plate to another using absorbent pad or Velvet ( 绒布 ). transfer of colonies +ampicillin + ampicillin + tetracycline these colonies have bacteria with recombinant plasmid

8. Blue white screening Amp r ori pUC18 (3 kb) MCS (Multiple cloning sites, 多克隆位点） Lac promoter lacZ’ Screening by insertional inactivation of the lacZ gene The insertion of a DNA fragment interrupts the ORF of lacZ’ gene, resulting in non-functional gene product that can not digest its substrate x-gal.

9. Recreated vector : blue transformants Recombinant plasmid containing inserted DNA: white transformants Recreated vector (no insert) Recombinant plasmid (contain insert) back

10. Multiple cloning sites Multiple restriction sites enable the convenient insertion of target DNA into a vector Amp r ori pUC18 (3 kb) MCS (Multiple cloning sites, 多克隆位点） Lac promoter lacZ’ … ACGAATTCGAGCTCGGTACCCGGGGATCCTCTAGAGTCGACCTGCAGGCATGCA… . T h rA s n S er S e r Val Pro Gly Asp Pro Leu Glu Ser Thr Cys Arg His Ala Ser… EcoRI SacI KpnI SmaI XmaI BamHI XbaI SalI HincII AccI PstI SphI Lac Z

11. A plasmid vector for gene expression Expression vectors: allowing the exogenous DNA to be inserted, stored and expressed. Promoter and terminator for RNA transcription are required. Intact ORF and ribosomal binding sites (RBS) are required for translation. Include ： (1) bacterial expression vectors, (2) yeast expression vectors, (3) mammalian expression vector

12. T7 promoter RBS Start codon MCS Transcription terminator Amp r ori T7 expression vector An bacterial expression vector

13. A yeast expression vector MCS

14. Bacteriophage vector Two examples: λ phage bacteriophage λ λ replacement vector M13 phage M13 phage vector Cloning in M13 Hybrid plasmid-M13 vectors

15. viruses that can infect bacteria. 48.5 kb in length Linear or circular genome ( cos ends ) Lytic phase (Replicate and release) Lysogenic phase (integrate into host genome) λ phage

16. Analysis of eukaryotic genes and the genome organization of eukaryotes requires vectors with a larger capacity for cloned DNA than plasmids or phage  . Human genome (3 x 10 9 bp): large genome and large gene demand vectors with a large size capacity. Cloning large DNA fragments (Eukaryotic Genome project) Genomic library VS cDNA library

17. Cosmid vectors Utilizing the properties of the phage  cos sites in a plasmid vector. A combination of the plasmid vector and the COS site which allows the target DNA to be inserted into the  head. The insert can be 37-52 kb

18. C) Packaging and infect Formation of a cosmid clone Digestion Ligation

19. YAC vectors Accommodates genomic DNA fragments of more than 1 Mb, and can be used to clone the entire human genome, but not good in mapping and analysis. (yeast artificial chromosome)

20. Essential components of YAC vectors : Centromers ( CEN ), telomeres ( TEL ) and autonomous replicating sequence ( ARS ) for proliferation in the host cell. amp r for selective amplification and markers such as TRP1 and URA3 for identifying cells containing the YAC vector in yeast cells. Recognition sites of restriction enzymes (e.g., EcoRI and BamHI)

21. YAC Cloning

22. BAC vectors 细菌人工染色体 1. More stable than YAC 2. Capacity is 300-350 kb 3. One to two copies in each cell 4. Easy to handle 5. More popular in genomic mapping

23. I 1 Genomic libraries I 1-1 Representative gene libraries I 1-2 Size of library I 1-3 Genomic DNA I 1-4 Vectors Gene libraries and screening

24. Gene library: a collection of different DNA sequence from an organism, each of which has been cloned into a vector for ease of purification, storage and analysis. Genomic libraries cDNA libraries Gene library (made from genomic DNA) (made from cDNA- copy of mRNA) I 1 Genomic libraries

25. I 1-1 Representative gene libraries --- Contain all the original sequences Certain sequences have not been cloned. Example: repetitive sequences lacking restriction sites 2. Library does not contain sufficient clones Missing original sequence Too long for the vector used I 1 Genomic libraries

26. I 1-2 Size of library (ensure enough clones) must contain a certain number of recombinants for there to be a high probability of it containing any particular sequence The formula to calculate the number of recombinants: N = ln (1 - P ) ln (1- f ) P : desired probability f : the fraction of the genome in one insert I 1 Genomic libraries

27. For example :for a probability of 0.99 with insert sizes of 20 kb these values for the E.coli (4.6 ×10 6 bp) and human (3×10 9 bp) genomes are : N E.coli = = 1.1 ×10 3 ln( 1-0.99) ln[1-(2×10 4 /4.6×10 6 )] N human = = 6.9 ×10 5 ln(1-0.99) ln[1-(2 ×10 4 /3 ×10 9 )] These values explain why it is possible to make good genomic libraries from prokaryotes in plasmids where the insert size is 5-10kb ,as only a few thousand recombinants will be needed. I 1 Genomic libraries

28. I 1-3 Genomic DNA libraries Purify genomic DNA Fragment this DNA : physical shearing and restriction enzyme digestion eukaryotes prokaryotes Clone the fragments into vectors I 1 Genomic libraries

29. To make a representative genomic libraries , genomic DNA must be purified and then broken randomly into fragments that are correct in size for cloning into the chosen vector . Purification of genomic DNA : Prokaryotes : extracted DNA directly from cells remove protein, lipids and other unwanted macro- molecules by protease digestion and phase extraction. Eukaryotes : prepare cell nuclei I 1 Genomic libraries

30. Break DNA into fragments randomly: Physical shearing : pipeting, mixing or sonicaion Restriction enzyme digestion : partial digestion is preferred to get a greater lengths of DNA fragments. I 1 Genomic libraries

31. Sau3A: 5’-/GATC-3’, less selectivity BamH1: 5’-G/GATCC Selection of restriction enzyme Ends produced (sticky or blunt) & The cleaved ends of the vector to be cloned Whether the enzyme is inhibited by DNA modifications (CpG methylation in mammals Time of digestion and ratio of restriction enzyme to DNA is dependent on the desired insert size range. I 1 Genomic libraries

32. I 1-4 Vectors According to genome’s size,we can select a proper vector to construct a library . Vectors Plasmid phageλ cosmid YAC insert (kb) 5 23 45 1000 The most commonly chosen genomic cloning vectors are λ relacement vectors which must be digested with restriction enzymes to produce the two λ end fragment or λ arms between which the genomic DNA will be digested I 1 Genomic libraries

33. cos cos Long (left) arm short (right) arm Exogenous DNA (~20-23 kb) λ phage vector in cloning cos cos Long (left) arm short (right) arm Exogenous DNA (~20-23 kb)

34. λ replacement vector cloning 2. Packing with a mixture of the phage coat proteins and phage DNA-processing enzymes 3. Infection and formation of plaques Library constructed Ligation 0.preparation of arm and genomic inserts

35. I 2 cDNA libraries I 2-1 mRNA isolation, purification I 2-2 Check theRNA integrity I 2-3 Fractionate and enrich mRNA I 2-4 Synthesis of cDNA I 2-5 Treatment of cDNA ends I 2-6 Ligation to vector Gene libraries and screening

36. cDNA libraries No cDNA library was made from prokaryotic mRNA . Prokaryotic mRNA is very unstable Genomic libraries of prokaryotes are easier to make and contain all the genome sequences. I 2 cDNA libraries

37. cDNA libraries are very useful for eukaryotic gene analysis Condensed protein encoded gene libraries, have much less junk sequences. cDNAs have no introns  genes can be expressed in E. coli directly Are very useful to identify new genes Tissue or cell type specific (differential expression of genes) cDNA libraries I 2 cDNA libraries

38. I 2-1 mRNA isolation I 2 cDNA libraries Most eukaryotic mRNAs are polyadenylated at their 3’ ends oligo (dT) can be bound to the poly(A) tail and used to recover the mRNA. AAAAAAAAAAn 5’ cap

39. I 2 cDNA libraries

40. 1. Traditionally method was done by pass a preparation of total RNA down a column of oligo (dT)-cellulose 2. More rapid procedure is to add oligo(dT) linked to magnetic beads directly to a cell lysate and ‘pulling out’ the mRNA using a strong magnet 3. Alternative route of isolating mRNA is lysing cells and then preparing mRNA-ribosome complexes on sucrose gradients Three methods to isolate mRNA. I 2 cDNA libraries

41. Make sure that the mRNA is not degraded. Methods: Translating the mRNA : use cell-free translation system as wheat germ extract or rabbit reticulocyte lysate to see if the mRNAs can be translated Analysis the mRNAs by gel elctrophoresis : use agarose or polyacrylamide gels I 2-2 Check the mRNA integrity I 2 cDNA libraries

42. I 2-3 Cloning the particular mRNAs Is useful especially one is trying to clone a particular gene rather to make a complete cDNA library. Fractionate on the gel: performed on the basis of size, mRNAs of the interested sizes are recovered from agarose gels Enrichment: carried out by hybridization Example: clone the hormone induced mRNAs (substrated cDNA library) I 2 cDNA libraries

43. I 2-4 Synthesis of cDNA : First stand synthesis: materials as reverse transcriptase ,primer( oligo(dT) or hexanucleotides) and dNTPs ( Fig 1.1) Second strand synthesis: best way of making full-length cDNA is to ‘tail’ the 3’-end of the first strand and then use a complementary primer to make the second. ( Fig 2.1 ) I 2 cDNA libraries

44. 5’ mRNA AAAAA -3’ HO- TTTTT P -5’ 5’ Reverse transcriptase Four dNTPs AAAAA -3’ TTTTT P -5’ mRNA mRNA c DNA c DNA c DNA Duplex c DNA AAAAA -3’ TTTTT P -5’ TTTTT P -5’ 3’ 3’-CCCCCCC Terminal transferase dCTP Alkali (hydrolyaes RNA) Purify DNA oligo(dG) Klenow polymerase or reverse Transcriotase Four dNTPs 5’-pGGGG-OH 5’ 3’-CCCCCCC 5’-pGGGG 3’-CCCCCCC TTTTT P -5’ -3’ Fig 1.1 The first strand synthesis I 2 cDNA libraries

45. 5’-pGGGG 3’-CCCCCCC HO-CCGAATTCGGGGGG 3’-GGCTTAAGCCCCCC 5’-pAATTCGGGGGG TTTTTGGCTTAAGCC-OH CCGAATTCGG-3’ 3’-CCCC 3’-CCCCCCC 3’-CCC 5’-pGGGG 5’-pGGGG TTTTTp-5’ -3’ TTTTTp-5’ TTTTTp-5’ -3’ -3’ TTTTTGGCTTAAp-5’ HO-CCG/AATTCGG-3’ 3’-GGCTTAA/GCC-OH CCG-3’ Duplex cDNA Single strand-specific nuclease Klenow polymerase treat with E.coRI methylase Add E.colRI linkers using T4 DNA ligase E.colRI digestion Ligate to vector and transfom Fig 2.1 Second strand synthesis

46. I 2-5 Treatment of cDNA ends Blunt and ligation of large fragment is not efficient, so we have to use special acid linkers to create sticky ends for cloning. The process : Move protruding 3’-ends (strand-special nuclease) Fill in missing 3’ nucleotide (klenow fragment of DNA polyI and 4 dNTPs) Ligate the blunt-end and linkers (T4 DNA ligase) Restriction enzyme digestion (E.coRI ) Tailing with terminal transferase or using adaptor molecules I 2 cDNA libraries

47. I 2-6 Ligation to vector Any vectors with an E.coRI site would suitable for cloning the cDNA. The process : Dephosphorylate the vector with alkaline phosphatase Ligate vector and cDNA with T4 DNA ligase (plasmid or λ phage vector) I 2 cDNA libraries

48. I 3 Screening procedures I 3-1 Screening I 3-2 Colony and plaque hybridization I 3-3 Expression screening I 3-4 Hybrid arrest and release I 3-5 Chromosome walking (repeat screening) Gene libraries and screening

49. I 3-1 Screening The process of identifying one particular clone containing the gene of interest from among the very large number of others in the gene library . Using nucleic acid probe to screen the library based on hybridization with nucleic acids. Analyze the protein product. I 3 Screening procedures

50. Screening libraries Hybridization to identify the interested DNA or its RNA product Radiolabeled probes which is complementary to a region of the interested gene Probes : An oligonucleotide derived from the sequence of a protein product of the gene A DNA fragment/oligo from a related gene of another species Blotting the DNA or RNA on a membrane Hybridize the labeled probe with DNA membrane (Southern) or RNA (Northern) membrane Searching the genes of interest in a DNA library I 3 Screening procedures

51. I 3-2 Colony and plaque hybridization Transfer the DNA in the plaque or colony to a Nylon or nitrocellulose membrane Phage DNA bind to the membrane directly Bacterial colonies must be lysed to release DNA on the membrane surface. Hybridization (in a solution Containing Nucleic acid probe) Wash to remove unhybri- dization probe and visualize X-ray film(radio- actively labeled ) antibody or enzyme (modified nucleotide labeled Line up the hybridizated region or repeated hybridization (Alkali treatment) I 3 Screening procedures

52. Transfer to nitrocellulose or nylon membrane Denature DNA(NaOH) Bake onto membrane Probe with 32 p-labled DNA complementary to gene of interest Expose to film Select positive from master plate Keep master plate Screening by plaque hybridization I 3 Screening procedures

53. Identify the protein product of an interested gene Protein activity Western blotting using a specific antibody I 3 Screening procedures I 3-3 Expression screening

54. Expression screening (1) If the inserts are cloned into an expression sites, it may be expressed. Therefore, we can screen for the expressed proteins. However, this screening may miss the right clone Example: the EcoRI site of lgt11 vector. The inserted genes have one in six change (1/6) to be in both the correct orientation (2 possibilities;  ) and reading frame ( three possibilities ; three nucleotide code XXX). I 3 Screening procedures

55. Expression screening (2) The procedure has similarities to the plaque hybridization protocol. ‘ Plaque lift’ ( taken by placing a membrane on the dish of plaque ) Immersed in a solution of the antibody Detected by other antibodies Repeat cycles of screening to isolate pure plaques Antibodies can be used to screen the expression library. I 3 Screening procedures

56. 基因表达 1. Prokaryotic expression vector 原核表达载体 2. Baculovirus expression vector 昆虫杆状病毒表达载体 3. Mammalian expression vector 哺乳动物表达载体 4. Adenoviral and retroviral vector 腺病毒及逆转录病毒表达载体

57. Prokaryotic expression vector 原核表达载体 GST-fusion 6xHis-fusion GST HIS

58. 基因功能研究 Overexpression in cells 超表达，观察表型 RNAi 干扰技术 Yeast two hybrid system 酵母双杂交等技术寻找与目的基因相关的蛋白 Protein expression and antibody preparation 表达蛋白与抗体制备 Localization of protein 蛋白在细胞中的定位

59. The end